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the vehicle was strapped in.（车辆的）司机系上了安全带.

strip/strip/ [C] a long narrow piece of cloth, metal，wood，land， etc；a line of paint，etc（布、木、金属）条；狭长的一片土地；涂漆时的一划：Hetore the cloth into strips.他把布撕成了布条.He made the strip of land near the house into a garden.他把屋子附近的一片狭长土地变成了花园.

H45 nouns 名词：strings and fibres 绳索与纤维

[ALSO→H86]

string /stri/ 1 [C; U] a long thin line, esp if made or woven out of wool， cotton，etc（羊毛或棉等制成的）细绳：He bought a ball of string.他买了一团细绳．2［C；U］anything like this，esp used for tying things up（尤指捆扎用的）绳子或带子：nylon string 尼龙绳（线）；The books were tied together with string．书本用绳子捆起来了．3[C] a thin piece of material, often one of several,stretched across musical instruments to give sound（见788 页彩图）乐器的弦：guitarstrings 吉他弦 4［C （of）］ a set （of things） connected together 一串：a string of pearls［→H65］一串珍珠5［C（of）］（fig）a set．（of words， actions， etc） following each other closely 一连串（说话、行动等）；一系列：a string of cries／prayers一阵哭喊声／祈祷声

cord /ko:d/[C; U] a thick string, esp for tying things（捆绑东西用的）细绳；粗线：He tied theparcel with a （piece of）cord.他用绳索捆绑包裹.

thread /θred/ 1 [C;U] (a length of) very fine material made by spinning cotton, wool,silk, etc， used in sewing or weaving（见H126插图） （棉、毛、丝）线（用于缝纫及纺织）2［C9］（fig）anything fine or thin like this 线状物：A thread of light passed through the crack.一缕光线穿过缝隙透了进来．3［C］（fig）à line of rea-soning connecting the parts of an argument or story 思路；头绪：He lost the thread of his argu-ment．他论证的思路断了．4［C］a raised line that winds around the outside of a screw or the inside of a nut［→H148］，a bolt，etc（见H148 插图）（螺丝钉、螺母等的）螺纹

strand /strænd/ [C (of)] a single piece or thread (of a material made up of many threads，wires，etc）（组成绳、线等的）一股；缕： Many strands are twisted together to form a rope.很多股线拧成了一根绳.

flbre BrE, fiber AmE /'faibə/ 1 [C]one of the thin threadlike parts that form many animal and plant growths such as wool, wood, or muscle（羊毛、木头、肌肉等的）纤维：Some plantfibres are woven into cloth.有些植物纤维可以织成布．2 ［U］ a mass of these， used for making cloth，rope，etc 纤维物质（织布、制绳等用）：Cotton fibre is widely used.棉纱应用范围很广. 3 [C] a (type of) thread made chemically to serve the same purposes in weaving 化学纤维： Nylon is a man-made fibre.尼龙是一种人造纤维．4［U9］（fig） （of mind or morals）（指思想或

H47 OBJECTS 物件

道德）a quality 品格；气质：He is a man ofcoarse fibre.他是个性格粗鲁的人.b strength 力量；骨气：He lacks moral fibre.他没有骨气.fibrous ［B］ of，concerning，or like fibre 含纤维的；纤维状的

filament／＇filəmənt／［C］ a very thin thread 细丝： The threads of a spider's web [→A112] are more suitably called filaments, because they are so thin.蜘蛛网的丝称为细丝更为合适，因为它们非常细.

wire/warə/ [C; U] (a piece of) thin metal like a thread（一段）金属线；金属丝：The fence was made with wire； it was a wire fence.这篱笆是用铁丝架的，这是一道铁丝网.Electricity iscarried along wires.电通过电线传导.

H46 nouns 名词：ropes， cables， and chains 绳索、缆索与链条

rope /rəup/ [C; U](a) thick strong line or cord, made by twisting thinner cords together 粗绳： People climbing high mountains tie them-selves together with ropes.攀登高山的人互相用绳拴在一起.

cable/'keibəl/[C; U] a kind of thick rope (esp nowadays) made out of metal wires twisted together 金属巨缆：The bridge was supported. by pillars and steel cables.这座桥是由柱墩和钢缆支承的.

hawser/'ho:zə/ [C] a thick rope or steel cable, as used on a ship（船上的）缆索；锚链；锚索

链条

chain /tfein/ [C; U] a number of metal ring-like objects (= links) joined together and usu used like a rope 链条；链子：The dog was tied to the wall by／with a chain.狗被铁链拴在墙上.

stay/ster/ [C] a rope or wire, usu one of a set, that keeps a pole，etc， in position 固定立柱的绳索或铁丝；拉线；支索

line /lam/ [C; U] genl any string,wire,rope,etc 线；绳；金属线：She put the wet clothes on the line to dry.她把湿衣服挂在绳子上晾干.Throwme a line！扔一条绳子给我！

H47 nouns 名词：round quantities of cloth，etc［C］整匹布等

rolI /rəul/ a quantity of cloth, etc, rolled into a tube shape（布等的）匹；卷；捆：He bought two rolls of cloth.他买了两匹布.The carpet came in a large roll.地毯是卷成一大捆送来的.

bolt/bəult/ (of cloth) a roll, esp as it comes from the factory（尤指工厂发来时的度量）一匹（布）：They bought a bolt of cotton.他们买了一匹棉布.

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H48 OBJECTS 物件

H48 nouns 名词：rounded objects［C］圆形物体

ball/bo:l/1 a a round object, esp as used in play 球：He threw me the ball.他把球扔给我.b any-thing of like shape 球状物：The Earth is a ball. 地球是一个球体．2 a round mass一团：He held aball of clay in his hand.他手里捏着一团泥.Thechild threw a snowball at me.那孩子朝我扔雪球．3 a rounded part of the body 人体的圆形部分：the ball of the foot 脚掌拇趾底部的肉球；aneyeball眼球

globe／gləub／1 an object in the shape of a ball 球状物体2 such an object on which a map of the earth or sky, etc, is painted, and which may be turned on its base 地球仪；天体仪 globular［B］ having the shape of a globe 球状的；地球状的global ［Wa5； B］1 rare like a globe 球形的；球状的 2 common belonging to or found in the whole world；worldwide 全球的；世界的：He has global business interests.全世界都有他的生意.

sphere/sfrə/1 esp fml & tech a ball or globe, esp if perfectly round（圆得十分完美的）球体：The Earth is not quite a sphere.地球不是一个很标准的球体．2（fig）an area of knowledge， interest，etc（兴趣）范围；（知识）领域：Politics isn＇t his sphere.他不是搞政治的.The USA and former USSR had different spheres of influ-ence in the world.美国和前苏联曾在世界上各有自己的势力范围.spherical［B］of，concerning， or like a sphere 球的；球状的-ly［adv Wa4］

bulb/balb/ the rounded ball-like end, esp of glass instruments such as a thermometer 球状物（尤指玻璃器具如寒暑表的球状末端）

H49 nouns 名词： rings， hooks， and pegs ［C］环、钩与栓

[ALSO→H128]

the rings of the tree when it is cut across.树砍断后数一数它的年轮.The children were dancingin a ring.孩子们围成一圈在跳舞.

hoop /hu:p/ a circular band of wood or metal, esp round a barrel（尤指木桶的）箍；环：The barrel had several iron hoops round it, to hold it together.圆桶周围有几道铁箍把它箍住.The dog jumped through the hoop that its master held up.那只狗跳着穿过了拿在主人手里的铁环.The child was playing with a hoop.那个孩子在玩铁环.

hook/hok/a curved piece of metal,plastic,etc, for catching something on or hanging things on 挂钩；钩：Hang your coat on the hook.把你的外套挂在挂钩上.

peg/peg/1 a rather short piece of wood, metal, etc,usu thinner at one end than at the other, esp（木或金属等）钉、栓、短桩；尤指：a used tostick through a hole to hold (esp wooden) surfaces together（从洞眼里打过去用来接合物体的）木栓；木钉 b fixed to a wall for hanging coats and hats on（固定在墙上的）衣帽钩：a hatpeg 帽钩 c also 又作 tent peg hammered into the ground and used to hold the ropes sup-porting a tent 帐篷桩 d hammered into the ground to mark the limits of a piece of land （地）界桩e placed in the hole in the side of a barrel 桶塞2 also 又作 pin a wooden screw used to tighten or loosen the strings of certain musical instruments（见 788 页彩图）（弦乐器用于调节弦线松紧的）轸；弦纽

Specific substances and materials

特殊物质与材料

H60 nouns 名词：rock and stone 岩石与石头

hook

ring/ru/ 1 a circular band (esp of the stated substance or for the stated purpose） 环形物（如圈、环等）：A key ring is for carrying keys on. 钥匙圈是用来挂钥匙的.He likes to smoke a ci-garette and blow smoke rings.他喜欢抽烟和喷烟圈．2 a circle worn on the finger often 戒指； 指环 a made of the stated metal 金属的：five gold rings 五只金戒指 b ornamented with the stated precious stone 缀有宝石的：a diamond ring 一只钻石戒指 c worn to show the statedfact 有特殊意义的：She wears a wedding ring to show that she is married.她戴着一只结婚戒指以表明她已经结婚了．3 a circular line，mark，orarrangement 圆圈；环形记号；环形排列：Count

rock /rok/ 1 [U] the solid mineral material which forms the greatest part of the earth 岩石：They cut a passage through （the） solid rock.他们从坚硬的岩石中间劈出一条路.That＇san interesting rock formation.那是一种挺有趣的岩石结构．2［C often cap］ a large mass of stone standing up above the level of its surroundings 悬崖：Edinburgh Castle stands on the Castle Rock.爱丁堡城堡耸立在城堡崖上.3［C］ a large piece of stone 磐石；巨石：There was danger from falling rocks． 落石有危险．4 ［C］ AmE a stone 石头：Don＇t throw rocks at people.别朝人扔石头.as firm／steady／solid as a rock 1 perfectly firm and hard; unlikely to move 坚如磐石的；纹丝不动的2（of people）trustworthy；sound（指人）可信赖的；可靠的

stone/stəun/1 [U often in comb] (a type of) rock 石头：The walls were built of stone／ sandstone／ limestone and wood.墙是由石头／砂

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岩／石灰石和木头筑成的.They were stone walls.那些是石墙.The stonework of the house was very good．房子的石砌部分非常好．2［C］a pieceof this， esp if small 小石头：He threw a stone into the water.他朝水里扔了一块石头.Stonesflew out from under the wheels of the moving cart.从滚动的大车轮底下飞迸出许多小石子.

boulder /'bəuldə/ [C] a large stone or a mass of rock which is rounded and shows signs of wear大块的圆石；巨砾

pebble/'pebal/ [C] a small roundish smooth stone found esp on the seashore or on a riverbed 小卵石；小圆石；细砾（尤指海边与河底的）

lava/'la:və/[U] rock in a very hot liquid state flowing from an exploding mountain (= volcano）（火山喷出的）熔岩

pumice/'pAmis/ [U] lava when it has become cool and turned into a grey solid with many small air holes（熔岩冷却后形成的）浮石

H61 technical adjectives 专门形容词：kinds of rock［Wa5；B］岩石的种类

igneous/'Igniəs/ (of rocks) formed from lava 火成的

sedimentary /,sedəmentəri/ (of rocks) made of sediment［■H63］沉积的

metamorphic / metə'mo:fik/ (of rocks) formed by changes caused by the heat, pressure,etc, on earlier kinds of rock 变质的

H62 nouns，etc 名词等：kinds of rock，etc ［U］岩石的种类等

granite /'grænit/ a hard type of grey igneous rock，used for building and making roads 花岗岩；花岗石

basalt /bə'so:lt/ a type of dark greenish-black igneous rock玄武岩

flint／flint／［also 又作 C］ a very hard smooth kind of stone 火石；燧石：If you strike two pieces of flint/two flints together,you usually get a spark［→H75］．拿两块火石相击，常能打出火花.Men long ago used flint axes with wooden handles.很久以前，人类就使用木柄的燧石斧了.

limestone /'laim,stəun/ a type of. rock from which lime is obtained 石灰石；青石

sandstone /'sænd,stəun/ a rock made of sand fixed in a natural cement 砂岩

marble/'ma:bal/ a hard sort of limestone used (when cut and polished) for building, art, gravestones, etc, and usu showing an irregular pattern of lines 大理石；云石：The statue［→I50］ of the King was of the finest marble．国王的雕像是用最好的大理石刻成的.

crystal /'kristal/ a hard mineral substance which has a regular shape and looks like glass 水晶（石）crystalline［WVa5；B］ of or like crys-

H63 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

tal水晶的；（透明）如水晶的

quartz/kworts/ a hard mineral substance ap-pearing in many forms including some pre-cious stones 石英

chalk /tfo:k/ 1 a type of soft white limestone formed in ancient times from the shells of very small sea animals, used for making lime and various writing materials 白垩：The white cliffs of Dover are made of chalk.多佛尔海峡的白色峭壁是白垩石形成的．2 this material inwhite or coloured pieces used for writing or drawing（见G152及I132插图）粉笔：Pass me the chalk，please.请把粉笔递给我.The teacher wrote with a stick／piece of chalk.老师用一支粉笔写字.Do you need some more chalk？你还需要些粉笔吗？

lime／laim／1 also 又作 quicklime a white sub-stance obtained by burning limestone, used in making cement 石灰；生石灰 2 the substance made by adding water to this 熟石灰

clay /klei/ heavy firm earth, soft when wet, becoming hard when baked at a high tem-perature, from which bricks, pots, etc, are made（见I56插图）黏土；陶土clayey［Wa2；B］ of or like clay 含黏土的；泥质的

gravel/'grævəl/1 a mixture of small stones with sand, used esp on the surface of roads or paths（尤指铺路用的）砂砾；碎石和粗砂2［Wv5；T1］ to cover with gravel 铺碎石于：They have a gravelled path leading to the house.有一条碎石小路通向他们的房子.

grit /grit/ small pieces of a hard material, usu stone 粗砂；砂砾：Grit is spread on roads to make them less slippery in icy weather.在结冰的日子，往路面上撒粗砂可以防滑.She got somegrit in her eye when she leaned out of the window of the train.当她把头伸出火车窗外时，沙子飞进了她的眼睛.

H63 nouns，etc 名词等：soil and earth 土壤与泥土

soil/soil/[U;C] the (usu soft) material found generally on top of rock, in which plants can grow 土壤：That farm has a very rich soil.那个农场的土壤很肥沃.The soil in these parts （ofthe country） is sandy.（村里）这一带是沙质土壤.Some soils are more suitable for farming than others.某些土壤比另外一些更宜于耕作.Soil con-ditions here are good.这里的土质好.

earth／3：θ／［U］ genl soil 泥土：He filled the pot with earth and planted a rose in it.他往盆里填上土，种上了一棵玫瑰.The hut had an earthfloor.小屋里面是泥地.

sand /sænd/ [U] loose material of very small fine grains, found in broad masses along seacoasts and in deserts, and used for making cement and glass and for rubbing away rough-ness 沙子 sandy ［Wal；B］ of， like or covered with sand 含沙的；沙质的；覆有沙的：sandy soil沙质土壤-iness［U］

dust/dast/[U] very small pieces of dry earth, etc，like powder 灰尘；尘土：The air was full of

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H64 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

the river．河底积下一层厚厚的淤泥．2 a（usu

thick) line or large amount of a substance in

the earth， in rock，etc 矿床；沉积：They found

large deposits of goldloil in the area.他们在这

一地区发现蕴藏量很大的金矿／油田.

alluvium /ə'lu:vıəm/ [U; C] tech soil put down

in a place by the movement of rivers, floods,

etc 冲积层；淤积土：Crops grow well in the allu-

vium of wide valley floors.在谷底宽阔的冲积土

上，农作物长得好．alluvial［Wa5；B］ being，

concerning， or made of alluvium 冲积土的；含

冲积土的：Alluvial soils usually grow the best

crops.冲积土壤上通常能长出最好的庄稼.

