胜．2［S］ deprec something which looks very bad or laughable 难看的或滑稽可笑的景象：What a sight you are, with paint all over your clothes！你的衣服都沾上了油漆，多难看啊！Thisroom looks a sight； it＇s very untidy.这房间一团糟，很不整洁.

spectacle/'spektəkal/1 a grand public show or scene 壮观的场面或景象：He is a film producerwho makes spectacles based on the Bible.他是个电影制片人，专摄制根据《圣经》设计的场面．2deprec a silly sight; an object of laughing or disrespect 可怜相；洋相；耻笑的对象：She made aspectacle of herself？她使自己大出洋相！I never thought I'd see the spectacle of a minister standing on his head.我从来没有想到会看见一位部长倒立的洋相.spectacular ［B］ causing people to look or pay attention; making a spectacle；very great，exciting，etc 壮观的；蔚为奇观的；引人注目的：It is a spectacular filmabout ancient Rome.那是一部关于古罗马的壮观的电影.His success in sport was spectacular. 他在运动方面成就辉煌，受人瞩目.-ly［adv］

vision /'vi3ən/ 1 something that is without bodily reality, seen (as) in a dream, when in a sleeplike state， or as a religious experience 梦幻；幻觉；幻象：She saw／had a vision in which God seemed to appear before her.她看到一个幻象，彷彿上帝出现在她的面前．2 a picture seenin the mind; an imaginative idea, esp as a fulfilment of a desire 设想；对未来的打算：Hehas a clear vision of the future for his chil-dren.他对子女的前途胸有成竹.The student hadvisions of getting a degree with first class honours．那学生梦想获得一级荣誉学位．3 lit ＆apprec something seen， esp unexpectedly 出乎预料的景象：The clouds opened and they had a sudden vision of the mountains.云雾散开，他们突然看到了群山.

stare /steə/ a long look with (esp) wide-open eyes瞪着看；瞪着眼睛注视；凝视：He did not likethe stares of the people as he passed them.他不喜欢人们在他经过时盯着他.

gaze／geIz／ ［usu sing］ a long interested look 注视；凝视：Under his gaze she turned red／ dropped her eyes.在他的注视下她脸红了／垂下了目光.

gape／geip／a look while one＇s mouth is open 张嘴呆看；目瞪口呆地注视

F267 adjectives 形容词：relating to sight ［Wa5；B］与视觉有关的

[ALSO→B133]

ocular／＇pkjulə／1 tech of the eyes 眼睛的；与眼睛有关的2 becoming rare that can be seen 看得见的：He demanded ocular proof.他要求目击的证据.

optical /'pptikal/ of or about the sense of sight （关于）视觉的-ly［adv Wa4］

ophthalmic /pf'Oælmik/ med of the study and treatment of the eyes 眼科的；治眼病的-ally [adv Wa4]

F268 SENSES ＆ SENSATIONS 官能与感觉

visual／＇vı3uəl／1 gained by seeing 通过观察而得到的；眼见的：He has no visual knowledge of the place．他没有亲眼见过那个地方．2 connectedwith or having an effect on the sense of sight 视觉的；与视觉有关的：The visual arts includepainting and dancing， as opposed to music.视觉艺术包括绘画和舞蹈，有别于音乐．3 techconcerned with the power of sight 视觉的；视力的：This animal＇s visual organs are different from ours．这动物的视觉器官和我们的有所不同．4(esp of the directing of aircraft) performed without the help of radio, calculating instruments，etc（指导航）不依靠无线电等仪表的；用肉眼的：The pilot made a visual landing.飞机驾驶员凭目视着陆.-ly［adv］

sighted /'saitid/ (of a person) able to see;not blind（指人）有视力的；看得见事物的：Sightedpeople find it difficult to understand the needs and feelings of blind people.有视力的人很难理解失明人的需要和感受.-sighted ［comb form］showing or having the stated kind of ability to see 显示某种视力的；具有某种视觉的：He is veryweak-sighted／near-sighted／short-sighted.他视力很弱／近视／目光短浅.

sightless /'saitlis/ esp lit & emot unable to see; blind 看不见的；无视力的：He turned his sight-less eyes towards her.他把那双盲了的眼睛转过来向着她.

F268 adjectives 形容词：relating to seeing and being seen ［B］与看见、被看见有关的

visible／＇vizəbəl／ that can be seen 看得见的；可见的：The aircraft got smaller and smaller in the distance until it was no longer visible to the people on the ground.飞机在远处变得越来越小，地面上的人们终于完全看不见它了.in-［neg］-bly[adv Wa3]-bility [U]

noticeable /'nəutisəbəl/ that can be noticed; worth noticing 显著的；值得注意的；可注意到的：There was a noticeable change in the weather. 天气发生了显著的变化．-bly［adv Wa3］

conspicuous/kən'spikjuəs/ noticeable; attract-ing attention； easily seen 显著的；令人注目的： She's always conspicuous because of her fashionable clothes.她衣着入时，总是惹人注目.He was conspicuous for his bravery.他以勇敢而受人瞩目.That was a very conspicuous mis-take.那是个重大而明显的错误.They madethemselves conspicuous by wearing strange clothing.他们穿着奇装异服来引人注意.You wereconspicuous by your absence yesterday.你昨天缺席，引起别人注意.im-［neg］-ly［adv］

prominent /'promənənt/ 1 noticeabe or most easily seen 显著的；最显眼的：Our house is the most prominent one in the street; it's painted red.我们的屋子是这条街上最显眼的；它漆成红色.2 standing or stretching far out (beyond a surface）突起的；凸出的：Her appearance is spoilt by her prominent teeth.她的暴牙有损她的容貌．3（fig）of great ability，fame，importance，

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etc 杰出的；卓越的：She is a prominent actress. 她是一位杰出的女演员.He is a prominent poli-tician in that city.他是那个城市的一位卓越政治家.-ly ［adv］ prominence ［U］ the state of being prominent 凸出；杰出；显著

apparent /ə'pærənt/ 1 [(to)] easily seen or understood；plain 明显的；显而易见的：Her anxiety was apparent to everyone.她焦急的心情人人都看得出．2 according to appearances； not necessarily true or real；seeming 表面上的； 貌似的：Their apparent grief soon turned to laughter.他们表面上的悲伤很快就变成了笑声.-ly[adv]

clear/klrə/[Wa] easily seen or allowing one to see easily 清楚的；明亮的：The print on the page is large， clear，and easy to read.书页上的字体大而清晰，很容易阅读.It＇s a lovely clear daytoday.今天天气非常晴朗.（fig）It is quite clear to me that he won＇t help us.他不会帮助我们，这一点我很清楚.un-［neg］-ly［adv］-mess［U］

graphic /'græfik/ very clear; easily imagined, understood，etc 生动的；清楚的；易于想象的；易懂的：He gave a graphic word picture of what happened.他用生动的语言描绘了发生的事情.-ally [adv Wa4]

evident／＇evədənt／ plain， esp to the senses 明显的：It＇s evident（that） he can＇t do it. 显然他不能做这件事.-ly［adv］

obvious /'obviəs/ easy to see or understand; clear；which must be recognized 显然的；明显的；明白的；必须承认的：The best way to go wasobvious to everybody except him.除了他之外， 人人都清楚用什么办法去最好.It＇s obvious that aboy isn＇t strong enough to lift an elephant.很显然，一个男孩是没有足够的力气把一头大象举起来的.-ly［adv］

F269 adjectives 形容词：watchful and wary［B］警惕的与小心的

watchful／＇wotffal／careful to notice things 小心提防的；留心的；警惕的：Let＇s remain watchfulfor any sign of trouble/danger/enemy activity. 我们要保持警戒，留心出现任何麻烦／危险／敌人活动的迹象.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

vigilant /'vıd3ələnt/ continually watchful or on guard； always prepared for possible danger 机警的；警觉的；警戒的：The police should be vigi-lant in the fight against crime.在和犯罪活动作斗争中，警察应保持警觉.-ly［adv］vigilance ［U］the condition of being vigilant;(fml) watchful-ness警戒；警觉；警醒

observant/əb'z3:vənt/ noticing things quickly 善于观察的；观察力敏锐的：What an observantchild he is！这个孩子观察力真敏锐！

alert /ə'l3:t/ 1 watchful and ready to meet danger 警戒的；机警的；警觉的：They are alertsoldiers; they'll stay alert in case the enemy approaches.他们是警觉的士兵；他们会保持警戒以防敌人进犯．2 apprec quick to see and act 机灵的；敏捷的：She＇s an alert child，very observ-ant.她是个机灵的孩子，眼睛很尖.-ly［adv］-ness［U］on the alert very watchful 警觉；提防；警戒

着：He was on the alert for any strange noises. 他对于任何奇怪的声响都很警觉.

cautious /'ko:fəs/ careful; paying attention; having or showing caution［→G39］谨慎的；小心的：She is cautious oflabout telling secrets. 她很小心，不会泄密.You should be very cau-tious when crossing the road.过马路时要谨慎小心.Don＇t be too cautious over this work； let us have your opinion.对这项工作无须过分谨慎；让我们听听你的意见.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

wary /'weəri/ [Wa1] emot careful; looking out for danger 留神的；小心的；谨慎的：He had awary look in his eyes.他的眼睛里流露出谨慎的神色.warily ［adv］wariness［U］

F270 adjectives 形容词：transparent and clear［B］透明的与清澈的

transparent/træn'spærənt/1 allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be clearly seen 透明的；可为光线透射的：Most glassis transparent．大多数玻璃都是透明的．2 fineenough to be seen through（指衣料等）薄得透明的：Her silk dress was almost transparent.她穿的丝绸衣服几乎是透明的．3（fig） clear；easilyunderstood 明白的；易懂的：He has a，trans-parent style of writing.他写文章的风格明白易懂.4 about which there is no doubt； certain 坦白的；明显的：He is a man of transparent honesty. 他是个坦白老实的人.That was a transparentlie！那是个显而易见的谎言！-ly ［adv］ trans-parency 1 [U] the state of being transparent 透明；透明性；透明度 2［C］also 又作 slide apicture, photograph, etc that has been put on transparent material esp so that it can be shown on a screen［K59］，etc幻灯片

clear/klə/[Wal] easy to see through; trans-parent 清澈的；透明的；晴朗的：What a lovelyclear sky.晴朗的天空多美丽啊！The water hereis very clear; I can see the bottom of the lake. 这里的水很清澈；我可以看到湖底.He lookedthrough the clear green glass.他透过透明的绿玻璃看着.un-［neg］-ly ［adv］ clarity ［U］-ness ［U］ translucent /trænz'lu:sənt/ not transparent but clear enough to allow light to pass through 半透明的：The translucent glass in their bath-room window allowed light to come in with-out letting people see in.他们家浴室半透明的窗玻璃可以透光，但外面的人看不到里面.

diaphanous /dar'æfənəs/ (esp of cloth) so fine and thin that it can be seen through（尤指布料）半透明的；极薄的：She wore a diaphanoussilk skirt.她穿了一条半透明的绸裙.

see-through/'si:,θru:/ not fml that can be seen through, allowing what is inside to be (partly) seen 能看穿的；透明的；极薄的：She wore a sexysee-through dress.她穿了一套性感的透明装.

F271 adjectives 形容词：opaque and dense［B］不透明的与浓密的

opaque /əu'perk/ 1 not allowing light to pass

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through 不透明的；不透光的：The glass in thedoor was opaque． 门上的玻璃是不透明的．2（fig）hard to understand 难懂的；晦涩的：His words were quite opaque. 他的话非常晦涩.-ly ［adv］-ness also 又作 opacity ［U］

dense ／dens／ ［Wal］ difficult to see through 浓的；密的：The mist was dense.雾很大.

F272 verbs 动词：hearing and listening 听见与听

hear /hiə/1 [Wv6; T1; V2, 4;IØ] to receive and understand （sounds） by using the ears 听见； 听：I can＇t hear very well.我听不太清楚.I heard him say so.我听他这样说了.I can hear some-one knocking．我可以听见有人在敲门．2［Wv6；T1,5a，b］ to be told or informed 听说；得知：I heard that he was ill．我听说他病了．3［T1,6a］ to listen with attention(to), esp to a case in court 听取；注意听（尤指审理案件）：The judgeheard the case.法官审理了这个案件.

listen/'lisən/ [IØ (to)] to give attention in hear-ing（注意地）听：Are you listening or are you just pretending？你在听还是假装在听？Liste to the music，don＇t make a noise.听音乐吧，不要发出任何声音.don＇t listen to someone don＇t believe or do what someone says 别听某人的话

sound/saund/1 [Wv6; L1, 7, 9] to have the effect of being； seem when heard 听来像；似： Your idea sounds （like） a good one.你的主意听起来很好.Does this sentence sound right？这个句子听起来对吗？It sounds as if. the govern-ment don＇t know what to do.听起来好像政府不知该怎么办.The minister sounds unsure of himself．那位部长似乎对自己没有信心．2［Iø］tomake a sound; produce an effect that can be heard 发出声音；反响：His advice seemed to keep sounding in my ears.他的忠告似乎一直在我耳边回响．The bell sounded at 8 o＇clock for dinner．八点钟开饭铃响了．3［T1］to cause（as a musical instrument） to make a sound 弄响；吹响；按响：A bell is sounded at 8 o＇clock．八点钟响铃.Sound your horn to warn the other driver．按喇叭警告另一位驾驶者．4 ［T1］ to signalby making sounds 发出声音以表示：Sound the ＇all clear＇after an air attack.空袭后发出“警报解除”信号.（fig）Let me sound a note of warn-ing to you． 让我向你提出一个警告．5［T1 usupass］ to express as a sound； pronounce 发音： The s in island is not sounded.在单词“island”中， 不发音.

F273 nouns 名词：hearing and listening 听见与听

hearing/'hiəru/1 [U] the sense by which one hears sound 听觉；听力：Her hearing is getting worse．她的听觉越来越坏了．2［U］ the distanceat which one can hear 听力所及的距离；听得见的范围：Don＇t talk about it in his hearing.不要在

F273 SENSES ＆ SENSATIONS 官能与感觉

他听得见的地方讲这事．3［U；C］the act or ex-perience of listening 听： At first hearing I didn＇t like the music.第一次听的时候，我不喜欢这音乐．4［C］a chance to be heard explaining one＇s position 申诉／发言的机会（esp in the phr gain／get a hearing 获得申诉／发言的机会）：It＇s agood idea, so try to get a hearing with the people in charge.这个想法不错，所以设法让负责人听听你的意见．5［C］law，etc trial of a case by a judge 审讯；聆讯：I was not present at the hearing.审讯时我不在场.At the official hearing both sides presented their cases well.在正式审讯时，双方都很好地阐述了自己的意见.hearingaid [C] a small electric machine fitted near the ear which makes sounds seem louder 助听器

earshot /'rəfot/ [U] (esp in the phrs within/out of earshot 在听得到的距离之内／外）（within／beyond) the distance up to which a sound can be heard 在听得到的距离（之内／之外）：If youwant to talk about Mary, let's make sure she's not within earshot.如果你想谈论玛丽，我们就得注意离她远点，别让她听见.

listen ／＇lisən／ ［S］ infml an act of listening 听： Have a listen to this.听一听这个吧！

sound／saund／1 ［U］ what can be heard 声音： She could hear the sound of cars passing outside.她听得见外面汽车经过的声音.Soundtravels fast，but light travels faster.声音传播得很快，但是光传播得更快.Sound waves take acertain time to travel.声波的传播需要一定的时间．2［C］an example of this 声音；声响：She heard a sound outside.她听到外面有声响.The sounds of the night came through the window．夜晚的各种声音从窗户传了进来．3［S9］（fig） idea 含意：I don＇t like the sound of that； Idon＇t agree.我不喜欢其中的含意；我不同意.

noise /noiz/ 1 [U;C] (an) unwanted or un-pleasant sound 噪音；嘈杂声：Try not to make any noise when you go into the bedroom.进入卧室时尽量不要弄出声音来.She enjoyed theholiday，away from city noises.她在远离都市噪音的地方，感到很开心．2［U］confused，meaning-less, and continuing sound, esp a the sound heard in any public place 喧闹声；吵闹声；嘈杂声：There＇s so much noise in this restaurant I can hardly hear you talking.这餐厅这么喧闹，我几乎听不见你讲话.b also 又作 static unwantedsound which keeps sounds on radio, tele-phones， etc from being heard clearly（无线电、电话中的）杂音3［C］ an unmusical sound that is difficult to describe or strange 杂音；噪声： What's wrong with my car? The engine is making funny noises.我的汽车出了什么毛病？引擎在发出很奇怪的杂音.She heard a noise like atrain.她听到一种像火车似的声响.

