drink made from malted grain such as barley ［→A152］and containing 43-50％ alcohol 威士忌（用发芽的谷物如大麦等制成，含酒精量达43-50%)2[C]an amount of whisky drunk in one glass一杯威士忌：Two whiskies，please.请来两杯威士忌.

whiskey /'wiski/ [U; C] whisky esp from Ire-land or the USA（尤指爱尔兰或美国产的）威士忌

Scotch /skotf/ [U; C] EngE & AmE any type of whisky made in Scotland（产于苏格兰的）威士忌：Have some Scotch.喝点苏格兰威士忌吧.Two Scotches，please.请来两杯苏格兰威士忌.

bourbon /'buəbən/ [U; C] a typeof American whiskey， usu made from maize ［→A152］（用玉米酿造的）美国威士忌；波旁酒

rye /rai/ [U; C] a type of American whiskey,usu made from rye［A152］用黑麦（裸麦）酿造的一种美国威士忌

mash/mæf/ [U;C] grain placed for a long time in hot water in making whisky（长时间浸于热水中以酿成威士忌的）谷物

malt/mo:lt/1 [U] grain left in water and allowed to grow a little as part of the preparation of whisky 麦芽（酿造威士忌的部分原料）2［C］awhisky made wholly from this（全部用麦芽酿造的）威士忌 malted［B］（of grain） made into or becoming malt（谷物）制成麦芽的；发芽的

brandy /'brændi/ [U;C] a strong alcoholic drink made usu from the juice of grapes [ A150] but also from apples or other stated fruit 白兰地（用葡萄或其它水果酿造）：This isexcellent brandy.这是上好的白兰地.She poured him some plum brandy.她给他倒了些李子白兰地.Have another brandy.再喝一杯白兰地.

rum /ram/ [U; C] a strong alcoholic drink made from molasses［E52］兰酒（用浓糖浆酿制的烈酒）；朗姆酒

gin /d3in/ [U;C] a colourless alcoholic drink made from grain 杜松子酒（谷类酿造的无色烈酒）

martinl /ma:'ti:ni/ [C] a cocktail [→E67] made by mixing gin, vermouth [→E68],and bitters 马丁尼酒（以杜松子酒、苦艾酒等混合而成）：Twodry martinis，please.请来两杯不甜的马丁尼酒.

vodka /'vpdkə/ [U; C] a type of strong, colour-less, and almost tasteless alcoholic drink first made in (and very popular in) Russia and Poland 伏特加酒（原产于俄国、波兰的无色、味淡烈性酒）

bitters /'bitəz/ [U; P] a liquid, usu alcoholic,in which bitter herbs [→A136] have been placed for a long time and used in giving other drinks a special taste 苦味酒（用苦味药草浸制而成，用来与其它饮料混合使产生特殊味道）

E66 nouns 名词：kinds of beer 啤酒的种类

beer /brə/1 [U] a bitter alcoholic drink made from grain 啤酒：He was so thirsty he drank a whole pint of beer down.他渴极了，喝下了整整一品脱啤酒．2［C］a separate drink or container of this 一杯（瓶、罐）啤酒：He had several beers

E68 DRINKS 饮料

before lunch.他在午饭前喝了几杯啤酒.

ale /eil/ [U; C] any of various types of strong beer，esp one that is pale in colour（淡色）烈性啤酒

stout /staut/ [U;C] esp BrE a dark sweet ale with a strong malt ［→E65］taste（有麦芽味的） 甜味烈性黑啤酒

lager／＇la：gə／1［U］ a light kind of beer 储藏啤酒（一种淡啤酒）2［C］ a drink， glass， or bottle of this 一杯或一瓶储藏啤酒：Two lagers，please.请来两杯储藏啤酒.

mild /maild/[U] esp BrE dark beer or ale which is less bitter than usual（较淡味的）黑啤酒或淡色啤酒：A pint of mild，please.请来一品脱黑啤酒.

bitter /'bitə/ [U] esp BrE beer that is more bitter than usual 苦啤酒：A half （pint） of bitter，please.请来半品脱苦啤酒.

shandy /'Jændi/ [U; C] (a drink of) beer with lemonade or ginger beer in it（掺有柠檬水或姜汁啤酒的）混合啤酒：She prefers shandy to ordi-nary beer.她比较爱喝混合啤酒而不大喜欢普通啤酒.Two shandies，please.请来两杯混合啤酒.

E67 nouns 名词：other alcoholic drinks 其它含酒精饮料

wine /warn/ [U;C] an alcoholic drink made from grapes ［→A150］ 葡萄酒：He likes wine with his evening meal.他喜欢在吃晚饭时喝点葡萄酒.These Spanish wines are excellent.这些西班牙葡萄酒好极了.Which would you prefer-red wine or white？你喜欢喝哪种葡萄酒--红葡萄酒还是白葡萄酒？

cider ／＇saidə／ 1 ［U］ also 又作 esp AmE hard cider an alcoholic drink made from the juice of apples 苹果酒2［U］ also 又作 esp AmE soft cider juice pressed from apples and used as a drink or for making vinegar ［→E49］苹果汁（作饮料或制醋）3 ［C］a drink， glass， or bottle of either of these（一杯或一瓶）苹果汁／酒：I＇d liketwo ciders and a beer， please. 请给我来两杯苹果酒和一杯啤酒.cider press［C］a machine in which apples are pressed to produce juice 榨苹果汁器

mead /mi:d/ [U] an alcoholic drink made from honey [→E47] and water, drunk esp formerly by the Celts and in England 蜂蜜酒

cocktall /'kokteil/ [C] any of various mixed alcoholic drinks, usu cooled and sometimes sweetened and often served at parties 鸡尾酒（用各种酒混合而成，常在宴会中饮用）：Mix me acocktail，please.请给我调一杯鸡尾酒.

E68 nouns 名词： kinds of wine ［U；C］ 葡萄酒的种类

claret/'klærət/ (any of various kinds of) red table wine, esp from the south-west of France （尤指法国西南部的）餐用红葡萄酒：This is one of

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the finest clarets I＇e ever tasted.这是我所喝过的最好的红葡萄酒.

sherry/'Jeri/ (any of various kinds of) pale or dark brown wine， esp from Spain（尤指西班牙产的）雪利酒（淡色或深褐色葡萄酒）：That＇s anice sherry.那雪利酒真不错.Two dry sherries， please.请来两杯不甜的雪利酒.

hock /hpk/ (any of various kinds of) German white wine 德国白葡萄酒

champagne /fæm'pein/ (any of various kinds

of) white wine with carbon dioxide [→H74] in it，esp from Champagne in France（尤指法国香槟省出产的）香槟酒（含二氧化碳的白葡萄酒）

vermouth /v3:'mu:θ/white wine with the taste of herbs ［→A136］， often taken in cocktails 苦艾酒；味美思酒

port /po:t/ (any of various kinds of) usu sweet red or white wine from Portugal（葡萄牙产的） 甜味红或白葡萄酒

E69 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：relating to alcoholic drinks 有关酒的

strong /strog/ [Wal; B] (of alcoholic drinks) containing a lot of alcohol（指酒）烈性的

sweet/swi:t/ [Wa1; B] (of wine) tasting of sugar （指葡萄酒）甜味的

dry /drai/ [Wal; B] (of wine) not sweet or sugary（指葡萄酒）无甜味的

red/red/1 [Wa5; B] (of wine) made from dark grapes（指葡萄酒）由深色葡萄酿制的；红的2［U；C］ wine of this kind 红葡萄酒：This is a fine red；try it.这红葡萄酒很不错，你尝尝看.

white/wait/1 [Wa5; B](of wine) made from light-coloured grapes and yellowish in colour （指葡萄酒）由浅色葡萄酿制的；白的2［U；C］wineof this kind 白葡萄酒：She prefers white to red. 她喜欢白葡萄酒而不大喜欢红葡萄酒.This white isvery good with chicken.吃鸡时喝这种白葡萄酒最好.

rosé /'rəuzei/ Fr 1 [Wa5; B] (of wine) made from dark grapes without the skins; pink in colour（指葡萄酒）用去皮深色葡萄酿制的；粉红色的2［U；C］a pinkish wine 玫瑰葡萄酒（一种粉红色的葡萄酒）

vintage/'vintid3/ 1[C](the wine from) the grapes of a particular year 某一年收成的葡萄（酿造的酒）：This wine is the 1969 vintage．这葡萄酒是用1969年收成的葡萄酿造的．2［Wa5；A］ofhigh quality； dating from a good year 高质量的； 陈年的：This is vintage wine.这是陈年葡萄酒.（fig）He bought a vintage car.他买了一辆老式的名贵汽车.

E70 verbs 动词： making alcoholic drinks

酿酒

ferment /fə'ment/ [T1; IØ] to break the sugar in (a substance) down into alcohol and carbon dioxide ［→H74］，etc， using yeast ［→E43］发

酵：The beer was fermenting.啤酒正在发酵.fer-mentation [U] the process or result of fer-menting 发酵的过程；发酵效果

distil /dr'strl/[T1; IØ] to reduce the water con-tent of (alcoholic liquids) so as to obtain a higher amount of alcohol, by heating the alcohol until it boils and becomes vapour [→L45], then catching and cooling the vapour back to a liquid 蒸馏（以提高酒的酒精含量）dis-tillation [U; C] the process or result of distil-ling蒸馏过程；蒸馏效果

fortify /'fo:tə,fai/ [Wv5; T1] (of wine) to make stronger by adding alcohol 增加（葡萄酒的）含酒精量；给（酒）加度：Sherry is a fortified wine. 雪利酒是增加了酒精含量的葡萄酒.

E71 nouns，verbs，＆ adjectives 名词、动词和形容词：relating to drinking 有关喝酒的词汇

drink to [v prep T1] to wish (someone or some-thing) good health, success, happiness, etc 为···干杯

toast/təust/1 [C] any drink, usuwine,drunk on a special occasion, esp a marriage or a formal dinner 祝酒；干杯（尤用于婚礼或正式宴会）：Friends, I give you a toast-to our president! 朋友们！我提议大家干杯-为我们的主席干杯！2[T1] to drink to (anyone or anything) in this way（任何）举杯祝愿：They toasted the health of the newly-married couple.他们举杯祝愿新婚夫妇身体健康.

propose /prə'pəuz/ [T1] fml to ask a social gathering to drink to someone, while raising a glass of wine which is afterwards drunk 提议（为某人干杯）（usu in the phr propose a toast／ propose someone＇s health 提议干杯／提议为某人的健康干杯）：＇I have the honour ofproposing the health of all the ladies present,' he said. 他说道：“我很荣幸提议为在座各位女士的健康干杯！”

round /raund/ [C] all the drinks for a group bought by one person in turn一巡酒（轮到的人为全体买的酒）：He bought a round of drinks. 他为大家买了一巡酒.It＇s my round this time；what＇ll you have？这次轮到我买酒了，你们想喝点什么？

E72 adjectives，etc 形容词等：drunk and sober醉的与清醒的

drunk/dragk/1 [Wal; F] under the influence of alcohol, so as to be unable to think or behave normally 喝醉的；醉的：He had too much wine and became drunk．他喝酒喝多了，结果醉了．2［C］ deprec a very drunk person 醉鬼；醉汉： Several drunks lay on the floor.有几个醉汉躺在地板上.drunkard ［C］ deprec a person who is often drunk 醉鬼；酒鬼

drunken ／＇drankən／［A］ drunk 醉的：He lay on

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the floor in a drunken sleep.他躺在地板上沉醉不醒.A drunken man was walking unsteadily along the street.一个醉汉摇摇摆摆地在大街上走.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

intoxicated /In'tpksəkeitid/ [B] fml having taken alcoholic drink； euph drunk 喝了酒的；喝醉的：＇He＇s a bit intoxicated， but he isn＇t drunk，＇she said.她说：“他是喝多了一点，可还没醉.”intoxication ［U］ the state of being intox-icated；（euph） drunkenness 喝了酒的状态；醉

sober /'səubə/ [Wa2; B] not drunk; not having taken any alcoholic drink or having recovered from its effects 未醉的；清醒的；没有饮酒的；清醒过来的：He＇s perfectly sober；he can drive the car.他是完全清醒的，可以开车.sober up［v advIØ; T1] to (cause to) become sober (again) （使）清醒（过来）：He sobered up quickly when he heard the bad news.他听到这个坏消息后，一下子清醒过来了.Sober him up；he needs todrive the car.使他清醒过来，他还要开车呢.

Cigarettes and drugs

香烟与毒品

E80 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：drugs and stimulants 毒品与兴奋剂

[ALSO→B171 MEDICINES AND DRUGS]

drug／drag／1 ［C］ a habit-forming substance 使人上瘾的毒品；麻醉药：Tobacco and alcohol canbe dangerous drugs.烟草和酒精可成为使人上瘾的危险毒品．2 ［T1］ to add drugs to， esp so as toproduce unconsciousness 掺麻醉药于：They drugged his drink．他们在他的酒里放了麻醉药．3[T1 often pass] to influence with drugs; give drugs to, esp so as to produce unconscious-ness 用药麻醉；使服麻醉药：He lay in a druggedsleep.他服了麻醉药后昏睡着.

narcotic /na:'kptik/1 [C often pl] a drug which in small amounts causes sleep or takes away pain, and in large amounts is harmful and habit-forming（大量服用有害，而且会上瘾的）麻醉剂；麻醉药：The use of narcotics is controlled by narcotics laws.麻醉剂的使用受麻醉药法的管制.He was sent to prison on a narcotics charge (= he was charged with an offence concerning selling or using these drugs）.他被控违反麻醉药法例而被监禁．2［Wa5；B］ taking away pain or （esp） causing sleep 起止痛作用的；（尤指）起安眠作用的：He took a narcotic drink.他喝了安眠药水.（fig）The effects of the dull speech were narcotic．那篇单调乏味的讲话使人昏昏欲睡．3［Wa5；B］ of or related to narcotics 麻醉剂的；麻醉药的：This is a narcotic substance.这是麻醉性的药物.

stimulant /'stimjulənt/ [C] a drug or drink which stimulates (= excites and increases feelings，thoughts，etc）兴奋剂；刺激品（刺激感

E82 CIGARETTES ＆ DRUGS 香烟与毒品

觉、思想等的药品或饮料）：Alcoholic drink isgenerally considered a stimulant.含酒精的饮料通常被认为是刺激品.

dope/dəup/ infml 1 [U] a narcotic drug, taken to improve the performance of people or ani-mals, to produce unconsciousness, or because of a pleasant effect on the body or mind 麻醉药；兴奋剂2［T1 （up）］ to give dope to， or put dope in 使服麻醉药、兴奋剂；掺麻醉药、兴奋剂于：After the race, they found that someone had doped the winning horse.赛马结束后，他们发现有人曾给那匹获胜的马服了兴奋剂.

hard drug /ha:d 'drag/ [C] not fml a drug which is likely to cause addiction, and is dan-gerous to health 有害健康的烈性毒品：Heroin［→E87］is a hard drug．海洛因是一种烈性毒品．soft drug /spft 'drag/[C] not fml a drug which

is slightly habit-forming, but not especially addictive or dangerous 软性毒品；药性较弱的毒品：Cannabis ［→E86］is usually considered to be a soft drug.大麻通常被认为是软性毒品.