H64 nouns，etc 名词等：dirt and grime 脏物与污垢

[ALSO→D182]

dirt／d3：t／［U］1 soil；loose earth（松软的）泥土：

The children were outside, playing happily in

the dirt．孩子们在室外的泥土中玩得很开心．2

unclean matter， esp in the wrong place 污物；

尘垢：Wash the dirt off the floor.把地板上的污

垢冲洗掉.I＇ve got a lot of dirt on my shoes.我

鞋上沾了许多污泥．3（fig）nasty talk or writing

about sex 充满色情的下流语言或文字：That was

a good story but it had a lot of dirt in it.那是

一则好故事，只是里面有许多色情的东西．4（fig）

infml nasty talk about people 骂人话；坏话：She

enjoys hearing a bit of dirt about her neigh-

bours.她喜欢听一点有关邻居的坏话.

muck／mak／［U］ infml dirt 污物；脏物：Get that

muck off my clean floor！把那脏东西从我那干净

的地板上弄掉！

grime /gramm/ [U] a surface of thick black dirt

（物件表面的一层）尘垢；污垢：His face and

hands were covered in grime.他脸上和手上都积

了一层污垢.

smudge/smad3/1 [C] a dirty mark of any kind

污点；污斑；污迹：There were smudges of dirt／

ink on the paper．纸上污迹／墨迹斑斑．2［T1］to

put smudges on 弄脏；弄污：He smudged the

paper with ink.他的纸被墨水弄脏了.

smut /smat/ 1 [U] dirt, esp from burning coal,

etc 尘垢；（尤指）煤烟灰 2［C］ a black mark

made by a piece of dirt 污点；污迹3［U］（fig）

nasty talk or writing， esp about sex 污言秽语；

猥亵的文字 smutty ［Wal；B］of，like， or

covered with smut 熏黑的；煤烟弄脏的-ily

[adv]-iness[U]

H65 nouns， etc 名词等：precious stones

宝石

(precious) stone /('prefəs) stəun/[C] a rare

and valuable kind of mineral 宝石：Diamonds

are precious stones.钻石是宝石.He sells other

stones as well as diamonds.他既卖钻石，也卖其

他宝石.

was a thick deposit of mud at the bottom of diamond/'darəmənd/1 [C; U] a very hard valu-

dust after the cars passed.汽车驶过之后，空气中尘土飞扬.The teacher＇s hands had chalk dust on them.老师手上有粉笔灰.dusty［Wal；B］of， like，or covered with dust 含尘埃的；有灰尘的：The dusty road made the travellers dusty too. 大路上尘土飞扬，使来往的行人身上也都沾满了灰尘.-ily ［adv］-iness［U］

powder /'paudə/ 1 [U;C] anything that has been made into or like dust 粉末；粉：They broke the stones up into a white powder.他们把石头碾成白色粉末.She put on some facepowder．她往脸上搽了些扑面粉．2［T1］ to putpowder on 撒粉于；搽粉于：She powdered her face.她往脸上搽粉.

mud／mad／［U］1 earth with water in it 湿泥；稀泥（浆）：The roads were covered with mud after the heavy rain.大雨过后道路泥泞.There is mudat the bottom of most rivers.大多数河底都有淤泥．2 ［esp A］ earth which was wet but is now dry（过去湿的现在干了的）泥土：The hut had amud floor.那小屋的地面是泥土的.They lived inmud huts.他们住在土筑的小屋里.muddy［Wal；B］ of，like， or covered with mud 泥的；泥状的； 满是泥的；泥泞的：The muddy road made thetravellers muddier than ever.泥泞的道路使行人浑身溅满泥浆.

sediment／＇sedəmənt／［U］ fml mud 泥；沉积物[→H14] sedimentary [Wa5;B] of,concern-ing，or like sediment 沉积的；沉积物的；沉淀物的；沉积的；沉淀的［■H61］

silt/silt/[U] loose sand, mud, soil, etc, carried in running water and then dropped (at the entrance to a harbour，bend in a river，etc）淤泥：The fields were covered with silt after the flood.洪水过后田野里覆盖着一层淤泥.silt up［vadv IØ； T1］ to fill with silt 淤积：The old har-bour silted up long ago; it's now all silted up. 那个旧港湾早就开始淤积；现在已经完全淤塞了.

slime /slaim/[U] 1 soft, partly liquid mud, often with small greenish plant life in it, esp re-garded as ugly，bad-smelling，etc（尤指难看的、气味难闻的）稀泥；烂泥 2 thick liquid producedby the skin of various fish and snails [→A113] （鱼类和蜗牛身上分泌的）粘液 slimy［Wal：B］1like, being, or covered with slime; unpleasantly slippery 似稀泥（或粘液）的；满是稀泥的；覆有粘液的；粘性的；粘滑的2 fig very unpleasant andoffensive 讨厌的；可鄙的：That was a slimy thing to do！那是件让人恶心的活儿！-iness［U］

ooze /u:z/ 1 [U] thick soft mud, esp at the bottom of a river（尤指河底的）淤泥；湿软泥 2[L9] (of liquids) to move slowly, esp through a small hole or holes（指液体）渗出；渐渐流出：Water oozed out.水渗出来了.oozy［Wal；B］of or like ooze 滴出的；渗出的-ily［adv］-iness［U］

loam /ləum/ [U;C] rich soil, good for farming, etc 适合耕作的沃土；肥土；壤土 loamy［Wal；B］of or like loam 含沃土的；含肥土的；似沃土的

humus /'hju:məs/[U] a rich soil made of de-cayed plants，leaves，etc腐殖土壤；腐殖质

deposit /dr'ppzit/ [C (of)] 1 a thick kind of substance at the bottom of containers full of liquid，of rivers， lakes，etc 沉积物；沉淀：There

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able precious stone, usu colourless, which is used for cutting things and also in jewellery 钻石；金刚钻；金刚石：He bought her a diamondring.他给她买了一枚钻戒.Cut the glasss with apiece of diamond．用一块金刚石划这块玻璃．2[C] an ornament set with one or more of these stones 钻石首饰：Shall I wear my diamonds tonight？今晚我戴钻石首饰好吗？

ruby／＇ru：bi／1［C］ a bright red precious stone 红宝石2［U；Wa5；B］ the colour of this stone 红宝石色；深红色（的）：The glass was a rubycolour.那玻璃的颜色像红宝石.It was ruby red.它是深红色的.

sapphire/'sæfaiə/ 1 [C] a kind of transparent precious stone of a bright blue colour 蓝宝石： He gave her a gold ring with three sapphires in it．他送给她一枚镶有三块蓝宝石的金戒指．2［U；Wa5；B］ the colour of this stone 蓝宝石色；天蓝色（的）：The glass was a sapphire colour.那玻璃的颜色像蓝宝石.It was sapphire blue.它是天蓝色的.

emerald /'emərəld/ 1 [C] a bright green pre-cious stone 绿宝石2［U；Wa5；B］ the colour of this stone 鲜绿色（的）；翠绿色（的）：She wore abright emerald dress.她穿了一件鲜艳的绿衣服.The dress was emerald green.衣服的颜色是鲜绿色的.

opal /'əupəl/ [C; U] a precious stone which looks like milky water with colours in it 猫眼石；蛋白石

jade/d3eid/1 [U] a precious, usu green stone from which ornaments and jewellery are made 玉；翡翠2 ［U； Wa5； B］ the colour of this stone 翡翠色（的）；翠绿色（的）：The dress was ajade colour.那衣服的颜色象翡翠.It was jadegreen.它是碧绿的.

amber /'æmbə/1 [U] a yellowish brown hard clear substance used for jewels, ornaments, etc 琥珀 2［U；Wa5；B］ the colour of this substance 琥珀色（的）；黄褐色（的）：She wore an amber dress.她身穿一件琥珀色的衣服.Thedress was amber yellow.那衣服是琥珀黄的.

jet/d3et/1 [U] a hard black material that can be made to shine brightly, used to make orna-ments 黑玉；煤玉2［adv Wa5］ like the colour of this material 乌黑发亮地：She wore a jet black dress.她身穿一件发亮的乌黑色衣服.

topaz /'təupæz/ 1 [U] a transparent yellowish mineral 黄玉矿石 2［C］ a piece of this，spe-cially cut and polished, considered a precious stone 黄玉；黄晶

pearl /p3:l/1 [C] a hard round small silvery-white mass formed inside the shell of shell-fish,esp oysters [→A103],highly valued as a jewel 珍珠：She had a string of pearls round her neck．她脖子上戴着一串珍珠．2［C］a man-made copy of this 人造珍珠 3 ［C］ something which has the shape or colour of a pearl 珍珠状物；珍珠色物：In the early morning each blade of grass seems to have a pearl of dew ［■L45］on it．清晨每一片草叶望去都好象挂着颗露珠．4［C］ something or esp someone very precious 珍品；佼佼者；杰出的人物：As a cook，she is a real pearl.她是厨师中的佼佼者.

H66 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

(mother of) pearl [U] a hard shiny substance found on the inside of certain shells, esp oysters（贝壳的）珠母层；珍珠母；螺钿 pearly[Wal;B] like or ornamented with pearls or pearl 珍珠似的；用珍珠装饰的：The dress was apearly grey.那衣服是珍珠灰色.She had pearly teeth.她有一口珍珠般的牙齿.pearl diver［C］aperson who swims underwater at sea, looking for shells containing pearls 潜水采珠的人

agate /'ægit/ [U; C] a hard stone with bands of various colours， used in jewellery 玛瑙

jewel／＇d3u：əl／［C］ 1 a precious stone 宝石2 an ornament for wearing that contains one or more jewels.宝石饰物；珠宝首饰：She keeps her jewels in a safe place.她把首饰珍藏在一个安全的地方．3 a precious stone in the machinery of a watch，to make it run smoothly 手表宝石轴承： Our best watches contain 21 jewels， sir．先生， 我们最好的手表是二十一钻的．4（fig）a person orthing considered of great value 宝贝；非常有价值的人：He has a jewel of a wife.他有一娇妻.[ALSO=D159 JEWELLERY]

H66 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：concrete and similar materials 混凝土与类似的材料

concrete /'konkri:t/ 1 [U] a building material made by mixing sand, very small stones, cement，and water 混凝土；三合土2［T1；IØ］to cover （a path， a wall，etc） with concrete 用混凝土覆盖：The workman is still busy concreting the road.工人仍在忙着用混凝土铺路.I think I＇lconcrete in the morning and paint in the afternoon.我想在上午抹混凝土，下午上漆.

cement /sr'ment/ 1 [U] a grey powder, made from a burned mixture of lime and clay, which becomes hard like stone after having been mixed with water and allowed to dry 水泥 2 [U] any of the various types of thick sticky hard-drying chemical liquids (=adhesives[■H12]) used for filling holes, as in the teeth,or for joining things together 牙科用的粘固粉；胶合剂：He made a toy plane using pieces of plas-tic and cement.他用几块塑料和胶合剂制成了一架玩具飞机．3［T1］ to join together or make firm （as if） by cement 用水泥粘接：Cement these bricks together，please.请把这些砖用水泥砌上.（fig）The government hopes to cement their friendship with the other local states.政府希望加强与本地其他各州的友谊．4［T1（over）］to cover with cement 灌水泥；抹上水泥：Cement over these cracks today，please.今天请把这些裂缝抹上水泥.We＇ve decided to cement （over） our garden as we don＇t like flowers.我们已决定把花园全铺上水泥，因为我们不喜欢花.

plaster /'pla:stə/1 [U] a pastelike mixture of lime, water, sand, etc, which hardens when dry and is used on walls, etc, to give a smooth surface 涂墙用的灰泥2［T1］ to put wet plaster on； cover with plaster 往···上抹灰泥：These rough places on the wall should be plastered

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H67 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

（over）.应该给墙上粗糙的地方抹上灰泥.

mortar /'mo:tə/ [U] a mixture of lime, sand, and water used in building to hold bricks, stones, etc，together（建筑时粘合砖石的）灰泥；灰浆；砂浆：bricks and mortar 砖和灰浆

H67 nouns，etc 名词等：metal generally 金属（总称）

metal /'metl/ [C; U] any (usu solid, usu shiny) mineral substance of a group which can all be shaped by pressure and used for passing an electric current, and which share other quali-ties 金属：The object is made of metal.这东西是金属做的.Copper and silver are both metals. 铜和银都是金属．metallic［Wa5；B］of，concern-ing，or liko metal 金属的；似金属的 precious metal [U; C] a rare and valuable metal often used in ornaments， such as gold and silver 贵金属（如金和银）base metal［C］ a metal which is not valuable when compared with gold or silver 贱金属；基底金属：Platinum is not a base metal，but iron is.铂不是贱金属，而铁则是.Menonce tried to change base metals into gold.从前人们曾尝试把贱金属变为金子.

alloy n: /'ælr/; v: /ə'bor/ 1 [C] a metal made by mixing two or more different metals 合金： Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.黄铜是铜和锌的合金．2［T1］ to mix （one metal） with another合铸；熔合（金属）

ore /o:/[U;C] rock, earth, etc, from which metal can be obtained 矿石；矿砂

lode／ləud／［C］ a quantity of ore in a rock 矿脉

seam /si:m/ [C] a narrow band of one kind of mineral， esp coal， between masses of rock 矿层（尤指岩石中的煤层）

plate /pleit/ [U] common metal with a thin covering of esp gold or silver 镀金（银）的金属器皿：He has a lot of gold and silver plate.他有许多镀金和镀银的器皿.

H68 nouns 名词：particular metals ［U］金属类别

aluminium /,ælju'miniəm/ BrE, aluminum AmE /ə'lu:minəm/ a silver-white metal that is a simple substance or element [→>H4](sign Al), light in weight and easily shaped铝（符号为Al） brass /bra:s/ a very hard bright yellow metal,a

mixture of copper and zinc 黄铜

bronze /bronz/i an alloy mainly of copper and tin 青铜2［C］ a work of art made of bronze 青铜制的艺术品：He has many fine bronzes in his collection.他的收藏品中有许多件精致的青铜制品.3 the colour of bronze 青铜色

copper /'kppə/1 a soft reddish metal that is an element (sign Cu), easily shaped, and al-lowing heat and electricity to pass through it easily 铜（符号为Cu）2 a reddish-brown colour 铜色；红棕色

gold/gəuld/1 a valuable soft yellow metal that is an element (sign Au), used for making coins，jewellery，etc 金（符号为Au）：He wore a gold watch.他戴着一个金表.Gold is found in rocks and streams．金子存在于岩石和溪流中．2gold coins or objects generally 金币；黄金制品： People used to pay in gold.过去的人常用黄金来支付.The Indian girl wore gold ornaments on her arms．那个印度姑娘胳膊上戴着金制装饰品．3the colour of gold 金色：The sun shone on the gold of her hair.阳光照耀着她的金发.That＇s anice gold paint.那是一种好看的金色颜料.

iron/'aiən/1 a hard silver-white metal that is an element (sign Fe), the most useful metal used for making tools 铁（符号为 Fe）：Iron is a common metal.铁是一种普通金属.This is aniron bar．这是一根铁棒．2 the same metal， found in natural foods (eggs, vegetables), which is used in the formation of blood（食品中的）铁质

lead /led/ a soft greyish-blue metal that is an

element (sign Pb), easily melted and used to

cover roofs，for water pipes，etc 铅（符号为Pb）

mercury ／＇m3：kjuri／ also 又作 esp formerly

quicksilver a heavy silver-white metal that is

an element (sign Hg) and is liquid at normal

temperatures 汞；水银（符号为Hg）

nickel /'nıkəl/a hard silver-white metal that is an element (sign Ni), and is used in the production of other metals 镍（符号为 Ni）

platinum /'plætinəm/ a soft valuable greyish-white metal that is an element (sign Pt), used in jewellery and, mixed with other metals,for industrial purposes 铂；白金（符号为 Pt）：He gave her a platinum ring.他送她一枚白金戒指.

plutonium /plu:'təuniəm/ a man-made metal that is an element (sign Pu), used esp in producing nuclear power 钚（符号为Pu）

radium /'reidiəm/ a rare shiny white metal that is an element (sign Ra), used in the treatment of certain diseases 镭（符号为 Ra）：He had radium treatment.他接受镭放射治疗.

silver /'sılvə/1 a valuable whitish metal that is an element (sign Ag), used for making coins, ornaments，etc 银（符号为 Ag）：He wore a silver watch．他戴着一个银表．2 silver dishes or other objects 银碟；银制器皿：Clean the silver， please．请把银器擦干净．3 silver coins 银币 4 thecolour of silver 银色：The dress was silver and blue.那衣服是银白色和蓝色的.

steel/sti:l/ iron in a hard strong form contain-ing some carbon [→H73] and sometimes other metals, and used in building materials, cutting tools， machines， etc 钢： The knife had a steel blade.那把刀的刃是钢的.He works inthe steel industry.他在钢铁行业工作.（fig）He is a man ofsteel（＝very strong）.他是个铁打的人. tin /tm/ a soft whitish metal that is an element

(sign Sn), easily shaped and used to cover (plate) metal objects with a protective shiny surface 锡（符号为Sn）

uranium /ju'reinıəm/ a heavy white metal that is an element (sign U), and is used in the production of atomic power 铀（符号为U）

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zinc /zujk/ a bluish-white metal that is an element (sign Zn), used in the production of other metals, and to plate metal objects with a protective surface 锌（符号为Zn）

H69 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：rust andverdigris 铁锈与铜锈

rust/rAst/ 1 [U] a reddish-brown coating that forms on iron and some other metals when attacked by water and air 锈；铁锈 2 ［U usu in comb］ the colour of this 锈色；红褐色：She wore a rust-coloured dress．她穿着一件锈色的衣服．3[IØ; T1] to (cause to) become(covered with) rust（使）生锈：The metal will rust if it is left in this wet place.金属如果放在这潮湿的地方就会生锈.The weather rusted the metal.天气使金属生了锈.

oxide /'pksaid/ [C; U] tech a chemical sub-stance in which something else is combined with oxygen 氧化物：Rust is iron oxide.铁锈是铁的氧化物．oxidize，-ise ［IØ；T1］ to（cause to） become an oxide; tech to (cause to) combine with oxygen（使）氧化（生锈）-ization，-isation [U]

verdigris /'v3:dıgris/ [U] a greenish-blue sub-stance which forms a thin covering on articles of copper or brass as a result of age or of being left unpolished in wet conditions 铜绿； 铜锈

tarnish／＇ta：nif／1 ［U］ dullness； loss of polish 晦暗；无光泽2［Wv5；T1；IØ］ to （cause to） be-come dull， discoloured， or less bright（使）失去光泽；（使）变暗：Clean the tarnished brass.把失去光泽的铜器擦亮.（fig）His honour istarnished.他的名誉受到玷污了.