din /dmn/ [S] deprec a loud, continuous, con-fused， and unpleasant noise 吵闹；鼓噪：The children are making a terrible din in the school hall.孩子们在学校的礼堂里大吵大闹.kick up a din infml to make a noise of this kind 掀起一阵喧闹；鼓噪：Stop kicking up sucha din！不要再这么大吵大嚷了！

racket ／＇rækit／ ［S］ deprec a loud noise 喧嚷；吵

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闹：Stop making such a racket upstairs！别再在楼上这么吵闹了！

percussion/pə'kafən/ [U] tech 1 the striking of two usu hard things together（两件硬物的）撞击；碰撞2 the noise produced in this way 撞击声

F274 adjectives 形容词：loud and noisy

［Wa1；B］响亮的与吵闹的

loud /laud/1 being or producing great strength of sound；not quiet 大声的；响亮的；喧噪的；吵的：What loud music！多么吵闹的音乐啊！Can youmake the radio louder please？你能把收音机开响一点吗？2（fig） attracting attention by being unpleasantly noisy or colourful（因吵闹或颜色过于鲜艳而）引人注意的：What a loud tie he iswearing！他的领带颜色多么鲜艳！-ly ［adv］-ness［U］ aloud also 又作 out loud ［adv Wa5］ so as to be（easily）heard 大声地；高声地：He read the letter aloud to us. 他高声把信读给我们听.Heread it out loud to us. 他高声读给我们听.(emph) They shouted aloud/out loud with joy! 他们高声欢呼！

noisy/'norzi/ usu deprec making or marked by a lot of noise 吵闹的；嘈杂的；喧嚣的：What anoisy car！这辆汽车噪音真大！It＇s very noisy in this office.这个办公室很吵.-sily ［adv］-siness [U]

F275 adjectives 形容词：not loud and noisy［B］低声的与安静的

quiet／＇kwaiət／［Wal］ with little noise 轻声的；安静的；恬静的；平静的；肃静的：She played somequiet music on the record-player.她用唱机播放了一些恬静的音乐.He has rather a quiet voice.他说话的声音很轻.-ly［adv］：He spoke quietly. 他轻声地说话.-ness［U］

noiseless ／＇noizlis／ without any noise 没有声音的；声音很轻的：He crossed the dark room with noiseless footsteps. 他脚步很轻地穿过黑暗的房间.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

silent／＇sarlənt／1 free from noise；quiet 无声的； 寂静的：The night was dark and silent.夜色很黑，万籁俱寂．2 not speaking；not using spoken expression 沉默的；无言的；不作声的：They weresilent；no one spoke.他们默默无言，没有人说话.Her lips moved in silent prayer／reading.她的嘴唇一开一合默默地在祈祷／阅读．3 making nostatement; expressing no opinion, decision, etc 只字不提的；不置可否的：The law is silent onthis difficult point.法律上没有明文述及这个难题.4 [Wa5] tech (of a letter in a word) not having a sound； not pronounced（指单词中某个字母）不发音的；不读音的：The w in＇wreck＇ is silnt；it is a silent w.在单词“wreck”中，“w”不发音；它是个不读音的“w”．5［Wa5］ being or concern-ing films with no sound（电影等）无声的：It was a silent film.那是默片.-ly［adv］ silence［U；C］

the state of being silent; an occasion when people，etc are silent 寂静；沉默：the silenceof the night 夜晚的寂静；a moment of complete silence 肃静的一刻

reticent /'retəsənt/ (of a person) not saying much，esp where one could say a lot（指人）沉默寡言的；爱缄默的：Don＇t be reticent；tell us.不要保持沉默，告诉我们吧.She was reticent abouther past life.她不愿谈她过去的经历.reticence［U］ the state of being reticent 缄默，寡言

taciturn /'tæsə,t3:n/ (of a person) saying very little；silent by nature（指人）沉默寡言的：a taci-turn manner 沉默寡言的态度 taciturnity ［U］ the state of being taciturn 沉默寡言

tacit /'tæsit/ [Wa5] accepted or understood without one having to say anything or without saying anything 心照不宣的；不言而喻的：I thinkhe had your tacit agreement to do it, even if you did not agree officially.我认为他做这件事得到了你的默许，尽管你没有正式表示同意.-ly［adv］laconic /lə'kpnik/ saying something in the fewest possible words（文章、说话等）极端简洁的-ally ［adv Wa4］

F276 verbs ＆ nouns， etc 动词和名词等：special sounds 各种特别的声音

rattle /'rætl/1 [IØ] to make a number of short sharp sounds， usu together 发出短促尖锐的声音；嘎嘎作响：The stones in the box rattled when he shook it.他摇动盒子时，里面的石头嘎嘎地响．2［T1］to cause to do this 使嘎嘎地响：Herattled the（stones in the） box.他使盒子（里的石头）嘎嘎作响．3［C｝such a noise 嘎嘎声；咔哒咔哒声：I could hear the rattle of the stones in the box．我能听到盒子里石头碰撞的嘎嘎声．4［C］anything that rattles， esp a child＇s toy 任何嘎嘎作响的东西（尤指玩具）：He shook the rattle.他摇动着响盒.

bang/bæn/1[IØ] to make a sharp loud noise or noises 发出刺耳的巨响；砰地作响：The doorbanged.门砰地一-响.There＇s someone banging about upstairs．有人在楼上发出砰砰的声响．2［C］a sudden loud noise 突然的巨响；砰地一声：Thedoor shut with a bang.门砰地一声关上了.

bump /bamp/ 1 [IØ] to make a sudden dull noise 发出突然而低沉的声音；扑通作响：Some-thing bumped in the night.夜里有东西扑通一响.2［C］ a sudden dull noise 突然而低沉的声音；扑通声：She fell down with a bump.她扑通一声跌倒了.

crash/kræf/1 [IØ] to make a sudden loud noise 发出突然巨响；发出轰降声：The drums crashed.鼓声隆隆.The lightning flashed and the thun-der crashed．电光闪闪，雷声隆隆．2［T1；IØ］ to (cause to) fall or strike the ground noisily and violently 猛摔；（使）哗啦啦地跌落；（使）猛地倒下：The teacher crashed her book down on the desk to show how angry she was.老师啪地一声把书摔在桌上以表示她多么气愤.The tree crashedto the ground．那棵树哗啦一声倒在地上．3［C］asudden loud noise as made by a violent blow,

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fall，break，etc（突然而猛烈的）撞击声；跌落声；爆裂声；轰隆声：He heard the crash of thunder.他听到隆隆的雷声.

roar/ro:/1 [Wv4; IØ] to make a very loud noise 吼叫；咆哮；呼啸；轰鸣：The lion／the football crowd／the engine roared.狮子吼叫／足球赛观众呼喊／发动机轰鸣.The roaring wind shook the trees．呼啸着的狂风震撼着树木．2［L9］to movewhile making this noise 带着呼啸声的运动：Thecars roared along．汽车呼啸着飞驶而过．3［T1,5（out）］ to express in this way 喊叫着说出；吼叫：They roared their answer.他们大声回答.＇Put it down！＇he roared．“把它放下！”他吼道．4［IØ］ infml to laugh long and loudly 大笑：Mother will roar when she hears this！妈妈听到这事一定会大笑的．5［C］ a deep loud continuing sound 轰鸣声；吼叫声；呼喊声；呼啸声：the roar of anangry lion/of a football crowd/of an aircraft engine／of the wind and waves 怒狮／足球赛观众／ 飞机引擎／风浪的吼叫声 6［C of］ a deep loudsound of the stated kind（某种的）巨响：roars of laughter 哈哈大笑声 set the room／the table in a roar to make everyone in the room/at the table laugh loudly 使满屋／满桌的人哄然大笑thud /θAd/1 [C] a dull sound, as caused by a heavy object striking something soft 重物撞击柔软物体所发出的沉重声；轰然一声；砰的一声：Thedead man fell to the floor with a thud.那个死人砰地一声倒在地板上.He landed with a thudon the grass．他砰地一下落到草地上．2［Wv4；L9] to make a thud by beating, striking, land-ing，falling，etc（指打击声、撞击声、落地声）砰然作响：We jumped from the branch and thudded onto the grass.我们从树枝上跳下，砰地一声落在草地上.He heard a thudding noise.他听到砰地一响.thump /0Amp/1 [Wv4; IØ] to produce a re-

peated dull sound by beating, striking, falling, walking heavily，etc 发出一连串沉闷的撞击声；脚步沉重地走；心脏等怦怦地跳：The old manthumped noisily along the passage.老人沿着走廊走去，发出沉重的脚步声.My heart thumpedwith excitement.我的心激动地怦怦直跳.Wecould hear a thumping noise coming from the car engine.我们能听到汽车发动机发出沉闷的噗噗声.（fig）I＇ve got a thumping headache.我的头砰砰的痛得像要裂开一样．2［T1；L9］ to strikewith a heavy blow 重击；捶打：I＇ll thump you if you annoy me any more.如果你再惹我，我就揍你.The brick thumped against the tree.砖头啪的一声打中了那棵树.The teacher thumped thedesk angrily．老师生气地捶打着桌子．3［C］thedull sound produced by this 一连串沉闷的撞击声4［C］a heavy blow（用拳头、棍子等的）重击：I'll give you a thump if you continue to annoy me.如果你继续惹恼我，我就（用拳头）揍你一顿.ring /rin/ 1 [IØ (out); T1] to (cause to) give a

sound like a bell（钟、铃等）鸣；响；敲钟；摇铃：The church bells rang （out）.教堂的钟声响了. The telephone was ringing. 电话铃在响.Ring the doorbell．（请）按门铃．2［C］an act of ring-ing 打钟；打铃：Give the doorbell a ring.按一下门铃.She heard several rings on the doorbell. 她听到有人按了好几次门铃.

F277 SENSES ＆ SENSATIONS 官能与感觉

peal /pi:l/1 [IØ (out)] (esp of bells) to ring out or sound loudly （and continually）（尤指钟）宏亮（而持续）地响：Listen to the church bells pealing. 听那教堂钟声的鸣响.His loud voicepealed out．他那大嗓门发出宏亮的声音．2［T1］tocause （bells） to ring out 使（钟）鸣响 3［S］the sound of the loud ringing of bells 钟声：the peal of the bells from many churches 从许多教堂发出的钟声4［C］a musical pattern made by the ringing of a number of bells one after another 一组钟的交互鸣响；钟乐：People formbell ringers' associations to ring peals for their own pleasure.人们组成了钟乐演奏者协会以演奏钟乐自娱．5［C］（fig）a loud long sound or number of sounds one after the other 宏亮而持久的声音；宏亮的回响声：a peal of thunder一阵雷声；peals of laughter 阵阵笑声

toll /təul/1 [IØ; T1] (of esp large bells) to sound slowly and deeply（尤指大钟）缓慢而沉重地响：The great bells tolled（his death）.大钟响了（宣告他的死讯）.They heard the bells tolling sadly. 他们听到凄凉的钟声．2［S］such a sound 钟声：They heard the toll of the bells.他们听到钟声.

pop /ppp/ 1 [C] a sound like that of a slight explosion 砰的一声；扑的一响；劈劈啪啪（声）：Ashe opened the bottle of wine there was a loud pop．他打开那瓶酒时瓶塞砰然一响．2［adv］with asmall explosive sound 砰地（一声）（esp in the phr go pop 发出砰的一声）：When he openedthe bottle it went pop．他开瓶时，瓶塞砰地一响．3［IØ］ to make a sound like a pop 发出砰的响声；劈啪地响；砰砰地响4［L9］to move suddenly，esp with a popping sound 啪的一声打出／弹出：The top popped out of the bottle.瓶塞噗的一声弹了出来．5 ［T1］ infml to put quickly and lightly 轻快地放置：She popped a sweet into her mouth.她轻快地将一颗糖放进口中.

F277 verbs 动词：smelling and stinking 嗅与发臭

smell/smel/[Wv6]1[IØ] to use the nose; have or use the sense of the nose 嗅；闻；有嗅觉： Here, smell; what do you think this liquidis? 来，闻一闻，你闻得出这是什么液体吗？That olddog can hardly smell any longer.那只老狗几乎不再有嗅觉了．2［T1,4,5,6a；V4］to notice，ex-amine， discover， or recognize by this sense 嗅出；闻出：I can smell smoke／cooking.我闻得出有烟味／烹煮的香味.I could smell that the milkwasn＇t fresh.我能闻出这牛奶不新鲜.He canalways smell when rain is coming.他一向能嗅出什么时候要下雨.Can you smell somethingburning？你能闻到烧东西的气味吗？3［T1,4,5；V4](fig) to notice, come to know of, rec-ognize, etc, by some natural unexplained ability（以某种难以说明的本能）觉察，发现：He isa writer who can always smell a good idea.他是一个总能发现好题材的作家.I could smell（someone） cheating.我能觉察有人在作弊.Icould smell that I was no longer welcome.我发现我不再受欢迎了．4［L7,9，esp of，like］ to

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F278 SENSES ＆ SENSATIONS 官能与感觉

have an effect on the nose; have a particular smell 有···的气味；发出···的气味：It was a sweet-smelling flower.这是一种气味芬芳的花、Thisbook smells old.这本书有一股陈旧的气味.Theroom smelt of beer and tobacco.这房间有啤酒和烟叶味.It smelt as if something was on fire. 好像有股什么东西在燃烧的味道．5［IØ（of）］tohave an offensive effect on the nose; have an unpleasant smell；stink 发出难闻的气味；发出臭味：The meat had been left out for days and had started to smell.这肉放在外边已有好几天，已经开始发臭了.

sniff /snif/1 [IØ (at)] to draw air into the nose with a sound, esp in short repeated actions （有声音地）以鼻吸气；（尤指）反复急促地吸气：Thecat sniffed at the food before deciding to eat it．那只猫在要吃之前，先嗅了嗅食物．2［TI］ to dothis to discover a smell in or on 用力吸（气）； 嗅；闻：The dogs were sniffing the ground.那些狗嗅着地面.He sniffed the air for gas but couldn＇t smell any.他用力吸气，想闻闻有没有煤气的气味，但是闻不出什么．3 ［T1］（fig） to say ina proud complaining way 轻蔑地说；嗤之以鼻地说：TI expected something rather nicer，＇she sniffed.她哼着鼻子说：“我本以为会好得多！”

scent/sent/1 [T1] (esp of animals) to.smell, esp to tell the presence of (someone or some-thing） by smelling（尤指动物）嗅出···的存在；闻到···的气味：The dogs scented the fox.狗闻出了狐狸的气味．2［T1,5］（fig） to get a feeling or belief of the presence or fact （of）察觉；发现； 发觉：She scented danger／scented that all was not well．她察觉到危险／一切都不对头．3［Wv5；T1（with）usu pass］ to fill with a scent 使···带有香味：The air was scented with spring flowers. 空气中飘散着春天的花香.She had a scentedhandkerchief.她有一块洒了香水的手帕.

stink／stink／［ÍØ］ to smell very unpleasant 发出恶臭：He stinks；does he never wash？他身上散发着恶臭；难道他从来不洗澡吗？（fig）Your wholeplan stinks； I don＇t like it at all！你的整个计划都糟透了，我根本不喜欢它.stink the place outto stink very much 臭气熏天：That animal stinks the place out； get rid of it！那牲畜臭气熏天；快把它弄走！

F278 nouns 名词： smelling and stinking 嗅与发臭

smell/smel/1[U] the power of using the nose; the sense that can discover the presence of gases in the air 嗅觉：These dogs track by smell alone.这些狗全靠嗅觉追踪.She has asharp sense of smell．她的嗅觉很灵敏．2［C］a quality that has an effect on the nose; some-thing that excites this sense 气味：Some flowers have stronger smells than others.有些花的香味比别的强烈.What a smell！What＇sburning？多难闻的气味啊！什么东西烧着了？3［Cusu sing] not fml an act of smelling something 嗅；闻：Have a smell of this wine；does it seem all right？闻闻这酒，好像没坏吧？

odour BrE,odor AmE /'əudə/ fml smell (defs 1 ＆2）嗅觉；气味（smell释义1与2）

scent／sent／1［C］ a smell，esp 气味 a as left by an animal and followed by hunting dogs, etc（野兽的）臭迹；臭味：The dogs followed the fox's scent as far as the river; then they lost the scent.狗群跟踪狐狸的臭味一直到河边，然后就失去了臭迹.b a particular， usu pleasant smell 香；香气：The scent of roses was strong in the garden．花园里的玫瑰花香味很浓．2［S］（fig）not fml a way of discovery 线索：The scientist thought he was on the scent of a cure for heart disease, although others thought he was following a false scent.那位科学家认为他找到了治愈心脏病的线索，但是别人认为他正在跟循的线索是错误的．3［S］（of animals） the power of smelling（动物的）嗅觉：The dog has a good scent．那条狗有敏锐的嗅觉．4［U；C］esp BrEperfume 香水： It＇s that cheap scent she uses. 这是她用的那种廉价香水的气味.

perfume /'p3:fju:m/ [U;C] 1 a sweet or pleasant smell，as of flowers 香；芳香；香味2a sweet- smelling liquid, often made from flowers，for use on the body 香水

fragrance/'freigrəns/1 [U] apprec the quality of being fragrant 香；芳香：The fragrance of the air was wonderful．空气里的芳香沁人心脾．2［C］a （sweet or pleasant） smell 香味： This soap is made in several fragrances.这种肥皂有几种香味.

aroma /ə'rəumə/ [C] 1 a strong usu pleasant smell 香味；芳香：The aroma of hot coffee came out of the shop.热咖啡香味从那家商店里飘散出来．2（fig）an appearance，feeling， or sensation considered typical of some quality 气派；风格；风味：There was an aroma of wealth in the room.房间里有着豪华的气派.

pong/pon/ infml BrE 1 [C] an unpleasant smell 臭味：Oh，what a pong！噢，好臭啊！2［IØ］to have or make a pong 发臭

stink／stujk／ also 又作 stench／stentf／＿［C］emph a very unpleasant smell 恶臭：What＇s that awful stink？什么东西那么臭？He smelled the stench of dead bodies.他闻到了死尸的恶臭.（fig）That place has the stink of evil.那个地方散发着罪恶的臭气.

sniff／snf／［C］ an act or sound of sniffing 嗅；闻； 吸气；吸气声：Take a sniff of this chemical； what i it？闻闻这个化学药品；是什么东西？

F279 adjectives 形容词：smelling and stinking［B］有气味的与发臭味的

fragrant /'freigrənt/ apprec having a sweet or pleasant smell（esp of flowers）芬芳的；有香味的；芳香的（尤指花香）：The air in the gardenwas warm and fragrant.花园里的空气温暖而芳香.

perfumed /'p3:fju:md/ [Wa5] having a sweet smell；covered with perfume 有香味的；洒上香水的：The room was perfumed with the scent of flowers.房间里弥漫着花香.