E81 nouns，etc 名词等：drug addicts 吸毒者

addict /'ædikt/ [C] a person who is unable to free him/herself from a harmful habit, esp of taking drugs 耽溺于不良癖好的人；（尤指）有毒瘾的人：He is a drug addict.他是个吸毒者.beaddicted to to need or be in the habit of having 沉溺于；上瘾：He is addicted to opium ［→E87］．他抽鸦片上了瘾．（fig）She＇s addicted to reading detective stories.她迷上了侦探小说. addiction 1［U］ the state of being addicted 沉溺；吸毒成瘾2［C］an example of this 癖好；嗜好：Does he have any other addictions besides smoking？除抽烟外他还有其它嗜好吗？addictive［B］ causing addiction，habit-forming 会使人上瘾的；成为习惯的：These drugs are addictive.这些药会使人上瘾.

junkie /'d3Agki/ [C] sl a drug addict, esp one who takes heroin［→E87］吸毒者（尤指吸食海洛因者）

E82 nouns 名词：relating to tobacco 有关烟草的

tobacco /tə'bækəu/1 [U] a type of plant grown for its leaves， used chiefly in smoking 烟草（植物）2 ［U］ the leaves of this plant， specially prepared for use in cigarettes, pipes, chewing, etc 烟叶 3［C］ a particular type of this 烟丝： This is a mixture of the best tobacco.这是最好的混合烟丝.It is one of the world＇s finest tobaccos.这是世界上最好的烟丝之一.

mixture /'mikstfə/ [C;U] loose tobacco as mixed for smoking in a pipe（用于烟斗的）混合烟丝：This is a good mixture.这种混合烟丝很好.nicotine /'nikəti:n/ [] a chemical which is poisonous alone and which gives tobacco its

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E83 CIGARETTES ＆ DRUGS 香烟与毒品

taste and effect 尼古丁（烟草中所含的有毒物质）；烟硷

tar/ta:/ [U;C] a substance formed by chemical change when tobacco is smoked 焦油；烟油： This kind of tobacco has a high tar content (= has a lot of tar in it）.这种烟叶有很高的焦油含量.

E85 nouns 名词：parts of cigarettes 香烟的各部分

butt,end

E83 nouns 名词：relating to cigarettes， pipes，etc［C］有关香烟、烟斗等的

cigarette/ sigə'ret/ finely-cut tobacco rolled in a thin tube of thin paper，for smoking 香烟；纸烟：He used to smoke cigarettes， but he has stopped.他以前吸烟，但现在已经戒了.

fag ／fæg／ sl esp BrE a cigarette 香烟：Can I have a fag，please？请给我支烟好吗？

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cigar /si'ga:/ a tight roll of uncut tobacco leaves, for smoking and usu pointed at one or both ends 雪茄烟：He smoked Havana cigars （＝cigars from Havana）.他抽哈瓦那雪茄烟.

cheroot/fə'ru:t/ a usu small cigar which is not pointed at either end 平头小雪茄烟

pipe/paip/1 a small tube with a bowl-like con-tainer at one end, used for smoking tobacco 烟斗2 also 又作 fill， pipeful the amount of tobacco the bowl of this will hold 一烟斗烟丝： Let me try a pipeof that tobacco of yours.让我抽一烟斗你那种烟丝.Have a fill of my to-bacco．抽一烟斗我的烟丝吧．3 ［usu sing］ thesmoking of a pipeful of tobacco 吸一烟斗的烟： He sat down before the fire and enjoyed a pipe.他在火炉前坐下来舒服地吸着烟斗.

smoke /sməuk/ infml the act or occasion of smoking tobacco; the cigarette, cigar, etc, smoked 抽烟（香烟、雪茄烟等）：I must have asmoke，＇he said.他说：“我得抽支烟.”

E84 nouns 名词：parts of pipes［C］烟斗的各部分

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ash 烟灰

(cigarette) butt/end [C] the last unsmoked part of a cigarette 烟头；烟蒂

fag end /'fæg end/ [C] infml esp BrE a ciga-rette butt 烟头；烟蒂

filter tip/'filtə tip/ [C] 1 a filter [~H153]on the end of a cigarette which cleans some harmful substances from the smoke 香烟的滤嘴 2 a cigarette made in this way 有滤嘴的香烟：She only smokes filter tips.她只吸滤嘴香烟.

ash /æf/ [U] the soft grey powder that falls from a burning cigarette，cigar，etc 烟灰

ashtray/'æf,trei/ [C] a smali dish for the ash of cigarettes，etc 烟灰缸

E86 nouns 名词：cannabis［U］大麻

cannabis /'kænəbis/ the drug produced from the cannabis or Indian hemp plant,sometimes smoked in cigarcttes to give a feeling of pleasure 大麻（毒品）

hemp /hemp/1 any one of a family of plants which are used to make strong rope and a rough cloth and some of which produce cannabis 大麻（植物）2 the drug itself 大麻制成的麻醉剂：He smokes hemp.他吸大麻.

marijuana /,mærə'wonə/ the common form of cannabis， not usually powerful in its effect 印度大麻：Marijuana is the dried flowers， stems， and leaves of the cannabis plant.印度大麻是把大麻植物上的花、茎和叶晒干制成.

hashish／＇hæji：f also 又作 sl hash／hæf／a drug made from cannabis, usu powerful in its effect 海吸希（用大麻制成的强烈麻醉品）；大麻麻醉剂

pot／pot／also 又作 grass／gra：s／， dope／dəup／ sl cannabis 大麻

E87 nouns 名词：opium鸦片

opium/'əupıəm/ [U] a sleep-producing drug made from the seeds of a particular plant (the white poppy）鸦片（用白罂粟的籽制成）：Helearned to smoke opium in the Far East.他在远东学会了吸鸦片.

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E100 FOOD PREPARATION 食品制作

cooking using hot liquids

用热水、热油烹调

fry/frai/1 [IØ;D1(for); T1] to (cause to) be cooked in hot fat or oil 油煎；油炸；炒：Shall I fry the fish for dinner？晚饭我煎些鱼好吗？Theeggs were frying in the pan.煎锅里煎着鸡蛋.He had fried rice for his evening meal.晚餐他吃了炒饭.Shall I fry you an egg？我给你煎个鸡蛋好吗？Shall I fry an egg for you？我给你煎个鸡蛋好吗？2［IØ］to be changed by frying 煎熟；炸熟； 炒熟：This kind of food doesn＇t fry well.这种食品不易煎熟．3［IØ］ infml to have the skin burnt （by the sun）（被太阳）灼伤皮肤：We shall all fry if we stay out long in this hot sun.如果我们在这烈日下晒得太久，就全会晒坏皮肤的.deep fry[T1; IØ] to fry in a deep container of hot fat or oil用（大量油）炸

boil/borl/1 [IØ; D1(for); T1] to cook (food) in water at 100℃ 用水煮沸：Boil the potatoes for 20 minutes．将马铃薯放进水中煮二十分钟．Thepotatoes have been boiling for 20 minutes．马铃薯已煮了二十分钟了.Shall I boil you an egg？我给你煮个鸡蛋好吗？Shall I boil an egg foryou？我给你煮个鸡蛋好吗？2［IØ］（of food，etc） to continue in water at this heat（食品等）在沸水中煮：The potatoes are boiling.马铃薯正在沸水中煮着．3［Wv5；X7］ to cause to reach the stated condition by cooking in water（在水中） 烹煮（至某种程度）：Please boil my egg hard.请把我的鸡蛋煮得熟一点.He likes soft-boiled eggs.他喜欢煮得嫩一点的鸡蛋.

stew /stju:/[T1; IØ] to cook in liquid in a cov-ered container over a long（er） period 炖（放在盖好的锅内连汁液煮一段较长的时间）；煨：You＇llhave to stew that meat well; it's pretty tough. 你得好好炖炖那块肉；肉老了，相当韧.The meatwas stewing.肉正在炖着.This meat doesn＇t stew well.这肉不好炖.

braise /breiz/ [Wv5; T1] to cook food slowly in fat and a little liquid in a closed container 炖（放在盖好的锅内用油和少许水慢火煮）；焖：Shebraised the mutton.她在焖羊肉.

simmer /'sımə/ [T1; IØ] to cook in water which is at or just below boiling heat（用沸水或接近煮沸的水）用文火炖煮；煨：Simmer the meat forten minutes more.将肉用慢火再炖十分钟.Thesoup was simmering.汤在文火上慢慢煨着.

poach/pəutf/ [Wv5; T1] to cook (eggs,etc) by simmering 用沸水煮；水煮（荷包蛋等）；水卧（蛋）：He likes a poached egg for breakfast.他早餐喜欢吃水煮荷包蛋.

scramble /'skræmbəl/ [Wv5; T1] to cook (eggs) by beating then heating in a saucepan with butter and milk 炒（鸡蛋）：He ate some scram-bled eggs.他吃了一些炒鸡蛋.

curry/'kari/ [Wv5; T1] to stew with hot spices ［→E49］用咖喱粉等辣调味料炖：He curried themeat.他用咖喱粉煨肉.I love curried chicken and rice.我喜欢吃咖喱鸡饭.

steam/sti:m/[Wv5; T1] to cook (food) in steam

opiate /'əupiert/ [C] a sleep-producing drug made from opium 鸦片剂（一种催眠药）

morphine ／＇mo：fi：n／also 又作 old use morphia /'mo:frə/[U] a white bitter substance obtained from opium and used in medicine to reduce pain 吗啡（从鸦片中提炼，在医学上用以镇痛的白色苦味物质）

heroin /'herəumn/ [U] a drug made from mor-phine, used to make someone feel less pain and which one can become dependent on 海洛因；吗啡精：These people are heroin addicts［→E81］．这些是有海洛因瘾的人．

junk /d3ank/ [U] sl esp AmE a narcotic drug, esp heroin 麻醉品；毒品（尤指海洛因）

E88 verbs 动词：smoking 吸烟

smoke /sməuk/ [IØ; T1] to draw in the smoke of (a cigarette, pipe, etc) through the mouth and then let it out again 吸烟；抽烟：He started smoking at the age of 10．他十岁就开始抽烟了．Do you smoke this kind of cigarette?-No; I don't smoke at all; I gave it up (= stopped). 你抽这种烟吗？-不，我什么烟也不抽；我已经戒掉了.He smokes a pipe.他抽烟斗.smoker ［C often in comb］ a person who smokes 吸烟的人： He is a pipe-smoker. 他抽烟斗.non-［neg］： This room is for non-smokers.这房间专为非吸烟者而设.

light up [v adv]1[T1] (of cigarettes,pipes,etc) to cause to begin burning 点燃（烟、烟斗等）： Having found a match，he lit up his pipe.他找到了一根火柴，把烟斗点着了．2［IØ］ infml tobegin to smoke a cigarette or pipe 开始抽烟： Having filled his pipe，he lit up.他把烟斗装满后就开始抽起来.

put/stub out [v adv T1] to stop (a cigarette, etc） burning by pressing down the end 按熄（燃着的香烟等）；捻熄

The preparation and quality of food

食品的制作与质量

E100 verbs 动词：cooking 烹调

cook/kuk/ 1 [IØ;D1 (for); T1] to prepare （food）by using heat 烹调；烧（菜）；煮（食物）： She went to the kitchen to cook some food.她到厨房去煮些东西.Don＇t stop cooking justbecause I＇ve come in.不要因为我进来而停止做菜.Shall I cook you some food？我给你做点吃的好吗？Shall I cook some food for you？我给你做点吃的好吗？2［IØ］（of food） to change by cooking（食品）烹煮；煮熟：This meat cooks easily.这肉很容易煮熟.

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E101 FOOD PREPARATION 食品制作

（用蒸汽）蒸：She wanted to steam the fish.她想把这条鱼清蒸.

cooking using dry heat

不用热水、热油烹调

bake/berk/ [IØ; D1 ( for); T1] to cook(food)by using direct heat in an oven ［→H120］（在烤炉内）烤；烘：She bakes her own bread.她自己烤面包.Do you bake？ 你自己烤面包吗？Thatbaked fish was very good.那烤鱼很好吃.I＇ll bake a cake tomorrow.我明天要烤一个蛋糕.I＇llbake you a cake／bake a cake for you.我会给你烤一个蛋糕.

roast /rəust/ [T1; IØ] to cook (food) a by using heat in or from a fire（在火上）烤；炙b by baking uncovered in an oven（在烤炉内不加覆盖）烤；烘c by burning until dry， under direct heat（明火）焙干；烘干 d by cooking on hotcoals（在燃烧的煤块上）烤：He was roasting apiece of meat over the fire.他正在火上烤一块肉.We can roast the chicken in the oven.我们可以把这只鸡放在烤炉内烤.The meat must beproperly roasted.这块肉必须好好地烤一烤.

grill /gril/ [T1;(X7)] to cook under or over direct heat（在上面或下面直接加热）烤炙：Themeat has been grilled（dry）.肉已经烤好了（烤干了）.I can grill the meat while you set the table.你去摆桌子，我来烤肉.（fig）He is grilling himselfunder a hot sun.他正在烈日下曝晒.

baste /beist/ [T1] to cook by adding fat or oil while roasting or grilling 边浇油边烤：I＇ll baste this meat，I think.我想我会把肉边浇油边烤.

barbecue/'ba:bi,ju:/[T1] to roast or grill a on a framework over an open fire, usu outdoors （放在炉架上直接用火）烧烤（通常在户外）；炙bona long thin piece of metal which is slowly turned over direct heat（用一根细长的金属棒穿上食物，慢慢在炭火上转动）烤；烧烤c in an oven，often basting with a hot sauce［E39］（浇上热调味汁放入烤炉内）烤炙

E101 verbs 动词：making things for eating and drinking 制作食品与饮料

make／merk／ ［T1］ to prepare or get ready 配制； 调制；做（饭）： Make a pot of tea，please.请泡一壶茶.I＇ve just made some fresh coffee.我刚煮了些咖啡.

brew／bru：／1［T1］ to make （beer）酿造（啤酒）： This kind of beer is brewed not once but twice．这种啤酒不是经一次而是经两次酿造的．2[T1] to mix (tea or coffee) with hot water and prepare for drinking 沏；泡（茶）；煮（咖啡）；（用热水）调制（茶或咖啡）：Let＇s brew some tea.我们沏点茶吧．3［IØ］（of tea or coffee） to become ready for drinking after being mixed with hot water（茶或咖啡加热水后）在调制中；泡着：Thetea is brewing．茶正泡着．［ALSO→E2］

percolate／＇p3：kəleit／also 又作infml perk／p3：k／

1[T1] to prepare (coffee) by passing hot water

through ground coffee beans（用渗滤壶）煮（咖啡）2［IØ］ （of coffee） to be made in this way （咖啡）渗滤：The coffee is percolating.咖啡正（用渗滤壶）煮着.percolation ［U］ the action or result of percolating 渗漏 percolator ［C］ a kind of apparatus in which boiling water per-colates through something，esp coffee 渗滤器（尤指咖啡渗滤壶）

E102 verbs 动词：preparing animals，etc， for cooking［T1］准备家畜等来烹调

skin/skın/ (usu of animals) to remove the skin from剥（动物的）皮：He skinned the rabbit.他把兔子皮剥掉.

shell／jel／to remove the shell from 剥壳：She shelled the hard-boiled eggs.她把煮熟的鸡蛋的壳剥掉.

pluck／plak／ to remove the feathers from 拔毛： They plucked the chickens.他们把鸡毛拔掉.

bone ／bəun／to remove the bones from 剔骨；去骨：They boned the chickens.他们把鸡骨头剔除了.

peel /pi:l/ (usu of certain vegetables) to remove the peel or skin of 削（蔬菜的）皮；剥（皮）：Hepeeled the potatoes. 他削马铃薯皮.Peeling onions makes you cry.剥洋葱皮时会使你流眼泪.