H70 nouns 名词：wood 木；木材

wood/wud/ [U;C] the material of which the trunks and branches of trees are made, which is cut and dried in various forms for making material for burning, for making paper or furniture，etc木；木料

timber／＇timbə／1［U］ wood for building（供建筑用的）木材2［U］growing trees，esp considered as a supply of wood for building 成材的树木；木材林3［C］a wooden beam 栋木；梁木

lumber /'lmbə/ [C] AmE wood that has been prepared for use, as by being cut into boards （经过初步加工，如锯成板的）木料 lumberjack［C］ a man who cuts down trees for wood 伐木工人 lumberman ［C］ a man whose business is the cutting down of trees and the selling of wood 伐木工人；木材商

log/lpg/[C] a thick piece of wood from a tree 圆木（头）；原木：He cut the tree into logs.他把树锯成了一段一段的圆木.

pulp /palp/ [U] wood and other vegetable material (such as cotton cloth) softened and

H72 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

broken up by chemicals or other means and used for making paper 纸浆

rubber /'rabə/ [Ŭ] a substance, made from the juice of a tropical tree, which keeps out water and springs back into position when stretched 橡胶；橡皮：Motor tyres are made of rubber.汽车轮胎是用橡胶做的.The child was playing witha rubber ball.孩子在玩皮球.

H71 nouns 名词：kinds of wood

generally［U］各种木材总称

hardwood/'ha:d,wud/strong heavy wood from trees like oak， used to make good furniture 坚硬的木材；硬木（例如橡木）

softwood/'spft,wud/ wood from evergreen[■A135] trees (such as pine and fir) that is cheap and easy to cut 软木材；软木（常绿树如松、枞等的木材）

plywood /'plai,wud/ a stiff material made of several thin sheets of wood stuck together to form a strong board 夹板；胶合板；层压木板

hardboard /'ha:d,bo:d/1 a sort of light wood made out of pieces of wood pressed together 硬质层压板2 a sort of board made out of finepieces of wood pressed into sheets and used in work where a light wood is needed（由木屑压成的）硬质纤维板

chipboard /'tfip,bo:d/ a type of board made from waste pieces of wood, used as a building material碎木胶合板

H72 nouns 名词： well-known kinds of

wood［U］各种著名的木材 [ALSO→A155-6]

oak/əuk/ the hard wood from the oak tree[■A155］，often used for making furniture 橡木； 栎木

walnut/'wo:lnat/ the wood of the walnut tree, of great value for making furniture 胡桃木［ A153]

pine(-wood)/pain(-wud)/ the white or yellow-ish soft wood of the pine tree [→A156], used for making furniture 松木

mahogany /mə'hpgəni/ the dark reddish hard wood from the mahogany tree, used for making good furniture 桃花心木；红木

teak/ti:k/ a very hard yellow wood from the teak tree, which grows in India, Burma,and Malaysia, used for making furniture, ships, etc 柚木

cane/kein/ lengths of the hard smooth hollow stem of certain tall grasses, used as a material for making furniture（制作家具的）藤料；竹料[■A138]

bamboo /bæm'bu:/ lengths of the hard hollow stems of the bamboo plant, used to make furniture，etc竹料［→A138］

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H73 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

drinks that can make one drunk, such as wine,

beer，etc 酒精2［C］ precise ＆ tech any of a

class of chemical substances of which the

alcohol in wine is one 醇（如酒类所含的乙醇）

carbon /'ka:bən/1 [U] a simple substance(ele-

ment, sign C) found in a pure form as dia-

monds, graphite, etc, or impure as coal,

petrol，etc 碳（符号为C）2［C］ a stick of this

burnt to produce light in some kind of lamp

碳精棒（用于某种灯内作光源）

graphite ／＇græfart／ ［U］ also 又作 not tech lead

the kind of carbon used in pencils 石墨

soda /'səudə/ [U] the name given to various

substances used for washing，baking，etc 苏打；

碳酸钠（用于洗涤、烹饪等）

sodium /'səudıəm/ [U] a soft silver-white metal

（element，sign Na）， found in salt，soda， etc 钠

（符号为Na）

starch/sta:tf/1 [U;C] a white substance which

is the main kind of foodstuff in bread, po-

tatoes，etc 淀粉：There is too much starch in

his diet （＝ He eats too much starch）.他的饮食

中淀粉过多（＝他吃的淀粉太多）．2［U］this sub-

stance mixed with water and used to make

clothes stiff（用于浆棉布的）浆粉 3［T1］to put

starch in 给···上浆；浆硬：He starched his shirt.

他给衬衫上了浆．starchy［Wal；B］1 of，contain-

ing，or like starch 淀粉的；含淀粉的；似淀粉的：

starchy food 含淀粉的食物2（fig）infml stiff；

formal 刻板的；生硬的：He is a very starchy

kind of person.他是一个十分古板的人.-ily

[adv]-ness [U]

arsenic /'a:sənik/ [U] 1 a grey substance

(element, sign As) used esp in making glass,

dyes，etc砷（符号为As）2 a white compound

［H6］ of this， which is a poison 砒霜（砷的白

色化合物，有毒）

sulphur BrE sulfur AmE /'salfə/ [U] a yellow

substance (element, sign S) that burns with a

blue flame and has a strong smell 硫；硫磺（符

号为 S）sulphurous BrE， sulfurous AmE

［Wa5；B］ of， containing， or like sulphur 硫

（磺）的；含硫的；似硫的：sulphurous smoke 含硫

的烟；a sulphurous smell一股硫磺味

H74 nouns 名词：kinds of gas［U］各种气

体

oxygen /'pksid3ən/ a gas that is a substance or

element [→H4] (sign O), forms about 20% of

the air, is without colour, taste or smell,is

found in nearly everything and is necessary to

all plants and animals and for the process of

burning氧；氧气（符号为O）

nitrogen /'naitrəd3ən/ a gas that is an ele-

ment (sign N), without colour or smell, that

forms most of the earth's air and that is found

in all living things 氮；氮气（符号为N）

hydrogen /'haidrəd3ən/ a gas that is an ele-

ment (sign H), without colour or smell, and

that burns very easily 氢；氢气（符号为H）

less liquid present in (and responsible for) helium /'hi:ləm/ a gas that is an element (sign

H73 nouns，etc 名词等：basic

substances 基本物质

water/'wo:tə/[U] 1 the most common liquid, without colour, taste, or smell, which falls from the sky as rain, forms rivers,lakes, and seas， and is drunk by people and animals 水： The prisoner was given only bread and water. 只给囚犯面包和水．2 a supply of this liquid，esppiped（尤指管道输送的）供水；水源：Hethreatened to tuirn off the water.他恫吓要停止供水．3 a body of this liquid 水体；水域（esp inthe phr by／on the water 在水边／在水上；在船上）：He has a house by the water.他在傍水处有一所房子.Let＇s go on the water this afternoon.今天下午我们划船去吧.Help！He＇s fallen in thewater！救命啊！他掉进水里了！4a liquid like orcontaining this liquid（似水或含水的）液体： Waiter, take back this water that you call soup！服务员，把你叫作汤的这盘水端回去！5 aliquid like or containing this liquid, produced by some parts of the body（生物体某些部分产生的似水或含水的）体液；分泌液6 the movementof people or goods by river or sea rather than by land 水路（often in the phr by water 由水路）：Let＇s go by water this time.这回我们坐船走吧．7 the level of the sea （or some rivers） at a particular time， tide［→L89］水位；潮位；潮： highllow water 高／低潮 8 the stated degree of completeness or excellence 完美程度（esp in the phr of the first water 最佳的；第一流的）：She is a scientist／chief of the first water.她是位杰出的科学家／领导人.

acid /'æsid/ 1 [U; C] precise a chemical sub-stance containing a particular gas (hydrogen) which may be replaced by a metal to form another type of substance（a salt）酸（化学物质，其所含之氢可被金属取代而形成另一种物质［盐类］）2［U］ loose something with a sour taste， such as lemon juice 酸味物质（例如柠檬汁）acidity [U] the state of being or having acid, esp more than usual 酸味；酸度

alkali /'ælkə,lai/ [U;C] any of various sub-stances that form chemical salts when combined with acids 硷（与酸化合而成盐类的任何一种物质）alkaline ［B］of，containing，or like an alkali; having the qualities of an alkali or alkalis 硷的；含硷的；硷性的 alkalinity ［U］ the state of being alkaline, of having alkaline qualities 硷度；硷性

salt/so:lt/1 [U] genl a very common colourless or white solid substance (sodium chloride, NaCl) found in the earth and in sea water .and with many uses including preserving food and improving its taste 盐；食盐（氯化钠，NaCl）： He worked in a salt mine.他在盐矿工作.The vegetables need more salt．这蔬菜需再加些盐．2 [C] precise & tech any of a class of chemical substances including this, which may be formed by the combining of an acid and a metal 盐类（金属和酸的化合物）

alcohol /'ælkəhpl/1[U] genl the pure colour-

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He), that will not burn, used in airships and some lights氦（符号为He）

carbon dioxide /'ka:bən dar'pksaid/ the gas (sign CO2) produced when animals.breathe out or when carbon is burned in air 二氧化碳（符号为CO2）

carbon monoxide /'ka:bən mpn'pksaid/ a poi-sonous gas (sign CO) produced when carbon （esp petrol） burns in a small amount of air一氧化碳（符号为CO）：She started the car in the closed garage and died of carbon monoxide poisoning.她在关闭着的车库里发动汽车，结果因一氧化碳中毒而死.

ammonia /ə'məunıə/ a strong gas with a sharp smell, used in explosives, in machines (refri-gerators) to keep things cold, in chemicals （fertilizers） to help plants grow，etc 氨；阿摩尼亚

methane/'mi:θemn/a natural gas which is formed from decaying matter and burns easily, some-times causing explosions in mines 甲烷；沼气

marsh gas ／＇ma：Ĵ gæs／infml methane 沼气；甲烷

butane /'bju:tein/ a natural gas used for cooking，heating，and lighting 丁烷

H75 nouns 名词：fire and burning 火与燃

烧 [ALSO→H120]

fire/farə/1 [U] the condition of burning; flames and great heat 火：She＇s afraid of fire.她怕火. 2 [C] a heap of burning fuel lit on purpose for cooking，warmth，etc 炉火：They sat round the fire.他们围炉而坐.He lit the kitchen fire.他点起了炉火．3［U］ destruction by fire 火灾：He was insured against fire.他投保了火险.There was a danger of fire in the old wooden house. 旧木屋有发生火灾的危险．4［C］ a case ofdestruction by fire 一场火灾：He lost his life in a forest fire．他死于森林火灾．5［U］（fig）strong feeling and excitement 热情；兴奋：The boy is full of fire and courage.这男孩很有冲劲，勇气十足.blow（up） a fire to make a fire burn more strongly by blowing air on it 吹火（使燃烧更旺）fire and sword burning and killing in war （战时）烧杀 lay a fire to put the paper and sticks ready for lighting 准备生火 make a fire to put the paper and sticks ready and then light them 生火 make up a fire to add more fuel to a fire 给火或炉添燃料 on fire（of something notreally meant to burn） burning 着火；失火：The house is on fire！房子着火了！

combustion /kəm'bastfən/ [U] 1 the act of catching fire and burning 起火；燃烧2 tech the chemical activity, usu in the presence of oxygen，that produces light and heat 物质剧烈氧化而发光、发热的化学现象（指燃烧）

flame/fleim/ [C; U] (a tongue of) red or yellow burning gas 火焰；火舌：The dry sticks burst into flame（s）.干柴顿时熊熊燃烧起来.in flames（of something not meant to burn） burning 着

H76 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

火；在燃烧：The whole city was in flames.全城一片火海.

blaze /bleiz/ [C usu sing] 1 the sudden sharp shooting up of a flame； a very bright fire（突发的）火焰；烈火：The fire burned slowly at first， but soon burst into a blaze.起初这火缓缓燃烧，但不久就变成熊熊烈火．2 a brightly shining lightor bright colour 光辉；光彩：The whole building was a blaze of light.整幢大楼一片灯火辉煌.Theflowers made a blaze of red．鲜花一片火红．3a big destructive fire 大火灾：The dry grass was on fire， and we tried to put out the blaze.干草失火了，我们尽力想扑灭这场大火．4（fig）asudden explosion of feeling（感情的）爆发；突发：In a blaze of anger he shouted at them.他勃然大怒，对着他们大声叫骂.

spark /spa:k/ [C] 1 a small bit of burning material thrown out by a fire or by the striking together of two hard objects 火星；火花2 a light-producing passage of electricity through a space（电穿过空间时所发之）电花3（fig）adirect cause of an event regarded as a fire or explosion（引起某事件的）直接原因；导火线：Thespark that set off the war was the murder of the prince．王子遇刺是触发这场战争的导火线．4（fig） a very small but important bit（很小但重要的）一点：He doesn＇t have a spark of clever-ness.他一点也不聪明.

flare/fleə/1[S] a short strong blaze of fire or light 摇曳的火焰；闪烁的光：There was a suddenflare as she lit the gas.她点燃煤气灶时，猛然窜起火焰．2［C］（something that provides） a bright light out of doors, as in a street market or as a signal at an airfield（街市照明或机场发信号用之）照明灯：It＇s misty；go and turn on the flares.这天雾濛濛的；去把照明灯开亮.

burn /b3:n/ [C] 1 tech a (usu short) period of burning and using power（短时间用电）烧；灼2 a hurt place, effect, or sensation produced by burning 烧伤处；灼痛感：She had burns on her hand.她手上有几处烧伤.He felt the burn of themedicine on the cut in his arm.他敷药后感到臂部伤口灼痛.

brand/brænd/ [C] a mark made on cattle, etc, by burning， usu to show who owns them（烙在牲畜等身上的）标记；印记（通常表示所有权）：Whose brand is on that cow？那头母牛身上的烙印是谁家的？

scorch/sko:tf/ [C] a scorched place; a mark made by burning on a surface 烧焦处；焦痕： There were several scorches on the tablecloth that had been drying too near the fire.这桌布烘干时离火炉太近，有几处烧焦了.