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scented /'sentid/ [Wa5] having a pleasant smell；covered with scent 有香味的；充满···的香气的：The room was scented will the perfume of flowers.房间里充满鲜花的芳香.

sweet-smelling /,swi:t'smelm/ [Wa2] having a very pleasant smell 有香味的：The garden was full of sweet-smelling flowers.花园里长满了芬芳的花朵.

aromatic /,ærə'mætık/ having a strong pleasant smell 芳香的；香气浓的：Aromatic herbs（＝ plants） are often used in cooking. 芳香植物经常用于烹调．-ally［adv Wa4］

acrid /'ækrid/1 (of smell or taste) bitter; caus-ing a stinging sensation（气味或味道）苦的；辛辣的；刺激的2（fig）bitter in manner； bad-tempered 态度尖刻的；性情暴躁的：What anacrid speech that was！那是多么刻薄的演说啊！

smelly ／＇smeli／ ［Wal］ having a bad smell 有奥味的；发臭的：That place is dirty and smelly！那个地方又脏又臭！Burn these smelly old clothes. 把那些发臭的旧衣服都烧掉.

evil-smelling /,i:val'smelng/ [Wa2] having a very bad smell 恶臭的：What an evil-smelling liquid；what is it？好臭的液体啊，那是什么？

stinking ／＇strgkın／ deprec 1 very evil-smelling 恶臭的：He had stinking breath． 他口臭．2（fig） very bad 糟透的：Take your stinking ideas out of here！把你那些馊主意收回去吧！

F280 verbs 动词：tasting things 品尝

taste/teist/1 [T1] to test(food or drink) by taking a little into the mouth 尝；品尝（味道）：I always taste the wine before allowing the waiter to fill my glass.在让侍者斟酒之前，我总是先尝一尝.I＇ve never tasted meat but I know I wouldn＇t like it.我从来没有吃过肉，但是我知道我不会喜欢吃的．2［T1］to tell the taste of （some-thing）尝出···的味道：I＇ve got a cold so Ì can＇t taste what I＇m eating.我感冒了，所以尝不出食物的味道.I can＇t taste the pepper in this soup； you＇ve not put enough in.我尝不出汤里的胡椒味；你放得不够．3［T1］ to eat or drink 吃；喝：Theprisoner had not tasted food in the three days since he＇d escaped.那犯人越狱后已有三天没有吃过东西了．4［L7,9， esp of］ to have a particu-lar taste 有···的味道；有···的滋味：These oranges taste nice.这些橙子味道很好.This meat＇s been cooked for too long and doesn't taste of anything.这肉烧得太久，已没有味道了.This souptastes of chicken but I thought you said it was vegetable.这汤有鸡味，但是我记得你说过是菜汤.5［T1］（fig） to experience 经历；有···的经历： Once people have tasted freedom they're un-willing to become slaves again.人一旦尝到自由的滋味，就不愿再成为奴隶了.

flavour BrE,flavor AmE /'flervə/ [T1 (with)] to give flavour ［→F281］to 加味于；给···调味：She flavoured the cake with chocolate.她在蛋糕里加巧克力调味.

savour BrE, savor AmE /'seivə/ [T1] to enjoy, as by tasting，slowly and purposefully 品尝；欣赏；细细领略：He drank the wine slowly，

F281 SENSES ＆ SENSATIONS 官能与感觉

savouring every drop.他慢悠悠地喝着酒，品尝着每一滴的滋味.She savoured the pleasures of country life in the summer.她细细领略夏日农村生活的乐趣．savour of ［v prep T1］ to have a（slight） quality of， as in a taste， smell， etc 具有···的味道（气味）；带有···的意味：He dislikedany law that savoured of more government control.他不喜欢任何意味着政府加强控制的法律.

F281 nouns 名词：tasting things 品尝

taste/teist/1 [C;U] one of the special senses, by which a person or animal knows one food from another by its sweetness, bitterness, saltiness，etc 味觉：I＇ve got a cold so my taste＇s quite gone．我感冒了，所以几乎丧失了味觉．2［C；U] the sensation produced when food or drink is put in the mouth and that makes it different from other foods or drinks, by its saltiness，sweetness，bitterness，etc 滋味；味道： Sugar has a sweet taste.糖味甜.This cake has no／very little taste.这个蛋糕淡而无味／没有什么味道.This fish has an odd taste； it tastes like cheese．这条鱼的味道很怪，吃上去有些像干酪．3[C (of) usu sing] a small quantity of food or drink（食物或饮料）一点儿；少量；一口：I had ataste of soup to see if it was nice.我尝了尝汤， 看看味道好不好．4［U］（fig）the ability to enjoy and judge beauty, style,art,music,etc;ability to choose and use the best manners, behav-iour，fashions，etc 审美力；鉴赏力；品味：His speech offended many people present and was in very bad taste.他的讲话冒犯了在场的很多人，而且格调很低.You need good taste before you can enjoy this music.鉴赏力高才能欣赏这音乐.She has excellent taste in dress.她对服装的审美力很强．5［C；U；（for，in）］（fig） a personal liking for something 爱好；兴趣：He has a taste for music.他爱好音乐.She has expensive tastes in clothes.她喜欢昂贵的衣服.Popular music is not to everyone＇s taste.不是人人都喜欢流行音乐.6 ［C （of） usu sing］（fig） an experience 经历： Once you've had a taste of life in our country you won＇t want to return home.一旦你在我们国家生活过，就不想回本国了.It was theprisoners＇first taste of freedom.这是那些囚犯第一次尝到自由的滋味.

flavour BrE,flavor AmE/'fleivə/1 [C] a taste; quality that only the tongue can experience 味； 滋味：It had a strong flavour of cheese.它带着浓烈的干酪味.Choose from six popular flavours！从六种流行口味中挑选！（fig）It is astory with an unpleasant flavour.这个故事有一种令人不快的滋味．2［U］ the quality of tast-ing good or pleasantly strong 美味；风味：This bread hasn't much flavourlhas plenty of flavour.这种面包没有什么味道／很有味道.

savour BrE, savor AmE /'seıvə/ [S; U] 1 taste or smell 味道；滋味； 风味： The meat had cookedtoo long and lost its savour.这肉煮得太久，已经没有什么味道了.（fig）I could hear a savour of distrust in his voice.我听得出他的声音里有几分不信任的意味．2（fig）（power to excite）interest

407

F282 SENSES＆ SENSATIONS 官能与感觉

引起兴趣的力量；兴味；兴趣：He used to say thatargument adds savour to conversation,but now argument has lost its savour for him.过去他常说辩论可以使谈话更有意思，但是现在他对争辩已失去兴趣了.

F282 adjectives 形容词：tasting things

［B］品尝 [ALSO→E110]

tasty /'teisti/[Wal] esp infml having a good taste；enjoyable to eat 美味的；可口的；好吃的：That was a tasty meal.那一餐饭很可口.-tily [adv]-tiness[U]

savoury BrE, savory AmE /'servəri/ [Wa2] 1 pleasant or attractive in taste 好吃的；有滋味的： There was a savoury smell coming from the kitchen．厨房里飘来一股诱人的香味．2 not fmlmorally attractive or good 高尚的；正经的；正当的：That isn＇t a very savoury book he＇s read-ing.他在读的那本书不大正经.un-［neg］：unsa-voury ideas 不良的思想

flavoured BrE, flavored AmE /'flervəd/ having been flavoured；having a flavour经过调味的；具有···味的：He was drinking some flavoured water／water flavoured with fruit juice.他在喝加了香精的饮料／加果汁的饮料.

delicious /dr'lifəs/ very tasty; savoury; good to taste or eat 美味的；可口的：What a delicious meul！多么可口的饭菜！-ly［adv］

bland/blænd/ [Wal] (of food) not hurting the stomach and without much taste（食物）清淡的； 无刺激的：The doctor says that the sick woman must have only bland food.医生说那个病妇只能吃清淡的食物.This soup is too bland for me.这汤对我来说太淡了.

insipid /mn'sıpid/ deprec not having much or any taste 没有味道的；乏味的：The food in that hotelis rather insipid.那个旅馆的饭菜淡而无味.

flat/flæet/ deprec (esp of a drink) having lost its taste（尤指饮料）走了气的；走味儿的：The beer isa bit flat.这啤酒有点走气.

F283 adjectives 形容词：kinds of taste ［B］ 各种滋味

sweet／swi：t／［Wal］ tasting like or of sugar 甜的：

She takes a lotof sugar in her tea; it would be too sweet for me.她在茶中放了许多糖，我喝会觉得太甜.It tastes very sweet.味道很甜.

bitter /'bitə/ [Wal] 1 having a peculiat sharp biting taste, like beer or black coffee without sugar 苦的：Beer has a bitter taste.啤酒有苦味. Beer tastes bitter 啤酒味苦．2（fig）（of cold winds，etc）very sharp（指寒风等）凛冽的；刺骨的3（fig）causing pain or grief 引起痛苦或悲伤的：His failure was a bitter blow.他的失败是一次令人痛苦的打击.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

sour/sauə/ [Wal] 1 having a peculiar sharp taste like acid 酸的：Lemons have a sour taste. 柠檬有酸味．Lemons taste sour．柠檬味酸．2（fig） unfriendly and unhappy 坏脾气的；不高兴的；不友好的：She really looks sour this morn-ing.今天上午她真的显得很不高兴.

acid/'æsid/1 having a sour taste like that of unripe fruit or vinegar ［→E49］酸的2（fig） bad-tempered；angry in speech 脾气坏的；尖酸刻薄的：Her acid remarks made him angry.她的尖酸刻薄的话使他很生气.-ly［adv］acidity ［U］the condition of being acid 酸性

salt/so:lt/[Wa5] tech & fml tasting like or of salt 咸的：This liquid tastes saltlhas a salt taste.这液体味咸.

salty/'so:lti/[Wal] infml 1 tasting like or of salt 有咸味的：It has a salty taste．它有咸味．2（fig）interesting 有趣的：He tells very salty stories.他讲的故事很有趣.

hot/hpt/[Wal] tasting of pepper [→E49]; caus-ing a burning taste in the mouth 辣的：This food is too hot for me； it＇s very spicy.这菜我吃太辣了，太刺激.

pungent /'pand3ənt/ 1 having a strong sharp stinging taste or smell, that may or may not seem unpleasant 刺鼻的；辛辣的：The old man smokes a rather pungent kind of tobacco.那位老人抽的烟叶很刺鼻．2（fig）（of speech orwriting) producing a sharp,direct effect that awakens interest or expresses an unfavour-able opinion（指言词或文字）泼辣的；苛刻的：Hemade some pungent remarks about my late-ness.他对我的迟到讲了一些苛刻的话.-ly［adv］

savoury /'seivəri/ [Wa5] BrE (of a dish, of food) having the taste of meat, cheese, vegetables，etc without sugar（指菜肴、食物）不是甜味的；咸的或有香料味道的

G

Thought and communication, language and grammar

思想与交际，语言与语法

Thinking,judging,and

remembering

思考、判断与记忆

G1 nouns 名词：mind，thought，and

reason 头脑、思想与理性 [ALSO→B20]

mind /mamd/1[C;(U)] the part of a person which thinks 头脑；思维：We don＇t know exactly what goes on in the mind, or the exact relationship of mind and brain.我们并不确切地知道头脑是怎样活动的，也不知道思维和大脑的确切关系．2［C］the ability to think 智力；智慧：She has a good mind for this kind of work.她的智力做这种工作很合适．3 ［C usu pl］ a very cleverperson 有才智的人：Some of the best minds in the country are working there.国内一些最有才智的人在那里工作．-minded ［comb form］1having the kind of mind described 有···之心的； 有···精神的：evil-minded 怀有恶意的；存心不良的；strong-minded 意志坚强的 2 having a mind that is interested in or sees the value of the thing stated 热心于···的；注重···的：safty-minded people 重视安全的人们

mentality/men'tæləti/ [U; C] a person's way of thinking 心理；思想方法：He has just the right mentality for this work.他的思想方法做这种工作正合适.I can＇t understand mentalities like hers.我不能理解像她那样的心理状态.

brain/bremn/1 [C] the organ in the head with which a person thinks, which controls the actions of animals，etc 脑；大脑2［C；U］ the mind 头脑；智慧：She has a good brain； I wish she would use it.她很有头脑；我希望她能好好利用它．3［C］infml a person with a good mind 智囊；有才智的人：Some of the best brains in the country are working there.国内一些最有聪明才智的人在那里工作.-brained ［comb form］having a brain or brains as stated 有···头脑的： These are large-brained animals.这些是大脑发达的动物.My silly bird-brained secretary can＇t spell！我那笨头笨脑的秘书连拼写都不会！

thought／o：t／1［U］ the act of thinking 思想；想； 思索；思考：He sat there，deep in thought.他坐在那里沉思.She seemed lost in thought.她似乎

陷入了沉思之中.The power of thought canchange the wórld．思想的力量能改变世界．2［C；U] something that is thought; a product of thinking；idea，opinion，etc 想法；看法；观念；意见：Let me have your thoughts on the subject. 让我听听你对这个问题的想法.You must give upall thought of going there.你必须放弃到那里去的一切想法．3 ［U9］ the particular way of think-ing of a social class, person, period, country, etc 思潮；思想方式：Ancient Indian thought interests me．我对印度古代的思想方式很感兴趣．4［U］ serious consideration 认真考虑：Give his offer plenty of thought before you accept it. 在接受他的提议之前你要好好考虑一下．5［U（of）］intention 企图；打算：I had no thought of annoying you.我并不想使你不安.The enemy＇s thought was to defeat us quickly.敌人的意图是迅速打败我们．6［C；U：（for）］（an example of） attention；regard 关心；注意；顾虑：With no thought for her own safety, she jumped into the river to save the drowning child.她把自己的安危置至脑后跳进河里去救溺水的孩子.Theteacher＇s only thought was for the pupils.老师唯一关心的是学生.

reason /'ri:zən/ 1 [U] the power to think, understand，and form opinions 思考能力；理解力；形成看法的能力：People are different from animals because they possess reason.人与动物的区别在于人具有思考能力．2［U］a sound mindthat is not mad 理性；理智（esp in such phrs as lose one＇s reason 失去理性）3 ［U］ good sense 道理；情理；明智：Thers＇s a lot of reason in his advice.他的忠告非常有道理.Why don＇t youlisten to reason？你为什么不听道理？He＇ll do anything within reason to help you.为了帮助你，任何合乎情理的事他都愿意故.