E103 verbs 动词：preparing food for

eating ［Wv5；T1］制作食物供食用

[ALSO → N320 CUTTING AND CARVING]

chop ／tfop／ ［（up）］ to cut into small pieces 切成小块；切碎：Chop up the onions，please.请把洋葱切碎.

mince/mins/ to cut or shred into very small pieces 剁碎；绞碎；剁成末：She minced the meat. 她把肉剁（绞）成肉末.

mash/mæf/ to beat or crush into a soft mixture 捣碎成糊状；捣烂；压碎：She mashed thepotatoes.她把马铃薯捣成泥.

shred /fred/ to reduce to many small strips or pieces by pulling， grating，tearing，etc 撕碎；切成条状；切成丝：She shredded the vegetables.她把蔬菜切成丝.

grate /greit/1 to shred(something) into very small pieces by rubbing againsta rough surface 磨碎；擦成碎末2 to rub very small bits off（something）磨下碎末；磨损：He grated the carrots［→A151］．他把胡萝卜磨成碎末．

whip /wip/ to beat (eggs, cream,etc) with a fork, etc, in order to make stiff or make smooth（用叉等）搅打（鸡蛋、奶油等）

beat/bi:t/to mix (things) together with a circu-lar movement， using（esp）a spoon（尤指用匙） 搅打（鸡蛋、面粉等）；搅拌

cream/kri:m/ to soften (butter, fats,etc) usu by adding sugar and beating and pressing with a spoon until soft and creamy（加糖并用匙搅打）使（黄油、脂肪等）成奶油状

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ice/ais/ to cover (a cake) with a mixture of a special sugar （icing sugar） and liquid（在糕点表面上）加糖霜；洒糖霜粉

knead/ni:d/to make (dough [→E43] etc) into a soft mass by working steadily with the fingers（用手）揉面；捏（面团）

E104 verbs 动词： actions in cooking and preparing food［T1］烹调和准备食物的动

turn/t3:n/ to change the position of (food in a pan, while cooking) so that what is on top goes underneath（烹调时在锅里）翻转食物：Turnmy egg，please；I like my eggs turned.请把我的鸡蛋翻过来，我喜欢我的鸡蛋两面都煎.

stir/st3:/ to move around and mix (esp some-thing mainly liquid） esp with a spoon（尤指用匙）搅；搅拌：Stir the soup please.请把汤搅一下.

brown /braun/ to make the surface (of any food) brown by cooking quickly in hot fat or oil or at a high temperature in an oven [■H120］（在油锅或烤炉里用高温）把（食物的表面）炸或烤成褐色

stuff/staf/ to fill (esp a bird) tightly with special foods (stuffing) in order to add to the taste and help keep the original shape 把（尤指家禽） 塞入填料；用馅料塞入：She stuffed the chicken.她用馅料塞满鸡肚子.

spread /spred/ [D1 with/on] to cover (bread, etc） thinly with（butter，etc）（在面包等上）涂（黄油等）：He spread butter on his bread.他在面包上涂了黄油.He spread his bread withbutter.他用黄油涂在面包上.

butter／＇batə／ to spread with butter 涂黄油：He buttered his bread.他在面包上涂上黄油.

steep /sti:p/ to place (vegetables, etc) wholly in water，usu for some time 泡（蔬菜等）；浸

E105 verbs 动词：adding tastes to food ［T1］给食物加调味料

flavour BrE, flavor AmE /'fleivə/ [(with)] to improve the taste of (food) by adding some-thing else, esp sugar, salt, herbs [→A136],etc 加调味品（尤指糖、盐、香草等）；给···调味：Sheflavoured the soup with lemon juice.她用柠檬汁给汤调味.

spice/spars/[Wv5]to put spices [→E49] in or on 加香料于；加调味料于：The soup is highlyspiced.这汤里加了许多香料.He likes spicedfood.他喜欢吃加了香料的食物.

season /'si:zən/ to improve or change the taste of(food) by adding (esp) salt, spices, or herbs 给（食物）加调味料（尤指盐、香料或香草）：Themeat is well seasoned with salt.肉用盐腌得很好.

salt／so：lt／［Wv5］ to put salt on or in 加盐于：He likes his food well salted.他喜欢在食物里多放点盐.She was eating salted nuts.她正在吃加了盐

E107 FOOD PREPARATION 食品制作

的果仁.

pepper／＇pepə／to put pepper on or in 加胡椒粉于：He likes his food well peppered.他喜欢在食物里多放点胡椒粉.

garnish /'ga:nif [(with)] to serve (meat, etc) with small extras, such as small vegetables, pieces of vegetable，etc 给（肉类等）加配菜； 给···加配头

E106 verbs 动词：preserving and

freezing food［T1］腌制与冷冻食品

preserve/pri'z3:v/to prepare (food) for being kept for a long time by some special treat-ment 腌制；渍；做蜜饯；做果酱；制罐头：Motheralways preserves fruit in bottles.母亲总是用瓶子做水果蜜饯.

smoke /sməuk/ [Wv5] to dry and preserve (meat,fish,etc) by hanging in the rising smoke of wood fires 用烟熏制：She likes smoked fish. 她喜欢吃熏鱼.

salt /so:lt/ [Wv5] to preserve by treating with salt， usu by rubbing it on 盐渍；腌：This salted meat will keep for months.这腌肉可以保存好几个月.

cure/kjuə/ to preserve(meat,etc) by smoking, salting，or drying（用烟熏、盐腌、干燥等法）保存（肉类等）；加工处理：The meat of pigs is called pork except when it is cured; then it is called ham or bacon.猪的肉称为猪肉，但加工处理后则称为火腿或熏肉.

pickle /'pikəl/ [Wv5] to preserve food in pickle ［■E107］ or vinegar［→E49］（用腌汁或醋）腌制； 腌渍：She pickled the onions.她腌了那些洋葱.

freeze/fri:z/ to reduce to a low or freezing temperature 冷冻：If you freeze the meat it will keep for a long time.如果你把肉冷冻起来，就可以保存很长时间.The meat was frozen.肉冷冻了.

refrigerate／rr＇frid3ə，reit／tech to freeze 冷冻；冷藏：Meat is packed and refrigerated in that factory.那家工厂把肉包装并冷藏起来.

quick/deep-freeze [Wv5] to freeze quickly for keeping over a long time 速冻；深冻：They sell deep-frozen meat.他们出售速冻肉.If you quick-freeze this meat it will keep for a long time.要是把肉速冻起来，就可以保存很长时间.

E107 nouns 名词：relating to pickling and preserving［C usu pl；U］有关腌渍与做蜜饯

pickle /'pikəl/1 a type of liquid, such as vinegar [→E49] or salt water, used to preserve meat or （esp）vegetables 腌汁（指腌渍肉或蔬菜用的醋或盐水）；泡菜水2a（piece or pieces of） vegetable preserved in this 泡菜；腌菜：These vege-tables make good pickles.这些菜可以做成很好的泡菜.Would you like some pickle with your cheese？你想要点泡菜和干酪一起吃吗？

preserve /pri'z3:v/1 a substance made from

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E108 FOOD PREPARATION 食品制作

fruit boiled in sugar, used esp for spreading on bread（水果加糖烹煮制成的）果酱（尤指涂在面包上的）2 older use jam［→E47］果酱：Would you like some apple preserve？你要些苹果酱吗？

E108 adjectives 形容词：able or not able to be eaten 可食用的或不可食用的

eatable/i:təbəl/ [B] in a fit condition to be eaten；worth eating 可食用的；值得吃的：This food is terribly old-it isn＇t eatable.这食物放得太久了-不能吃.un-［neg］

edible /'edəbəl/ [B] able to be eaten; suitable to eat 可食用的；适合食用的：This kind of fruit isnot edible for humans-it＇s poisonous.这种果子不适合人类食用-它有毒.in-［neg］

drinkable /'drikəbəl/ [B] able to be drunk; worth drinking 可以饮用的；值得饮用的：Is thiswater drinkable？ 这水能喝吗？This wine is terrible；it isn＇t drinkable.这酒糟透了，不能喝. un-[neg]

digestible /dr'd3estəbəl/ [B] able to be digested ［→E5］可消化的：Some foods are more readily digestible than others.某些食物比其它食物更易消化.in-［neg］

fresh/fref/1[Wal; B] in good natural condition because not long gathered, caught, produced, etc; not spoilt in taste,appearance,etc,by being kept too long 新鲜的；新到的：You can buy fresh fruit and vegetables in the market. 你在市场上可以买到新鲜的蔬菜和水果.This fishsmells；I don＇t think it＇s quite fresh.这条鱼有臭味，我看它不很新鲜.Neither meat nor butterwill keep fresh（for） long in hot weather.肉类和黄油在炎热的天气里不能长时间保持新鲜．2[Wa5; A; (F)] (of water) not salt; drinkable （指水）淡的；可饮用的3［Wa5；A］（of food）not preserved by salting, tinning, bottling, freez-ing，or other means（指食物）未经（腌制、装罐、装瓶、冷冻等）加工处理的：Tinned fruit neverhas quite the same taste as fresh fruit.罐头水果的味道始终不及新鲜水果.Fresh butter has nosalt added to it．新鲜黄油里不加盐．4［Wa5；A；F from］ newly prepared； newly cooked 新做好的；新烹煮好的：Let me make you a fresh pot oftea.我给你新泡一壶茶.This bread is fresh from the oven［→H120］（＝is newly baked）．这面包是新鲜出炉的.-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

stale/steil/[Wal;B]1 not fresh; kept too long or used too much 不新鲜的；陈旧的：This breadis a bit stale.这面包有点不新鲜了.The air inthis room is stale； open a window.房间里空气混浊，开一扇窗子吧.（fig）He is always telling stale old jokes that everybody has heard.他总是讲些人人都听过的陈旧笑话．2（of persons）notin the best condition for something,esp by doing too much（指人）疲惫的（尤指因工作过劳）；不在最佳状态的：I＇m getting stale；I think I need a holiday.我感到很疲惫，我看我该休假了.

mouldy BrE, moldy AmE /'məuldi/ [Wal; B] covered in mould [→A140], and therefore not good to eat 发霉的：I＇m not having any of that

mouldy cheese.我可不吃那发了霉的干酪.Thisbread is mouldy.这面包发霉了.

E109 adjectives 形容词：qualities of food

［B］食品的质量

raw．／ro：／ ［Wa5］ （of food） not cooked（指食物） 生的；未煮过的：He eats raw vegetables.他吃生蔬菜.He eats his vegetables raw.他生吃蔬菜.

cooked/kukt/ ready to be eaten after being cooked 熟的；煮好的：Do you want your eggs raw or cooked？你要吃生鸡蛋，还是熟的？

uncooked／An＇kukt／raw or not yet cooked 生的； 未煮的

overdone／＇əuvə＇dan／ cooked too much 煮得太久的；煮得过度的

well-done /'wel'dan/ (of food, esp meat) cooked for quite a long time, so that it is cooked all the way through（指食物，尤指肉类） 煮得熟透的

underdone /'Andə'dan/ not completely cooked, esp（of meat）still red 未煮透的；煮得嫩的；（尤指肉类）半生不熟的

rare /reə/ (of meat, esp steak) lightly cooked （指肉类，尤指牛排）煮得嫩的；半生不熟的

tough／tAf／［Wal］ difficult to chew［→E6］坚韧的；嚼不动的：This meat is tough；the animal must have been old.这肉真韧，那只牲口一定是很老了.-ness［U］

tender／＇tendə／［Wal］ easy to chew 嫩的；柔软的； 易咀嚼的：What lovely tender meat！多么好吃的嫩肉！-ness ［U］

E110 adjectives 形容词： good qualities of food［B］品质优良的食物

wholesome/'həulsəm/ (of food) good for the body（指食物）有益健康的；卫生的：She alwaysgives her children good wholcsome meals.她总是给孩子们吃有益健康的好饭菜.-ly［adv］

appetizing, -sing /'æpə,taizuj/ causing desire, esp for food（appetite）引起欲望的；（尤指）引起食欲的；开胃的：What an appetizing smell！多么香的气味，令人食欲大增！-ly［adv］

delicious /dr'lrfəs/ pleasing to the body's senses, esp of taste or smell 美味的；可口的；（气味）香的：What delicious food！ 多么好吃的食品啊！What＇s that delicious smell？ 那是什么香味啊？ -ly [adv]

mouth-watering /'mauθ'wo:tərin/ (of food) that makes one want to eat； good to eat（指食物）令人垂涎欲滴的；味道好的-ly［adv］

luscious /'lafəs/1 having a very pleasant taste or smell；sweet 甘美的；芬芳的；香甜的：Heenjoyed the luscious fruit／wine.他很喜欢吃那种香甜的水果／喝那甘美的葡萄酒．2 juicy，ripe，andhealthy 成熟、多汁而且健壮的：Luscious redapples were hanging on the trees.树上长满了香甜的红苹果．3（fig）very attractive；beautiful迷人的；漂亮的：What a luscious girl！多迷人的女孩子！-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