H76 verbs 动词：fire and burning 火与燃烧

catch fire ［IØ］ to start burning 着火；开始燃烧： Don＇t let your dress catch fire！别让火烧着你的衣服！

burn／b3：n／1［Iø］ to be on fire 燃烧；着火：The house is burning；help！房子着火了；救火啊！

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H77 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

（fig）He＇s burning （with fever）．他发高烧．2 ［Wv6；IØ］ to be able to be on fire 能燃烧；可点着：Paper burns easily．纸易燃．3［IØ（away）］ contain a fire 继续燃烧：They had a little heater burning （away） in the corner.他们在屋角里（一直不停地）生着一个小火炉．4［IØ］to giveoff light；shine 发光；照亮：a light burning in the window 窗户里亮着的灯光5［Wv4；IØ］toproduce or experience an unpleasant hot feel-ing 发热；发烫：That medicine burns so！这药真真难吃，辣得难受！The burning sands hurt her feet．滚烫的沙子灼伤了她的双脚．6［IØ（with），3］(usu in -ing form) (fig) to experience a very strong feeling 激动；激怒；渴望（通常用-ing形式）：He was burning with anger／desire.他怒火／ 欲火中烧.She＇s burning to tell us what happened．她急于把所发生的事情告诉我们．7[L9; X9] to force or make (a way) by or as if by force or great heat 烧进；留下不可磨灭的印象：Her words burned (their way) into his heart. 她的话烙在他的心坎里．8［IØ；L7］to change forthe worse or be destroyed by fire or heat 烧焦； 烧坏：The potatoes have burnt （black） and we cannot eat them.马铃薯煮焦了，我们不能吃了.(fig) She burns easily in the sun (= her skin burns）．她容易晒黑．9［T1］to destroy by fire 烧掉；烧毁：He burned all his old papers.他烧毁所有的旧文件．10［T1］to use for power，heating， or lighting 烧（某种燃料以发电、供暖、照明等）：The ship burned coal.这艘轮船烧煤.The lamp burns oil．这盏灯点油．11［X9］ to change by fire or heat 烧成；烧制：They are burning clay to make bricks.他们用黏土烧砖.The papers were burnt to ashes．文件烧成了灰．12［X9］to pro-duce by fire 烧出：He burned a hole in his shirt.他把衬衫烧了一个洞.She burnt her nameinto the wood．她在木器上烙上自己的名字．13［T1］ to hurt or damage by fire or heat 烧伤；烫伤：She burnt her hand on the hot metal.灼热的金属烫伤了她的手．14［T1］to kill by fire 烧死：Joan of Arc was burnt （at the stake）.圣女贞德被烧死（在火刑柱上）.

brand／brænd／1 ［T1］ to burn a mark onto 在··· 上打烙印；打印记：They branded the cattle with the farmer＇s own mark.他们在牲口身上烙上农场主的标记．2［X1,9］（fig）to give（a name） to 指···为···；诬蔑：He was branded （as） a liar and a cheat.他被说成是说谎者和骗子.brandingiron [C] a piece of iron used for burning brands onto the skin of animals，etc（用于打烙印的）烙铁

flame/fleim/ [Wv4; IØ (up)] to burn in flames 产生火焰；发火燃烧：The fire flamed （up）dangerously when he put oil on it.他把油浇到火上时，火焰顿时危险地窜起来.

blaze/bleiz/[Wv4]1[IØ]to (begin to) burn with a bright flame：火光熊熊地燃烧：A wood fire was blazing (away), but there was no other light in the room.一堆火在燃烧着，屋里别无亮光.Thefire blazed (up) suddenly when oil was poured on it.火上浇了油，火突然烧得旺起来.（fig）Hereyes were blazing with anger.她眼睛里射出愤怒的目光．2［IØ］to show very bright colour；shine brightly or warmly 放光彩；发强光：Masses of

flowers were blazing in all parts of the garden. 花园里到处花团锦簇，鲜艳夺目.Lights blazed inevery part of the house.房子里灯火通明.

spark ／spa：k／1 ［Wv4； IØ］ to throw out sparks 冒出火花；飞火星2［IØ］to produce a spark 闪光；闪烁3［T1（off）］to lead to；be the cause of 导致；触发；是···的原因：What sparked off the quarrel？引起争吵的原因是什么？4［X9］ to leadinto action 激励；鼓舞：He sparked his team to victory.他激励他的队员，使他们获得胜利.

flare/fleə/[IØ (up)] to blaze or flame strongly 熊熊地燃烧；（火焰）闪耀：The lights flared.灯光闪耀.

rage／reid3／［IØ］ to burn very strongly 猛烈燃烧： The fire raged (through the forest) for days before rain put it out.大火（在森林中）猛烈地燃烧了好几天，直到下雨才熄灭.

smoke /sməuk/ [IØ] to give out smoke [→H84] 冒烟：The fire was smoking badly.这火烟冒得很厉害.

scorch/sko:tf/ 1[T1; IØ] to burn on the outside so as to change in colour, taste, or feeling but not burn up 烧焦；烤焦：She scorched the shirt with an iron that was too hot.熨斗太烫，她把衬衣烫焦了.The meat was black and scorched on the outside but still raw inside.这肉外面又黑又焦，里面仍然是生的.（fig）The drink wascold but strong and it seemed to scorch my throat.这酒虽凉却很烈，好像把我的喉咙都烧坏了.(fig) He scorched the pages of the book with his angry writing.他写的书每一页都燃烧着怒火.2 [T1] to dry up and take the life out of （plants） with a strong dry heat（用高温）使干枯； 使枯萎：fields scorched by the hot summer sun 被炎炎夏日晒得龟裂的田野

H77 verbs 动词：setting fire，etc to things 使东西燃烧等

set fire to [T1] genl to cause to burn, often by mistake, carelessly, with bad intentions, etc （由于错误、不谨慎或恶意等）使···燃烧；点燃；放火；纵火：She set fire to the papers and watched them burn.她点燃文件，并看着它们烧掉.Who orwhat set fire to the house？是谁或者什么使房子着火的？

light/lait/[T1] to cause (some particular thing) to burn， usu for a purpose（通常为一定目的）使···燃烧；点燃；点亮：Light the fire please.请把火点着.He lit the gas lamp.他点亮了煤气灯.

kindle/'kindl/ 1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) start to burn or （fig） become a fiery red colour 点燃； 着火；（使）燃烧；（使）变成火红色：We tried tokindle the wood but it was wet and wouldn't kindle easily.我们想点燃木柴，可是太湿了，点不着.The evening sun kindled the western sky. 夕阳染红了西边的天空．2［T1；IØ］（fig）a tocause （a feeling） to start 激起（某种感情）：His actions kindled hatred in the hearts of the people.他的行为激起人们心中的愤怒.b（of afeeling） to start（指感情）激动起来：Her desire for him kindled with every word.每一个字都显

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示出她对他的爱恋．3［IØ （with）］ to show a feel-ing 显示一种感情：When she saw him her eyeskindled（with desire）.她一见到他，眼睛就发亮（流露出对他的爱意）.

ignite/ig'nait/ [IØ; T1] often tech to set fire to or catch fire 点燃；着火：The dry wood ignited. 干柴着火了.He ignited the wood with a match. 他用火柴点燃了木柴.

feed/fi:d/[T1] to keep adding fuel to (a fire, etc） so that it will continue burning（为使炉火继续燃烧）加燃料：She fed the flames withpieces of wood.她往火中添木柴.（fig）His words fed their hopes.他的话增强了他们的希望.

fuel／＇fjuəl／1 ［IØ］ to take in fuel 加燃料：Aircraft sometimes fuel in midair.飞机有时在空中加油.2 ［T1］ to provide with fuel 供给燃料；给···加燃料：That car is being fuelled ready to try to beat the speed record.那辆汽车正在加油，准备打破速度记录.

power /'pauə/ [T1 usu pass] to supply power to （esp a machine）给（尤指机器）提供动力：Ourgrass-cutting machine is powered by elec-tricity.我们的刈草机是电动的.

coal/kəul/1 [T1] to supply (a ship,engine,etc) with coal 给（船、机车等）加煤2［IØ］（of ships， engines，etc） to take a supply of coal（船、机车等）加上煤：Śhips only call at this port to coal. 只是为了加煤，轮船才在这港口停靠.

H78 verbs 动词：putting fires out 灭火

put out [v adv T1] to make (something) stop burning 熄灭：She put the light／fire out and went to bed.她关掉电灯／熄灭炉火就去睡了.

e) ino ind o light，fire，etc）熄灭（灯、火等）：Smoking is forbidden； please extinguish your cigarettes.禁止吸烟；请弄熄你们的香烟.（fig）Nothing couldextinguish his faith in human nature.没有什么东西能使他对人性失去信心.

quench/kwentf/ [T1] to take away the heat of flames, steel, desire, etc, by water or other methods（用水或其他物质）熄灭（火焰）；（锻钢时）淬火；灭绝（希望）：He quenched his thirst with a long drink of cold water.他喝了一大口凉水解渴.

douse /daus/ [T1] to put out (a fire,etc) by pouring water on it（泼水）熄灭：Douse those flames！泼水把火灭掉！

go out [v adv IØ] infml & genl to be extin-guished（被）熄灭：The light／fire went out.灯／火灭了.

H79 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to burning［B］有关燃烧

combustible/kəm'bastəbəl/1[Wa3]able (easily)

to burn 可燃的；易燃的：These materials are highly combustible．这些材料极易燃烧．2［C］a substance that can catch fire and burn easily 可燃物；易燃物：The workers demanded more

H80 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

pay for handling the dangerous combustibles. 工人为搬运危险的易燃物品，要求增加工资.

flammable /'flæməbəl/ [Wa3] easily set on fire 易燃的：These chemicals are highly flammable. 这些化学药品极易燃烧.Flammable＇is now thepreferred word to describe chemicals and other things that burn easily.现在一般用“flam-mable”一词来描述化学药品和其它易燃物品.non-flammable[neg]

inflammable /In'flæməbəl/[Wa3] becoming rare easily set on fire 易燃的：These chemicals are highly inflammable.这些化学药品是极易燃烧的.The word ＇inflammable＇ is not used so much now because 'in-' suggests 'not' and mistakes have happened because people did not understand the word.“inflammable”这个词现在已不太常用，因为“in-”使人以为是“不”的意思，人们因为不了解这个词的意思而常发生误解.fiery／＇faəri／［Wal］ 1 like or of fire 火的；火一般

的：There was a fiery light in the sky.天空出现一片火红的光．2（fig）easily made angry 易怒的；暴躁的：He has a fiery temper. 他脾气暴躁.-iness [U]

H80 nouns 名词：fuel and power 燃料与动力

fuel /'fjuəl/ 1 [U] material that is used for producing heat or power by burning 燃料： Wood, coal, oil, and gas are different kinds of fuel.木、煤、油和煤气是不同种类的燃料.Thefarmer cut up the old tree for his winter fuel （＝to burn in his house）.农夫砍下那棵老树作过冬的燃料.That car engine uses a lot of fuel.那台汽车发动机耗油量大．2［U］ material that canbe used to produce atomic power（可用于产生原子能的）燃料3［C］ a type of these（某种）燃料：Petrol is no longer a cheap fuel.汽油不再是廉价燃料．4［U］（fig）something that increases anger or any other strong active feeling 激发怒气或其他强烈感情之物：The workers weren＇tsatisfied with their wages, and when they were asked to work longer hours, it added fuel to the flames（＝made them more angry）.工人本已对工资不满，还要他们延长工作时间，那更是火上加油了.

power /'pauə/ [U] 1 force that may be used for doing work, driving a machine, or producing electricity 力；动力：People used to depend on wind power or water power, but now other forms of power are used.人们以往依靠风力或水力，现在则使用其他形式的动力了.The damagedship was able to reach port under her own power.这条损坏的船能靠自己的动力驶抵港口.This empire is losing power.这个帝国正在衰落. 2 the degree of this produced by something 功率：What is the power of this engine？这台发动机的功率多大？

energy /'enəd3i/ [U] the power which does work and drives machines 能；能量：The energy of the sun seems never to get less.太阳的能量好像永不减少.

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H81 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

H81 nouns 名词：coal，etc，as a fuel 作为燃料的煤等

coal /kəul/ [U] a black or dark-brown mineral which is dug (mined) from the earth, which can be burned to give heat, and from which gas,coal tar, and many other products can be made 煤：We must produce more coal for our industries.我们必须为工业生产更多的煤.Heworked in a coalmine.他曾在煤矿工作.She likes a coal fire better than an electric fire.她觉得用煤的火炉比电炉好.

charcoal/'tfa:,kəul/ [U] (pieces of) the black substance made by burning wood in a closed container with little air, burnt in fires to give heat or used in sticks for drawing with 炭；木炭：In former times charcoal was used for melting iron because it was hotter and purer than coal.以往人们用木炭炼铁，因为与煤相比，它热量更大，而且更纯.

coke /kəuk/ [U] the solid substance that remains after gas has been removed from coal by heating and which is burnt to give great heat，esp when making steel（煤经加热去除煤气后剩余的）焦；焦炭；焦煤

peat /pi:t/ 1 [U] partly decayed vegetable matter which takes the place of ordinary soil in a certain area (peat bog), and is used for burning instead of coal or for making plants grow better 泥炭；泥煤2［C］ a piece of this cut out to be used for making fires 泥炭块；泥煤块

H82 nouns 名词：oil，etc，as a fuel 作为燃料的油等

oil /orl/ [U;C] any of several kinds of fatty liquid (from animals, plants, or, esp, under the ground） used for lighting and heating 油； 油类；石油：Many kinds of oil are used today， to make machines move or to provide heat and light.现在用来开动机器或供暖、照明用的油有多种多样.The price of heating oil has gone up again.取暖用的油价又涨了.

coal gas [U] gas used esp for lighting and heating， produced by burning coal 煤气

natural gas [U] gas which is taken from under the earth (or under the bottom of the sea) and mainly used for burning to cook and heat 天然气

petroleum /pə'trəuliəm/ [U] a mineral oil ob-tained from below the surface of the earth, used to produce petrol, paraffin, and various chemical substances 石油

petrol /'petrəl/ [U] a liquid obtained esp from petroleum, used esp to produce power in the engines of cars， aircraft，etc 汽油：We can fill up with petrol at the next petrol station.我们可在下一个加油站给汽车加足汽油.

gasoline，-ene／＇gæsəli：n／AmE petrol 汽油

gas／gæs／1 natural gas or coal gas 天然气；煤气

2 AmE infml gasoline 汽油

diesel (oil) /'di:zəl (ol)/1 [U] a heavy fuel oil 柴油2［C］ any machine， esp a vehicle， that runs on diesel fuel柴油机；内燃机；内燃机车

paraffin／＇pærəfin／ ［U］ 1 also 又作 paraffin oil an oil made from petroleum, coal, etc, burnt for heat and in lamps for light 石蜡油；煤油2 also 又作 paraffin wax a waxy substance got from petroleum, coal, etc used esp in making candles 石蜡

kerosene/'kerəsi:n/[U] AmE paraffin (def 1) 煤油

benzine／＇benzi：n／［U］ a kind of petrol 轻油精； 石油精；石油挥发油

benzene /'benzi:n/ [U] a colourless liquid,ob-tained from coal, that burns easily and changes fats from solid to liquid form when mixed with them 苯

turpentine／＇t3：pən，tain／ also 又作 turps／t3：ps／ infml abbrev [U] a kind of oil used esp for mixing paints 松节油（尤指用于调油漆）

H83 nouns 名词：electricity as a fuel ［U］ 作为燃料的电

electricity /i,lek'trisəti/ 1 the power which is produced by rubbing (friction) or by chem-ical means (a battery) or by a machine called a generator, and which gives us heat, light, and sound and drives machines 电 2 electric current 电流：They turned off the electricityin the house when they went away for their holiday.他们外出度假时，切断了屋里的电源.

hydroelectricity /,haidrəurlek'trisiti/ electricity produced by the power of falling water（由水力发电产生的）水力电

power／＇pauə／electric power 电力：These are all power tools; you need to plug them into a power source.这些都是电动器具；你须把它们插入电源.