rationallty / ræfə'næləti/ [U] fml the power of reason 合理性；推理力ir-［neg］

cognition /kog'nıfən/ [U] fml & tech the state of thinking, knowing, and being aware; the act of thinking generally 认知；认识

intellect/'intilekt/1 [U] the power of reason-ing， esp on difficult matters 理解力；智力；领悟力：She is a woman of great intellect.她是一位智力很高的女性．2［C］ a person who has greatability of this kind 才智非凡的人；才华出众的人；智者：They are among the greatest intellectsin the country.他们是全国最有聪明才智的人物.

think/0igk/[S(about)] infml an act of thinking,

409

G2 THINKING＆REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

Little did he think the police would be waiting for him.他没有想到警察会在等他.We didnthink we＇d be this late.我们没有料到我们会这么晚.I thought as much （used when one has heard some news, to mean 'that's just what I expected＇）．我早就料到了．10［T1］to have as the centre of one＇s thoughts 把思想集中于：He thinks business all day． 他整天只想着生意，11[L9] not fml to direct the mind in a particular way 往···想：You must tryllearn to think big！你必须学会想得远大些！I don＇t think sl ironical(used esp when bitterly or nastily attacking someone, to mean) I certainly do not think so （尤用于怀着怨恨情绪或恶毒地攻击某人时）我不信：You＇re clever，I don＇t think！你聪明，我才不信呢！ to think aloud to speak one＇s thoughts as they come 自言自语 think twice to think very carefully about something 再想想；反复考虑；三思（而行）：Think twice before accepting this offer.接受这个建议前你要三思.

reason／＇ri：zən／1 ［IØ］ to use one＇s reason 推理； 进行思维：She can reason very clearly.她思路很清楚．2 ［T5］ to argue （that）； give an opinion based on reason （that） 辩论；推论：I reasoned that since she had not answered my letter she must be angry with me.既然她没有回信，我推断她一定是生我的气了．3［T1 into or out of］ topersuade 说服：Try to reason him out； of that idea／into going away quickly.设法说服他放弃那个想法／立即离去.

rationalize,-ise /'ræfənəlaiz/ [IØ; T1] to find reasons for (one's own unreasonable behav-iour or opinions（为自己不合理的行为或主张）找理由；找借口；使合理化：Stop rationalising！ That＇s not the real reason for what you did.别再找借口了！那不是你那样做的真正原因

G3 verbs 动词：solving things and working things out 解决问题与想出办法

solve/splv/[T1] to find a way of doing (some-thing which seemed difficult to do); come to an answer, explanation, or way of dealing with （something）解决；解答；处理：Í can＇t solve this problem；it＇s too difficult for me.我不能解决这个问题；对我来说这个问题太难了.This is still anunsolved question （＝ no one has solved it）.这仍然是个没有解决的问题.solution［C；U］an actor way of finding an answer to a difficult problem（问题、疑难等的）解决；解答；解决办法；答案：This sheet of practice questions is provided with solutions.这页习题附有答案.It＇s a difficulty that hardly admits solution.这是个几乎无法解决的困难.

think out also 又作esp AmE think through ［v adv T1] to consider in detail with care; reach a decision about (something) after much careful thought.把（某事）想通；想透：Thank you for your suggestion, but I must think this whole matter out for myself.谢谢你的建议，但我必须自已把整件事仔细想透.

reason out [v advTlb] to find an answer to

esp about a difficulty or question; occasion or need for thinking 想；（尤指对困难或问题的）思考：I＇ll have to have a think about this before I give you an answer.在回答你之前我得先思考一下这个问题.If you think I＇m going to lend you a pound you've another think coming! (= you'll have to think of someone else to ask, because I certainly won't lend you a pound) 你以为我会借给你一英镑，你还是再想别的办法吧！（＝你还得找别人借，我肯定是不借给你的）

G2 verbs 动词：thinking and reasoning 思考与推理

think/θngk/1[IØ (about); T1] to use the power of reason; make judgments; use the mind to form opinions；have （a thought）想；思考；思索： Do you still think in English when you're speaking French？你在说法语时仍用英语思考吗？If animals can think, what do you think they think about？如果动物能思考，你认为它们会想些什么？She sat there，thinking great thoughts.她坐在那里，浮想联翩．2［T5a，b；X1,7］to believe； consider 相信；觉得；认为：I think she＇s wrong， don＇t you？ 我认为她错了，你看呢？He thinkshimself a great poet.他认为自己是大诗人.Doyou think it will rain？-Yes，I think so！你看会下雨吗？-我想会的！I thought he was goingto die．我以为他要死了．3 ［T6a，b］ （used after cannot and could not) to imagine; under-stand（用于 cannot和 could not 之后）想象；理解：I can＇t think why you did it！我不能理解你为什么做那件事！You can＇t think how nasty she is to me！ 你简直不能想象她对我有多么恶劣！4［T6a，b］ （used in questions） to believe（用于问句）相信；认为：Who do you think murdered the old lady？你认为是谁谋害了那位老太太？How doyou think the robbers got in？你认为强盗是怎样进去的？5［T6a］ to reason about； bring to mind 明白；了解：Think how big and varied the world is．想想世界那么大，多么丰富多彩．6［IØ；T6a，b］to consider carefully 仔细想；盘算：I＇ll have to think deeply before I give you an answer.在回答你以前，我得仔细想一下. Think before youaccept his offer！在接受他的建议之前，要好好想一想！The criminal was thinking what to do next when the police arrived.正当罪犯盘算下一步该怎么办时，警察到了．7［T5a，b，（fml）3］ to haveas a halfformed intention or plan 打算：We thought to return early，我们打算尽早回来.We thought we＇d go swimming tomorrow.我们原本打算明天去游泳.I thought to catch a bushome but it was so nice I decided to walk. 我原来打算乘公共汽车回家，但是天气这么好，我就决定走回家了．8［T6a，b］（used after cannot and could not and in infin after try, want, etc) to remember（用于 cannot 和 could not 之后，在try 和 want等动词之后用不定词形式）想起；记得：I can＇t think what his name is.我想不起他的名字了.I＇m trying to think what his address is／how to get there.我在想他的地址是哪里／怎么到那里去．9［T5a；L9］to expect 想到；预料到：

410

(something) by thinking of all the possible arguments 推论出（某事）的答案或解决方法：Let＇sreason the matter out.让我们推论出解决这个问题的办法.

work out [v adv] 1 [T1, 6a, b] to solve; get the correct answer to; find by performing all the right actions 算出；解答；找出：I can＇t work this sum out.我算不出这个总数来.He worked outall the answers correctly.他正确地算出了所有的答案.I can＇t work out where we are on this map．我找不出我们在这张地图上的位置．2［IØ］tohave an answer which can be calculated 算出； 合计：The sum won＇t work out／doesn＇t work out（properly）.总数算不出来／算得不对.

G4 verbs 动词：considering and

meditating 考虑与沉思

consider/kən'sidə/ [T1; IØ] to think slowly and fully 斟酌；考虑：I need time to consider. this matter.我需要时间来斟酌这个问题.Considercarefully before you decide.仔细考虑后再作出决定.

reflect/rI'flekt/ [IØ; T5] to consider very care-fully 仔细考虑；深思熟虑：After reflecting for a while (on the matter), we decided not togo. 我们仔细考虑了一会儿之后，决定不去了.Shereflected that life was full of difficulties.她考虑到生活充满困难.

speculate/'spekjuleIt/ [IØ; T5] to think (about a matter) in a way that is not serious or with-out facts that would lead to a firm result 猜测； 推测：Let＇s speculate on the chances of rain／about the date of the next election.让我们来推测一下下雨的可能性／下次选举的日期.

ponder /'ppndə/[T1, 6; IØ] to spend time in considering （a fact，difficulty，etc）（花时间去） 仔细考虑；深思：When I asked advice，she pondered (the matter) and then told me not to go.当我征求她的意见时，她沉思了好一会后告诉我不要去.He pondered overlabout those strange events.他仔细地思考了这些奇怪的事件.The prisoner pondered how to escape.那囚犯盘算着该如何越狱.

deliberate /dr'libərit/[T1, 6a, b; Iø] often fml to consider (important and difficult questions) carefully, often in formal meeting(s), with other people 慎重考虑；仔细探讨；商议（重要和困难的问题）：The judges are deliberating （the question）.法官们正在仔细研究（这个问题）.Theydeliberated （upon／about） what to do next：他们商议下一步怎么办.

muse /mju:z/ [IØ (on)] often lit & pomp to think deeply (about something), esp not noticing what is happening at the time 沉思；冥想：He sat in a chair，musing （on.life）.他坐在椅子上沉思着（人生／世事）.

meditate /'medəteit/1 [IØ (on, upon)] to think seriously or deeply 认真考虑；深思：He med-itated for two days before giving his answer. 他思索了两天才作出回答．2［IØ］to fix and keepthe attention on one matter, having cleared

G5 THINKING ＆ REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

the mind of thoughts, esp for religious reasons or to gain peace of mind（尤指为宗教原因或为使心情平静而）静思；冥想；默想［→C333］3 ［T1］ to plan and consider carefully 仔细考虑； 周密计划：They are meditatinga change in the office arrangements.他们在计划改变办公室的布置.

contemplate/'kontəm,pleit/ 1 [T1] to look at (something or someone) quietly and solemnly, usu while thinking（通常沉思着）注视；熟视；凝视；审视：The art student stood contemplating the famous painting.那个学美术的学生站在那儿仔细观摩那幅名画．2 ［T1,4,6；Iø］ to thinkdeeply about; consider with continued atten-tion 长时间地深思；反复思考；对···作周密考虑：The doctor contemplated the difficult opera-tion he had to perform.医生反复思考着他要做的那个难度很大的手术.I hope your mother isn＇tcontemplating coming to stay with us！我希望你的母亲不是在考虑到这里和我们一起住吧！I layin bed contemplating what to do next.我躺在床上思考着下一步该做些什么.She often sits inchurch and contemplates.她常常坐在教堂里默想．3［T1］ to expect 期待；预期：The police contemplated various kinds of trouble after the football match.警方预期足球赛后会出现各种各样的麻烦.

entertain/,entə'tein/ [T1] often fml to be ready and willing to think about (ideas, doubts, suggestions，etc）愿意考虑：He refused to enter-tain for a moment the thought that his son was a thief.他一刻也不愿去想自己的儿子是小偷.I am prepared to entertain your suggestion.我准备考虑你的建议.

G5 nouns 名词：considering and meditating 考虑与沉思

consideration/kən,sıdə'rerfən/ often fml 1[U] careful thought；thoughtful attention 考虑； 思考：We shall give your request careful con-sideration.我们将对你的请求作仔细的考虑：I＇vesent them my book for (their) consideration. 我已把我的书寄给他们审阅、考虑.The matter isstill being given consideration by the minister of foreign affairs.这个问题外交部长仍在考虑之中.Taking everything into consideration，we must refuse your request.从全面考虑，我们只好拒绝你的请求．2［C］ a fact to be considered when making a decision（作决定时）要考虑的事实；原因；理由：Time is an important consideration.时间是个必须考虑的重要因素.Anumber of considerations have led me to refuse your request.有几个因素使我决定拒绝你的请求.

reflection /r'flekfən/ 1 [U] deep and careful ：thought 熟虑；深思；仔细考虑：On reflection，he agreed to do it.他经过深思熟虑，同意去做这件事.I am sorry that I spoke quickly and without reflection．很抱歉我讲快了，没有经过仔细考虑．2［C］ an example or result of this；a thought（经深思后的）感想；意见：He told us his reflections

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on Indian politics.他向我们谈了他对印度政治的看法.

speculation /,spekju'lerfən/ [U;C] (an example of) reasoning, not seriously or without all the facts 推测：There is nothing in what he says； it＇s pure speculation. 他说的话空洞无物，完全是主观臆测．speculative［B］1 of or being specu-lation 猜测的2 based on reason alone and not facts about the world 推测的；纯理论的-ly［adv］

deliberation /dr,lıbə'reıfən/ fml 1 [U] the fact of deliberating, of thinking slowly and deeply 深思熟虑；熟思2［U；C］careful consideration； thorough examination of a matter 考虑；商讨； 探讨：After much deliberation we found that nothing could be done.经过反复探讨，我们发现无计可施.Our deliberations were useless.我们的探讨毫无用处．3［U］the quality of being slow， careful, or unhurried in thought, speech, or movement（思维、语言或行动）沉着；缓慢；从容不迫：The old man rose from his chair with great deliberation and left the room.老人从容不迫地从椅子里站起来，走出了房间．deliberate ［B］ 1carefully considered； thoroughly planned 深思熟虑的；盘算周到的：The government is taking deliberate action to lower prices.政府正采取谨慎的行动来降低物价．2 intentional ［→G17］；onpurpose 故意的；蓄意的：That shooting was not accidental, but a deliberate attempt to kill him！那次枪击不是偶然事件，而是蓄意想杀害他！3(of speech, thought, or movement) slow;care-ful；unhurried（讲话、思维、行动）缓慢的；从容不迫的；沉着的；审慎的：The old man rose fromhis chair in a deliberate way and left the room.老人从容不迫地从椅子里站起来，走出了房间.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

meditation /,medə'teifən/1 [U] the act, state, or time of meditating 深思；细想 2 ［U］ the practice of deep，usu religious thought（常指宗教上的）冥想；默想［→C333］3［C often pl］anexample of deep thought on a subject in a piece of speech or writing 对问题的深思熟虑（如演说或文章的内容）；冥想录：She enjoyed readinghis meditations.她很喜欢读他写的冥想录.

contemplation /,kpntəm'pleıfən/ [U (of)] the act of thinking deeply and quietly; deep thought 沉思；深思；默想：Each morning the priest spent an hour in quiet contemplation. 神父每天上午默祷一小时.She seemed lost incontemplation（of the future）.她（遥想未来）似乎想得出了神.

G6 nouns 名词：reasoning and logic 推理与逻辑

.reasoning /'ri:zənin/ [U] the use of one's reason 推论；推理：He shows great power（s） of reasoning.他表现出很强的推理能力.Yourreasoning in the matter was quite correct.在这件事上你的推论是很正确的.

logic/'lpd3rk/[U]1 the science of reasoning by formal methods 逻辑（学）；论理学：He wants to study logic．他想学习逻辑学．2 a way of reason-

ing 逻辑；推理方法： I don＇t understand his logic at all．我一点都不懂他的推理方法．3 infmlreasonable thinking 合理的想法：There＇s no logic in spending money on useless things.把钱花在无用的东西上是不合理的.I don＇t see thelogic in that／of doing that.我看不出那样做有什么道理.

philosophy /fr'lpsəfi/1[U] the study of the nature and the meaning of existence,reality, knowledge， goodness， etc 哲学：She is a student of philosophy and logic.她是学哲学和逻辑学的学生．2［C］a special system of thought having this as its base 哲学体系：He was study-ing the philosophy of Aristotle.他在研究亚里士多德的哲学体系．3［C］a rule or set of rules forliving one's life, esp based on one's beliefs and experiences 世界观；人生观：Eat，drink， and be merry； that＇s his philosophy.他的人生观就是吃、喝、玩、乐．4［U］calmness and quiet courage, esp in spite of difficulty or unhappi-ness（尤指尽管困难或不幸）镇静；达观；泰然自若：He accepted his misfortune with philosophy and never complained.他面对不幸仍泰然自若，从不怨天尤人.philosopher ［C］ a person who studies philosophy or uses it in life 哲学家

psychology /sar'koləd3i/ [U] 1 the study or science of the mind and the way it works, and of behaviour as an expression of the mind 心理学：She is a student of psychology.她是学心理学的学生2 a branch of this study that deals with a particular group or division of human activity···心理学：His main interest is criminal／ educational psychology.他的主要兴趣是犯罪心理学／教育心理学．3 infml the mind and patterns of behaviour of a particular person or group; a person＇s character 心理：I can＇t understand that man＇s psychology.我不能理解那个人的心理．4infml cleverness in understanding people （善解人意的）聪明：You must use psychology if you want to get his help.你要得到他的帮助，就得运用点小聪明.psychologist ［C］ a person skilled in psychology 心理学家

G7 adjectives，etc 形容词等：reasoning and logic［B］推理与逻辑

mental /'mentəl/ [Wa5] of or concerning the mind 精神的；智力的：Mental illness is often harder to cure than bodily illness.精神的疾病常比身体的疾病更难治愈.His mental abiltiesare very good.他的智力很发达.-ly［adv］

intellectual / intr'lektfuəl/ 1 of or concerning the intellect，mind，higher thought，etc 智力的： Philosophy is an intellectual exercise.哲学是一种智力的运用.She isn＇t interested in intellec-tual things．她对涉及智力的事物不感兴趣．2having, showing, or needing great mental ability 用脑筋的；有智力的；聪明的：intellectualwork 脑力劳动-ly［adv］ 3 ［C］ a person who is intellectual 知识分子：Philosophy interests intellectuals, but not ordinary people,' he said.他说：“知识分子对哲学感兴趣，但一般老百姓对哲学并无兴趣.”