308

succulent／＇sAkjulənt／1 apprec juicy 多汁的：The fruit／meat was very succulent.这水果／肉的汁很多．2［Wa5］ tech （of a plant） thick and fleshy （指植物）肥厚的；肉质的-nce［U］

tasty /'teisti/ [Wal] 1 (esp of food) having a pleasant taste； pleasing to the taste 美味的；可口的：That was a tasty meal．这顿饭很美味．2（fig）infml （esp of news） interesting（尤指新闻）有趣的：She gave us á tasty piece of news about our neighbours.她把我们邻居的趣闻讲给我们听.-ily［adv］-iness［U］

E111 adjectives 形容词：bad qualities of food［B］食物的低劣品质

tasteless /'teistlis/ having no taste and there-fore not enjoyable 无味的；不好吃的：This soup is tasteless.这汤一点味道也没有.

insipid /In'sipid/ lacking a strong effect, esp a taste 淡而无味的：The food in that hotel is pretty insipid.那家旅馆的菜淡而无味.

rotten ／＇rotn／1 decayed； gone bad 腐烂的；变质的；腐坏的：These apples are completely rotten. 这些苹果全烂了．2 tasting or smelling like this； bad（味道或气味）恶臭的；糟透的：What a rottensmell！好难闻的气味啊！This food is rotten！这食物糟透了！（fig）What rotten luck！运气坏透了！

rancid/'rænsid/ (of butter, fat,etc) bad to taste or smell（指黄油、脂肪等）有腐臭的味道或气味的；恶臭的-ness［U］

rank /rænk/ [Wal] esp emot & deprec bad to taste or smell； completely bad（味道或气味）糟透的；极差的：rank tobacco 气味难闻的烟草；（fig）rank dishonesty 极端不诚实-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

E112 adjectives 形容词：hot and spicy ［B］ 辣味的与加有香料的

hot/hpt/[Wal] tasting of hot spices [→E49], pepper，etc 辣的：Indian food is usually rather hot.印度菜通常都相当辣.What a hot curry thatwas！那咖喱真辣！-ness［U］

pungent/'pand3ənt/ having a strong sharp taste or smell（味道或气味）刺激性的；刺鼻的；辛辣的：He likes pungent food like curry.他喜欢吃像咖喱那样的辣食品.

peppery /'pepəri/ containing or tasting of pepper撒了胡椒的；有胡椒味的：This soup is toopeppery for my taste.这汤的胡椒味太重了，不合我的口味.

spicy /'spaisi/ [Wal] containing or tasting of （esp hot） spice 加了香料的（尤指辣香料）；有香料味的：She likes spicy foods.她喜欢吃加了香料的食物.

E113 nouns 名词：relating to recipes ［C］ 有关食谱的

E121 FOOD：PLACE ＆ PEOPLE 食物：场所和人

fully.仔细地依照那食谱所教的方法去做.（fig）Hisideas are a recipe for faiure／success.按照他的主意做会带来失败／获得成功.

ingredient /in'gri:diənt/ a substance used in cooking or preparing food（做菜用的）材料；成分：What ingredients do you need for this cake besides flour and sugar？做这蛋糕除了面粉和糖外，还需要别的什么材料？

cookery book /'kukəri buk/ BrE, cookbook ／＇kuk，buk／AmE a book of recipes，etc 烹饪手册；食谱

Places and people associated with food and drink

与食品、饮料有关的场所和人

E120 nouns 名词： places where people can eat ［C］吃东西的地方

[ALSO→ E15 DINER]

restaurant/'restəront/ Fr a place where food is sold and eaten 餐馆；饭店；餐厅：They ate in a little local restaurant/in the hotel restaurant. 他们在当地一家小饭馆里／在旅馆的餐厅里用餐.

eating-house/'i:tin,haus/fml & pomp a restau-rant 餐馆

eating-place /'i:tin,pleis/ genl a restaurant, café，etc 餐馆；小食店

café /'kæfer/ Fr a small restaurant where light meals and (in Britain only non-alcoholic) drinks are served 小餐馆（供应简单饭菜和饮料，在英国只供应不含酒精的饮料）：He went intoa local café for a cup of tea.他走进当地一家小餐馆去喝了杯茶.

cafeteria/,kæfə'tiəriə/ a restaurant where cus-tomers serve themselves, often in a factory, college，etc 自助食堂；自助餐厅：The workers have their own cafeteria.工人们有自助食堂.

canteen /kæn'ti:n/ a place in a factory, office, military camp,etc, where food is sold and eaten（工厂、办公室、军营等的）食堂

refectory /rr'fektəri/ (in schools, colleges,etc)a large hall in which meals are served（学校、学院里的）食堂；餐厅：They eat most days in thecollege refectory.他们多数都是在学院的餐厅里吃饭.

snack bar /'snæk ,ba:/ a bar or small café where people can have light meals (snacks) and drinks (in Britain usu only non-alcoholic drinks), esp when sitting or standing at or near the bar where the food is served 快餐部； 小吃店

E121 nouns 名词：places where people can drink［C］饮酒的地方

recipe/'resəpi/ a set of instructions for cooking pub /pab/ (esp in Britain) a building or part of something 食谱；烹饪法：Follow the recipe care-

a building, not a club or hotel, containing usu

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E122 FOOD： PLACE ＆ PEOPLE 食物：场所和人

two or more rooms where alcohol may be bought and drunk during fixed hours 小酒馆（尤指在英国）［→ALSO M79 INN］

public house ／＇pablik ＇haus／fml a pub 小酒馆

bar /ba:/ 1 (a room with) a counter [■J190] where alcoholic drinks are sold 酒吧（间）；卖酒的柜台：They went to the bar for a drink.他们到酒吧去喝杯酒.Is there a bar in this hotel？这旅馆里有酒吧吗？2（a room with） a counterwhere food and drinks are served and eaten 小吃部（店）；卖食物、饮料的柜台：He went into acoffee bar.他走进一家咖啡店.He eats in a localsnack bar［→E120］．他在当地一家快餐店吃饭．

public bar /pablik 'ba:/ BrE a room in an inn, hotel, pub, etc, that is open to the public generally and where people go mainly for drinking beer，etc（旅馆或酒馆里的）大众酒吧

saloon bar ／sə＇lu：n ＇ba：／also 又作 lounge bar /'laund3 ba:/ BrE a room in an inn, hotel, etc, that is usu quite formally ornamented and where people go when they want to drink in pleasanter surroundings than the public bar （旅馆里的）高级酒吧

tavern /'tævən/ esp formerly a place,inn,etc, where beer，etc，is sold 酒馆；（卖啤酒等的）小旅馆

saloon/sə'lu:n/1 a large public drinking place esp in an American wild west town（尤指美国西部刚开发时小城镇的）酒馆；酒吧2 BrE asaloon bar（旅馆里的）高级酒吧

E122 nouns 名词：persons and shops selling tobacco and alcoholic drinks ［C］烟酒商与烟酒店

tobacconist /tə'bækənist/ a person who or shop which sells tobacco， cigarettes，etc 烟草商；烟草店：He buys his cigarettes at a tobacco-nist＇s down the street.他常在街尾那一家烟草店买香烟.

liquor store /'likə ,sto:/ esp AmE a shop that sells alcoholic drinks in bottles（卖瓶装酒的）酒铺

off-licence /'pf,laisəns/ BrE a shop or part of a pub,hotel,etc, where alcoholic drinks can be bought and taken away（旅馆或酒馆里的）外卖酒部；外卖酒馆

licensed premises ／＇laisənst ＇premisiz／［also 又作 P］ a place， esp a hotel or inn， which is of-ficially permitted to sell alcoholic drinks 特许卖酒处（尤指旅馆）

E123 nouns 名词： persons making and serving food［C］厨师与侍者

cook/kuk/ a person who cooks, esp in a hotel or restaurant（尤指旅馆或餐馆的）厨师

chef/fef/ Fr a male cook, esp a chief cook, in a hotel or larger restaurant 男厨师；（尤指旅馆或大餐馆的）主厨；厨师长

waiter/'weitə/ a person who serves food in a restaurant侍者；侍应生；服务生

waitress／＇weitris／ a female waiter 女侍者；女侍应生；女服务生

E124 nouns 名词： persons making and serving drinks［C］酿酒者与酒吧招待员

brewer /'bru:ə/ a person who makes (brews) beer 酿啤酒的人 brewery a place where beer is made 啤酒厂

distiller /dr'strlə/ a person who distils [■E70] strong alcoholic drink such as whisky 蒸馏（酒） 者；酿酒者 distillery a place where distilling is done，esp of whisky（尤指威士忌酒）酿酒厂

publican /'pablikən/ esp BrE a person who （owns and） looks after a pub 酒馆老板；管理酒馆的人

saloon-keeper/sə'lu:n,ki:pə/ esp AmE a person who owns or looks after a saloon 酒馆老板；管理酒馆的人

barman /'bazmən/ a man who sells drinks in a bar，pub，etc（酒吧或酒馆等的男性）卖酒人；酒保

barmaid /'a:,meid/ a woman who serves drinks in a bar， pub， etc（酒吧、酒馆等的）女侍者；酒吧女侍

bartender／＇ba：，tendə／ a barman or barmaid 酒吧的服务员（男或女）

Farming

农事

E130 nouns 名词：farming generally ［U］ 农事通称

[ALSO→E143]

farming /'fa:mi/ the practice or business of operating or working on a farm 农事；农业；耕作；农场经营 farmland land that is good for farming 农田

agriculture /'ægri,kaltfə/ tech the art or prac-tice of farming， esp of growing crops 农艺；农业；农业生产 agricultural［B］of or concerning agriculture 农艺的；农业的；农业生产的-ly［adv］

agronomy /ə'gronəmi/ tech the scientific study of soil and the growing of crops 农学；农艺学agronomic(al) [B] of or concerning agron-omy农学的；农艺学的

husbandry/'hazbəndri/ fml & tech farming, esp of a special kind（尤指特别种类的）农事；耕作：animal husbandry畜牧（学）

horticulture/'ho:tr,kAltfə/ tech the science and practice of growing fruit,flowers, and vege-tables 园艺；园艺学 horticultural ［B］ of or con-cerning horticulture 园艺的；园艺学的-ly［adv］ market gardening /'ma:kit 'ga:dnig/ the prac-

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tice or business of growing vegetables and orchard／＇o：tfəd／a field of fruit trees 果园：They

own apple orchards in Kent.他们在肯特郡有苹

果园.

vineyard /'vinjəd/ a piece of land planted with

vines［→A141］ for wine production 葡萄园（种

植酿酒用的葡萄）

fruit for sale 商业蔬果种植；蔬果种植业

E131 nouns 名词：farms and ranches［C］ 农场与牧场

farm/fa:m/ an area of land, together with its buildings, concerned with the growing of crops and／or the raising of animals 农场；农庄： They own a farm.他们有一个农场.The farmhas a lot of fields.这农场有很多农田.He hasasheep farm in Australia.他在澳洲有一个养羊的农场.

market garden /'ma:kit 'ga:dn/ a large area for growing vegetables and fruit for sale 营商用蔬果园；商业蔬果园

plantation /plæn'teifən/ a large piece of land, esp in hot countries, on which crops such as tea，cotton，sugar， and rubber are grown（尤指在热带国家的）种植园；大农场：They own acoffee plantation.他们拥有一个咖啡种植园.

estate ／r＇steit／fml a plantation 种植园；大农场： They own several tea estates.他们拥有几个大茶园.

ranch /ra:ntf/1 [C] (in the western US and Canada) a very large farm where cattle, horses，or sheep are produced（美国及加拿大西部的）饲养牛、马或羊的大牧场2［C9］AmE anyfarm that produces one （stated） thing（出产某种农产品的）农场：He owns a fruit／chicken ranch.他有一个果园／养鸡场.

smallholding /'smo:l,həuldn/ BrE an area of land for growing crops, raising animals, etc, but smaller than a farm 小型农场：He started on a smallholding; now he farms five hundred acres.最初他只有一个小型农场；现在他的农场已有五百英亩地.

E132 nouns 名词：fields and orchards ［C］

农田与果园 [ALSO→ E141 PASTURE]

field/fi:ld/ [often in comb] a stretch of land on a farm, etc, marked off in some way or sur-rounded by a fence or wall, and used for animals or crops（农场里的）种作物的地；农田；饲养场：There were fields of corn／cornfields near the house.房子附近有玉米地.The field was full of sheep.饲养场里全都是羊.

kitchen garden /'kıtfin 'ga:dn/a garden where fruit and vegetables are grown, usu for eating at home rather than for sale 家庭菜园；家庭果园

patch/pætf/ [often in comb] a small area of ground esp for growing vegetables（尤指种植蔬菜的）小块田地：He was working in his potato patch.他正在他的马铃薯地里工作.

allotment /ə'lotmənt/ (in Britain) a small piece of land rented out, esp by a town council, to people who will grow vegetables on it（在英国） （尤指市议会）出租给人种菜的小块土地

E133 nouns，etc 名词等：crops and harvests 农作物与收成

crop/rop/1 [C] a plant or plant product such as grain, fruit, or vegetables grown or pro-duced by a farmer 农作物；庄稼：Wheat is a widely grown crop in Britain.小麦是英国广泛种植的一种农作物．2［C］the amount of such aproduct produced and gathered in a single season or place（一季或一地某种作物的）收获量；产量：We＇ve had the biggest wheat crop ever this year because of the hot summer.由于夏季天气热，今年我们的小麦收成比历年都高．3［S9］(fig) a group or quantity appearing at any one time（同时出现的）一大批；一大堆：The minis-ter's speech caused a crop of questions in Parliament.部长的讲话在议会引起了一连串问题.4［L9］ to bear a crop 产庄稼；收获：The po-tatoes and beans have cropped well this year, but the wheat badly.今年马铃薯和豆子的收成很好，但小麦却失收.

crops/krpps/[P] genl all the kinds of plants growing（in one season or place）（一季或一地的）全部作物：The farmers are worried about the effect the dry weather will have on their crops.农夫们担心干旱的气候会影响他们农作物的收成.

produce /'prodju:s/ [U] things which are pro-duced esp on farms； plants， milk， eggs，etc 农产品：Local produce costs less than foreign produce.当地农产品比外国农产品的价格低.

harvest /'ha:vist/ [C] 1 the act or occasion of gathering the crops 收获；收割；收获季节；收获期：They all helped in the harvest.他们都来帮助收割.The weather was good for the harvest. ·这种天气对收割有利．2 the（amount of） cropsgathered 收获量；产量；收成：There was a good harvest that year．那一年丰收．3（fig） the results of work done 结果；成果：All his letter-writing produced a harvest of interested people. 他写的那些信引来了一大堆感兴趣的人.

yield /ji:ld/[C] that which is produced or the amount that is produced, as of fruit, crops, etc 农产品（如水果、庄稼等）；（农产品的）产量：Thetrees gave a high yield this year.今年果树产量很高.