H84 nouns 名词： the results of burning 燃烧的产物

smoke /sməuk/[U] a cloud of gases, etc, which can be seen, smelled, etc, as it rises from anything that is burning 烟；（燃烧时产生的）烟雾：The smoke from the fire rose into the air. 火里冒出的烟升人天空.The room was full ofsmoke．屋里烟雾弥漫．smoky［Wal；B］1 giving off smoke 冒烟的2 full of smoke 烟雾弥漫的：Idon＇t like the smoky air in that room.我不喜欢那房间里充满烟味的空气.-ily［adv］.-iness［U］smokeless ［B］ 1 burning without smoke （燃烧时）不产生烟的2 free from smoke 无烟的-ly[adv]-ness [U]

fumes /fju:mz/[P] strong-smelling and often dangerous smoke，gases，etc（浓烈难闻的、往往是危险的）烟、气：That factory gives off a lot of nasty fumes.那家工厂释放出大量难闻的烟气.

ash/æf/ [U] the soft grey powder that remains

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after something has been burnt 灰： Clean the ash from the fireplace. 清除壁炉里的灰.The cigarette ash fell on the floor.烟灰掉在地板上. ashen ［B］ 1 like ash in colour 灰色的 2 consisting of ash 灰的；由灰构成的

ashes／＇æfiz／［P］ genl ash 灰烬：The house was burnt to ashes. 房子被烧成灰烬.Clean theashes from the fireplace.清除壁炉里的灰烬.

coal /kəul/ [C] a flaming, burning, or already burnt piece of coal or wood 烧红的煤块或木炭：A coal fell from the fire and burned the mat. 炉里掉出一块烧红的炭，把炉前的垫子烧坏了.

ember /'embə/ [C usu pl] a red-hot piece of wood or coal, esp in a fire that is no longer burning with flames 余火；余烬：He warmed his hands over the dying embers.他在快要熄灭的火炭上烘手.

cinder /'sində/ [C] a small piece of partly burned wood, coal, etc,that is not yet ash and that can be burned but without producing flames 未燃尽的煤、木炭等

cinders ／＇sındəz／ ［P］ ashes 灰烬：Before making the fire remember to empty out yesterday's cinders.生火之前，别忘了清除昨天的炉灰.

clinker /'klijkə/ [C; U] (a lump of) the partly-burnt matter left after coal or other minerals have been burned（燃烧后残留的）渣块；烧结块

H85 nouns 名词：cloth and textiles 布与纺织品

[ALSO→D130 CLOTHES]

cloth/klpθ/1 [U;C] material made fromwool, hair, cotton, etc, by weaving, and used for making garments，coverings，etc 布；（棉、毛、丝、麻等）织物；衣料：Ineed a lot of cloth if I＇mgoing to make a new dress.如果要做件新衣，我需要很多布料.They produce cloths of various kinds in this factory.他们在这家工厂里生产各种各样的布．2［C often in comb］ a piece of this used for a special purpose（特定用途的）布块： She cleaned the table with a cloth.她用抹布擦桌子.She put a clean tablecloth on the table. 她在桌子上铺了一块干净的桌布.He dried thedishes with a dishcloth.他用擦盘布把盘子擦干.

material /mə'tıəriəl/ [U; C] cotton or other woven cloth from which clothes may be made 衣料；料子：That＇s a nice material.那是块好料子.This is good dress material （＝material for making dresses out of）.这是好衣料.

fabric/'fæbrik/ 1 [C; U] cloth made by threads woven together in any of various ways 织物；织品；布：They sell good cotton fabrics here.他们这里出售优质棉织品．2［U］（fig）the framework， base，or system 构造；结构；组织：The whole fabric of society was changed by the war.由于战争，整个社会结构起了变化.

stuff /staf/ [U; C] infml & genl cloth; material 布；织品；料子：What kind of stuff is her coat made of？她的大衣是什么料子做的？These arerather unusual stuffs.这些布料很不寻常.

textiles /'tekstarlz/ [P] genl & tech cloths,

H87 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

fabrics，etc， esp as made in factories（尤指工厂生产的）布；纺织品 textile ［Wa5； A］ of orconcerning textiles 纺织的；与纺织品有关的：Thisis a textile factory／mill.这是家纺织厂.

H86 nouns 名词：threads and yarn 线与纱

[ALSO→H45,157-58]

thread /θred/ [U;C] very fine cord made by spinning cotton, wool, silk, etc, and used in sewing and weaving（见H126插图）（棉、毛、丝）线（用于缝纫及纺织）

yarn /ja:n/ [U] a long continuous thread, as of wool or cotton, used in making cloth,carpets, etc棉纱；粗纺毛纱（用来织布和地毯等）

braid ／breid／ 1 also 又作 plait ［C］ a narrow piece of material made by twisting several pieces together likea rope（绳子般的）穗带；缏2 [U] material of this kind put along the edges of clothing，esp as a decoration（镶缀在衣服边缘的）穗带；绲边；镶边：His coat wascovered in gold braid.他的大衣绲着金边.

H87 nouns 名词：kinds of cloth ［U；C］各种布料

cotton/'kptn/1 a type of plantgrown in warm areas for the soft white hair that surrounds its seeds 棉；棉树 2 the soft white hair of this plant used for making thread, cloth, cotton wool［■B176］，etc 棉花 3 thread or cloth made from this 棉线；棉纱；棉布

wool/wul/1 the soft thick type of hair which sheep and some goats have 羊毛：Some sheep＇s wool was left on the fence.有些羊毛留在栅栏上了．2 material made up from this or something like it in the form of a long string 毛线；绒线：As she knitted ［■I57］ she kept the ball of wool beside her.她打毛衣时，把毛线团放在身边．3 material from sheep＇s wool woven into cloth 毛料；毛织物：She wore a wool suit. 她身穿一套毛料服装.

worsted／＇wustid／a fine wool cloth 精纺毛织物poplin /'poplin/ a strong shiny cotton cloth used esp for making shirts and suits（棉）府绸； 毛葛

linen /'lmnin/1 a type of cloth made from the plant flax 亚麻布料：He wore a suit made of linen／ a linen suit．他穿一套亚麻布做的衣服．2clothes and cloths made of linen 亚麻衣服；亚麻布：He changed his linen （＝ linen under-clothes）.他换了（亚麻布）内衣.Get clean bed-linen （＝linen bedsheets）.换上干净的亚麻布床单.

silk /silk/ fine thread which is produced by a kind of insect (silkworm) and made into thread for sewing and into smooth soft cloth 丝织品；绸缎：Her silk dress must have cost a lot of money.她的绸衣服一定是花很多钱买的.silken ［Wa5； B］ lit soft or smooth like silk 丝一般柔软的；光润的silky［Wal；B］not fml of or like silk 丝的；丝一样的

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H88 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

satin /'sætin/ a kind of very fine smooth cloth mainly of silk, which is shiny on the front and dull on the back 缎子 satiny ［Wa5；B］ of or like satin，esp in a pleasant way 缎子的；缎子般（光滑）的

velvet /'velvit/ a type of fine, closely woven cloth made up of silk and also of nylon, cotton,etc,having a soft thick raised surface of short cut threads on one side only 天鹅绒； 丝绒；立绒；经绒：She wore a dress of bluevelvet.她穿一件蓝色天鹅绒衣服.

lace /leis/ a netlike ornamental cloth made of fine thread（装饰用的）花边；透孔织品；有网眼的织物：She had handmade lace curtains.她的花边窗帘是手工制作的.

canvas/'kænvəs/ strong, rough cloth used for tents，sails，bags，etc（粗）帆布（供制帐篷、船帆、布袋等用）

jute/d3u:t/ a substance used for making strong and rough cloth, from either of two plants grown espin East India and Bangladesh 黄麻（产于印度东部和孟加拉国）

tweed/twi:d/ a type of coarse woollen cloth woven from threads of different colours, esp in Scotland（尤指苏格兰）（粗）花呢 tweeds［P］ tweed clothes 花呢衣服：She was dressed in tweeds.她穿着一套花呢衣服.

felt/felt/ a kind of hard cloth made from wool pressed flat 毡；毛毡：He wore a felt hat.他头戴毡帽.

H88 nouns，etc 名词等：kinds of skin 皮革类

[ALSO→A126]

leather/'leðə/ [Ü] animal skin that has been treated (tanned) to preserve it, used for mak-ing shoes， bags， etc 皮革：She wore a leather coat.她穿着皮外套.leatherette ［U］ a cheap material made to look like leather 人造革leathery [Wa2; B] like leather; hard and stiff 似皮革的；坚韧的

skin /skin/1 [C; U often in comb] the natural outer covering of an animal, esp when used as leather，fur，etc 兽皮；毛皮：Many skins are needed to make a fur coat.做一件毛皮外衣需要用许多块皮.She wore a coat made of sheep-skin；it was a sheepskin coat.她穿着羊皮做的外衣；那是羊皮外衣．2［T1］ to remove the skinfrom剥去···的皮：He skinned the deer.他剥下鹿身上的皮.

hide /haid/ [C;U] (an) animal skin,esp when removed to be used for leather（从动物身上剥下作为皮革原料的）皮；皮张；兽皮：The bag wasmade of hide.提包是皮做的.He sold hides.他卖皮货.

suede /sweid/ [U] soft leather or goatskin with a rough surface 绒面革（表面粗糙如绒面的软皮革或山羊皮，俗称麂皮或麖皮）

fur/f3:/1[U] the soft thick fine hair that covers the body of some types of animal, such as bears，rabbits，cats，etc（熊、兔、猫等动物的）软

毛2［C］ a hair-covered skin of certain special types of animal, such as foxes, rabbits, beavers [→A60],etc, which has been or will be treated and used for clothing（兽类的）毛皮；皮子：The Canadian fur trader had a fine load of fursto sell after his hunting trip.那位加拿大皮货商人游猎回来，就有大量毛皮出售．3［C］ a garmentmade of one or more of these 裘；毛皮衣饰：She was wearing a silver fox fur across her shoulders.她肩上披着一条银狐披肩.She wore afur coat.她穿着皮大衣.

H89 nouns 名词：plastic and elastic ［U； C］可塑物与弹性物

plastic /'plæstık/ any of various light man-made materials produced chemically from oil or coal,that can be made into different shapes when soft and keep their shape when hard 塑胶；塑料：Nylon is a form of plastic.尼龙是一种塑料.Which of these coloured plastics do you prefer？你喜欢哪一种彩色塑料？

nylon /'nailon/ a strong elastic material made from coal, water, and air and made into cloths，cords，and plastics 尼龙

vinyl/'vamil/ (any of several types of) firm bendable plastic used instead of leather, rubber，wood，etc 乙烯基（坚韧可弯曲的塑料）：He bought a new vinyl floor covering.他买了新的乙烯基地板贴面.

elastic／r＇læstik／［also 又作 B］（material） which springs back into its natural shape after it is stretched，such as rubber［→H70］弹性材料；橡皮带；有弹性的：This toy plane will fly ifyou wind up the elastic that drives it.如果你旋紧这玩具飞机的橡皮筋，它就会飞起来.Put an elasticband round your banknotes.把钞票用橡皮筋扎起来.

H90 nouns 名词：kinds of paper 纸类

paper /'peipə/ 1 [U] material made into thin sheets from wood, cloths, etc which is used for writing and printing on, covering parcels, putting on walls， etc 纸；包装纸；壁纸：Can I have some（more）paper？可以（再）给我一些纸吗？Wrap the parcel in brown paper.用牛皮纸把这包东西包起来．2［C］a piece of this 一张纸：The papers lay on the floor.文件乱摊在地板上.

card ／ka：d／ 1 ［U］ stiffened paper 硬纸：You should use card for this job, and cut it into pieces if necessary.干这活你要用硬纸，必要时把它切成小片．2［C］ a small piece of stiffened paper, usu with information printed on it and having various uses 卡片；名片；请帖：The invitations were printed on cards.请柬印在卡片上.

cardboard /'ka:d,bo:d/ 1 [U] a thick stiff paperlike, usu brownish material used for making boxes， the backs of books，etc 硬纸板： It was a cardboard box．这是只硬纸板盒．2［A］

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（fig）something stiff，unreal，or unnatural 生硬的东西；不真实（或不自然）的物（或人）：Her newbook is full of cardboard characters.她的新书里满是不真实的人物.

H91 nouns 名词：soaps and solvents ［U；

C］肥皂与溶剂

soap/səup/a product made from fat and alkali [→H73], for use with water to clean the body or other things（见 754 页彩图）肥皂：Shebought a bar／cake of soap.她买了一条／块肥皂.soapy ［Wal；B］ of or like soap 肥皂（般）的-iness [U]

soap powder soap in powder form 肥皂粉： Many kinds of soap powder/ Many soap powders are sold, especially for use in wash-ing machines.有多种肥皂粉出售，尤其是供洗衣机用的.

bleach /bli:tf/ a substance used to make some-thing （esp clothes） whiter or cleaner 漂白剂： She used a strong bleach to clean the bath-room.她用强力漂白剂刷洗浴室.

detergent/dr't3:d3ənt/ a chemical product used for cleaning esp clothing and dishes rather than the human body 洗衣粉；洗涤剂：Our new washday detergent washes our clothes whiter than ever before.我们新的日用洗衣粉把我们的衣服洗涤得比以前更白.

disinfectant /,dısin'fektənt/ a substance used for cleaning and for killing harmful bacteria ［→A37］（disinfecting） 消毒剂；杀菌剂：The hospital smelled of disinfectant.医院里有一股消毒剂的气味.This is a special disinfectant soap.这是特制的消毒肥皂.

solvent /'splvənt/ a liquid able to break down dirt，and used to clean metals，etc溶剂（可溶解污垢，用来清洗金属品）；溶媒：Alcohol and petrolare useful solvents for spots that will not come off in water.对付用水洗不掉的污渍，酒精和汽油是很有效的溶剂.

H92 nouns 名词：polish and lacquer 擦光

剂与亮漆 [ALSO→H95,D175]

polish /'polif/ 1 [U;C] any liquid, powder, paste，etc， used in polishing a surface 擦光剂； 上光剂；擦光粉；擦光油：What kind ofmetal／shoe polish do you use？你用哪种金属擦光剂／鞋油？She uses a wax polish on her furni-ture．她用上光蜡擦家具．2［S9］a smooth shiny surface produced by rubbing 磨得十分光滑而有光泽的表面；光泽面：If you put hot plates on thistable they＇ll spoil its polish.把热盘子放在桌子上会烫坏桌面的光泽.What a high polish（＝a veryshiny surface） you have on your furniture！你的家具表面多光洁啊！3［U］（fig） apprec finequality or perfection (of manners, education, writing，etc）（指举止、文章等）优美；优雅；（指教

H94 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

育）完善：She plays the piano with great polish. 她钢琴弹奏得雍容洒脱.

varnish /'va:nıf/1 [U;C] (any of several types of) liquid made by mixing various substances with oil which, when brushed onto articles made esp of wood and allowed to dry, gives a clear hard bright surface 清漆；光漆；亮漆： Varnish is usually put onto oil paintings to protect the colours.油画上通常涂上一层光漆以保护它的色彩．2［S］the shiny appearance produced by using this substance 光泽；光泽面： Hot plates may spoil the varnish on a table. 热盘子会烫坏桌面的光泽.

lacquer/'lækə/ [U; C] any one of several trans-parent, sometimes coloured, substances used to form a hard shiny surface on metal or wood，or to make hair stay in place（涂在金属、木材等上的）光漆；亮漆；（固定发型的）定型剂

wax/wæks/ [U;C] a solid material made of fats or oils, greasy [→H12] when melted by heat and used for rubbing on surfaces, making candles［■H119］，etc蜡

resin/'rezm/1 [U;C] a sticky substance that comes out of certain trees and is often used for making varnish 树脂 2 a similar substance made from plastic 合成树脂 resinous ［B］ of， concerning，or like resin 树脂的；像树脂的；有关树脂的

H93 nouns 名词：paint and dye 油漆与染料

[ALSO→I46]

paint /pemnt/ [U;C] liquid colouring matter which can be put or spread on a surface to make it a certain colour 油漆；涂料：Where are those tins of green paint？ 那几罐绿色油漆在哪儿？The warning sign on the door said ＇wet paint＇.门上的示警牌上写着“油漆未干”.

coat/kəut/[C] a covering, esp of paint,varnish, etc，spread over the surface（漆等的）涂层： Give that wall another coat of paint.给那面墙再刷一层油漆.

dye/dar/[U;C] a vegetable or chemical sub-stance, usu liquid, used in colour things,esp by dipping 染料：Have you a bright blue dye in the shop？你们店里有鲜蓝色的染料吗？

ink /mk/[U;C] coloured liquid, usu used for writing 墨水；油墨：Can I have some red ink？ 我可以要些红墨水吗？They use various inks inthis kind of printing.他们用各种各样的油墨进行这种印刷.