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rational /'ræfənəl/ 1 (of people) having the power of reason（指人）有理性的；有推理能力的：'A rational man wouldn't do things like that. 一个有理性的人不会做那样的事．2（of ideas andbehaviour） according to reason（指思想和行为） 理智的；合理的：Is there any rational expla-nation of what happened？对于所发生的事情有合理的解释吗？That wasn＇t a very rational thing to do. 做那样的事是不很合理的.ir-［neg］[Ape]■-

logical /'lpd3ikəl/ 1 according to the rules of logic or reason 合乎逻辑的：The logical result of such behaviour is punishment.惩罚是这种行为合乎逻辑的结果．2 having or showing goodreasoning 推理正确的；合理的：Try to be logical about your plans.尽量使你的计划合理些.il-[neg]-ly[adv Wa4]

abstract/æb'strækt/1 concerned with an idea or ideas in the mind rather than actual things, events，etc 抽象的：Good people exist，but the idea of ＇goodness＇is abstract.好人是实际存在的，但是“好”的概念是抽象的.He is good atabstract thinking．他很善于抽象思维．2 difficult to understand because concerned with ideas rather than actual things（由于抽象而）难以理解的；深奥的：These abstract matters make no sense to me; give me concrete [■>N13] every-day things to deal with.我根本不懂这些抽象的事情；让我处理些具体的日常事务吧．3（of kinds ofart) not showing actual pictures but rather shapes，colours，patterns，etc（指艺术流派）抽象派的：He is an abstract painter.他是个抽象派的画家.in the abstract as an idea 抽象地；观念上：He considered the matter in the abstract first, before dealing with it in real life.他首先从观念上考虑这个问题，然后再在实际生活中对付它.

conceptual /kən'septfuəl/ of or concerning a concept or concepts [→G9]; relating to ideas in the mind 概念的；构思的：There is a concep-tual difference between 'good' and 'true'; they are not the same thing.“善”与“真”在概念上有所不同；它们不是同一回事.His conceptualability is good; he can think well in the abstract.他的构思能力很强；他擅长进行抽象思维.-ly［adv］

philosophical /,filə'spfikal/1 of,concerning,or like philosophy 哲学的；有哲理的：That was a good philosophical argument.那是个很有哲理的论点．2 calm and thoughtful about things， esp in spite of difficulty or unhappiness （尤指尽管遇到困难或不幸）泰然自若的；镇定自若的；达观的；冷静的：He was very philosophical about losing the money.他对丢钱的事处之泰然.-ly[adv Wa4]

psychological /,saıkə'lpd3rkal/ of,concerning, or like psychology 心理学的；心理上的：Theymade a psychological study of his behaviour. 他们对他的行为作了一次心理分析.Try to bepsychological; if you know how he'll behave you＇ll be able to stop him doing it.要运用一点心理学，如果你知道他会怎样行动，你就能制止他.-ly [adv Wa4]

cognitive /'kpgnətiv/ [Wa5] of, about, or needing cognition [→G1] or reasoned thought

G8 THINKING ＆ REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

认识的；认知的：Cognitive psychology triesto study how people think.认知心理学试图研究人的思维方法.-ly［adv］

coherent/kəu'hiərənt/ (esp of thought,speech, ideas, etc) being naturally or reasonably connected（尤指想法、演讲、意见等）连接自然而合理的；连贯的；前后一致的：He isn＇t a verycoherent thinker，is he？他的思路并不十分连贯，是吧？in-［neg］-ly［adv］

G8 verbs 动词：considering， supposing， and conceiving 认为、设想与想象

[ALSO→I43]

consider /kən'sıdə/ [T1, 4,5,6a,b;X(to be)1, 7］ to think or suppose 认为；看作：I consider him（to be）a fool.我认为他是个笨蛋.She con-sidered（that） it（was） time to go.她认为是该走的时候了.

regard /rI'ga:d/ [T1; X9, esp as] not fml to consider 看作；认为；看待：She regards him as a fool.她把他看作笨蛋.

look on also 又作 think of ［X9］ not fml to regard 看待；看作；认为：She looks on／thinks of him as a fool.她把他看作傻瓜.

assume/ə'sju:m/ [T1,5a,b;X (to be)1,7}to take as a fact or as true without proof 假定；假设：I assumed that he was there.我假定他当时在那儿.I assumed him（to be）able to read.我假定他是识字的.He was there， or so I assumed.他在那里，至少我是这样假定的.Assuming it rainstomorrow，what shall we do？假如明天下雨，那我们怎么办呢？

suppose/sə'pəuz/ 1 [T5a,b; V3] to take as likely；consider as true 假定；猜想；以为：If we suppose that man is an animal/suppose man to have descended from animals, then we can learn something useful from animal behav-iour.如果我们假定人是一种动物／假定人是由动物演变来的，那么我们就能从动物的行为中学到一些有用的东西.I suppose he＇s gone home.我猜想他已经回家了.He must be dead，then.-Yes I suppose so.那么他一定是死了.-是的，我看也是．2［T5a，b；V3 often pass；X1,7,9］ often fml to believe 想；以为；料想应该：I suppose that＇s true.我想那是真的.I supposed him to be a workman，but he was in fact a thief.我以为他是个工人，但其实他是个贼.He was commonlysupposed （to be） foolish.他是公认的傻瓜.I supposed him in the office.我想他在办公室. Where's the house? It's supposed to be here. 那幢房子在哪里？它应该是在这里的．3［V3 pass］a to expect, because of duty, responsibility,or other condition 期望；应该：Everyone is supposed to wear a seat belt in the car.坐车时人人都该系上安全带.b［neg］ to allow 允许：You＇re not supposed to smoke in here. 此地不准吸烟.

guess /ges/1 [IØ; T1, 5a, b] to consider,judge, or.state （something） without being sure 猜测； 推测；猜想：He didn＇t know the answer to the question，so he guessed （it）.他不知道问题的答

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案，所以就猜测.He guessed correctly／wrongly. 他猜得对／猜错了.I guessed（that）he would do it．我猜他会做那件事的．2 ［T5a， b not pass］infml， esp AmE to suppose 猜想；以为：Is he coming？-I guess so.他会来吗？-我想他会的.He says he won't do it and I guess he means it.他说他不会做那件事，我想他是认真的.

reckon /'rekən/ 1 [X (to be) 1, 7;X9 esp among，as］ to consider；regard°认为；把...看作： He is reckoned （to be） a great actor.他被认为是个伟大的演员.She was reckoned （to be） very beautiful.人们认为她很美丽.I reckon him as afriendlamong my friends．我把他看作朋友．2 [T5a, b] infml to guess; suppose; calculatè(a number） without counting exactly 猜想；推测； 估算：I reckon（that） he＇ll come soon.我猜他很快就会来的.How much do you reckon （that） she cares？你猜想她在乎到什么程度？

imagine/r'mæd3in/1 [T5a, b, 6a, b]to suppose; have an idea about， esp mistakenly（尤指错误地）以为；猜想；猜测：I can＇t imagine what she means.我猜不出她的意思：He imagines that people don＇t like him．他以为别人不喜欢他．2[T1, 4; V4] to form a picture or idea of in the mind 想象；设想：I can imagine the scene clearly in my mind.我能清楚地在脑海里想象出那个情景.

fancy /'fænsi/1 [T1, 4] to form a picture of; imagine 想象；设想：Fancy working every day！ 想想看，居然每天都要工作！Fancy her sayingsuch rude things！你想想，她竟然说出这样粗鲁的话．Fancy that！真想不到！2［T5a］ to believe without being certain；think 以为；想：I fancy I have met you before.我想我以前见过你.

conceive／kən＇si：v／ also 又作 ［v prep］ conceive of ［T1,4］ to think of；imagine 想象；构思；想出： In ancient times people conceived (of) the world as flat.在古代，人们想象地球是平的.Whendid scientists first conceive of space travel？科学家们首次想到太空旅行是什么时候？It＇s difficultto conceive of travelling to the moon.很难想象到月球去旅行是什么样子的.How did he everconceive such an idea？他怎么会想出这样一个主意来呢？

[ALSOI45]

assumption /ə'sAmpfən/[C, C5]something that is taken as a fact or as true without proof 设想； 假设：Our assumption that we would win was wrong.我们以为会赢，但这种假设错了.

supposition /,sapə'zıfən/ 1 [U, U5] the actof supposing or guessing 假定；推测；猜想；设想： We must work on the supposition that he borrowed the money， not that he stole it.我们必须假定那笔钱是他借来的，而非偷来的，并根据这一假定来办事．2 ［C］ an idea which is the resultof this 假定；假设：My supposition is that he took the money, meaning to pay it back later. 我的猜想是他拿了钱，并打算以后归还.Supposi-tions will not explain the reasons.假设并不能

解释这事情的原因.

guess /ges/ [C] an opinion, judgment,etc that one is not sure about 猜测；猜：He made a guess as to how many people were there.His guess was 200．他猜了猜那儿有多少人．他猜测有两百人．At a guess I＇d say 200 people．要猜的话，我看有两百人.P＇ll give you three guesses.我让你猜三次.

Imagination /I,mæd3ə'nerfən/ 1 [U;C] the ability to imagine 想象力：She has great visual imagination; she can see things easily in her mind.她的视觉想象力很丰富，她能很清楚地在脑海里想象出各种事物.What imaginations thesechildren have！ 这些孩子的想象力多么丰富啊！2 [U] the working of one's mind,in forming a picture or idea， esp mistakenly（尤指错误的）想象；幻想：The difficulties are all in your imagination.困难都是你想象出来的.

fancy /'fænsi/1 [U] imagination, esp in a free and undirected form（尤指自由而异想天开的）幻想；想象：His mind went where fancy took it.他胡思乱想．2［U］ the power of creating decora-tive images， esp in poetry（尤指诗歌中的）想象力；幻想力 3［C］an image， opinion， or idea imagined and not based on fact（无事实根据的） 幻想；幻觉：I think he will come but it＇s only a fancy of mine.我想他会来，但这只是我的幻想.Issomeone knocking at. the door or is it a fancy？是有人在敲门还是我的幻觉作怪？

idea ／ar＇drə／［C］ 1 a picture in the mind 想象；概念：I＇ve got a good idea of what he wants.他要什么我完全想象得出．2 a plan 计划；设想：I havean idea for a new book.我有写一本新书的构想.3 an opinion 主张；意见：He＇ll have his own ideas about that.他对那件事会有自己的意见的.4 a guess；a feeling of probability 猜想；推测；感觉：I have an idea that she likes him better than anyone else.我有一种感觉，她最喜欢的是他.5［also 又作 C5a］ understanding 明白；了解： You have no idea how worried I was！你不知道我有多担心！She doesn＇t have any idea how to do the job．她根本不知道那件工作该怎样做．6 asuggestion or sudden thought 想法；主意；建议： What a good idea！真是个好主意！Don＇t start putting ideas into his head; he has enough work to do at the moment.不要再为他出主意，现有的工作就够他忙的了.

concept/'konsept/[C (of),C5] often tech & fml an idea， thought， or understanding 概念； 观念：I agree with your concept that all history is the history of the struggle between social classes.我同意你关于所有的历史都是社会阶级斗争史的观念.

conception /kən'sepfən/ [U, U5, (6b); C: (of)] （a）general understanding； idea 概念；见解；看法：Different people have different conceptions of what he means.不同的人对于他的意思有不同的见解.Having studied history we can have some/a conception of what life was like in the past.学了历史我们对过去的生活状况就有一定的概念.The conception that the earth is flat devel-oped in ancient times.地球是扁平的这一概念是在古代形成的.I have no conception （of）why you left home.我不理解你为什么要离家出走.

G9 nouns 名词：assuming and conceiving 假设与想象

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afterthought../'a:ftə0o:t/ [C] 1. an idea that comes later 事后的想法；感想：Have you hadany afterthoughts about it？你对那件事有什么感想？2 something added later 事后的添加物；后记： Surprisingly， the best part of the book was an afterthought, added just before it was printed.令人感到意外的是，那本书最精彩的部分是篇后记，是在书付印前夕才加上去的.

impression/im'prefən/[C]1 the image or idea that a person or thing gives to someone's mind 印象：She made a good／bad impression on his mother.她给他的母亲留下很好／很坏的印象.First impressions of people can be wrong. 人们最初的印象可能是错误的.We wanted tomake a big impression on her family.我们想要给她的家人留下深刻的印象．2 a feeling about thenature of something（对事物本质的）感觉；Ihad an impression of a large animal but it all happened so quickly that I'm npt sure what kind of beast it was.我感到那是一只很大的动物，但是由于发生在一瞬间，我不能肯定它是什么野兽.Igot the impression that they had just had an argument.我感觉出他们刚刚争吵过.Myimpression was that he was uncertain about the plan.我的印象是他对计划没有把握.

notion /'nəufən/1 [C, C5, 6a, b] an idea, belief, or opinion (in someone's mind); conception 见解；看法；观念；概念：I don＇t believe in thenotion of a perfectly just man.我不相信这样的见解：有完全公正的人存在.I haven＇t the faintestnotion what you are talking about.我一点也不明白你在谈些什么．2［C，C3,5］a desire orliking， esp an unreal or sudden one 愿望；念头； 意图；空想：His head is full of silly notions.他的脑子里充满了无聊的念头.I＇ve a notion to goto a film tonight.我打算今晚去看电影.notional[B] coming from notions, ideas,thoughts,etc and not necessarily from experience 概念的；观念的-ly［adv］

intuition /,intju'rfən/1 [U] the power to know without reasoning how something happens/ will happen; the (feeling of) understanding which results 直觉（的能力）2 also 又作 infmlhunch [C] an example of intuition orthe piece of knowledge that results 直觉到的事情； 预感：I have an intuition／a hunch that he＇ll come. tomorrow.我预感到他明天会来.intuitive ［B］1 having intuition 直觉的；有直觉力的：anintuitive person 一个有直觉力的人2 understood or got by intuition 通过直觉获得的：intuitive knowledge 由直觉获得的知识-ly［adv］

insight/'in,sait/1 [U] the power of using one's mind to understand something, without help from outside information 洞察力；见识；悟力：It is insight, not knowledge or experience that helps her to understand other people's diffi-culties.使她理解别人困难的，并不是知识或经验，而是洞察力．2 ［C］ an example of this or theunderstanding which results 见解；洞察；领悟： I had an unexpected insight into the child's feelings last night.昨晚我忽然领悟到孩子内心的感情.These new scientific insights are very useful.这些新的科学见解是很有用的.

opinion /ə'pınjən/ 1 [C] that which a person

G9 THINKING ＆ REMEMBERING．思考与记忆

thinks about something 意见；看法；见解；主张： His opinions are usually based on facts.他的见解通常是以事实为根据的.In my opinionyou＇re wrong． 依我之见，你错了．2［U］ that which people in general think about some-thing 舆论：（Public） opinion has changed in favour of that group.（公众）舆论已经变得有利于那一派了．3［C］ professional judgment or advice（专家的）鉴定；判断：You should get a second opinion (= from another doctor) before you decide to have an operation.在决定动手术之前你应该听听另一位医生的意见.be ofthe opinion that...to think or believe that 认为 have a good／bad／high／low opinion of to think well／badly of 对···有好的／坏的／很高的／很低的评价 opinionated［B］derog very sure of the rightness of one＇s opinion 固执己见的；顽固的； 武断的

mind /maind/ [C usu sing] one's opinion; what a person thinks，believes，plans，etc 见解；意见； 观点；想法 （esp in the phrs change one＇s mind 改变主张／想法，be in two minds 三心二意，makeup one＇s mind 决定， be of the same mind 看法一致）：I＇ve changed my mind on what to do. 关于做什么（的问题），我已改变了主意.She＇s intwo minds.on what to do/She can't make up her mind on what to do (= She can't. decide what to do）.她拿不定主意要做什么.You and Iare just not of the same mind in this matter （＝We do not agree）.你我在这件事上就是看法不一致.

regard/n'ga:d/[U; S] often fml a good opinion （of someone or something）尊重；敬意：I hold his ideas in highllow regard.我很尊重／不重视他的意见.She has a special regard for him.她对他怀有特殊的敬意.

point of view [C] a way of considering or judg-ing a thing， person，event，etc 观点；看法：We need someone with a fresh point of view to suggest changes.我们需要一个有崭新观点的人来提出改革的建议.You can study this， matter from several points of view.你可以从几个观点来研究这个问题.From my point of view nochanges should be made.依我看，不应该作任何改变.

viewpoint ／＇vju：，pornt／ also 又作 standpoint ／＇stænd，point／［C］ more emph point of view 观点：People all look at things from different viewpoints.人们都是从不同的观点看问题的.From his standpoint this seems (to be) a good idea.从他的观点看来，这似乎是个好主意.

hypothesis /har'poθəsis/[C] an idea which is thought likely to explain the facts about some-thing 假设；假说：His new hypothesis gives a possible reason for the changes in the weather，他的新假设为气候的变化提出了一个可能的原因.hypothetical ［B］ of， concerning，or like a hypothesis 假设的；假定的；臆说的：Yoursuggestions are purely hypothetical; there is no way of showing that they are true or false.你的建议纯粹是假设的，无法证明是否正确.-ly ［adyWa4]

theory/'θrari/1 [C; S 5] a statement or group of statements established by reasoned argu-

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ment based on known facts, intended to explain a particular fact or event; explanation which has not yet been fully proved but which appears to be reasonable 理论；学说：According to Darwin's theories man and apes are de-scended from the same ancient animal.根据达尔文的学说，人和猿起源于同一种远古动物.Do youagree with the wave theory of light？你同意光波理论吗？2［U］ the part of a science orart that deals with general principles and methods as opposed to practice; rules or principles for the study of a subject 理论；原理： The government plans seem good in theory but I doubt if they＇ll work in practice.政府的计划在理论上似乎不错，但我怀疑在实际上能否行得通.He was studying political theory.他正在研究政治理论．3 ［C］ an opinion based on limited information or knowledge 见解；意见：He has a theory about the girl's murder butI think he's wrong.他对那女孩被谋害的案子有自己的见解，但是我认为他是错的．theoretical ［Wa2；B］ of， concerning， or like a theory 理论的；理论性的； 空论的：This work is still theoretical； we haven＇t tested anything yet.这项工作仍然处于理论的阶段；我们还没有进行过任何验证.-ly ［advWa4]:Theoretically (=in theory) you're right, but things may not work like that in fact.在理论上你是正确的，但在事实上情况可能不是如此.