E134 nouns 名词：livestock［GU］牲畜

(live)stock /('larv)stok/ animals kept on a farm 牲畜；家畜：That farmer looks after his live-stock well.那个农民把牲畜饲养得很好.He needsa lot of food to feed his stock.他需要大量饲料来喂他的牲畜.

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E135 FARMING 农事

fatstock /'fæt,stpk/ livestock fattened for sell-ing as food 养肥以供食用的家畜

E135 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to fertility［B］有关肥沃的

[ALSO→A17]

fertile/'f3:tail/(of land) which produces or can produce good crops in large numbers（指土地） 肥沃的；富饶的：fertile soil 肥沃的土壤 fertility［U］the condition of being fertile 肥力；肥沃： The fertility of the fields here is well known. 这里的土地以肥沃闻名.in-［neg］

productive ／prə＇daktıv／ able to produce well 多产的；产量高的：All the farms here are highly productive.这里的农场产量都很高.productivity [U] the (measured) ability to grow things or the （calculated） rate of making goods 生产能力；生产率：The employers.are considering ways to increase the productivity of the factory.老板们正在研究提高工厂生产率的方法.

rich／rit［Wal］ fertile；productive 肥沃的；富饶的；多产的：This farm has very rich land.这个农场的土地非常肥沃.

arable /'ærəbəl/1 (of land) suitable or used for growing crops 可耕的；适合耕种的；用作耕种的：This is the finest arable land in the country. 这是全国最好的耕地．2［U］land that is used forgrowing crops 耕地；田地：I have three fields of arable and twenty cows.我有三块耕地和二十头母牛.

pastoral /'pa:stərəl/1 (of land) grassy; suitable for feeding sheep and cattle（指土地）多草的； 宜于畜牧的2 esp lit concerning simple peace-ful country life, esp as lived by shepherds [ E143］ 乡村简朴平静生活的；田园的；牧歌似的：apastoral scene of cows drinking from a stream 一幅母牛在小溪旁饮水的田园景色

agrarian /ə'greərıən/ of land, esp farmland, or its ownership 土地的；（尤指）耕地的；土地所有权的：Agrarian laws deal with the use and ownership of farmland.土地法处理耕地的使用与所有权问题.

fruitful/'fru:tfəl/esp lit (of earth, trees,etc) rich; yielding good crops（指土地、果树等）丰饶的；多产的；结出优良果实的

fallow /'fæləu/ [Wa5] 1 (of land) dug or ploughed [→E137] but left unplanted to improve its quality（指土地）犁过而未播种的；休耕的；休闲的：They left the land fallow for a year.他们让土地休耕一年．2［U］fallow land 休耕地 lie fallow stay unplanted 休耕：They let the land lie fallow for a year.他们让土地休耕一年.

barren /'bærən/ 1 (of land) having poor soil that cannot produce a good crop（指土地）贫瘠的；种不出庄稼的2（of animals，trees，plants， etc) unable to produce young life; bearing no fruit or seed（指动物）不育的；（指植物）不结果实的-ness ［U］

bare /beə/ [Wal (of)] uncovered by any (par-ticular） plants 不长植物的；光秃秃的：The fields were bare （of any plants）.地里光秃秃的（什么

植物都没有）.

arid /'ærid/1 (of land or a country) having so little rain that it is very dry and unproductive （指土地、国家）干旱的；贫瘠的2（fig）not lead-ing to any really new discovery 没有新发现的； 无成果的：These are arid scientific studies con-cerned only with dry facts.这些科学研究没有什么新发现，只涉及枯燥无味的事实．3（fig）unin-teresting；dull 枯燥无味的；沉闷的

E136 nouns，etc 名词等：dung and

fertilizer 粪与肥料 [B66 EXCREMENT]

dung/dan/ [U] the waste material of animals which is put on the land to make it more fertile（动物的）粪；粪肥：He put horse dung around the roots of the rose bushes.他在玫瑰花根部周围撒上马粪.

manure ／mə＇njuə／ 1［U］fml＆ tech dung（动物的）粪；粪肥2［T1］to put manure on 施肥于：The farmer manured his fields.农民给旧施肥.

fertilizer, -iser /'f3:təlaızə/ [C; U] (any type of) chemical or natural substance that is put on the land to make crops grow better.（化学或天然的）肥料：He bought a bag of chemical fertilizer.他买了一袋化肥.Crushed bones make one of the best fertilizers.骨粉是其中一种最好的肥料.

muck／mak／［U］infml manure 粪；粪肥

E137 verbs 动词：farming 耕种

farm/fa:m/ [IØ; T1] to use (land) for growing crops，raising animals，etc 耕种；在···上经营农场； 饲养（家畜等）：His friend farms in Wales.他的朋友在威尔士务农.They should farm the landinstead of letting it lie waste／fallow.他们应该耕种这块土地，而不应让它荒芜／休耕.

cultivate /'kaltə,veit/ [T1] 1 [Wv5] to prepare （land） for the growing of crops 耕种；耕作：New farming methods are allowing us to cultivate much land previously thought unproductive. 有了新的耕作方法，许多原来被认为不长庄稼的土地我们都可以耕种了．2 to plant， grow， and carefor (a crop) by preparing the soil, providing water，etc种植；栽培（农作物）：Rice can only be cultivated in hot countries with plenty of rain. 稻米只能在炎热多雨的国家种植．3（fig）toimprove or develop by careful attention, train-ing，or study 培养；训练；修养：He has cultivated a love of art.他已培养出对艺术的爱好.He＇s try-ing to cultivate his mind by reading widely.他博览群书，力图提高自己的学问修养．4（fig）toseek the friendship or good will of (a person) 力求与（某人）交往；设法与（某人）亲善：Healways tries to cultivate people who are useful to him professionally.他总是设法结交在专业上对自己有帮助的人.cultivation［U］ the act of cultivating 耕作；栽培；培养：The farmer wants to bring new land under cultivation.那农夫想

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开垦荒地.The cultivation of cotton has declined in recent years.近年来棉花的种植下降了.（fig） Cultivation of the mind can bring much pleasure.修养心性可以带来很多乐趣.Byhis cultivation of important people John ad-vanced himself socially.通过结交重要人物，约翰的社会地位提高了．cultivator［C］ 1 a personwho cultivates 耕种者；栽培者；培养（兴趣）者2a tool or machine for loosening the earth around plants, destroying\_unwanted plants, etc 耕耘机；中耕机 cultivable ［B］ that can be cultivated 可耕作的；可栽培的；可种植的；可培养的grow /grəu/ [T1; IØ] to (cause or allow to) grow 种植；栽种；生长；成长：He grows vegetables.他种植蔬菜.What crops do you grow here？你们这里种什么农作物？This is all locally-grown produce. 这些都是当地种植的农产品.Plants can＇t growwithout water.植物没有水就不能生长.

garden /'ga:dn/ [IØ] to work in a garden, making plants grow 从事园艺；（在园中）栽培植物：He spends his time gardening and reading. 他把时间花在园艺与阅读上.

sow/səu/[IØ; T1] 1 to plant or throw(seeds) on （a piece of ground） 播种；撒（种子）于（土地）：The farmer sowed the field with corn.农夫在田里播种玉米.He sowed several rows of peas in the garden．他在菜园里种了几行豌豆．2（fig）togive, put in, or cause to produce future results 散播；引起；惹起：＇Whatever a man sows，that he will also reap＇（The Bible）.“人种的是什么， 收的也是什么.”《圣经》

plant /pla:nt/1 [T1; IØ] to put (plants or seeds) in the ground to grow 栽种；种植；播种：Plant flowers about 6 inches apart．把花大约每隔六英寸种一棵.April is the time to plant.四月是种植的季节．2［T1］ to supply （a place） with seeds or growing plants 在（土地上）播种；栽种：We＇re planting a small garden.我们在培植一个小花园.The hillside was planted with trees.山坡上种满了树．3［X9］（fig） to put （an idea， belief， etc） in the mind 灌输；使（思想、信仰等）生根：Hisevil talk planted the seeds of hatred in their hearts.他那邪恶的话在他们心中播下了仇恨的种子．4 ［X9］to fix or place firmly or with force （牢牢地）安放；（用力地）放置：He plantedhimself in a chair by the fire.他安坐在炉边的椅子上.

seed/si:d/1[T1] to sow with seeds[→A134]; throw seeds on 播种；撒种子于：The farmer seeded his fields．农民在田里播种．2［IØ］ to produce seeds 结出种子：The plants have all seeded．这些植物全都结子了．3 ［T1］ to takeseeds from 除去···的种子；脱···的籽：This kind of fruit is best seeded before eating.吃这种水果之前最好先去除里面的籽.

plough，also 又作 plow AmE／plau／1［T1；IØ］to break up or turn over (land) with a plough [→E139］（用犁）犁（地）；耕（田）：Farmers plough （their fields） in autumn or spring. 农民在秋季或春季犁地.The ground was ploughed up and planted with corn.地已犁过，并种上了玉米.（fig）The ship ploughed the sea．那条船在破浪前进．2［Iø］（of land） to be fit to plough（指土地）适于耕作；可犁：Frozen soil won＇t plough.冻土不能犁.

E139 FARMING 农事

E138 verbs 动词：gathering the harvest 收获

reap /ri:p/ [IØ; T1] to cut and gather (a crop of grain）收割（庄稼）；收获：The farmer reaped the corn.农民收割玉米. The men were all outreaping.男人们都到田里收割去了.（fig）Hereaped a big profit on his work.他在工作上赚了一大笔钱.

thresh ／Oref／ also 又作 less common thrash /θræf [IØ; T1] to separate (grain) from the rest of the plant by beating it 打谷；使脱粒：The farmers used to thresh the grain by hand,but now machines thresh it.农民过去一直用手来打谷，现在用机器了.Have they started threshing yet？他们开始打谷了吗？threshing floor［C］the floor or ground where grain is threshed 打谷场bale /beil/ [IØ; T1] to make (plants) into bales

［→E142］把···打成捆：The farmworkers baled the dried grass.农场工人把干草打成捆.

bind ／baind／ ［T1］ to tie 把···打成捆；捆；扎：The farm-workers bound the corn into sheaves [■E142］．农场工人把玉米打成捆儿．

harvest /'há:vist/ [T1; IØ] to gather or reap (a crop） 收割；收获：Have you harvested（your crops）yet？你们（把农作物）收割了吗？

E139 nouns 名词： large-scale farming equipment［C］大型农业机械

coulter,colter

ploughshare/AmE plowshare

犁铧；犁铲

plough BrE,plow AmE/plau/1 a farming tool with a heavy cutting blade drawn by a vehicle or animal（s）犁：Ploughs break up and turn over the earth in fields．犁在田里破土翻土．2[often in comb] any tool or machine, such as a snowplough that looks or works like this 犁形工具或机械（例如雪犁）to be under the plough（of land） to be used for farming（指土地）用来耕作的

ploughshare BrE,plowshare AmE/'plaufeə/ the heavy cutting blade of a plough 犁铧；犁铲

tractor /'træktə/ a motor veĥicle used esp in farming to pull machinery, esp across fields （见787页彩图）拖拉机；牵引机：The farmerfixed the plough behind his tractor.农民把犁安装在拖拉机后面.Tractors or horses can be used to pull a plough.拖拉机或马都可用来拉犁.

baler /'beilə/ a farming machine that gathers crops like wheat into a large tightly tied mass （bale）打包机；打捆机

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binder /'baındə/ a farming machine that binds crops 捆束机

harvester /'ha:vistə/ 1 a machine which cuts grain and gathers it in 收割机 2 a person who is harvesting crops 收割的人

combine harvester /'kpmbam 'ha:vistə/ a machine which harvests grain, separates it from the stems，and cleans it 联合收割机

E140 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：farm

buildings［C］（见787页彩图）农场建筑物

farm(house)/fa:m(haus)/ the main house on a farm 农场住宅；农舍

farmyard /'farm ja:d/the (main) yard of a farm 农家庭院

outhouse ／＇aut，haus／ also 又作 outbuilding /'aut,bildi/ a building on a farm away from the main farmhouse 农场住宅外的附属建筑物

barn /ba:n/1 a farm building for storing crops and food for animals（储藏谷物、饲料的）仓；谷仓；草料仓2 esp AmE a farm building for crops, food for animals, and the animals themselves（储藏谷物和饲料，并饲养牲畜的）棚舍3（fig） a big bare plain building 大而简陋的房子：You＇d never get me to live in a great barn like that！你永远也别想我会住到那样一个简陋的大棚子里！

barnyard/'ba:n,ja:d/the yard around, near, or among barns, often (esp formerly) where hens are kept 谷仓周围的庭院（常用来养鸡）

kennel ／＇kenəl／1 a usu small house for a dog 狗舍；狗屋2［T1］to keep or put in a kennel 养在狗舍里；放在狗舍里

kennels /'kenəlz/ BrE [P], kennel /'kenəl/ AmE [C] a place where small animals are looked after while their owners are away 小动物寄养处（主人外出时寄养小动物的地方）

pigsty／＇pig，stai／ also 又作 sty／star／1 an enclo-sure with a small building in it where pigs are kept 猪圈；猪栏2（fig）derog a very dirty house or room 肮脏、不整洁的房子或房间

pigpen／＇pig，pen／ AmE a pigsty 猪圈；猪栏

hen house /'hen haus/ the (usu wooden) hut in which hens sleep 鸡舍；鸡窝

battery/'bætəri/ a Îine of small boxes in which hens are kept and specially treated so that they will grow fast and lay eggs often 层架式鸡笼

pen /pen/ 1 [often in comb] a small piece of land enclosed by a fence or wall, used esp for keeping animals in， as in sheep pen（尤指养家畜的）圈（例如羊圈）；围栏2［T1］ to shut（animals） in a pen把（动物）圈起来：We don＇t pen our sheep here.我们不把羊圈在这里.

stall/sto:l/ [C] a place, esp as part of a large stable in which a horse, cow, etc, can be kept （畜舍内为一头牲畜所设的）分隔栏；分隔小间

(bee)hive /('bi:)harv/1 a place where bees live 蜂房；蜂箱；蜂巢：Where do you keep your hives？你把蜂箱放在什么地方？2［GC］the groupof bees who live together（同一蜂巢的）蜂群： When bees swarm it means the whole hive is

flying together.蜜蜂密集成群时表明整个蜂巢的蜂群正一起飞．3（fig）a crowded busy place 拥挤繁忙的场所：This place is a real beehive； what a hive of industry！这地方可真热闹；真是个个都忙得不可开交似的！