H94 nouns 名词：tar and pitch 焦油与沥青

tar/ta:/ [U] a black substance, thick and sticky when hot and hard when cold, used for making roads，preserving wood，etc 焦油；焦油沥青；柏油

tarmac ／＇ta：，mæk／ also 又作 fml tarmacadam /ta:mə'kædəm/ 1 [U] a mixture of tar and

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H95 SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES 特殊物质

crushed or very small stones used for making the surface of roads 铺路面用的柏油和碎石混合料 2 ［C］ an area covered in tarmac，esp one used for landing aircraft on（a runway）柏油碎石路面（尤指飞机跑道）

asphalt/'æsfælt/[U] a black sticky material that is firm when it hardens, used for the surface of roads（铺路面用的）沥青；柏油：They havegood asphalt roads here.他们这儿的柏油路很好.pitch /prty [U] any of various black substances that are melted into a sticky material used for making hard protective coverings or for putting in cracks, esp in wooden ships, to stop water coming through 沥青（用以保护物体表面或填塞裂缝，尤用于木船防止漏水）

H95 verbs 动词：polishing， painting，and dyeing 擦亮、上漆与染色

[ALSO→D175]

polish/'polf/ 1[T1 (up); X7; L9, esp up] to make or become smooth and shiny by contin-ual rubbing 磨光；擦亮：Polish your shoes with a brush.用刷子把你的皮鞋擦亮.Silver polisheseasily with this special cloth.用这种特制布容易擦亮银器.He polished up the old copper coins. 他把古铜币擦得锃亮.The coins didn＇t polish upvery well．这些硬币没有擦得很亮．2［Wv5；T1］(fig) to make (a speech, piece of writing, artistic performance, etc) as good as possible 使完善；润色：The writer spends a lot of time polishing his work.这位作家花费很多时间给作品润色.The piano player gave a very polished performance.钢琴演奏者的表演尽善尽美.Whata very polished person she is; she's very good socially.她是多么雍容大方呀；她很善于社交.

varnish／＇va：nıf／ ［T1］ to cover with varnish 给··· 涂清漆：He vainished the wooden table.他给木桌涂了清漆.

lacquer／＇lækə／［T1］ to cover with lacquer 用亮漆涂；用定型剂固定（发型）：She lacquered thetable.她给桌子上了亮漆.She has lacquered hair.她的头发用了定型剂.

wax／wæks／［T1］ to treat with wax ［→H92］给··· 打蜡：He waxed the car then polished it.他给汽车上了蜡，然后把它擦得锃亮.

paint／pemt／［T1］ to cover with paint给···上油漆； 着色于：He painted the walls.他汕漆墙壁.Hepainted the boat blue and white.他把船漆成了蓝白两色.painter ［C］ a person who paints things，esp as an occupation（油）漆工

coat/kəut/[T1(with)] to cover with a coat (as of paint）涂上；覆盖：The wall had been thickly coated.with paint.墙壁给刷上厚厚的一层油漆.

dye/dar/[T1; X7; L7] to give a colour to by using dye 染；把···染上颜色：She dyed the wool （blue）.她把毛线染上颜色（染成蓝色）.

ink／mk／［T1（in，over）］ to cover with ink 用墨水描；涂墨色（油墨）于：He inked in the darkerparts of the picture.他用墨水加描了图画的阴暗部分.

bleach/bli:tf [T1; (IØ)] to (cause to) become

white or whiter,esp by using bleach[→H91] or through the light of the sun 漂白；晒白；变白： They bleached the clothes.他们把衣服漂白了. There were only a few dry bones left,bleached by the sun.只剩下几根被太阳晒白了的枯骨.

tar／ta：／［T1］to cover with tar 涂（或浇）焦油（或柏油）于：The road was tarred yesterday.这条路昨天浇了柏油.

asphalt /'æsfælt/ [T1] to cover (esp a road) with asphalt 铺沥青于：They asphalted the roads.他们给马路铺上沥青.

tan/tæn/ [IØ; T1] 1 to make (an animal's skin) into leather 鞣（革）；硝（皮）：Tanning is an important industry in that town.鞣革是镇上的重要行业.He tanned the skins.他把皮子鞣成了革．2［also 又作 X7］ to （cause to） become brown（把···）晒黑；（把···）晒成褐色；变成褐色：His skin tans easily.他的皮肤容易晒黑.The sun tanned her brown.太阳把她晒黑了.tanner［C］ a person who tans skins 制革工人；鞣皮工人tannery [C] a place where the tanning of skins is done 制革厂；鞣皮厂

Equipment, machines, and instruments

设备、机器与仪器

H110 nouns 名词：equipment and apparatus 设备与装置

equipment /r'kwipmənt/ [U] 1 the things needed to do something 装备；设备：We need modern office equipment.我们需要现代化的办公室设备.The climbers had all the necessary equipment for mountain climbing.登山者有爬山所需的一切装备．2 the act of equipping 装备（指行为）；配备：The complete equipment of the new hospital will take a year.这所新医院要用一年的时间才能装备齐全.

apparatus / æpə'reitəs/ [U; C usu sing] 1 a set of instruments, machines, etc, that work to-gether for a particular purpose（能提供某种用途的）一套器材、仪器等：This electric heatingapparatus is very clean.这种电暖气装置不会弄脏地方．2 a set of instruments， machines，tools， materials, etc, needed for a particular purpose （从事某种工作所需要的）一套器材、仪器：Thetelevision men set uup their apparatus ready to film．电视摄制人员安装好器材，准备拍片．3 agroup of parts that work together, esp inside the body（尤指身体内同一功能的一组）器官：Thebreathing apparatus includes the nose, throat, and lungs．呼吸器官包括鼻、咽喉和肺．4 anorganization or system made up of many parts 机构；机关；组织：The political apparatus set up by the government is used to settle industrial troubles.这个由政府设立的政治机构是用来解决劳资纠纷的.

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gear/grə/[U] a set of things collected together, often equipment, esp when used for a particu-lar purpose 一套工具或用具：Did you bring all your gear with you？你把工具都带来了吗？

kit /kit/ [U] (a box for) a set of articles, esp tools,needed for a certain kind of work or for a particular purpose 成套工具；工具箱：There is a shoe-cleaning kit in the cupboard.壁橱里有一套刷鞋用具.Where＇s my tool kit？我的工具箱在哪儿？

stuff／staf／［U］ infml ＆ genl equipment，etc 器材；工具：Bring all your stuff in here.把你的东西都拿到这里来.Have you got the necessary stuff for the job？你们有干这种活所需要的器材吗？

things /Orgz/ [P] infml & genl equipment,etc, esp when carried with one 器材（尤指随身带的）：Where can I put my things？我可以把工具放在什么地方？I need to get the right things for the job.干这件工作我得有合适的工具.

tackle/'tækəl/1 [U] equipment needed for a game or certain kinds of work（游戏或某种工作需要的）用具；器具：fishing tackle 钓鱼用具；Hehad all his tackle with him. 他把所有的用具都带上了．2［C］ a set of ropes and wheels，etc， for lifting heavy things or moving the sails of a ship（吊起重物的）滑车；帆的滑车索具

rig /rig/ [C often in comb] equipment put to-gether for a special purpose 成套器械；用具：an oilrig 钻油（井）机

paraphernalia /,pærəfə'neılıə/ [U] esp pomp & ironical the equipment, tools, etc, which a person has or which are (thought to be) needed for a job 随身用具；设备；工具：Do youreally need all this paraphernalia to do a simple job like that？干那样简单的活你当真需要所有这些工具吗？He has brought his parapher-nalia with him.他的用具随身都带来了.

H111 nouns 名词： tools and utensils ［C］ 工具与器皿

tool/tu:l/1 any instrument or apparatus such as an axe, hammer, spade,etc, held in the hands for doing special jobs 工具2（fig）anything necessary for doing one＇s job（工作所需的）任何东西；工具：Words are his tools.语言就是他的工具.We must give the government the neces-sary tools for winning the war.我们必须向政府提供打赢这场战争所需要的一切东西．3（fig）aperson unfairly or dishonestly used by an-other for his own purposes 被利用的人；爪牙；工具；傀儡：The king was the tool of the military government.国王是军人政府的傀儡.

implement／＇impləmənt／fml a tool 工具；器具： What implements did they use?-They used stone implements.他们使用什么工具？-他们用的是石器.

artifact, artefact /'a:tr,fækt/ anything made by man，esp if useful 人工制品：wood and metal artifacts 木制品和金属制品

instrument/'instrəmənt/ 1 an object used to help in work 仪器；器械；器具：Have we got all

H112 EQUIPMENT 设备

the medical instruments？所有的医疗器械我们都有了吗？2 also 又作 musical instrument an object which is played to give musical sounds 乐器［→K44］3 someone or something which seems to be used by an outside force to cause something to happen 被利用的人；工具：He didn't mean to do it; he was just an instru-ment of fate.他本不想干那种事；他只不过是受命运摆布罢了.

utensil /ju:'tensəl/ fml or tech 1 an object for use in a particular way， esp a tool 器皿；用具： He bought all the utensils for gardening.他买了全套园艺用具．2 any tool，container，etc，used in the house，esp for cooking 家用器具；烹饪用具：He washed the kitchen utesils.他清洗厨房用具.

H112 nouns 名词：machines and

appliances［C］机器与器具

machine/mə'ji:n/1 a man-made instrument or apparatus which uses power (such as elec-tricity） to perform work 机器；机械：That＇s a nice sewing machine.那是一台很好的缝纫机.The factory machines are very noisy.工厂的机器噪音很大.That machine needs to be repaired．那台机器需要修理．2（fig）a person or group of persons which is like a machine 机械地工作的人（或机构）：The army turned himfrom a clever boy into a machine.军队把他从一个伶俐的孩子变成了一个机器人.The partymachine is ready for the election.党的机构已为竞选做好准备.

appliance /ə'plaıəns/ an apparatus,instrument, or tool for a particular purpose, often one that is fitted to a larger machine（常指可装在较大机器上的）用具；器具；装置：Different appli-ances can be screwed onto this machine to crush coffee beans, prepare cake mixture, etc. 这台机器可以装上不同的器具，用来研碎咖啡豆、调制蛋糕混合料等.She has all the modernkitchen appliances.现代化的厨房用具她应有尽有.They sell electrical appliances for the home.他们出售各种家用电器.

device /dr'vais/ an instrument, esp one that is cleverly thought out or made for a special purpose（尤指构思或制作精巧的）装置：Heinvented a neat little device for sharpening pencils.他发明了一个小巧玲珑的削铅笔装置.

gadget /'gæd3it/ infml a small machine or useful apparatus 小机械；小器具：What is that gadget used for？那个小机械是用来干什么的？

contraption /kən'træpfən/ usu infml & deprec a machine or device， esp if it looks unusual 奇异的装置；新奇的玩意儿：What on earth is thatcontraption？那个新奇的玩意儿究竟是什么东西？Get that dangerous contraption out of here before it hurts somebody！快拿走那个危险的玩意儿，以免伤着人！

robot /'rəubpt/1 a machine that can work (in some ways） like a person 机器人；自动机械：The plane has a robot pilot.这架飞机由自动驾驶仪

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操纵．2（fig）a person who acts like a machine 机器般行动的人

automaton/o:'tpmətən/ an automatic [→I73] machine that can behave like a person 自动机； 机器人：They work like automatons in that factory.他们在那家工厂里像机器人一样地干活.

spares/speəz/ [P] extra parts of machines, usu kept to take the place of parts which have been damaged， used too much，etc（机器等的） 备件；备用品：Do you keep spares for this kind of car？你有这种汽车的备件吗？

H113 nouns 名词：machinery，engines， and motors，etc 机器、发动机、马达等

machinery /mə'fi:nəri/ [U] 1 machines in general 机器；机械（总称）：A lot of newmachinery has been put into the factory.工厂里装备了大量新机器．2 the working parts of anapparatus（机器的）运转部分：Something is wrong with the machinery of this clock; it isn＇t working．钟的机件有毛病；它不走了．3（fig）a system or organization by which action is controlled 机构；组织：The machinery of the law works slowly.法律机构工作迟缓.

engine /'end3ən/ [C] any piece of machinery with moving parts which changes energy [→H80] from steam, electricity,oil, etc, into movement（见939页彩图）引擎；发动机：Thatcar engine is a good one.那汽车的发动机很好.The car has engine trouble.汽车发动机出了故障.

motor/'məutə/1 [C] a machine, esp small, that changes power, esp electrical power, into movement（小型）发动机（尤指电动机）；摩托；马达：This grass-cutting machine is driven by an electric motor.这部刈草机是由电动马达推动的.He sells motor oils （＝oil for motors）.他经销机油．2［A］ driven by an engine 由发动机推动的；机动的：No motor vehicle is allowed by law to use the roads if its condition makes it unsafe to drive.法律禁止不能安全行驶的机动车辆使用道路.a motor vessel 机动船只；a motor scooter 低座小摩托车；a motor mower 机动刈草机3［A］of, for, or concerning vehicles driven by an engine，esp those used on roads机动车辆的；汽车的：the motor industry 汽车工业；Motor insurance costs more ifa car is used in a big city.汽车在大城市使用的话，汽车保险费就贵些.motor sports 赛车运动；motor racing 赛车；a motor magazine 汽车杂志

mechanism /'mekənizəm/ [C usu sing] 1 the arrangement by which a machine works or is made 机械装置；机械结构：I can＇t understandthe mechanism of this machine.我不明白这台机器的机械结构．2 a small machine 小机械；小机器：That＇s an interesting mechanism； how does it work？那台小机器挺有趣，它怎么运转？

works /w3:ks/ [P] the moving parts (of a machine）（机器的）活动机件：The clock has stopped; something must have got into the works.钟停了；一定是什么东西掉进到机件里去了.workings/'w3:kujz/[P] the way in which some-

thing，esp a machine，works 运转方式；活动方式： I shall never understand the workings of an engine.我总搞不清发动机的工作原理.

clockwork /'klpk,w3:k/ [U] 1 the machinery that works a clock（见L228插图）时钟机构2any machinery like this, that can usu be wound with a key, and that is esp used in toys 类似时钟机构的发条装置（尤指玩具中的）：Thechildren played happily with their clockwork toys.孩子们兴高采烈地玩有发条装置的玩具.

bearing /'beərin/ [C] a part of a machine on which a moving part rests, in which it can move 轴承 ball bearing ［C］ 1 less common a part of a machine that turns on small metal balls 滚珠轴承 2 more common one of these balls 滚珠：What size ball bearings do you use？ 你用多大号的滚珠？

H114 nouns，etc 名词等：turbines，

generators，and pumps，etc 涡轮机、发电机与唧筒等

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turbine 涡轮机

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petrol pump

汽油泵

turbine /'t3:bain/ [C] a kind of engine which works by the force of gas or water turning a wheel 涡轮机；透平机；叶轮机 turbo-［combform］ relating to a turbine 表示“涡轮推动的”、“有涡轮的”：a turbo-generator 涡轮发动机；涡轮发电机

generator /'d3enə,reitə/ [C] a machine which makes （＝ generates），usu electricity 发生器； （通常指）发电机：The building has two elec-tricity generators.这座楼装有两台发电机.

dynamo /'daməməu/ [C] a machine (esp small) which turns some other kind of power into

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electricity（见939页彩图）（尤指小型）发电机：There is a dynamo on my bicycle.我的自行车上有个小发电机.（fig） He is a real dynamo； henever stops working.他精力真充沛，总在不停地工作.

pile /pail/[C] a type of apparatus that produces electricity or atomic power 电堆；原子反应堆；核反应堆

reactor／rr＇æktə／ ［C］an atomic pile 原子反应堆； 核反应堆

pump/pAmp/1 [C] a machine, usu with a tube and a handle, for forcing liquid, air, or gas into or out of something 泵；抽（水）机；唧筒； 打气筒；推筒：At the farm there was an old-fashioned pump for drawing water from a well.农场里有架老式抽水机从井里抽水.Theheart is a kind of natural pump that moves the blood around the body.心脏是一个天然泵，能使血液在体内循环.He used a bicycle pump tofill the tyres with air.他用自行车打气筒给轮胎打气.The garage has four petrol pumps.加油站里有四台汽油泵．2［T1；L9］to move by means of apump 用抽水机抽（液体）；用气筒打（气）：Theypumped the water out of the ship.他们用抽水机抽出轮船里的水．3［IØ］to work a pump 操作抽机；用抽机（抽水）：Stop pumping now.现在停止抽水.

piston /'pistən/ [C] a round metal plate or a short solid pipe-shaped piece of metal that fits into a tube (cylinder) in which it is moved up and down by pressure or explosion, used in engines, pumps, etc, to give movement to other parts of a machine by means of a connecting rod （piston rod）（见 939 页彩图） 活塞（靠活塞杆 piston rod 传动）

fan/fæn/1 [C] an object used in the hand or electrically to cause the movement of air, usu in order to make a person or place less hot 扇子；（电）风扇：She waved （＝ moved backwards and forwards） her fan in front of her face.她在自己脸前扇扇子.The fans set in the windowsbegan to turn and draw fresh air into the room.安装在窗口的风扇开始转动，把新鲜空气吹到屋里．2［T1］ to cool，etc， with a fan，or anything used in the same way 用扇子（或其他物件）扇风：She felt hot and fanned herself with a newspaper.她感到很热，就用一张报纸给自已扇风.