G10 verbs 动词：deducing and

concluding［T1］推理与结论

deduce /dr'dju:s/ 1 precise to decide from general principles in relation to a particular thing，fact or event 推论；推断；演绎：From the fact that Socrates is a man and the principle that all men are mortal (= will die), we can deduce that Socrates was mortal.从苏格拉底是人这一事实以及人皆会死这一定理出发，我们可以推论苏格拉底会死．2 loose to infer 推论；推断：What do you deduce from what she said？你从她的话中推断出什么？

induce /m'dju:s/ to decide (general principles) from known facts 归纳

infer/in'f3:/ to draw the meaning (from some-thing）推理；推论出；推断出：I infer from your letter that you don＇t want to see us.从你来信的内容我推断出你不想见我们.

conclude /kən'klu:d/ to decide after thinking, deducing，inducing， inferring，etc 作出结论；论断：The judge concluded that the prisoner was. guilty.法官的结论是被告有罪.

draw／dro：／to make or get by reasoning 得出；推断出；作出（结论）：He drew a useful compari-son between the two languages.他对这两种语言作了有用的比较.What conclusion can you draw from all this information？从所有这些情报中你能得出什么结论？

gather/'gæðə/ to understand (from something said or done）得出（印象、感想等）；推测；理解：Igather she's ill and that's why she hasn't come.我想她是病了，所以没有来.I didn＇t gather

much from the confused story she told me.她给我讲的事颠三倒四，我不太明白.I gather thatyou mean you don＇t like it.我体会你的意思是不喜欢它.

G11 nouns 名词：deducing and concluding 推理与结论

deduction/dr'dakfən/1 [U;C] the act or action of deducing 推论；演绎：Deduction is important in mathematics．在数学中演绎是重要的．2［C］that which is deduced 推断；用演绎推得的结论：All her deductions were correct.她的所有推断都是正确的.The deduction that he was guilty worried them.他有罪这一推断使他们很担忧.

induction /mn'dakfən/ 1 [U] inducing or being induced 归纳 2［C］ a way of reasoning， using known facts to produce general laws 归纳法

inference /'infərəns/1 [U] the act of inferring 推断；推测：I know this by inference，not from anything he actually said.我知道这事是推断出来的，并不是从他的话里得知的．2［C］the mean-ing which one draws from something done, said 推断的结果；结论：He never arrives on time and my inference is that he feels the meetings are useless.他从不准时到会，因此我推断他认为这些会议没有用.

conclusion /kən'klu:3ən/ [C] a judgment or decision based on deduction, induction, inference，etc 结论：Do you think the judge can arrive at a satisfactory conclusion with such limited information？你认为法官能根据这样有限的材料得出令人满意的结论吗？Whatconclusions did you come toldraw／reach？你得出什么结论？

G12 verbs 动词：judging，analysing，and criticizing 判断、分析与批评

[ALSO→K111]

judge/d3Ad3/1 [T1,5, 6b; X (to be) 1,7;IØ]to form or give an opinion about (someone or something） 判断；断定：A man should be judged by what he does， not what he says.看人应该看他的行动而不是他的言论.She can judgepeople very well.她很会看人.I judge it （to be） the bigger of the two.我判断它是两者之中较大的一个.How can I judge？ I don＇t know the facts. 我怎么能作出判断呢？我对事实并不了解．2［C］one who judges 审判员；法官；评判者：Is he agood judge of（people＇s） character？他善于判断（人的）性格吗？［C202，K111］

assess /ə'ses/ [T1] to judge the quality or worth of 评估（···的品质或价值）；评价；估价：Hecan quickly assess a person＇s character.他对一个人的性格能很快作出评价.assessor［C］ onewho assesses 估价者；财产估价员；评税员

weigh up [v adv T1, 6a] not fml to (try to) understand； form an opinion about （试图）理解；估量；评价：I can＇t weigh him up.我无法对他

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作出评价.She tried to weigh up what he meant.她设法去理解他的意思.He weighed upall possibilities and chose the simplest solu-tion.他权衡了所有的可能性之后，选择了最简单的解决办法.

evaluate/r'væljvert/ [T1] fml to judge or calcu-late the value or amount of （something） 对... 作出评价；对···作出估价：I can＇t evaluate hisability without more information.没有更多的资料，我无法对他的能力作出评价.

appraise /ə'preiz/ [T1] often tech to judge the worth, quality or condition of; work out the value of 评价；估价：They all appraised the house carefully before offering to buy it. 他们都对房屋仔细估价后才出价购买.

review/rr'vju:/[T1] to consider and judge; to go over again in the mind (events or a situ-ation）考虑；回顾：He reviewed the events of the past week and decided what to do next.他回顾了上周的事件并决定下一步怎么办.

see ／si：／［X9］ infml to judge；consider 认为：I see him as rather a foolish man.我认为他是个相当愚蠢的人.

call／ko：l／［X1,7］infml to consider 认为；把···算作：I call him a fool.我认为他是个傻瓜.I don＇tcall Russian a hard language.我不认为俄语是一种难学的语言.That＇s what I call dishonest. 我把这个叫作不诚实.

interpret/m't3:prit/1 [T1; X1 as] to understand the likely meaning of （something）把···理解为； 把···看作：She interpreted hissilence as anger. 她把他的沉默理解为生气.I＇m not sure how tointerpret their behaviour.我不知道应该如何理解他们的行为．2 ［T1］ to show the （possible） meaning of (something), esp in art, theatre, etc（尤指对艺术、戏剧等）解释；说明；（表演者根据自己对作品的理解）表演：He interpretsShakespeare in a very modern way.他从非常现代化的角度来解释莎士比亚的剧作.

analyse also 又作 analyze AmE／＇ænəlaiz／［T1］ to examine carefully in order to find out about 分析：We must analyse our present system before we try to improve it.在设法改进我们的现行制度之前，我们必须先分析它.

criticize, -ise /'kritə,saız/ [T1; (IØ)] 1 to make judgments about the good and bad points of （someone or something） 评论；审定；鉴定： Would you like to read and criticize my new book？你愿意读一读我这本新书并作出评论吗？Inhis latest article our reporter criticizes the way in which the war is being handled.我们的记者在他最近的一篇文章中评论了这场战争进行的方式.2 to find fault with (someone or something); judge severely 批评；非难；挑剔；吹毛求疵：Although he praised my work in general the minister criticized my methods in this particu-lar matter.虽然部长大体上赞扬了我的工作，却批评了我处理这一事件的方法.Before you startcriticizing you should make sure you have no faults yourself.在批评（别人）之前，你最好小心一点，先要肯定自己没有错误．critic［C］1 a personwho is good at forming and expressing judg-ments 批评家；评论家 2 a person who （regu-larly) finds fault with someone or something

G13 THINKING ＆ REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

批评者；吹毛求疵的人：She is one of hisstrongest critics.她是批评他最严厉的人之一.Sheis her own severest critic.她非常严于责己.

arbitrate /'a:bitreit/ 1 [T1; IØ (between)] to judge (an argument), esp at the request of both sides 仲裁；公断：We must get someone to arbitrate（this difficulty）.我们必须请人仲裁（这一难题）. Someone must arbitrate between them．必须有人在他们之间进行仲裁．2［T1；IØ］tosettle (an argument, etc) by together choosing a person to make a decision 把···交付仲裁；使··· 听任公断：I think we should arbitrate.我认为我们必须听任公断.We should arbitrate industrial disagreements.我们应把劳资纠纷交付仲裁.arbi-trator [C] a person chosen by both sides ofan argument to examine the facts and make a decision to settle the argument 仲裁人；调停人； 公断人 arbiter ［C］ a person or group that has complete control or great influence over actions，decisions，etc 主宰者；权威人士；裁决机构：He is the arbiter here on how people dress. 他是此地评判人们衣着的权威.

G13 nouns 名词： judging，analysing，and criticizing 判断、分析与批评

judg（e）ment／＇d34d3mənt／1 ［C］ an opinion 判断；评价：I want you to form a judgment of his ability.我要你对他的能力作出评价.In myjudgment，he can do the job.据我的判断，他能做这项工作．2［U］ the ability to judge correctly 判断力：He has good／weak judgment.他的判断力很强／很差.She makes too many errors （＝mistakes）of judgment.她常判断错误.

assessment /ə'sesmənt/ 1 [U] the act of assessing，forming opinions 评价；估价2［C］a judgment or opinion 评价；估计：What is your assessment of this state of affairs？你如何估计这种局势？

evaluation /I,vælju'erfən/ 1 [U] the act of evaluating 评价；估价 2 ［C］ an example or result of this； a careful judgment 评价；估价；核定：What is your latest evaluation of the situ-ation in that country？你对该国局势的最新估计如何？

appraisal /ə'preizəl/1[U] the act of working out the value, quality, or condition of some-thing 评价；估价 2［C］ a statement of value， quality，or condition 评价；鉴定

review／rr＇vju：／［C］ an act of reviewing 考虑；回顾：After a careful review of what had happened，he decided to change his plans.在仔细回顾了发生的事之后，他决定改变计划.

interpretation /In,t3:pri'teifən/1 [U] the act of interpreting 解释；说明2［C］a meaning under-stood from what happens in a play,etc;a meaning of something that a performer shows in music，etc（对剧情等的）体会；（演奏者所显示的对音乐等的）理解 interpretative ［Wa5；B］ of or concerning interpretation 解释的；演奏出原作的题旨的

analysis/ə'næləsis/1 [U] the act of analysing

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something； careful study or examination 分析： This matter needs careful analysis.这件事需要仔细分析．2［C］ an examination of something together with thoughts and judgments about it 分析文章或报告：Write an analysis of themurderer＇s character.写一篇关于这个杀人犯的性格的分析报告.analyst ［C］ a person whomakes an analysis, esp of chemical materials （尤指化学物质的）分析者；化验员：He is a chemi-cal analyst.他是个化验员.analytical also 又作more tech analytic [B] of, concerning, or like analysis or an analysis 分析的：He has a fine analytical mind.他很有分析头脑.An analytic study of the matter could help us a lot.对这件事作一番分析性研究对我们可能很有帮助.-（ail）ly[adv Wa4]

criticism/'krıtə,sizəm/1[U] the act of forming and expressing judgments about the good or bad qualities of anything， esp artistic work 评论；批评（尤指对艺术作品）2［U］ unfavourablejudgment; disapproval; the act of finding fault 批评；非难；指责；批判：The military government intends to stop unfavourable criticism by controlling newspapers and broadcasting.军政府打算用控制报纸和广播的手段，来制止对它的不利批评.If you don＇t like criticism， you won＇t like politics.如果你不喜欢批评，你就不会喜欢政治.3 [C] an article, report, etc giving opinions about the good or bad qualities of something 评论文章：He has written several criticisms of that play．他已为那个剧写了好儿篇评论文章．4［C］ an unfavourable opinion or remark（不利的）批评；非难（的言论）：Your criticism seems to have offended him.你的批评似乎得罪了他.Thatwas an unfair criticism.那是个不公正的批评.critical [Wa2; B] 1 of, concerning, or like criticism 批判的；批评的：He wrote a critical study of the poem.他写了一篇批评那首诗的文章.He was critical, but helpful at the same time. 他的批评很厉害，但同时也对人有益．un-［neg］2making unfavourable remarks 批评的；持批评态度的：Try not to be so critical of peoplelabout what she wears.对人／对她的穿着尽量不要评头品足．-ly［adv Wa4］

critique/kr'ti:k/1 [U] the art or practice of criticism 评论；批判 2［C］an article or book criticizing artistic or other work or a person 评论性的文章或书籍：Marx＇s critique of Hegel iswell known.马克思对黑格尔的批判是众所周知的.

arbitration /a:br'treifən/ [U] the settlement of an argument by the decision of a person or group chosen by both sides 仲裁；公断：The government wanted all industrial arguments settled by arbitration.政府要求所有的劳资纠纷都通过仲裁解决．go to arbitration 1（of a busi-ness, group of workers, etc) to give or choose to give an argument to a person chosen by both sides 把纠纷交付仲裁：The two firms were willing to go to arbitration.两家公司愿意由仲裁解决问题．2 （of an argument） to be given to a person chosen by both sides（指争论）由仲裁解决；提交仲裁：Since no agreement could be reached the matter went to arbitration.既然不能达成协议，问题只得提交仲裁.

G14 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：believing and accepting 相信与接受

believe/r'li:v/1 [T1, 6a] to consider to be true or honest 相信：I believe you／what you say.我相信你／你的话.Believe me，it really happened！ 相信我吧，的确真有其事的！2［T5a，b；V3；X1,7］to hold as an opinion； suppose 认为；猜想：Í believe he has come.我想他已经来了.He has come，I believe.他已经来了，我猜想.Has he come？-I believe so.他来了吗？-我想是来了.I believe he did it.我认为是他做的.（old use ＆lit） I believe him to have done it.（旧用法与文学用语）我认为是他做的.I believe him（to be）honest.我认为他是诚实的.

bellef／br＇li：f／1［U］ the activity of believing 信仰： Beliefin God is important to many people.对许多人来说信仰上帝是重要的．2［C］somethingwhich is believed 相信之事；信念：A belief in God is imporiant to many people.对许多人来说对上帝的信仰是重要的.He has many strangebeliefs.他有很多奇怪的信念.

credit /'kredit/ [T1, 5, 6a; V4] emph to believe 信任；相信：Do you really credit the govern-ment＇s statement？你真的相信政府的声明吗？Ican hardly credit that a man in his position would do such a foolish thing！我几乎不能相信像他这样地位的人会做出这样的傻事！I can＇tcredit her doing such a stupid thing.我不能相信她会做出这种傻事.credence ［U］ often fmlacceptance as true； belief 信任；信用：The newspapers are giving no credence to the gov-ernment＇s latest statements.报章对政府最近发表的声明表示不信任.eredo［C］a statement ofbeliefs and principles 教义；信条［C321 CREED]

credit with [v prep D1; V4b] to believe (some-one or something） to have 相信（某人或某物）有：People credit the holy man＇s bones with great power.人们相信那个圣人的遗骨具有伟大的力量.Please credit me with some sense.请相信我还有点头脑.

accept／ək＇sept／［Wv5；T1］ to believe 相信；（因相信而）接受：I can＇t accept what he says.我不能相信他的话.-ance［U］

attribute to /ə'trıbju:t ,tə/1 [v prep D1, 6a; V4] to believe to be the result of 把（某事）归因于···：He attributes his success to hard work／to how hard he has always worked/to working hard．他把成功归因于自己努力工作．2［D1 usupass] to consider (something) to have been written by（someone）认为是···所著：This tune is usually attributed to Bach.一般相信这个曲子是巴哈的作品.attribution ［C；U］ the act of attributing 归因；归属：The attribution of the play to that poet was shown to be wrong.现已证明，认为该剧本出自那个诗人之手是错误的.

ascribe to /ə'skrarb ,tə/ [v prep D1 often pass] esp fml to attribute to 把（某事）归因于···；认为···是···所为：He ascribes his success to hard work.他把自己的成功归因于努力工作.No one issure who wrote the play, but it is usually ascribed to her.没有人能肯定剧本是谁写的，但一

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般认为是她的作品.ascription［C；U］ the act of ascribing 归属；归因：The ascription of their failure to lack of money is not honest.把他们的失败归因于缺乏资金是不诚实的.