（其余见彩图）

E141 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：food foranimals 饲料

[ALSO → E1-12 FOOD GENERALLY]

hay /hei/ [U] grass which has been cut and dried， esp for cattle food （见 787页彩图）（尤指喂牲畜用的）干草；草料：We had a good crop［→E133］ of hay this year．今年我们的草料丰收．haystack [C] a carefully made pile of hay esp in a field（尤指在田里的）干草堆；干草垛

silage /'sailid3/ [U] tech green food for cattle, esp when stored in a special building or hole kept for such a purpose（silo）青贮饲料

fodder/'fpdə/[U] tech rough food for cattle or horses, gathered from the fields and stored （牛或马的）粗饲料

forage /'fprid3/ [U] genl food supplies for horses and cattle（牛和马的）草料；饲料

feed／fi：d／1 ［U］ food for animals 饲料：He bought a bag of hen feed.他买了一袋鸡饲料.How much does this kind of feed cost？这种饲料卖多少钱？2［C］ food or a meal taken by ananimal or baby（动物或婴儿的）一餐；一顿饭：How many feeds a day does a camel get？骆驼一天喂几次？

graze /greiz/ 1 [T1; IØ] (of animals) to feed on grass（指动物）吃草：The cattle are grazing（in the field）．牛群在（地里）吃草．2［X9］to cause animals to feed on grass 放牧：They graze the cattle in that field．他们在那块地里放牛．3［T1］to use （land） for grazing 把（土地）用以放牧：The farmer said he would graze the bottom field.农夫说他要用山脚下面那片地来放牧.

grazing /'greizın/ [U] land on which animals can graze 牧场

pasture /'pa:stfə/1 [U] a growing grass, con-sidered or used as food for cattle 牧草 b land where this is grown and where cattle feed on it 牧场：Cattle are moved to hilly pasture during the summer.牛群在夏天转移到山区牧场去．2 ［C］ a piece of land where this is grown （一片）牧场：He loved the rolling pastures of Southern England.他喜爱英格兰南部连绵起伏的牧场．3［TI］（of people） a to put（farm animals） in a pasture 放（牛、羊到牧场）吃草；放牧 b to feed （farm animals） on pasture 喂（牛、羊）吃草：This is the best grass for pasturing one＇s cattle．这是给牛吃的最好的草．4［T1；L1］(of cattle, sheep, etc) to feed on (an area of growing grass）， esp in a pasture（牛、羊等）吃（地上生长的）草（尤指在牧场里）：This field hasbeen well pastured by the cattle.这块地上的草都让牛吃光了.Goats can pasture on mountain slopes．山羊能在高山的斜坡上吃草．5［T1］to use（land） as pasture（把山地）用作牧场：It is now possible to pasture waste land.现在有可能把荒

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地开辟成牧场了.

pasturage /'pa:stfərid3/ [U] 1 growing grass for feeding cattle，horses，etc 牧草 2 the right to use land for feeding one's cattle, horses, etc 使用土地放牧的权利 3 also 又作 pastureland(natural) grassland suitable for feeding cattle on适于放牧的（天然）草场

E142 nouns 名词：parts of fields， things in farms and fields，etc 农田各部分与农场、农田里的东西

干草垛 一捆

stubble/'stabəl/[U] the short ends of corn stems left standing in fields after the grain has been cut（农作物收割后的）残茬；残梗

clod/klpd/[C] a lump or mass of earth, clay, etc，esp in a field（尤指田里的）土块；泥块

sheaf /ji:f/ [C] a number of corn stems tied together, usu before the corn is threshed[■E138］（常指谷物在打谷前捆起的）捆；束；扎

bale /beil/ [C] a large tightly tied mass of corn, or of dried grass (hay), esp as cut and gath-ered by machine 大包；大捆（谷物或干草）（尤指机器打的包捆）

rick/rik/ [C] a large pile of straw or hay shaped like a little house, that stands in the open air until it is needed（露天垛成小屋状的）干草垛；稻草垛

stack/stæk/[C] a very large pile, esp of bales of straw or hay， usu shaped like a box 大堆； （尤指由稻草或干草捆堆叠成，通常方形的）大垛

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

stack

大垛

bale

大包

E143 FARMING 农事

ditch/dity [C] a long narrow passage dug in the ground to allow water to flow away 沟；渠

hedge /hed3/ [C] a row of bushes or small trees, esp when cut level at the top, which divides a field or garden from another（见787 页彩图）（灌木或小树栽成的）树篱 hedge-row [C] a long hedge along the side of a field, road，etc（路边、田边的）一长列树篱

furrow /'farəu/ [C] a long narrow track cut by a plough ［→E139］in farming land（耕地里的）犁沟；垄沟

rut/rat/[C] a long deep cut between raised edges，esp in the earth（尤指地面上的）凹槽；车辙：The country roads were muddy and full of ruts left by farm carts.乡间的道路泥泞，满是大车留下的一道道车辙.rutted［B］having ruts有凹槽的；有车辙的

E143 nouns 名词：people generally

connected with farming［C］一般与农业有关的人

[ALSO→E130-31]

farmer /'fa:mə/ a person whose work is farm-ing， or who owns a farm 农民；农场主人

husbandman /'hazbəndmən/ old use & lit a farmer 农民

farm worker／＇fa：m ，w3：kə／ also 又作 farm la-bourer BrE/laborer AmE a man who works on a farm for a farmer 农场工人；农业工人

farmhand／＇fa：m，hænd／ infml a farm worker 农场工人；农业工人

rancher /'ra:ntfə/ a person who owns a ranch 大牧场主人；农场主人

agriculturalist /,ægrr'kaltfərəlist/ a person who works in agriculture 农民；农场经营者；农学家

agronomist /ə'gronəmist/ a person who prac-tises agronomy 农艺学家；农作物学家；农艺师

horticulturist /ho:tr'kaltfərist/ a person who works in horticulture 园艺家；园艺学家

market gardener /'ma:kıt 'ga:danə/ a person who owns or works in a market garden 商业蔬果园的主人或工人

stockbreeder ／＇stpk，bri：də／ also 又作 cattle-breeder /'kætəl,bri:də/ a farmer who breeds cattle 畜牧业者；饲养牛的农民

shepherd/'fepəd/ a person who looks after sheep，esp in hilly places（尤指山区的）牧羊人

sheepman /'ji:p,mən/ a person, esp a farmer or farmworker, who keeps or looks after sheep（农场里的）养羊人或牧羊人

cattleman/'kætəlmən/ a person, esp a farmer, who keeps or looks after cattle（农场里的）养牛人或放牛人

herdsman ／＇h3：dzmən／ also 又作 stockman /'stpkmən/ a farm worker employed by a farmer to look after stock （＝animals）牧人（农场主雇来专职照管牲畜的农业工人）

cowboy/'kau,boi/ AmE a man who looks after cattle on a ranch 牛仔；骑马放牧人

ploughman, AmE plowman/'plaumən/ also 又作（formerly）ploughboy，AmE plowboy

rick sheaf

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/'plau,boi/ a man whose work on a farm is to plough ［E137］fields扶犁人；牵着牲畜犁田的人

gardener /'ga:dənə/ a person who looks after a

garden or gardens，esp for pay 园林工人；园丁； 花匠；菜农

smallholder/'smo:l,həuldə/ a person who has a smallholding 小农场主

F

Feelings, emotions, attitudes, and

sensations

感觉、情感、态度与知觉

Feeling and behaviour

generally

一般感觉与行为

F1 verbs 动词：relating to feeling 有关感觉、感情的

[ALSO→F260-2]

feel/fi:l/1[T1] to get knowledge of by touching 摸；触：Just feel the quality of the cloth.请摸摸这块布的质地．2［Wv6；T1］ to experience the touch or movement of（通过接触）感觉；感知：Ican feel a pin sticking into me.我能感到有根针在扎我．3［L7］to experience （a condition）；be consciously 感到；觉得：I felt really cold／ill last night.昨晚我觉得真冷／不舒服.She feels tiredand wants to rest．她感到疲倦，想休息一下．4［T5a］（fig） to think or consider 认为；以为：He says he feels that he has not been well treated. 他说他认为自己没有得到好的待遇.I feel（that）you don＇t understand the problem.我觉得你不明白这个问题.

sense /sens/[T1, 5] to feel esp through the senses， often without clear reasons（通过感官但往往没有明确的原因）感觉；意识到：The dogsensed danger.这狗意识到有危险.He sensed that she didn＇t like him.他感觉到她不喜欢他.

experience /ık'spıəriəns/ [T1] often fml to feel, have，or know 体验；经历；感受：He experienced a lot of difficulties doing that work. 他在做那件工作时遇到许多困难.In that place she experi-enced real fear for the first time in her life.在那个地方，她有生以来第一次感受到真正的恐惧.

enjoy /ın'd3oi/ [T1] to have or feel(something good）享受；享有：He has always enjoyed good health.他一直享有良好的健康.

suffer from [v prep T1] to have or feel (some-thing bad）受（··.之苦）；患（病）：She has always suffered from ill health.她的身体一直不好.She has suffered （a lot） from various illnesses.她受着多种疾病的折磨.

suffer /'sAfə/ [T1] often fml to experience （something bad） 蒙受；遭受；经历（不幸的事）：Hesuffered the loss of a leg during the war.他在战争期间失去了一条腿.

F2 nouns 名词：relating to feeling 有关感觉、感情的

feeling／＇fi：l／1［U］ the ability to feel 触觉；知觉：After the accident he had no feeling in his legs．那次事故以后他的双腿失去了知觉．2［C］genl something which a person feels inside him／herself；an emotion， or idea 感情；情绪；看法：I have a feeling he doesn＇t like me.我觉得他不喜欢我.What are her feelings towards him？她对他的感情如何？Try not to hurt hisfeelings again (= to upset him, his pride, etc). 千万别再伤他的感情．3［C usu sing］ somethingwhich a person, animal, etc feels through the senses 感觉：When that thing touched me it was a very strange feeling.那个东西触及我时，我有一种非常奇特的感觉.

sensation/sen'scifən/ often fml 1 [U] the power of feeling in the body 知觉：The doctor said thatthe patient had no sensation in his legs．医生说病人双腿已没有知觉．2［C］ a bodilyfeeling（身体上的）感觉：She felt a sensation of heat against her face.她感到脸上一阵火辣辣的.

emotion/r'məufən/1[C] any one of the strong feelings that a person can have inside 感情；情感；情绪：Love，hatred，and grief are emotions. 爱、恨和哀伤都是情感.His speech had an effecton our emotions rather than on our reason.他的演讲在情感上引起我们激动，在理性上却没有起什么作用．2［U］ strength of feeling； an excited state of the feelings 激动；激情：He described the accident in a voice shaking with emotion. 他用激动得发颤的声音描述了那次事故.

sentiment/'sentəmənt/1 [C]fml a feeling; emo-tion 感情；情绪：He is not interested in such sentiments as pity and love.他对怜悯和爱这样的感情不感兴趣．2［U］human sympathy 同情心：They consider sentiment in business a waste of time.他们认为做生意时感情用事是浪费时间.

mood/mu:d/1[C] a state of the emotions at a particular time（某一刻的）情绪；心境：When she came home she found him in a bad mood.她回到家时发现他心情不好.Her moods changequickly; one minute she's happy, the next minute she＇s sad.她的情绪变化很快，一会儿高兴，一会儿伤心．2 ［C］ a state of feeling in which a person is bad tempered, violently angry,or displeased，etc 心情不好；不快；发怒：Don＇t ask

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him to help when he＇s in one ofhis moods.他不高兴时你不要求他帮忙.She＇s in a mood andwon＇t speak to me．她在赌气，所以不理睬我．3[(the) S] the right state of mind (for a particu-lar activity，thing，etc）（做某事的）合适心情：I can't write any letters today; I'm not in the mood.我今天什么信也写不成；我没那份心思.Shewas tired and in no mood for dancing.她累了， 不想跳舞.Do you feel in the mood for some music？你有兴致听音乐吗？

instinct/'mnstigkt/1 [U; C] the inborn force in animals and people which causes certain patterns of behaviour, such as nest building in birds,which are not based on learning or thinking 本能；天性：Most animals have an instinct to protect their young.大多数动物都有保护自己幼兽的本能．2［C often pl］ natural feel-ing(s) (in human beings); the ways of behav-iour which one would follow before thinking （未经思考的）直觉：Trust your instincts in this matter.在这件事上相信你自己的直觉吧.Someinstinct made him turn round at that moment.某种直觉驱使他在那一瞬间转过身来.

morale/mə'ra:l/ [U] an attitude in a person or group of people towards difficulties,work,etc 士气；精神：The morale of the soldiers was high／low （＝good／poor）.士兵们的士气旺盛／低落.

F3 nouns 名词：attitudes and similar feelings 态度及类似的感情

attitude /'ætə,tju:d/ [C] 1 manner of feeling and behaving 态度；心态：He has a happy atti-tude to life.他对生活持乐观态度.I dislike herunfriendly attitude．我讨厌她不友善的态度．2judgment；opinion 看法；意见：What is your attitude to this idea／in this matter？你对这个主意／这件事有何看法？

temper /'tempə/ [C] a particular state or condition of the mind， with regard to anger 脾气；心情；情绪：She is in a bad temper because she missed the bus and had to walk to work. 她心情不好，因为她没赶上公共汽车，不得不走路去上班.He＇s in a very good temper today； what happened？他今天情绪很好，这是怎么回事？［ALSO→F103]

temperament /'tempərəmənt/ [C] a person's character as shown by his attitudes, behav-iour，feelings，interests，etc 气质；性情；性格： She has a happy， friendly temperament.她的性情开朗、随和.He doesn＇t have the tempera-ment for office work.他的性格不适合坐办公室.

disposition /,dıspə'zıfən/ [C; U] one's feelings, general way of behaving，etc 情绪；性情；举止： She has a friendly disposition.她的性情随和. What one does when one isn't working is a matter of personal disposition.人在工作之余做些什么是个人爱好问题.

inclination /,ınklə'nerfən/[U;C often pl] what one likes；liking 爱好；意愿；性向；意向：She always follows her own inclinations.她总是随自己的喜好行事.I have no inclination to do

that kind of work.我可不想做那种工作.

impulse /'impals/ [C; U] a sudden wish to do something 冲动：She almost gave way to a wild impulse to dance in the street.她一时冲动，几乎要在街上跳起舞来.I telephoned her on impulse. 我一时冲动，给她打了个电话.He usually followshis impulses and does what he wants. 他心血来潮时往往想到什么就干什么.

urge／3：d3／ ［C］ a strong desire 强烈欲望；迫切要求：I was angry and felt an urge to hit him.我气极了，真想揍他一顿.Sexual urges are perfectly natural.性冲动是完全自然的事.

bias /'baiəs/ [C] a tendency of mind, feelings, etc 倾向；偏爱；偏见：Her scientific bias showed itself in early childhood; she was interested in everything scientific.她从小就喜欢科学，对一切与科学有关的事物都感兴趣.