H115 nouns 名词：meters and gauges，

etc［C］仪表等

meter/'mi:tə/ a machine which measures the amount used（记录使用数量的）计量器；···计；表；仪表：He read the amount of gas used on the meter.他查煤气表上已用煤气的度数.He read thegas meter. 他查煤气表.The parking meter allows two hours＇ parking for 20p．停车计时表规定停车两小时收费二十便士.

gauge /gerd3/ an instrument for\_measuring size, amount, etc, such as the width of wire, the amount of rain，etc（测量金属线直径、降雨

H115 EQUIPMENT 设备

量等的）量器；量计：The rain gauge shows that 2cm of rain fell here yesterday．雨量计表明，昨天这里降雨二厘米.

dial /'darəl/1 the front or face of any of various instruments such as a clock（仪表等的）刻度盘； 钟面：A dial shows the measurements of time， speed, pressure, etc, by means of a pointer and figures.刻度盘用指针和数字表示时间、速度、压力等的计量结果．2 the plate on the front of aradio set, with a pointer and names or numbers, which is used to find a particular radio station（收音机的）调谐度盘3 the wheelon a telephone with holes for the fingers, which is moved round when one makes a tele-phone call（见656页彩图）（电话机的）拨号盘clock/klpk/not fml a dial, esp on a vehicle, esp for showing the speed or number of kilometres／miles travelled（尤指车辆上的）仪表

（如速度表、里程计等）

scale /skeil/1 a set of marks, esp numbers, on an instrument at exactly fixed distances apart, as for measuring 标度；刻度；尺度：The distance is measured on a metric scale (= one using metres，not feet）.距离是用公制（即用公尺，而不是英尺）计量的.This slide rule（＝special ruler for calculating, used by engineers, etc) has six scales．这把计算尺有六种刻度．2 a piece ofwood, plastic, etc, with such marks on the edge 刻度尺（木质的或塑料的等）3 a set ofnumbers or standards for measuring or comparing 等级；级别：The workers here are all on the same pay scale.这里的工人都有同样的工资等级.

indicator /'indikeitə/ a needle or pointer on a machine showing the measure of some qual-ity, or a substance which shows what is hap-pening in a chemical mixture（仪器上的）指针； 指示器；示动器；（化学）指示剂

panel /'pænal/ a board on which controls or instruments of various kinds are fastened 控制板；操纵盘（或台）；仪表盘：He could not under-stand the aeroplane＇s control panel.他看不懂飞机的操纵仪表盘.

dashboard /'dæf,bo:d/ the long board in the front of a motor vehicle into which the instru-ments are set（见938页彩图）（汽车的）仪表板switch /switf/ 1 a movable apparatus for stop-ping an electric current from flowing, esp one which is moved up or down with the hand 开关；电闸 2 a movable apparatus for causing a train to turn onto another railway line（铁路的）转辙器；道岔（供火车转轨用）

switchboard /'switf,bo:d/1 a board containing a number of switches 配电盘；电键板；开关屏2the arrangement of telephone wires, or the people who work on it, on a central board for connections（电话的）交换机；总机；交换台

knob /npb/ a switch in the form of a round lump（收音机等的）旋钮；调节器：He turned theknobs on the radio set. 他转动收音机的旋钮.How do you turn the sound down on this machine?-Try the second knob on the left. 怎样才能调低这台机器的声音？-拧左边的第二个旋钮.

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H116 EQUIPMENT 设备

H116 nouns 名词：frames and structures 构架与结构

frame /freim/ [C] 1 the set of main supports over and around which something is stretched or built 构架；骨架：In some parts of the world small boats are made of skins stretched over a wooden frame.在世界某些地区，用皮子绷在木制骨架上做成小船．2 the hard solid parts whichare fitted together to make something 架；座： This old bed has an iron frame.这张旧床有一个铁架．3（the form or shape of） a human or animal body（人或动物的）身躯：a man with apowerful frame 体格健壮的人；Such hardships are more than the human frame can bear.这种困苦不是人体所能承受得了的．4 a firm borderor case into which something is fitted or set, or which holds something in place（见656页彩图）框架；框子：In a silver frame on the table there was a photograph of his son.桌上一个银镜框里镶着他儿子的一张照片.I can＇t close thedoor； it doesn＇t fit properly into its frame.我关不上门；这门和门框互相不吻合.The frame of herglasses needs mending; one of the pieces of glass （lenses） might fall out.她的眼镜框需要修理；有一块镜片可能要掉出来.

framework/'freim,w3:k/ [C] 1 a supporting structure 构架（工程）；框架；结构：In modern times most ships have a metal framework; formerly they were made of wood.现在的船只多数都有金属的骨架；从前骨架是用木头做的．2（fig） a plan or system 组织；机构：He gave a talk about the framework of modern govern-ment.他作了一个关于现代政府组织机构的报告.

network /'net,w3:k/ [C] 1 a large system of lines,tubes, wires, etc, that cross or meetone another 网状系统；网络：Britain has a large rail-way network.英国有庞大的铁路网.The planthad a network of roots．这种植物有网状的根．2(fig) a group or system whose members are connected in some way（其成员间有某种关系的）团体或系统：He has a network of business and personal friends in many cities.他在许多城市里都有许多商业联系和私人朋友.

structure /'straktfə/ 1 [U] the way in which parts are formed into a whole 结构；构造：He studied the structure of the brain/the cell structure of the body.他研究大脑结构／人体的细胞构造．2［C］something formed of many parts， esp a building 结构物；建筑物： That building is a tall structure.那是一幢高层建筑物.structural [Wa5; B] of, concerning, or having a structure 结构的；构造的：The building has a structural fault.这楼房结构上有毛病.-ly［adv］ The build-ing is not structurally sound （＝strong）.这楼房的构造不坚固.

scaffolding/'skæfəldin/ [U] poles and boards (to be) built into a system, usu to support people working on the outside of buildings 脚手架；施工架；棚架；搭建施工架的材料（支杆和木板等）

body /'bpdi/ [C] the main part or structure of a vehicle，place，etc（汽车、地方等的）车身；船身；

主体部分：The car＇s body was covered in rust ［→H69］．这辆汽车车身上生满了锈．The body ofthe hall was filled with people.大厅中挤满了人. hull／hal／［C］ the main body of a ship（见940 页彩图）船壳；船体

chassis/'fæsi/ [C] 1 the framework on which the body and working parts of a vehicle, radio, etc， are fastened or built 底架；座架 2 the frame and working parts of a car,radio,etc, as opposed to its body（见939 页彩图）（汽车等的）底盘；（收音机的）机壳；底架3 the landingapparatus of a plane（飞机着陆用的）机架

rack /ræk/ [C] a frame on which things can be kept 搁物架；挂物架：A rack for tools is a toolrack and for luggage (= cases, etc) in a train is a luggage rack.放工具的架子叫工具架，而火车里放行李的架子叫行李架.He put the cases on theroofrack of the car.他把箱子放在汽车的顶架上.

H117 nouns 名词：cranes and elevators ［C］起重机与升降机

[ALSO→D30]

起重机

crane/krem/ a machine for lifting and moving heavy objects by means of a very strong rope or wire fastened to a movable arm 起重机

pulley/'puli/ an apparatus consisting of a wheel over which a rope or chain can be moved, used for lifting heavy things 滑轮；滑车

hoist /hoist/ an apparatus for lifting heavy goods起重机；吊车

elevator /'elə,veitə/ 1 AmE, lift /lifl/ BrE.a machine that takes people up or down to another floor inside a building 电梯；升降机： Go up in the elevator.乘电梯上去.Take the elevator to the 6th floor． 乘电梯上六楼．2 amachine consisting of a moving belt with buckets, used for raising grain and liquid, un-loading ships，etc 起卸机 3 a storehouse for grain 谷物仓库 4 one of two movable parts in the tail of an aeroplane which make it able to climb and descend（见940 页彩图）（飞机的）升降舵

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H118 nouns 名词：clocks and watches

［C］（见L229插图）钟表

clock /klpk/ an instrument for measuringand showing time, usu by means of two or three hands moving around a numbered face (= dial) to mark the hour, minute, and some-times second（时）钟：The clock in the church tower struck nine.教堂塔楼里的钟敲了九下.Hemakes clocks； he is a clockmaker.他制造时钟， 是个钟匠.

watch /wptf/ a small clock that is worn onthe wrist (a wristwatch) or carried in a pocket (a pocket watch）手表；腕表；怀表：My watch is slow／fast／correct.我的表快了／慢了／很准.He makes watches； he is a watchmaker.他制造手表，是个表匠.

timepiece／＇tarm，pi：s／fml ＆ old use a clock 时计（指钟、表）

chronometer /krə'npmətə/ a very exact clock or other instrument for measuring time, esp as used for scientific purposes 精密时计（尤指作科学用途的）；天文钟

H119 nouns 名词：lamps and torches ［C］ 灯与手电筒

[ALSO→L20 LIGHT]

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lamp/læmp/ [often in comb] 1 any of various types of apparatus for giving light, as from oil, gas， or electricity 灯 2 any of various types of electrical apparatus used to produce health-giving forms of heat（治疗或保健用的）灯：asunlamp 太阳灯

lantern /læntən/1 a container, usu of glass and metal, that encloses and protects the flame of a light 提灯；灯笼 2 the top of a building ortower (such as a lighthouse) with windows on all sides 灯笼式屋顶；灯塔上的灯室

light /lait/[often in comb] anything which gives light，esp a lamp， lantern， small fire，etc 发光物；灯：He lit a light.他点亮了灯.The room had a small electric light beside the bed.房间里床头有一盏小电灯.Turn off all the lights.关掉所有的灯.Most traffic lights are red， yellow and green.交通信号灯大多数是红、黄、绿三色.

torch /to:tf/1 AmE usu flashlight a small elec-tric light carried in the hand to give light 手电筒：The policemen shone their torches into our

H120 EQUIPMENT 设备

faces．警察用手电筒照住我们的脸．2 a mass ofburning material tied to a stick and carried by hand to give light 火炬；火把：Light the torches！ 点燃火炬！（fig）The dry forest went up like a torch （＝ burned very fiercely）.这干燥的树林烧成一片火海.The torch of knowledgellearning is burning brightly.知识／学问之炬放光芒.

beacon /'bi:kən/ a usu large light, lantern, etc, used esp in one particular place to give warn-ing of danger，esp to ships 烽火；（警告航船的） 信标；信号灯：The beacon on the shore warned the ship to keep away.岸土的信标警告那艘船不要靠岸.They lit a beacon on the hill-top.他们点亮了山顶上的信号灯.

flare/fleə/ something that provides a bright light out of doors, esp in an airfield or street market，etc 照明灯；闪光装置：The ship is sink-ing；send up some flares！船要沉没了；快发闪光信号！

candle /'kændl/ a usu round stick of wax which gives light when it burns 蜡烛

wick /wik/ 1 a piece of twisted thread in a candle which burns as the wax melts 蜡烛芯；烛芯2 a tubelike piece of material in an oil lamp which draws up oil while burning（油灯的） 灯芯

-light /-lait/ [comb form] light of a stated kind ···光：He read the book by lamp-light／candlelight.他在灯光／烛光下看书.She searched by torchlight for the lost money.她打着手电筒寻找失落的钱.Sunlight and moonlightare part of nature.日光和月光是大自然的一部分.

H120 nouns 名词：fires and burners ［C］ 炉火和炉子

[ALSO→H75-79]

fire /farə/ a gas or electrical apparatus for warming a room, with the flames or red-hot wires able to be seen（煤气、电）炉

furnace/'f3:nis/1 a large enclosed fire used for producing hot water or steam（烧水或产生水蒸气的）锅炉：Furnaces are used for heating buildings by means of pipes, or for driving steam engines.锅炉可通过管道向房屋提供暖气，或用来推动蒸汽机.This room＇s like a furnace（＝it＇s much too hot）．这间屋子热得像锅炉．2 anapparatus in a factory, in which metals and other substances are heated to very high tem-peratures in an enclosed space 熔炉；高炉（炼铁用）

heater/'hi:tə/ a machine for heating the air, or water, such as those which burn gas, oil, or electricity to produce heat 加热器；暖气设备

stove /stəuv/ an apparatus for cooking or heating which works by burning coal, oil,gas, etc，or by electricity（取暖或烹饪用的）炉；火炉；电（煤气、煤油）炉：We have a gas stove and anoil stove.我们有一个煤气炉和一个煤油炉.

oven /'Avən/ any of several types of enclosed boxlike spaces used for cooking,baking clay, etc（见753页彩图）烤炉；烤箱 like an oven

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H121 EQUIPMENT 设备

uncomfortably hot 热得令人难受：It＇s like an oven in here； open the window.这里热得像烤箱；打开窗户吧.

microwave oven ／，markrəweiv ＇Avən／， also 又作microwave /'maikrə,weiv/ a type of oven that uses very short electric waves to cook food 微波炉

cooker /'kukə/ an apparatus on which food can be cooked（见753页彩图）炊具；锅；···炉：Doyou have a gas cooker or an electric cooker in your kitchen？你厨房里用的是煤气炉还是电炉？

burner /'bз:nə/ a thing that burns,esp the part of a heater, cooker, etc, that provides flames 燃烧器；炉头 -burner ［comb form］ 1 having burners of a stated number or type 有···炉头的： It＇s a two-burner heater．这是个两头灶．2 an apparatus burning material of a stated type of power，heat，or light（烧···燃料的）炉：He bought an oil-burner.他买了一只煤油炉.

radiator/'reidieitə/1 an apparatus consisting of pipes with steam or hot water passing through them，used for heating buildings（以蒸汽或热水通过管道而使房子温暖的）暖气装置；暖气设备 2an electric heater for the same purpose（见656页彩图）取暖电炉

match/mætf/ a very small thin piece of wood with a substance at one end which can be set on fire easily 火柴：He lit a match.他擦亮一根火柴.He lit acigarette with a match.他用火柴点了一支香烟.box of matches ［C］ a small box full of such matches（一）盒火柴 matchbox［C］ a box for matches， esp if empty火柴盒

lighter/'lartə/ an instrument that gives a light in order to set something else on fire 引燃器；打火机：a cigarette lighter（点烟用）打火机

H121 nouns 名词：fireworks 烟火；烟花

fireworks /'farə,w3:ks/ [P] 1 bright explosive lights used esp for entertainment 烟火；烟花： The children enjoyed watching the fireworks. 孩子喜欢看烟火．2 the tubes，etc，which are lit to produce fireworks 烟火具；花炮；花筒：He bought some fireworks．他买了一些花炮．3a show of fireworks, esp at a special ceremony （在特别仪式上的）烟火表演；烟花表演4（fig）ashow of anger 发火；发怒：I told you there＇d be fireworks if you annoyed the teacher by talking in class.我告诉过你，要是在课堂上说话，老师会大发脾气的.

pyrotechnics / parərəu'tekniks/1[U] the art or practice of making fireworks for entertain-ment or as signals for ships, aircraft, soldiers, etc 烟火制造术；烟火施放法2［P］fml or tech apublic show of fireworks for entertainment 烟火表演；烟花表演 3［P］（fig）a（too） splendid show of skill in words， music， etc（文字或音乐技能等的）精彩；炫耀：We admired the pianist＇s pyrotechnics, but we felt that he didn't express the real meaning of the music.我们佩服这位钢琴家的演奏技巧，但感到他没有表达出这首乐曲的真意.

rocket/'rokit/ [C] a stick attached to a tube-

shaped case packed with gunpowder, that is shot high into the air and lets out stars of coloured flame； a kind of firework 起火（一种带杆的花炮）；冲天烟火：We＇ll let off somerockets on your birthday.你过生日那天我们将为你放烟火.