G15 adjectives 形容词：believing［B］相信

believable／br＇li：vəbəl／that can be believed 可信的：Is what he says believable or not？他的话是否可信？un-［neg］-bly［adv Wa3］

credible /'kredəbəl/ deserving or worthy of belief or trust 可信的；可靠的：This is a credible news report.这是一则可靠的新闻报道.After thislatest affair he hardly seems credible as a politician.经过最近那次事件之后，他作为一个政治家似乎是不可信任的了．-bly ［adv Wa3］-bility[U]

credulous /'kredjuləs/ too willing to believe, esp without certain proof 轻信的；易受骗的： These people are pretty credulous; they'll believe almost anything you tell them.这些人比较轻信，他们几乎会相信你告诉他们的任何事情：in- [neg] -ly [adv] -ness [U] eredulity [U] the state of being credulous 轻信；易受骗in-［neg］

gullible /'galəbəl/ easily tricked, esp into a false belief 容易受骗的；容易上当的；轻信的：He is verygullible;he gave money to a strange man who said he lost £5 in the street．他很容易受骗；一个陌生人说在街上丢了五英镑，他就给了他钱.-bly[adv Wa3]-bility [U]

farfetched /'fa:'fetft/not fml difficult to believe 牵强附会的；难以相信的：What a farfetchedstory！多么牵强附会的事啊！His story was prettyfarfetched；nobody believed it.他说的事情相当牵强，谁也不相信.

G16 verbs 动词：expecting，anticipating， and planning 期待、预料与计划

expect /ik'spekt/ 1 [T3,5a,b] to think (that something will happen） 预料；预期（某事会发生）：I expect （that） he＇ll pass the examination. 我预料他会通过考试的.He expects to fail theexamination.他预料自己考试会不及格.Will shecome soon？-I expect so.她很快就会来吗？-我料想会的．2［T1］ to think that （someone or something esp good) will come (used often in the continuous tense）期望（某人前来）；盼望（某事，尤其是好事出现）；等待（常用进行时态）：I＇mexpecting a letter.我在等一封信.I expect him home after 6． 我期待他六点后到家．3［T1］tobelieve, hope, and think that one will receive （something considered as one＇s right）指望得到（应得的东西）：He expects obedience from his children．他指望他的孩子们听话．4［V3］tobelieve, hope, and think that (someone will do something）期望（某人做某事）：The officer expected his men to fight well in the coming battle.军官期望他的士兵在即将来临的战斗中奋力作战．5［Wv6； T5a， b］ infml to suppose； think （that something is true） 以为；认为：Who broke

G16 THINKING ＆ REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

that cup？-Oh，I expect it was the cat.谁打碎了那只杯子？-噢，我想是那只猫吧！Is hecoming？-I expect so.他会来吗？-我想会的. to be expected usual; that one feels sure will happen 通常的；意料之中的：She was 90 yearsold，so her death was only to be expected.她九十岁了，她的去世是意料之中的事.expectant［B］waiting or expecting 预期的；期望的；期待的：There was an expectant silence as everyone waited for his news.大家都以期待的心情默默地等待着他的消息.-ly ［adv］：They waited expec-tantly.他们满怀希望地等待着.

anticipate /æn'tisə peit/ 1 [T1, 4] often fml to expect 预料；预期：We are not anticipating trouble when the factory opens again.当工厂重新开工时，我们预料不会有麻烦.We anticipate(meeting) a lot of opposition to our new plan. 我们预料我们的新计划会遭到很多人反对．2［T1］todo something before.（someone else） 抢先于； 占···之先：We anticipated our competitors by getting our book in the shops first.我们抢在竞争对手之前把我们的书送到书店里．3［T1,5,6a］tosee (what will happen) and act as necessary, often to stop someone else doing something 料到而采取措施（通常阻止他人做某事）；预计；预料：We anticipated that the enemy would try to cross the river and so seized the bridge.我们预料到敌人会渡河，所以抢占了那座桥.We antici-pated where they would cross.我们预计他们渡河的地点．4［T1］ to prevent （someone） doing something by acting first 抢先行动以阻止（某人）：They have anticipated us and seized the bridge．他们预计到我们的行动而抢占了那座桥．5[T1] to provide for the possibility of (some-thing）happening 为（可能发生的事）预做准备：We anticipated their visit by buying plentyof food．我们买了很多食品，为他们来访做好准备．6[T1] to make use of, deal with, or consider before the right or proper time 过早使用、办理或想到：Do not anticipate your earnings by spending a lot of money．不要寅吃卯粮乱花钱．7[T1, 5, 6a;IØ] to speak or write (something) before the proper time 提早说出或写出：IfI told you what is going to happen in the story, I would be anticipating.如果我告诉你故事情节将如何发展，我就是泄露天机.I won＇t anticipatethe story.我不会预先透露故事的内容.

look forward to [v adv prep T1, 4] to expect to feel pleasure in (something about to happen) 盼望；期待：I＇m looking forward to my dinner. 我正等待着吃晚饭.I＇m not looking forward toseeing her again.我不期望再见到她.

bargain for ／＇ba：gin fo：／also 又作 esp AmE bargain on [v prep T1; V3, 4] not fml to take into account；consider 考虑到；想到：I had not bargained for such heavy rain, and I got very wet without a coat.我没想到会下这么大的雨，所以没带雨衣，全身都湿透了.I hadn＇t bargainedfor John cominglto come, and his arrival sur-prised me.我没有想到约翰会来；他的到来使我感到意外.

intend /in'tend/ 1 [T3, 5c; V3] to have it in mind to do 有意；打算：I＇ve made a mistake， though I didn＇t intend to.我犯了个错误，不过不

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G17 THINKING ＆ REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

是有意的.Yes，we intend to go.是的，我们打算去.（fml）We intend that they should go.我们打算让他们去．2［X9 esp for，as；V3 usu pass］ to be kept，meant，etc，for 是为···而保留；（为··· 而）准备；意思是··.：That chair was intended for you，but she took it.那张椅子本是为你留的，但是被她占了.It was intended as a joke.本来的意图是开开玩笑而已.It was intended to be cookedslowly.它本来是要用慢火煮的.

mean/mi:n/[T3, 5c; V3; X9] not fml to intend 打算；计划：I＇ve made a mistake， though I didn＇t mean to.我犯了个错误，但并不是有意的.Yes we mean to go. 是的，我们打算去.Thatchair was really meant for you，not her.那张椅子的确是给你坐的，不是给她的.It was meant tobe cooked slowly.它本来应该用慢火煮的.

plan/plæn/[T1 (out), 3; IØ (for, on,ahead)]to prepare in advance (for something); to prepare (something) for use, etc at a later time 计划；打算：We＇ve been planning this visit for months.我们计划这次访问有好几个月了.It＇sall planned （out）.一切都计划好了.She never plans ahead，she just does things suddenly.她从来不事先计划，做什么都是心血来潮.I＇dplanned on doing some work this afternoon. 我已计划好今天下午要干点活.planner［C］aperson who ＇plans （something）计划者

G17 nouns 名词：expecting， anticipating， and planning 期望、预料与计划

expectation/;ekspek'terfən/1[U] often fml & pomp the act of expecting 预料； 料想； 期望： Willhe pass the exam?-That's my expectation, yes.他会通过考试吗？-会的，那是我所期望的.She lives in expectation of his letter.她整天期待着他的来信.It＇s our expectation that you will do well． 我们期望你会干得很出色．2［C］anexample of this 预料；期望：I hope he will live up to (= be equal to) her expectation (of him). 我希望他不辜负她对他的期望.

expectancy /ik'spektənsi/ [U] the state of expecting 期待；期望：There was a look of expectancy on their faces when he came in.他进来时，他们的脸上都带着期望的神情.She waitedin expectancy.她满怀希望地等候着.

anticipation /æn,tisə'perfən/ [U] the act of anticipating 预期；预料；期待；占先：We waited at the station in anticipation of her arrival.我们在车站等候，期待她的到来.Our anticipation ofour competitors meant greater sales for our book.我们抢在竞争对手之前，即意味着我们的书会卖得更多.

plan/plæn/[C] 1 a (carefully considered) way of preparing (something or for something) in advance 计划；安排：The police have a plan to catch the thief. 警察有一个捉拿那小偷的计划.If you have no plans for tomorrow night perhaps you＇d like to come out with me？如果你明天晚上没有安排的话，你也许愿意和我一起出去玩玩？2 any arrangement of parts in a group or system（系统或组中各部分的）安排；示意图：

They had a seating plan for their guests at dinner.他们为参加晚宴的客人安排了座次.Thisshop sells plans of the streets of the city.这家商店出售该市的街道示意图.Everything wentaccording to plan (= happened as planned). 一切都按计划进行.

intention/in'tenfən/ [U; C] (an act or result of) intending, planning, hoping. expecting,etc to do something 打算；意图：It wasn＇t my inten-tion to make you angry.我不是有意使你生气的.I had no intention of doing that.我无意那样做. She has very good intentions but her plans don＇t always work.她的意图很好，但是她的计划并不总是可行.-al［B］intended 有意的；故意的[8əu]-un [Ape] IE-

G18 nouns 名词：reasons and motives 原因与动机

[ALSO→G 105,N 152]

reason/'ri:zən/1[C (for),C3, 5,6a why;U3] the cause of an event; the explanation or excuse for an action 原因；理由：The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain.洪水都是那场大雨引起的.I have many reasons to fear him. 我有很多理由害怕他.The reason that／Thereason why he died was lack of medical care. 他的死因是缺乏医疗.There is／We have reasonto believe that he was murdered.我们有理由相信他是被谋害的．2［C（for），C3,5］ what makes one decide on an action; the cause of an intention（采取行动的）理由；动机：What is your reason for wanting to enter the country？你想入境的理由是什么？by reasor of fml becauseof凭···的理由；因为；由于：He escaped punishment by reason of his youth.他由于年轻，没有受到惩罚.with reason （of something said or believed） rightly（指信念或说话）有道理；合乎情理：Hethinks，with reason，that I don＇t like him.他有理由认为我不喜欢他.

USAGE［用法说明］Some people think that The reason for my absence was because I was ill is bad English.有些人认为“The reason for my absence was because I was ill”不是地道的英语. It may be better to say: The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 最好说：“The reason for my absence was that 1 was ill.”

motive/'məutiv/ [C] a cause of, or reason for, an action; that which urges a person to act in a certain way 动机： In case of murder，the police question the people who might have a motive.遇上谋杀案时，警察会盘问那些可能有谋杀动机的人.The love of money is the only motive that drives him to work so hard. 爱钱是促使他这样努力工作的唯一动机.We understood themotive behind his actions.我们理解他行动的动机.What were his real motives for giving the money to the hospital？他捐款给医院的真正动机是什么？motivate ［Wv5； T1］ to cause a person to do something by giving him or her a motive for doing it 促使；引起动机：What motivates him to work so hard?-He's motivated by the

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need for more money.是什么促使他这样卖力工作？-他是因为需要多些钱才这样做的.moti-vation 1［U］ the act of motivating 激起动机的行为2［C］an example of this 动机；动力 moti-vational [B] of, concerning, or for the purpose of motivating 动机的；激发积极性的-ly［adv］

grounds／graundz／［P］ a reason 根据；原因；理由（esp in the phr on （the） grounds 由于；根据）： We have good grounds for thinking that he stole the money.我们有充分的理由认为钱是他偷的.What were the grounds for his leaving？他走的原因是什么？He left on grounds of ill-health／on the grounds that he was ill.他因健康不佳而离职.

basis/'beisis/ [C (of, for)] the main or most important part， idea，fact，motive，etc 基础；根据：What is the basis of his argument？他的论点有什么根据？On what basis do you suggest spending more money？你根据什么建议增加开支？There is no basis for his opinion that the earth is flat.他认为地球是平的，这种观点是毫无根据的.

excuse /ik'skju:s/ [C;U:(for)] the reason, whether true or untrue, given when asking to be forgiven for wrong behaviour 理由；借口： Have you any excuse to offer for coming so late？你来得这么晚有什么理由吗？Stop makingexcuses！别再找借口了！That＇s no excuse.那根本不是理由.Don＇t be late again without（good） excuse.没有（正当的）理由别再迟到了.

cause／ko：z／1［U］reason 原因；缘故；起因；理由： Don＇t complain without cause.不要无缘无故地抱怨.There＇s no cause for you to leave； I stilll love you.你没有理由走，我仍是爱你的.There ismore cause for you to stay than to go.你应留下的理由要比走的理由多.Is there sufficientcause for you to sell this house？你有足够的理由要卖掉这幢房子吗？2［C］a reason 起因；原因：What were the causes of the First World War? 第一次世界大战的起因是什么？

incentive /in'sentiv/1 [U;C:(to)] the reason which urges greater activity 动机：刺激，鼓励： His interest gave me (an) incentive and I worked twice as hard.他的兴趣激励了我，使我加倍努力.War gives （an） incentive to trade.战争会刺激贸易．2［U usu neg］ the urge and ability to get things done 推动力：He＇s got no incen-tivellittle incentive.他没有／几乎没有什么动力.

G19 verbs 动词：remembering and reminding 记忆与提醒

remember/rr'membə/1[T1(as),4,5,6; V3]to keep in memory； call back into the mind 记起； 记得：I shall always remember that terrible day.我将永远记得那可怕的一天.CertainlyIposted your letter； I remember posting it.我当然把你的信寄了；我记得是寄了.I can＇t.rememberwhere she lives／what happened then.我记不得她住在哪儿了／那时发生了什么事.Do you remem-ber melmy asking you that same question？你还记得我／我问过你这同一个问题吗？I remember

G19 THINKING ＆ REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

him,as (=when he was) a child,playing the piano beautifully.我记得他小时候钢琴弹得很好.I remember that she wore a green hat.我记得她戴着一顶绿色的帽子．2［IØ；T3］ to take carenot to forget 记住；牢记：Don＇t forget to post my letter; please remember!-Yes,(I prom-ise） I＇ll remember to post your letter.别忘了替我寄信；请记住！-好的，（我答应）我会记住替你寄信的．3［T1］ to give a present to 给报酬；给小费；送礼物：Please，remember the taxi-driver！请记住给计程车司机小费！She always remembers meat Christmas.每逢圣诞节她总不忘送给我礼物.remember someone to infml to send some-one's greeting to (someone one knows but does not actually love）代某人向···问候；代为致意（向熟悉但并非关系密切的人）：Please remem-ber me to your mother.请代我向你母亲问好.Heasked to be remembered to you.他要（我）代为致意.

USAGE［用法说明］Note the difference between 请注意区分：remember posting the letter（记得寄了信）（1）and和 remember to post the letter （记住要寄信）（2）．In the first case the letter is already posted, while in the second case it has not been posted yet.前者指信已寄出，而后者指信尚未寄出.

recall ／rr＇ko：l／［T1， 4,5,6a，b］ to remember 想起； 记起；回忆起：I can＇t recall his face／seeing him/that he came/where he lives/how to do it. 我记不起他的相貌／曾见过他／他来过／他住在哪里／怎样做这件工作.

recollect /,rekə'lekt/ [Wv6; T1, 4, 6a, b] to remember（something past）想起；回忆起：Do you recollect her name/meeting her/where she lives／how to get there？你记得起她的名字／曾见过她／她住在哪里／怎样到哪里去吗？As far as I（can）recollect，her name is Juliet.就我记忆所及她的名字叫朱丽叶.

bring back [v adv T1] not fml to cause to return to the memory 使···回想起：The Beatles singing 'Yesterday' certainly brings that year back／brings back memories （for me）.披头四乐队唱《昨天》那首歌，真叫人回想起当年的情景／叫我回想起往事.

bring to mind also 又作 call to mind esp emph to remember 回忆起：I remember the name but I just can＇t bring／call him to mind.我记得这个名字，但我就是想不起他这个人来.

remind/rr'maind/ [T1; D5; V3] 1 to tell (some-one) to remember (a fact, or to do something) 提醒；使想起；使记起：I must write to mother；will you remind me？我必须给母亲写封信；请你提醒我好吗？Remind me to write to mother.提醒我给母亲写信.She reminded me that I hadn＇t written to mother.她提醒我说，我还没有给母亲写信.You haven＇t written to mother，＇ she reminded me.“你还没有给妈妈写信呢，”她提醒我说．2（of a thing or event） to make （someone） remember（a fact， or to do something）（事物或事件）使想起；使记起：The sight of the clockreminded me that I was late/reminded me to leave at once.我一··看到钟就想起自己迟到了／就想起我得立刻走.What a big elephant！ Thatreminds me； have you been to India again？多

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么大的象啊！这倒提醒了我；你又去印度了吗？remind of [v prep D1] to make (someone) remember (someone or something) by seem-ing the same （因相似而）使（人）想起：This.hotel reminds me of the one we stayed in last year.这家旅馆使我想起去年我们住过的那一家.