F4 adjectives 形容词：relating to feeling ［B］有关感情的

emotional /I'məl/ 1 (of people) having feelings which are strong or easily moved 易动感情的；易激动的：Women are often said to bemore emotional than men.人们常说女人比男人容易动感情．2（of words，music，literature，etc） showing or able to cause strong feeling; emot-ive（文字、音乐、文学等）表现强烈感情的；动人的：She sang an emotional song about love and death．她唱了一首关于爱情与死亡的动人歌曲．3［Wa5］ relating to the emotions 感情上的；情绪的：He continues to have emotional difficult-ies.他一直有感情方面的困扰.un-［neg］-ly［adv］

emotive /r'məutiv/ which causes or may cause emotion（可能）引起情绪反应的；激起感情的：'Home' is a much more emotive word than ＇house＇.“家”这个词比“屋”感情色彩要浓得多.-ly[adv]

affecting ／ə＇fektir／ causing deep feeling 令人感动的；动人的：Meeting her again was a very affecting experience.与她再度相会是一次动人的经历.

moving /'mu:vig/ causing deep feeling; affect-ing 令人感动的；动人的：It was a deeply movingceremony.仪式极为感人.

sentimental /,sentə'ment!/ having or showing a lot of， or too much， sentiment or emotion 多愁善感的；易动感情的；过分感伤的；伤感的：She＇svery sentimental about animals.她对动物充满感情.They like singing warm， sentimental songs.他们喜欢唱温馨、伤感的歌曲.-ly［adv］-ity[U]

moody /'mu:di/ [Wal] 1 having moods that change often and quickly 喜怒无常的；心情变化不定的：She＇s a moody child， sad one minute， happy the next.她是个喜怒无常的孩子，一会儿伤心，一会儿高兴．2 bad-tempered，angry，dis-pleased,or unhappy,esp when such feelings or the reasons for them are not expressed 易怒的；生气的；忧郁的；阴沉的；不快的：He becamerather moody while waiting for the results of the exam.他在等考试结果时变得有些郁郁寡欢.-ily [adv]-iness [U]

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impulsive /Im'palsrv/ likely to act suddenly without thinking about the results, suitability, etc of one＇s acts 感情用事的；冲动的；不计后果的：Children can be very impulsive sometimes.孩子们有时会很冲动.Her impulsive behaviour worries me.她那感情用事的表现使我担心.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

instinctive/in'stngktrv/ [Wa5] resulting (as if) from instinct 本能的；直觉的：The way in which he did the work was almost instinctive.他做事的方法几乎全凭直觉.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

F5 verbs 动词：wanting things 想要

want/wont/ [T3, 1] to have or feel a need, real or imagined， to do or to get 要；想要：He wanted to eat.他想吃东西.I want to talk to you.我想跟你谈谈.He wants very much to go there.他很想到那里去.I want that book， not the other one.我要的是那本书，不是另外一本.

wish/wif/ 1 [T5a] to want (what is at present impossible）但愿；要是···多好；希望（现时为不可能的事物）：Í wish we had more money.要是我有多一点钱多好．2［X7,9］emph to want（some-thing） to be 希望（发生某事）：We wished the long journey over， but it wasn＇t.我们希望结束这趟长途旅行，可还没有结束.They wished heranywhere but in their house.他们巴不得她在别的什么地方，就是别在他们家．3［D1］to hope that(someone) is or has (something), esp ex-pressed as a greeting 祝愿；祝：I wish you well／ a merry Christmas．祝你好／圣诞快乐．4［IØ (for)] to want and try to cause a particular thing， esp when it can only come by magic 希望；想得到（尤指只有魔法才能带来的东西）：Go tothe well and wish for what you want most of all．到井边去，说出你最想要的东西．5［T3，V3］polite ＆ fml to want 想要：Do you wish to eat alone，sir？先生，您想一个人单独用餐吗？Does hewish us to come back later？他要我们一会儿再来吗？

feel like ［v prep T1,4］infml to want 想要：I feel like an apple.我想要个苹果.Do you feel like going for a walk？你想去散散步吗？

like /lark/ [T1, 3] (used with should, would) infml to want（与 should，would 连用）希望；想要：I would／I＇d like another cake.我想再要一块饼.Would you like a new bicycle？你想要辆新脚踏车吗？Would you like to go there？你想去那里吗？

care for [v prep T1] (esp in polite questions) to want；like（常用在客气的问话中）想要；喜欢：Would you care for another cake？再来块蛋糕好吗？I don＇t much care for people like him. 我不太喜欢像他那样的人.

fancy /'fænsi/ [T1] infml to wish for; have a liking for 想要；喜欢：Do you fancy that car？-It＇s nice，isn＇t it？你喜欢那辆汽车吗？-挺漂亮的，是吧？

will/wil/[T1, 5; V3] to use the powers of one's mind to make or intend 意欲；决心要；用意志力使：He willed that she would succeed.他决心要她成功.He willed her to succeed.他决心要她成

F6 FEELING ＆ BEHAVIOUR 感觉与行为

功.The priest said that she died because God willed it.神父说她的死是上帝的旨意.He willedhimselfto keep working, although he was very tired.他虽然很累了，但强迫自己继续工作下去.

F6 verbs 动词：wanting things very much 渴望、迫切想要

desire/dr'zarə/ 1 [T1, 3, 5] fml to wish or want very much 想要；非常希望；期望：She desiresonly your happiness.她只希望你幸福.I desire to be happy. 我极想得到快乐.The Queen de-sires that you （should） come at once.女王要你立即前来.She desires you to come at once.她要你立刻前来.Give your guests whatever they desire．客人要什么就给什么．2［T1］to want tohave sex with 想与···发生性关系：Antony desired Cleopatra.安东尼想占有克利奥佩特拉.desirable [B] worth having, doing, or desiring 值得要的；值得做的；合意的：These good ideashave had several desirable results.这些好主意取得了一些理想的结果.For this job it is desir-able to know French.做这份工作最好懂法语.

long /log/ [IØ (for), I3] to wish or want very much (something which one cannot have, esp at that time）渴望；渴想（尤指在当时为不可能的事）：She longs to go back to her home town. 她渴望回故乡.He longs for her to come back tohim.他渴望她回到自己身边.

crave /krerv/1 [T1; IØ (for)] to desire (and keep desiring） 渴望；热望：The unhappy children craved their parents＇love.这些不幸的孩子渴望得到父母的爱.He gave up drinking， but you can see he still craves（for）a drink.他戒酒了， 但是看得出他仍极想喝上一杯．2［T1］fml＆pompto ask strongly but very politely for 恳求：I crave your forgiveness，Sir.先生，我恳求您原谅.

covet/'kavit/ [T1] to desire very much (esp something that belongs to someone else）妄想； 垂涎；觊觎；贪求（尤指属于别人的东西）：He covetsmy land，but he won＇t get it！ 他对我的土地垂涎三尺，但他休想得到手！He really covets the prizefor best swimmer.他觊觎着那个最佳游泳运动员奖.covetous ［B （of）］ esp lit wanting some-thing very much 贪婪的；妄想占有的：He lookedat the money with covetous eyes.他用贪婪的目光盯着那些钱.（esp fml ＆ lit） He is covetous of her money.他贪图她的钱财.-ly［adv］

lust after ／＇last a：ftə／also 又作 lust for ［v prep T1] to desire very strongly, esp in a sexual way；covet greatly 渴求（尤指在性的方面）：Helusted after the girl， but could not have her.他渴望占有那女孩，却无法把她弄到手.Those menlust（only）for gold.那些人只贪图黄金.

miss /mis/[T1, 4] to feel sorry or unhappy at the absence or loss of (someone or some-thing）想念；怀念；因没有···而感到遗憾：The oldman told his children that they'd miss him when he was dead.老人对儿女说，他死后他们会想念他的.He missed the sunshine when he returned to England after four years in a hot country.在炎热的国家住了四年，回到英国后，他很

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怀念阳光.Now she＇s poor， and misses having servants to do all the work in the house.她现在穷了，很怀念当年有佣人替她做家务的日子.

hope/həup/ [IØ (for); T3, 5a,b] to wish or ex-pect （that something will happen） 希望：I hope （that）he＇ll come.我希望他会来.She hopes to go.她希望去.Will he do it？-I hope so.／I hope not.他会做吗？--我希望他会.／我希望他不会.Hehoped for peace but caused a war.他希望和平， 却引起了一场战争.

despair ／dr＇speə／［IØ （of）］to lose hope 失望；绝望： Don＇t despair； something good will happen soon.别感到绝望，形势很快就会好转的.Shesometimes despaired of her son; he never seemed to do any thing right.她有时对儿子丧失了信心，他似乎什么都做不好.He gave a despair-ing cry and died.他绝望地惨叫了一声就死了.

resign /ri'zamn/ [V3] to prepare(esp oneself) without complaining 使（自己）听从；使顺从于：He resigned himself to losing all the money. 他把钱全丢了，也只好自认倒霉了.resignation[U] the condition of having resigned oneself to something 忍受；听从；顺从

give up [v adv IØ] not fml to despair and resign oneself to something 放弃：I give up； I can＇t do this job.我放弃，我干不了这事.

F7 verbs 动词：not having things ［T1］没

有、缺少 [→D81]

lack／læk／1 to be without；not have 缺乏；没有： We lacked food．我们缺乏食物．2 to have less than enough of 不足；缺少：She lacks the strength to do the work.她力气不够，做不了这种工作.

need/ni:d/ to want, esp for some necessary or useful purpose 需要：He says he needs the book now for his work.他说他现在的工作很需要这本书.I need her and can＇t live without her. 我需要她，没有她就活不下去.

require／rr＇kwaiə／fml to need 需要：We require more money； arrange it with the bank.我们需要更多的钱；跟银行安排一下.Do you require anyfurther assistance（＝help），sir？先生，您还需要其它什么帮助吗？He is required at once in theManager＇s office.他必须立即到经理办公室去.

want／wont／1 ［also 又作 T4］ to need， usu badly 需要：This house wants painting／a good coat of paint.这座房子需要油漆／好好地涂一层油漆.This work wants doing now！这工作现在就要做！2 ［T3］ not fml ought 应该：You know，you want to see a doctor about that cough.你知道不，你咳嗽就应该去看医生.You＇re tired； youdon＇t want to work so hard.你累了，不要这样拼命地干.This work wants to be done carefully. 这事情应该小心去做．3 often fml to lack； nothave enough of 欠缺；缺乏：His reply wanted politeness．他的答复不够礼貌．4 often fml tosuffer from the lack of 缺少；没有：Many people still want food and shelter.很多人仍然欠缺食物和住屋．5 ［often pass］ to need （the presence of）需要···在场；要···来：The servants won＇t be

wanted this afternoon.今天下午佣人不必来了.Don＇t go where you are not wanted.不需你去的地方，你就别去.Your country wants you.你的国家需要你．6［Wv5］（esp of the police） to hunt or look for in order to catch（尤指警方）通缉； 追捕：The police want him for questioning.警方要缉拿他问话.He is wanted for murder；he＇s a wanted man.他因杀人而被通缉；他是个通缉犯.7 now rare to lack （for completion） 差：What time is it？-Oh， it wants 3 minutes to 12．现在几点了？-噢，差三分钟十二点．8［IØ］to lackenough food，clothing，shelter，etc 缺吃少穿；贫困：I＇ll see that she never wants again.我要保证她永远不再愁吃愁穿.want in／out ScotE ＆AmE to desire to come／go 想要进来／出去：The cat wants in and the dog wants out.猫想进来， 狗要出去.I want out of this agreement.我想退出这个协议.

can／could use also 又作 can／could do with infml would like to have； want； need 想要；需要：Boy， I＇m thirsty； I could use a cold beer right now！噢，我渴极了；我想马上喝一杯冰冻啤酒！Can you use some extra money？-You bet I can！你想赚点外快吗？-当然想啦！Thatlittle girl could do with a bath; she's very dirty.那小女孩该洗个澡了；她太脏啦.

F8 nouns 名词：not having things 缺乏、缺少、没有

lack/læk/ [U (of)] the condition of not having （something necessary） 缺乏；欠缺；没有：The plants died through／for lack of water.植物因缺水而枯死了.

want／wpnt／1［U（of）］fml lack or absence 缺少； 缺乏；没有（often in the phrs for／from want of 因缺少···）：The plants died for／from want of water.植物因缺水而枯死.P＇ll take this one for want of a better.既然没有更好的，我就要这个了.She felt the want of a good friend.她感到缺少一位好朋友．2［U］severe lack of the things necessary to life 贫困；匮乏：Want can make your life hopeless.贫困能使人绝望.It＇s terrible to live in want.过穷日子是很可怕的.War onwant' is a movement to lessen world hunger. “向贫困宣战”是缓和全球性饥饿的一场运动.inwant of esp formerly in need of 需要：Are you in want of money？你缺钱用吗？This house is in want of repair.这房子需要修葺了.

need/ni:d/1[U(of,for)] the condition of lack-ing or wanting (something necessary or useful）需要；必要：He sensed her need for help.他感觉到她需要帮助.There＇s no need for anew law.没有必要制定新的法律.They are ingreat need of help．他们极需要帮助．2［U］ the state of not having enough food or money 贫困：Illness and need brought about his early death．疾病与贫困使他过早去世了．3［C use pl］often fml something necessary to have 需要；必需品：He always looks after the needs of others and forgets himself.他总是照顾他人的需要，而从不顾及自己.

wish/wif/ 1[C,C3] a feeling of wanting,esp

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what at present is impossible 希望；愿望（尤指目前不可能的事）：He has a wish to visit India.他渴望到印度观光.It＇s her wish to be left alone.她希望能独自一人呆着，别人不要来打扰．2［C］anattempt esp by magic to make something happen（尤指借魔法使某事发生的）心愿；愿望：She made a wish. 她许了个愿.The old woman gave him three wishes．老婆婆准他许三个愿．3［C］ usu fml what is wished for 意愿；所愿望的事物：That is my wish；please do it.这是我的意愿， 请照办.