H122 nouns 名词：magnets and compasses，etc［C］磁铁与指南针等

magnet/'mægnit/1 an object, esp a piece of iron, which can draw other objects, esp iron, towards it, either naturally or because of an electric current being passed through it 磁体； 磁铁；磁石：The（centre of the） earth is a natu-ral magnet.地球（地心）是一个天然磁体.Onecan pick up pins with a magnet.你可用磁铁把针吸起来．2（fig） a person or thing which draws or attracts（people）有吸引力的人（或物）： High wages may act as a magnet to encourage people to work in the mines.高工资能够吸引人们在矿山工作．［■H200-201］

compass /'kampəs/ 1 an instrument for show-ing direction, usu consisting of a freely-moving magnetic needle which always moves to point to the north（见L13插图）指南针；（磁）罗盘：Agood sailor is never lost as long as he has a map and compass.优秀的海员只要有一张海图和一个指南针就不会迷航．2 any of several otherinstruments used for this purpose 用于指示方向的其他仪器［ALSO■L12］

needle /'ni:dl/ the long thin pointed piece of metal in a dial ［→H115］， esp of a compass（见L13插图）罗（盘）针；磁针；指针：The needlepointed north.罗盘磁针指向北方.

H123 nouns 名词：lenses and glasses 透镜与眼镜

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lens /lenz/[C] 1 a piece of transparent glass or other material, curved on one or both sides,

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which makes a beam of light passing through it bend, spread out, become narrower, change direction, etc, used in glasses for the eyes, cameras，microscopes，etc 透镜；（凹、凸）镜片： Spectacles have two lenses,one for each eye. 眼镜有两块镜片，一只眼睛一片．2 such an instru-ment made of natural animal material behind the black opening (pupil) in the front of the eye（见B24插图）（眼球的）晶状体

glass /gla:s/ [C] an object made of or contain-ing glass, shaped esp to make things seem larger（能放大物像的）镜（如放大镜、望远镜等）：He looked at the insect through a magnifying glass (= a glass that magnifies or makes things seem larger）.他用放大镜观察昆虫.

prism /'prizəm/ [C] a block, esp of glass, with three or more sides, that breaks up white light into the different colours of the spectrum[→L27］棱镜；折光镜 prismatic ［Wa5；B］ of or like a prism 棱镜的；棱柱形的-ally［adv Wa4］

glasses /'gla:siz/ [P] an arrangement of two lenses in a frame which holds them over the eyes to help a person with imperfect eyesight to see clearly 眼镜：He wore （a pair of） glasses.他戴着（一副）眼镜.

spectacles ／＇spektəkəlz／［P］ fml glasses 眼镜： He wore a （a pair of） spectacles.他戴着（一副）眼镜.

specs／speks／［P］infml glasses 眼镜

contact lens， also 又作 contact ／＇kontækt／ infml [C often pl] a small plastic lens shaped to fit closely over the centre of the eye to im-prove the eyesight 隐形眼镜；接触透镜

sunglasses /'sAn,gla:siz/ [P] dark glasses used esp to protect the eyes from bright sunlight 太阳眼镜；墨镜

goggles /'gogəlz/[P] (a pair of) large round pieces of glass or plastic with an edge which fits against the skin so that dust and wind or water cannot get near the eyes（防尘、防风或防水的）护目镜；风镜：motorcycle goggles 骑摩托车用的风镜；ski goggles 滑雪用的护目镜

telescope /'telə skəup/ [C] a tubelike scientific instrument with lenses used for seeing distant objects by making them appear nearer and larger 望远镜；望远装置 telescopic［Wa5；B］of， concerning， like， or with a telescope 望远镜的； 似望远镜的；用望远镜看的-ally［Adv Wa4］：Heexamined the star telescopically.他用望远镜观察那颗星.

binoculars /br'npkjuləz/ [P] a pair of short telescopes for both eyes, used to see distant objects 双筒望远镜：Binoculars are used for sports and the theatre.双筒望远镜可用来观看体育比赛和看戏.He watched the bird through（a pair of）binoculars.他用（一副）双筒望远镜观察鸟.

microscope /'markrə,skəup/ [C] an instrument with lenses through which one can look at very small things because it makes them appear much larger than they are 显微镜：He saw very small living things under/through the microscope.他用显微镜观察到了极小的生物.microscopic [Wa2; B] small, as seen or

H125 EQUIPMENT 设备

needing to be seen through a microscope 用显微镜才可见的；微观的-ally ［adv Wa4］

H124 nouns 名词：bells and gongs［C］钟与锣

（自行车）车铃

bell /bel/ 1 a rounded, hollow metal vessel, which makes a ringing sound when struck 钟； 铃 2 something with the form of a typical bell， hollow and widening towards the open end 钟状物：The bell of the flower was beautiful.这钟形花朵很美.

clapper /'klæpə/ the hammerlike object hung inside a bell which strikes the bell to make it ring 钟舌；铃舌

gong /gog/ a round piece of metal hanging from a frame, which when struck with a stick gives a deep ringing sound, as used in Eastern music or to call people to meals 锣

H125 nouns 名词：scales and balances 天平与秤

scale/skeil/1 [C often plural with sing mean-ing］ also 又作 pair of scales ［C］ a pair of pans for weighing an object by comparing it with a known weight 天平 2 any weighing machine （见753页及754页彩图）任何衡量轻重的器具；磅秤；秤：I weighed myselfon the scales inthe bathroom／on the bathroom scales.我在浴室的／ 浴室磅秤上称了称体重.

balance /'bæləns/1 [C]an instrument for weigh-ing things by seeing whether the amounts in two hanging pans are equal 天平2 also 又作counterweight a weight or influence on one side which equals a weight or influence on the other 起平衡作用的重量或力量：The slow andsteady Mr Smith is a balance to the clever but irresponsible Mr Jones.迟钝但稳健的史密斯先生跟聪明但不负责任的琼斯先生，起着取长补短的作用.

weight /weit/ [C] a piece of metal of one of several standard weights, which can be bal-anced against any substance to measure an equal weight of that substance 砝码；秤砣

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H126 EQUIPMENT 设备

H126 nouns， etc 名词等：pins and clips ［C］大头针与夹子

[ALSO→H49]

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pin/pin/1 a short thin stiff piece of metal that looks like a small nail used for fastening together pieces of cloth，paper，etc 大头针；别针 2 a quite short thin piece of metal， pointed at one end and with an ornament at the other, used esp as a form of jewellery 饰针 3 a short piece of wood or metal used as a support,to fasten things together，etc 钉；销；栓；楔

clip /klp/ a small, variously-shaped plastic or usu metal object for holding things tightly together or in place 夹子：She keeps her hair in place with clips. 她用发夹把头发夹起来.Fasten those sheets of paper together with a clip，please.请用夹子把那几张纸夹在一起.

paper clip a small piece of curved wire used for holding sheets of paper together 回形针；纸夹

staple /'steipəl/1 a small bit of thin wire with two square corners, which is driven into sheets of light material (esp paper) and usu bent over to hold them together 钉书钉；钉书针2 [Wv3; T1 (together, to)] to fasten with a staple 用钉书钉钉住：She stapled the papers together.她用钉书钉把文件钉在一起.She stapledthe small paper to the page.她用钉书钉把一小张纸钉在这书页上.stapler ［C］a small machine used for stapling 钉书机 3 a U-shaped short strong wire with pointed ends for driving with a hammer， as for holding a wire in place 骑马钉；U形钉；肘钉

safety pin a wire pin with a cover at one end and bent around so that its point can be held inside the cover 安全别针

needle /'ni:dl/ 1 a long thin pointed piece of metal with a hole (the eye) at one end, used esp for sewing 针；缝针 2 a similar piece of metal used as a pointer in a dial［→H115］指针

H127 nouns 名词：stamps and seals ［C］

邮票与印章 [ALSO→G191 POST]

stamp／stæmp／1 also 又作 fml postage stamp a small usu four-sided piece of paper sold by post offices in various values forsticking on a piece of mail to be sent 邮票：A 10-pence stamp，please.劳驾，买一张十便士的邮票.I col-

lect foreign stamps; I keep most of them in a stamp album ［→G165］．我收集外国邮票，大部分保存在集邮册里.Rare old ones. have to bebought from stamp dealers.稀有的古邮票得向邮票商购买．2 a piece of paper like this for sticking on certain official papers to show that tax （stamp duty） has been paid 印花3 also 又作 finl trading stamp a piece of paper like this given by a shop to a buyer at a fixed rate (such as one for each 21 pence spent), for sticking in a book and later exchanging for goods or money 随商品附送的赠券（例如买2.5便士商品可获赠券一张，顾客将赠券贴在簿册中，以后可换商品或现金）；赠品兑换票：Does this shopgive stamps?-Yes, we give treble stamps (= at three times the usual rate）.这家商店给赠券吗？-给，我们给的赠券比一般多两倍．4 an instrument or tool for pressing or printing onto a surface 印章；图章：He used a rubber stamp to put his name and address on the paper.他用橡皮图章把他的名字和地址印在纸上．5 a markor pattern made by this 戳记；印记：The stamp in this library book says it must be retumed tomorrow.书上的戳记标明这书必须在明天归还图书馆．6 an act of stamping， as with the foot 跺脚；用力踩：The horse gave a stamp of impa-tience．马不耐烦地用蹄跺地．7 ［usu sing］（fig） asign typical of something 标志；特征：His re-marks bear the stamp of truth.他的话显然是真实的．8 ［usu sing］（fig） a lasting result；effect 痕迹；效果：The events left their stamp on his mind．这些事件在他心灵上留下了痕迹．9（fig）akind；sort 类型；种类：I don＇t like books of that stamp.我不喜欢那一类书.Your ideas are of aquite different stamp.你的思想完全是另一种类型的.

seal /si:l/ 1 an official, often round pattern belonging to, and being the sign of, a govern-ment, university, company, or,esp formerly,a powerful person 印记；印徽 2 a piece of wax or soft metal into which such a pattern is pressed and which is fixed to some formal and official writings（上面盖有图记，封于正式文件或公文上的）封蜡；封铅；封印；火漆3 such a pattern pressedinto writing on paper to make it official 印信4 a circle of coloured paper with or without such a pattern, attachedto something written, usu for the same purpose（圆形彩色）封纸5a metal tool with such a pattern for pressing it into paper or hot metal or wax 印章；图章；玺6 a small piece of paper or wax which is fixed acfoss an opening as of an envelope or packet and which must be broken in order to open it （信封或小包开口处封缄用的）封条；封蜡；火漆

H128 verbs 动词：stamping or sealing

［T1］贴邮票或加封

stamp／stæmp／1 to put a stamp on 贴邮票（印花）于：Stamp these letters，please.请给这些信贴上邮票．2 to print，etc，with a stamp 盖章于；压印于；打上（标记等）：The machine stamped

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his name and address on the papers.机器把他的名字和地址打印在文件上.

frank／frænk／1 ［also 又作 Wv4］ to print a sign on(a letter) to show that the charge for posting has been paid 在···上盖“邮资已付”戳：Business companies that send out many letters daily save time by using a franking machine.每天寄出许多信件的商业公司，使用自动邮资盖印机以节省时间．2 tech to make a specialmark on (an official letter or packet) showing that no charge has to be paid for posting 为（官方信件或邮包）盖免费寄送邮戳

seal ／si：l／1 to complete with an official seal 盖章于：The letters have been signed and sealed. 这些信件已经签字盖章．2 to close 密封；糊住：Theletters have been signed and sealed.这些信件已经签字密封.

cancel/'kænsəl/ to mark a stamp, letter, etc, to show that it has been used and to make sure that it cannot be used again（用邮戳等）盖销（邮票等）：Cancel the stamps properly.要把邮票盖好印.

H129 nouns 名词：tickets and coupons

［C］票券类

ticket/'tikit/1 [C; by U] a printed piece of paper or card given to a person to show that he has paid for a service such as a journey on a bus， entrance into a cinema，etc 票；券；车票； 入场券：He lost his bus／train／cinema ticket.他遗失了汽车／火车／电影票.No tickets are given onthis bus.这辆公共汽车上不给车票.Entrance tothe theatre is by ticket only．本戏院凭票入场．2 [C] a piece of card or paper fastened to,and giving information such as price, size, quali-ties，etc，about， an object for sale in a shop （商品上的）标签（说明价格、尺码、质地等）3aprinted notice of an offence against the driv-ing laws（给违反交通规则者等的）违章通知单；传票：a parking ticket 违例停车的罚款通知单

coupon/'ku:ppn/1 a ticket that shows the right of the holder to receive some payment, service，etc（附在商品上的）赠券；优惠券：Insome packets of cigarettes you get coupons which can be saved and exchanged for goods. 某些香烟盒内附有优待券，你将它们储存起来，可以用来换商品．2 a printed form on which goods can be ordered, an enquiry made, or a compe-tition entered （可定货、进行查询或参加比赛的）表格：I forgot to post my football coupon.我忘了邮寄参加足球比赛的表格了.

H130 nouns 名词：flags and slogans ［C］

旗帜与标语

flag /flæg/ a square or similar piece of cloth, usu with a design on it and fastened by one edge to a pole (flagpole or flagstaff) or to a rope 旗；旗帜：Flags are used as the sign of a

H131 EQUIPMENT 设备

country or for signalling.旗子可用作国家的标志，或用来发信号.The ship flew（＝had on its pole） the national flag of Norway.船上悬挂着挪威国旗.The flags were hanging at half-mast（＝ lower than the top of the pole) as a sign of sorrow.下半旗以示哀悼.

banner／＇bænə／1 lit a flag 旗；旗帜：May the banner of our country wave proudly forever! 愿我们的国旗永远骄傲地飘扬！2 a long piece ofcloth on which a sign is painted, usu carried between two poles（写有标语等的）横幅（通常用两根竿子举起）：Their banners all said ＇We want work＇.他们的横幅上都写着“我们要工作”.

standard／＇stændəd／ lit a flag 旗；旗帜：Carry our country＇s standard proudly！自豪地高举我们的国旗吧！

placard /'plæka:d/ a large printed or written notice or advertisement, put up in a public place or sometimes carried about 布告；广告；标语牌：The marching workers carried placards which said ＇We want work＇.工人举着标语牌游行，上面写着“我们要工作”.

poster /'pəustə/ a placard in a public place, esp advertising something 海报；招贴；广告（画）：His face is on all the posters.他的头像出现在所有的海报上.

bill/bil/ a written or printed notice, placard, or poster, often small enough to be given by hand（a handbill）（小型的）招贴；广告；传单

slogan /'sləugən/ a short phrase expressing a usu political or advertising message 口号；标语； 广告词句：During the war the slogan ＇Dig for Victory' sent people out to grow their own vegetables.战时，“为胜利而种地”的口号使人们都出来自种蔬菜.The workers carried placards with the slogan ＇We want work＇on them.工人扛着“我们要工作”的标语牌.He wrote sloganson the wall.他在墙上写标语.

badge /bæd3/ something worn to show that a person is a member of an organization, does certain work， has a certain rank， etc 徽章；证章： What badges of runk does an army captain wear？陆军上尉佩戴什么军阶徽章？

crest/krest/ a special ornamental picture used as a personal or family mark on letters, enve-lopes， one＇s plates，etc（个人或家族的）饰章crested ［Wa5；B］ having a crest 有饰章的：The prince always writes on crested writing paper. 王子写信总是用印有饰章的信纸.

emblem/'embləm/ a drawing, sign,crest,badge, etc,which represents an organization, group, nation，etc（代表一个组织、团体、国家等的）标志；（国）徽；徽章；饰章：The emblem of Scotland is a lion.苏格兰的徽章图案是雄狮.

H131 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：locksand keys 锁与钥匙

[ALSO→D24]

lock/lpk/1 [C] an apparatus for closing and fastening something by means of a key（见656页彩图）锁2［C］something which stops a

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