G20 verbs 动词：not remembering 记不起； 忘记

forget/fə'get/1 [T1,3,4,5a,6a,b;IØ] to fail to remember or keep in the memory 忘记：I＇m sorry；I＇ve forgotten your name.对不起，我忘了你的名字了.Don＇t forget to bring the cases.别忘了把那些盒子带来.I＇ll never forget findingthat rare old coin in my garden.我永远不会忘记在我的花园里找到那个稀有的古币．I＇m sorry；1was forgetting （that） you don＇t like beans.对不起，我忘了你不喜欢吃豆子.I forget who it wasthat said it.我忘了那是谁说的.I forget where togo.我忘了要到哪里去.What＇s her name？-Iforget．她叫什么名字？-我忘了．2［T1］to fail toremember to bring，buy， etc （something）忘了带／买等：Don＇t forget the cases.别忘了带盒子.I've got the meat and potatoes, but I'm aftaid I forgot the bread.我买了肉和马铃薯，但是恐怕我忘了买面包．3［T1；IØ］ to stop thinking about； put out of one＇s mind 忘掉；忘却；不把···放在心上：They agreed to forget their disagreements and be friends again.他们同意忘掉分歧并言归于好.I＇m sorry I broke your teapot.-Forget it. 对不起，我把你的茶壶打碎了.-算了吧，别把这事放在心上！You should forgive and forget.你应该不念旧恶．4［T1］to fail to give attention to； treat with inattention 忘记；忽略：He forgot his old friends when he became rich.他发财后就忘了老朋友.＇Don＇t forget me，＇ the little boy said， as his mother was giving out jelly to the other children.当小男孩的妈妈把果子冻分给其他孩子时，他说：“别忘了我啊！”forget oneself 1 to loseone's temper or self control, or act in a way that makes one look silly 失态；忘形；失去理智；忘乎所以：The little girl annoyed him so much that he forgot himself and hit her.那小女孩使他厌烦不堪，以致他竟失去理智把她打了.He so farforgot himself as to leave the table before everyone had finished eating.他如此失态，竟然没等大家吃完就先离席而去．2 to act in an unself-ish way 忘我；奋不顾身 not forgetting also including；and also 也包括；还有：This song has been requested for Bill, Maggie, and little Teresa，not forgetting Fido the dog.这首歌是点给比尔、玛姬、和小杜丽莎，还有小狗费多听的.

overlook /,əuvə'luk/ [T1] to fail to see, notice, or remember 看漏； 忽略； 忘掉； 遗漏： I＇m afraid Ioverlooked your name; I'll add it to the list immediately.恐怕我遗漏了你的名字；我会马上把它加在名单上的.

leave out [v adv T1 (of)] not to put in; to forget to put in 遗漏；忘记放入：He left outseveral words by mistake.他误把几个词遗漏了.Don't leave me out of the group going to the

dance！别忘了把我包括在去参加舞会的人里面！miss./mis/ [T1 (out)] infml & genl to leave out 免去；漏掉：Do these ones and miss those others；we＇ll do them another time.先做这些， 把其余的留着，我们下次再做吧.Don＇t miss meout；I want to come too！别把我漏掉，我也要去！omit／əu＇mit／ esp fml 1 ［T1］ to leave out 省去；删去；略去：The teacher omitted the exercises on page 21 of the book．老师略去了书中第二十一页上的练习．2［T3］BrE not to do 忽略；不做：Heomitted to tell us when to go.他忘了告诉我们什么时候走．omission 1［U］ the act of omitting 删除；省略；疏忽；遗漏2 ［C］ an example or resultof this；something omitted 删除；省略；遗漏或省略之物：There are several important omissions in his letter to us.在他给我们的信中有几处重要的疏漏.

G21 nouns 名词： memory and reminders 记忆与提醒

memory /'meməri/ 1 [C;U] an·ability to remember events and experience 记忆力；记性： Memory is a quality which is not highly devel-oped in most animals.记忆力这种特质在大多数动物身上都不发达．2［C（of）］ an example ofremembering 记忆；回忆；记得的事情：One of myearliest memories is of this house.在我最早记得的事物之中，这所房子就是其中之一.I have aclear memory of his face.他的相貌我记得很清楚．3［（the） S9］ the time during which things happened which can be remembered 记忆所及的时间：There have been two wars within the memory of my grandfather.在我祖父的记忆之中有过两次战争．4［C］the opinion held of some-one after his death（对某人死后的）评价；死后的名声：We must praise his memory.我们要赞扬他的一生.commit something to memory to learn and remember on purpose 记住某事in memory of as a way of remembering or being reminded of 纪念：in memory of his death 纪念他的逝世 within living memory in the time which can be remembered by people now alive 至今被人记着 to the best of mymemory/my remembrance/my recollection as well as I can remember; if I remember right 就我记忆所及：To the best of my memory， she came on Thursday.就我记得的，她是星期四来的.

remembrance /rr'membrəns/ 1 [C;U:(of)] often fml (a) memory;the state or act of remembering 回忆；回想：Christians eat bread and drink wine in remembrance of Jesus.基督徒吃面饼喝葡萄酒来缅怀耶稣.I have manyhappy remembrances of our days together.我对我们共同度过的那些岁月，有着许多美好的回忆．2[C (of)] something kept or given to remind one 纪念品；纪念：He gave me his photograph as a remembrance（of him）.他给我一张照片作为纪念.

mind ／maind／ ［U］ not usu fml memory 记忆： Please try to keep in mind what he wants.请

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记住他所要的东西.Out of sight，out of mind(proverb: = If you can no longer see some-thing，you forget it）.别久情疏；眼不见，心不想.

recall /rr'ko:l/ [U] the power to remember something learned or experienced 记忆力：He has total recall； he never forgets anything. 他的记忆力极佳；他从来不忘记任何事情.

recollection /,rekə'lekfən/ 1 [U] the act or power of recollecting or remembering any-thing 记忆；回想；回忆；记忆力：I find recol-lection difficult; it all happened a long time ago.要我回忆是很困难的，那都是很久以前的事了.2［C］ an example of this 记忆；回想起的事情：His recollections of his childhood are very interesting.他回忆自己的童年生活，非常有趣.tothe best of my recollection if I remember right 就我的记忆所及：To the best of my recol-lection that happened in 1959．就我的记忆所及， 那件事发生在1959年．

reminder /ri'maində/ [C] something which causes one to remember something else; an action of causing someone to remember 使人回想起其它东西的事物或行动；提醒物；通知：I sawhis book; it was a reminder that I must phone him today.我看到了他的书；它提醒我今天必须打电话给他.Please give me a reminder this after-noon to phone him.今天下午请提醒我打电话给他.He hasn＇t paid his bill； send him a re-minder.他还没有付帐；寄一张通知单给他.

G22 adjectives 形容词：forgetful 健忘的

forgetful/fə'getfəl/ [B] (of persons) likely to forget（指人）易忘的；健忘的：He＇s getting old and a bit forgetful.他上年纪了，有些健忘.

oblivious /ə'blıvıəs/ [F (of)] (of persons) not remembering, noticing, seeing, hearing, etc （指人）忘记的；不在意的：He worked on，com-pletely oblivious of everything/of the passage of time.他继续工作着，完全忘却一切／忘了时间的流逝.

G23 nouns 名词：forgetfulness ［U］健忘

forgetfulness/fə'getfəlnis/ the state of forget-ting or being likely to forget 忘记；健忘：His forgetfulness is well known; better tell him again.他的健忘是有名的；最好再告诉他一遍.

oblivion /ə'blivıən/ 1 the state of having forgot-ten； unconsciousness 忘却；无知觉：He was tired and sank quickly into oblivion. 他太疲倦了，很快就沉沉入睡了．2 the state of beingforgotten 湮没无闻；被忘却：Oblivion is the fate of most writers.大多数作家的命运都不外是被忘却.

G24 nouns 名词：fame and distinction 名

声与荣誉

fame/femm/ [U] the condition of being well-known to many people, esp for a particular

G25 THINKING＆ REMEMBERING 思考与记忆

reason 名声；声望；声誉：His fame as a film actor made his family very proud ofhim. 他是个电影明星，他的名气使他的全家为他感到自豪.Allshe thinks about is fame and money.她一心想的只是名与利.

renown／ri＇naun／［U］ fml ＆ lit fame 声誉，名望： He is a scientist of great renown.他是一位著名的科学家.

distinction/dr'stijkjən/ [U] fame, esp for being better than most others at a particular thing 名气；杰出：He served with distinction in the army.他在军队里功勋卓著.She is a person ofconsiderable scientific distinction.她是一位在科学界相当杰出的人物.

celebrity /sə'lebrəti/ 1 [U] the state of being famous；fame 名声；声誉：Many famous people find that celebrity is sometimes inconvenient. 许多名人都感到有时名气给人诸多不便．2［C］afamous person 名人；知名人士：Who＇s the most well-known celebrity in London？谁是伦敦最出名的知名人物？

G25 adjectives，etc 形容词等：well-known， famous，and noteworthy［B］有名的与值得注意的

well-known/'wel'nəun/[Wa2; (for)] known to many people 众所周知的；著名的：She is well-known for her work with children.她因做儿童工作而知名.He is a well-known writer.他是个著名作家.

famous/'feiməs/ [(for)] usu apprec well-known 有名的；著名的；因···而著称的：He is famous forhis work with animals.他以做动物研究而出名.She is a famous singer.她是个著名歌唱家.famously ［adv］ very well 非常好；挺好：How did you enjoy your visit to Italy?-Very much；I got on famously there.你去意大利旅行玩得高兴吗？-很高兴；我在那儿过得挺好.infa-mous［B］ deprec famous for bad reasons 臭名昭著的；声名狼藉的：What an infamous manHitler was！希特勒真是臭名昭著啊！-ly ［adv］

celebrated /'seləbreitid/ often pomp well-known；famous 驰名的；有名的；著名的：Venice is celebrated for its beautiful buildings.威尼斯以其美丽的建筑物而闻名.Meet the celebratedauthor tonight！今晚见见那位大名鼎鼎的作者吧！distingulshed /dr'stigwift/ (appearing) impor-

tant, or famous for doing something very well 著名的；卓著的；气度不凡的；杰出的：Her father isa distinguished doctor.她的父亲是位著名的医生.Who is that man， the one who looks so distinguished？那个人看上去气度非凡，他是谁？

outstanding /aut'stændiy/ 1 very important, famous，etc 重要的；著名的；杰出的：He is one ofthe most outstanding artists of our time.他是当代最杰出的艺术家之一．2 very good，clever，etc 优秀的；出色的：This is outstanding work； she is an outstanding student.这是出色的工作； 她是个优秀的学生．3 easily seen，remembered， etc 显著的；突出的：That meeting was an outstanding moment in the history of our

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G30 KNOWING＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

country.那次会议是我国历史上的一个重大时刻.[Ape]■

noted ／＇nəutid／ （of a person） famous（指人）著名的；知名的：He is one of our most noted scientists.他是我们最著名的科学家之一.

notable /'nəutəbəl/ (of a happening) worth noticing，remembering，seeing，etc（指事情）值得注意的；显著的：That was a notable meeting. 那是一次值得注意的会议．-bly［adv Wa3］

noteworthy ／＇nəut，wa：ði／ worth noticing（指事情）值得注意的；显著的：His book on animals isreally noteworthy；you should read it.他那本关于动物的书确实值得注意；你应该读一读.

recognized, -ised/'rekəgnaizd/ famous as an important person or thing, esp in a particular way 公认的；著名的：He is a recognised autho-rity on that subject.他是该学科的一位公认的权威.

Knowing and learning

知道与学习

G30 verbs 动词：knowing and being conscious 知道与意识到

know/nəu/[Wv6] 1[T1,5a,(b);IØ] to have in the mind 知道：I know（that） that is true.我知道那是真的.I knew all about it.那件事我全都知道了.You can be sure he knows （it） by now. 你可以肯定他现在已经知道了.This has beenknown for a long time．这是很早就知道了的事．2［T6］ to have learnt 知道；懂得：I know how to swim／where to golhow that should be done.我会游泳／知道该去哪里／知道那件事该怎么做．3［V3］to accept the fact that (someone or something is）接受某一事实；相信；知道： I know him to be afool．我知道他是个笨蛋．4［V3，BrE 2］to haveseen，heard，etc 见过；听说过：I＇ve known him to run／（BrE） run faster than that.我见过他跑得比那还快．5［T1］to have experienced 体验；经历： He has known both grief and happiness.痛苦和幸福他都经历过．6［T1］ to have met andspoken to （someone） several times 相识；认识； 结识：I＇ve known him for years.我认识他已有多年．7［T1］to be able to recognize 能区别；能分辨；能识别·He knows good wine when he tastes it．他一尝就能识别出好酒．8［IØ］to agree．同意；知道：He＇s very ill.-Yes，I know. 他病得很厉害.-是啊，我知道.there＇s no knowing it＇s not possible to know 无法知道···：There＇s no know-ing what he will do next.无法知道他下一步要做什么，

be aware [T1 of; T5] often fml & pomp to know 明白；知道；了解；意识到：Are you aware ofthe difficulty／that there is a difficulty？ 你意识到困难／有困难吗？

be conscious of [T1] often fml & pomp to know well 非常明白，清楚；意识到：He is

conscious of what he must do.他十分清楚自己必须做什么.Are you conscious of all the trouble you are causing us？ 你意识到自己给我们造成的麻烦吗？

recognize,-ise /'rekəg,naiz/1 [T1] to remem-ber the name, nature, etc of (someone or something），esp when seeing， hearing， etc认出；看出：Do you recognize him？-Yes，I do. 你认得他吗？-是的，我认得.Can you recognizeher from this picture？从这张照片你能认出是她吗？He recognized his old friend without diffi-culty，although they hadn＇t met for years.虽然他和他的老朋友多年未见，但是他毫无困难地认出了他. I could hardly recognize her； she has changed so much！我几乎认不得她了，她变化这么大！2 ［T1,5］ to accept （something） as true 承认；认识到：You must surely recognize the danger in／of what you are doing？想必你一定认识到你在做的事的危险性吧？He now recognizesthat he was wrong．他现在承认自己错了．3［T1often pass] to accept (someone or something) officially 公认；正式承认：His work has at last been recognized by his fellow scientists (= other scientists）.他的工作终于得到了同行科学家的承认.Our govemment doesn＇t recognize the government of that country.我国政府不承认那个国家的政府.

G31 verbs 动词：understanding and realizing 懂得与意识到

understand /,Andə'stænd/1 [T1; IØ] to know or get the meaning of 懂得；认识；理解；明白：Doyou understand （this word）？你理解 这个词） 吗？I can＇t understand modern literature，＇he said．他说：“我不懂现代文学．”2［T1,6a］ to knowor feel closely the nature of (a person, feelings，etc）理解；了解（人、感情等）：I can＇t understand him when he behaves so badly.他表现得如此恶劣，我无法理解他.I understand howyou feel.我理解你的感受.Who can understand the way another person＇s mind works？ 隹能理解别人的脑子里是怎样想的？Nobody under-stands me．没有人了解我．3［T5a，b］ often fml or polite to learn； have found out （a fact）得悉； 发现：I understand you＇re coming to work for us.我听说你要来我们这里工作.I＇m coming towork for you.-So I understand.我是来为你们工作的.-一点儿不错.I understood she wasmarried, but I find I was misinformed (=they gave me wrong information）.我原来听说她已结婚，但现在发现是误传了．4［T1（by），5a；V3：often pass] to take or judge (as the meaning) 解作（某意）；作···解：What do you understand by the order to move on; where do they want us to go？你觉得要我们向前进的命令是什么意思？他们要我们去哪儿？By＇children＇it＇s understood （that）they mean 14-year-olds．他们说的“孩子”是指十四岁的人.＇Children＇ is understood to mean 14-year-olds．“孩子”的含义是指一四岁的人.We understood them to mean that hey would wait for us.我们的理解是，他们的意思是会

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A140：lichens，fungi，and similar plants 地衣、真菌类与同类植物

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