will /wil/1 [C;U,U3] the power or intention to make things happen 意志；决心：He has the will to live；he＇ll recover.他有活下去的决心；他会康复的.She has a very strong will； she＇ll do what she wants，not what we want.她的个性很强；她要做自己想做的事而不是我们想做的事．2［U9］what is wished or intended (by the stated person）（某人的）意愿；旨意：Her death is God＇s will.她的死是上帝的旨意.It is the will ofthe King．这是国王的旨意．3［U；S］the power to control one＇s mind and body 克制力；意志力： He did it by force of will／by will power.他凭意志力完成了这件事．4［U；C］ the power in themind to choose one＇s actions（选择行动的）意志：Free will makes us able to choose our way of life.我们有自由意志所以能按自己的意愿选择生活方式.at will as one wishes 任意；随意 ofone's own free will according to one's own wishes and no one else＇s 自愿；甘心情愿

requirement/rr'kwarəmənt/[C] esp fml any-thing needed 需要；要求：What are your requirements，sir？先生，您有什么需要？

desire /dr'zarə/1 [C, C3, 5c] often fml a strong wish 强烈的愿望；热望：He was filled with adesire to see her again.他强烈希望再次见到她.She has a great desire to succeed/for success. 她渴望成功.He has many unsatisfied desires. 他有许多未满足的欲望.It is my desire that yougo．我很希望你去．2［C9］something desired 想要的东西；愿望：What is your greatest desire？你最想得到的东西是什么？3［C（for）］a strongwish for sex 情欲；性欲：Antony＇s desire for Cleopatra caused his death.安东尼对克利奥佩特拉的情欲导致他的死亡.

craving /'kreivin/ [C (for) usu sing] a very strong continuing desire 热望；渴望：He has a craving for sweets; he never stops wanting them.他嗜吃糖果，无时无刻不想吃.

lust/lAst/ [U;C] a very strong desire, esp in sex 强烈欲望（尤指性欲）：He felt a great lust for thegirl，but could not have her.他对那女孩垂涎三尺，却无法弄到手.These people have a terrible lust for gold.这些人对黄金的贪欲到了可怕的地步.Among all the lusts of the flesh（＝the body），sex is strongest，＇said the priest.“在所有肉体的欲望当中，性欲是最强烈的，”牧师说.

hope /həup/[U;C] the wish or feeling that something (good) could, will, or may happen 希望：Don＇t give upllose hope. 不要放弃希望.She has no hope of success／succeeding.她根本没有成功的希望.There is now little hope that he is still alive.他现在还活着的希望很渺茫.Theyhave great hopes of winning.他们大有获胜的希

F9 FEELING ＆ BEHAVIOUR 感觉与行为

望.She had a look of hope in her eyes.她眼里流露出期待的目光.hopeful［B］ having，giving， or feeling hope 怀着希望的；有希望的：I＇m hope-ful about the examination results.我对这次考试结果抱有希望.She had a hopeful look on herface.她脸上露出抱有希望的神色.-ly［adv］：Hewaited hopefully.他满怀希望地等待着.Are you coming？-Hopefully（＝I hope so）.你来不来？ -我希望能来．-ness ［U］ hopeless ［B］ 1 hav-ing or giving no hope 没希望的；绝望的：Thenews is hopeless；we are losing the war.消息是令人绝望的；这场战争我们要打输了.She had ahopeless look on her face.她脸上露出绝望的神情．2 bad at doing things 无能的；没用的：He＇shopeless；he can＇t do anything right.他真没用， 什么事也做不好.-ly ［adv］： He got the papershopelessly mixed up.他把文件弄得乱七八糟.-ness[U]

despair ／dr＇speə／［U］ loss of hope 绝望：Her face showed her complete despair.她的脸色表明她完全绝望了.despairing ［A］ showing or causing despair 绝望的；令人绝望的：He gave adespairing cry as he read the bad news.他读到这则坏消息时，发出了绝望的叫喊声.

desperation /,despə'reifən/ [U] the state of being without hope 绝望：He kicked at the locked door in desperation.他绝望地踢那扇锁着的门．desperate ［B］ 1 having lost all hope； willingto do anything to get what one wants 绝望的；不顾一切的；孤注一掷的；拼死的：He wasdesperate；his family had no food.他绝望了；他家已断粮了．2 violent and dangerous 狂暴而危险的：Desperate men often do desperate things. 穷途末路的人往往铤而走险．3 very difficult anddangerous 严重的；极困难而危险的：This is adesperate job； I don＇t like doing it. 这是极其困难而危险的工作，我并不喜欢做.

optimism/'pptəmizəm/ [U] the attitude of hoping for or expecting something good to happen 乐观；乐观主义：She is full of optimism about her new job; she thinks it will be really good.她对新工作充满乐观的情绪；她相信这将是很好的工作.optimistic ［B］ showing or having optimism 乐观的；乐观主义的：He is optimistic about getting a better job.他很乐观，相信能找到较好的工作．-ally ［adv Wa4］ optimist ［C］ an optimistic person 乐观主义者；乐观者

pessimism /'pesəmizəm/ [U] the attitude of expecting only bad things to happen 悲观；悲观主义：She is full of pessimism about her new job； she thinks it won＇t be any good.她对新工作充满悲观的情绪；她觉得这差事不会好的.pessi-mistic ［B］ showing or having pessimism 悲观的；悲观主义的：He is pessimistic about passing the examination；he thinks he＇ll fail.他对能否通过考试感到悲观，认为自己一定不及格.-ally［advWa4］ pessimist ［C］ a pessimistic person 悲观主义者；悲观者

F9 verbs 动词：bearing and enduring 忍受与忍耐

bear/beə/[T1, 3, 4] to accept, experience, or

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F10 FEELING ＆ BEHAVIOUR 感觉与行为

suffer 忍受；容忍；承受；经得起：He bore the painwell.他承受得痛楚.（fig）I can＇t bear that dull friend of yours.我受不了你那位沉闷的朋友.Shecan＇t bear sleeping in a cold bed.在冰冷的床上睡觉她受不了.She can＇t bear to see him inpain／seeing him in pain.她不忍心看他受痛苦.bearable ［B］ that can be borne or suffered 经受得住的；忍得住的：The pain was just bearable. 这疼痛勉强还可以忍受得住.un-［neg］-bly［adv］stand /stænd/[T1, 3, 4](often neg) infml to bear 忍受；承受；经得起：He says he can＇t stand the pain any longer.他说他再也忍受不住疼痛了.

I don't know how you can stand her;she is such a fool.我不明白你怎么能忍受她；她简直是一个笨蛋.

stand for ［v prep T1］ infml to bear；accept 忍受； 容忍：Why do you stand for his bad behav-iour？你为何要容忍他的恶劣行为？

take／teik／［T1］ infml to bear；accept 忍受；容忍： You shouldn't take that bad behaviour from those children.你不该容忍那些孩子的不良行为.She took his cruel treatment for years without complaining.她多年忍受他的残忍对待而毫无怨言.Ijust can＇t take it any more； I＇m leaving you！我简直忍受不下去了；我要离开你！

tolerate /'tplə,reit/ [T1] esp fml to bear or en-dure；accept 忍受；容忍；容许：I can＇t tolerate this noise any longer！ 我再也受不了这噪音了！Shetolerated his bad behaviour patiently,hoping he would begin to behave better.她耐心地容忍了他的恶劣行为，希望他会开始改过．［ALSO→F175］endure/in'djuə/ [T1, 3, 4] (often neg) emph & fml to bear（pain， suffering，etc）忍耐；忍受；容忍：Be quiet！ I can＇t endure that noise a moment longer.安静点！我不能再多忍受一刻这噪音了.She could never endure being／to be treated unkindly.她不能容忍别人待她不好.

suffer／＇sAfə／［TÍ］ esp lit to endure 忍受；容忍： She has suffered him/his behaviour in silence for years.多年来她默默地容忍着他／他的行为.

put up with [v adv prep T1] often infml to suffer (someone or something) without com-plaining（无怨言地）忍受；容忍；迁就：I can＇t putup with your bad behaviour any longer;I'm leaving.我再也不能容忍你的恶劣行为了；我要离开了.That poor woman has a lot to put up with （＝has many troubles to bear）.那可怜的女人要忍受的可多着呢.

stomach /'stamək/ [T1] (often neg) 1 to eat without dislike or illness 吃得下；能够吃：I cannot stomach heavy food.我吃不下油腻的食物．2（fig） to accept or bear， without displea-sure 受得了；忍耐：I can＇t stomach his jokes.我受不了他那些玩笑.

F10 verbs 动词：behaving 举止、行为

behave /br'heiv/ 1 [L9] to do things, live,etc, usu in a stated way 表现；行为：She behaved with great courage when her husband died.她丈夫去世时，她表现出极大的勇气.He behavedbadly to（wards） his mother.他对他母亲很不好．2［T1；IØ］ to do things， go about， meet

people, talk, etc in a socially acceptable or polite way 讲礼貌；举止得体；循规蹈矩：You mustlearn how to behave in company.你必须学会在人前举止得体.Behave（yourself）！规矩点！They have very well-behaved children.他们的孩子很规矩.misbehave［IØ］to behave badly 行为不端； 不规矩：The children were misbehaving again. 孩子们又在胡闹了.

act／ækt／1［L9］to behave as stated 行为；表现： He acted bravely when the house was on fire. 屋子着火时他表现得很英勇．2［L1］ to behave like假装；扮成：Oh，stop acting the fool！噢，别装傻了！3 ［IØ］ deprec to behave as if performing on the stage 演戏似地假装；做作：I can＇t takeher seriously; she always seems to be acting. 我没法把她当真；她老是像在演戏.

go on ［v adv IØ］ esp BrE infml to behave 表现； 举止：He was going on in a very strange way at the party.他在聚会上的行为很古怪.

conform /kən'fo:m/ [IØ (to, with)] to behave in the same way （as others）符合；一致；遵照；顺应：You must conform to the rules of the group. 你必须遵守小组的规矩.His ideas don＇t conformwith ours.他的想法与我们的不一致.She refusesto conform.她拒绝顺从.conformity ［U］ fml the condition of conforming 符合；顺从；遵从： Conformity to society's customs is not always acceptable to young people.年轻人不总是愿意遵从社会习俗的.

treat/tri:t/ [X9] 1 to behave towards or use (someone or something) in a particular, usu stated，way 对待：She treated him badly.她待他不好.Please treat the matter seriously.请认真对待这件事.How did he treat you；did he treat you well？他待你怎样？他待你好吗？2 to dealwith，discuss，etc 处理；讨论；论述：He treats the subject very interestingly in his new book.他在他的新书中把这个问题讲得很有意思.The booktreats that subject very interestingly.这本书把那个问题讲得很有意思.

patronize, -ise /'pætrənaiz/ [Wv4; T1]1 to treat (someone) in a friendly way while showing that one thinks oneself more important, clever，etc 对···摆出屈尊俯就的样子；以纡尊降贵的态度对待：Stop patronizing me！别对我摆出屈尊俯就的样子！She＇s a very patronizing kind of person.她就是那种爱摆屈尊俯就架子的人.

F11 nouns 名词：behaving举止、行为

behaviour BrE,behavior AmE/br'hervə/[U] way of behaving 举止；行为：The boy＇s behav-iour was disgraceful.这男孩的行为实在丢人.Hewas on his best behaviour at the party.他在聚会上表现得特别好.misbehaviour ［U］ badbehaviour 不良行为；不规矩

action ／＇ækfən／［C］ a way of doing something 行为；举动：I can tell by his actions that he is unhappy.看他的举止我就能猜到他不高兴.

doings /'du:z/ [P] infml things which have been or are being done 所作所为；活动：Tell me about all his doings in Wales.给我谈谈他在威尔士的全部活动吧！

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conduct/'kondakt/[U] 1 a person's way of be-having 行为；举止；品行：The children＇s conduct at the meeting was very good／bad.孩子们在会上的表现很好／很不好．2 the way of directing ororganizing something 经营；处理；引导：The Government's conduct of the war led to heavy losses.政府处理战争的方式导致了严重的损失.

manners /'mænəz/ [P] ways of behaving to-wards or with others 礼貌；规矩：That child has no manners.那孩子真没礼貌.What good man-ners he has.他真是彬彬有礼.

treatment/'tri:tmənt/ 1 [U of] behaviour to-wards someone or something 对待；待遇：His treatment of the girl was very bad.他待那女孩很坏．2［U；C；of］a way of dealing with some-thing 处理；处置：His treatment of the subject in his book is very interesting.他在书中把这个问题处理得很有意思.

carriage /'kærid3/ [U] a person's way of walk-ing, of holding himself or herself while moving（站、立、走时的）姿势；仪态：Her car-riage is excellent.她仪态极佳.

deportment /dr'po:tmənt/[U] a person's way of behaving， esp on formal occasions（正式场合的）行为；举止：The girl was given lessons in deportment.这女孩受过仪态训练.

poise/poiz/ [U] the way of holding esp the head； an esp calm way of behaving 姿势（尤指头部）；沉着；镇定：She showed great poise during that difficult time.在那段困难的日子里， 她表现得极为沉着.

bearing/'beəri/ [U; S] a way of acting, walk-ing， or behaving 举止；风度；姿态：He has a military bearing; he must have been a soldier once.他具有军人的风度；他一定当过兵.

F12 nouns 名词：prejudice and

favouritism 偏见与偏爱

prejudice /'pred3ədis/1 [U] unfair (and often unfavourable) feeling or opinion not based on reason or enough knowledge, and sometimes resulting from fear or distrust of ideas diffe-rent from one＇s own 偏见；成见；歧视：A judge must be free from prejudice.法官必须不抱偏见. They have a law against racial prejudice (= prejudice against members of other races）.他们有禁止种族歧视的法律．2［C］an example ofthis 偏见；成见：They have a prejudice against lending money, because they are afraid they won＇t get it back. 他们对借钱的做法有偏见，因为怕人家借了不还.He has a prejudice in favourof anything modern.他偏爱一切现代化的东西.She has always lived in a small village and her mind is full of prejudices against strangers.她一直住在一个小村子里，头脑里充满对外来人的偏见. prejudiced ［B］ feeling or showing preju-dice；unfair 有偏见的；有成见的；不公平的：Thisnewspaper supports one political party and gives rather prejudiced reports on government action.这张报纸支持一个政党，对政府活动的报道颇带偏见.un-［neg］ prejudicial ［B］fml harm-

F14 FEELING ＆ BEHAVIOUR 感觉与行为

ful 有害的：Smoking is prejudicial to health.吸烟对健康有害.-ly［adv］

bias /'baiəs/ [C;U] a tendency to be in favour of or against something or someone without knowing enough to be able to judge fairly; a prejudice 偏爱；偏见；（对人或事物未深人认识已存有喜欢或不喜欢的）倾向：He has a biastowards／against Scottish products.他对苏格兰产品有偏爱／有偏见.

aversion /ə'v3:fən/ [U; S: (to)] (a) hate or dislike of a person, group of people, thing, or things，etc often without clear reason（尤指莫名其妙的）厌恶；反感：She has an aversion tocats.她讨厌猫.

favouritism /'fervəriizəm/ [U] unfair prefe-rence for one person or group over another 偏心；偏袒；偏爱：Ìcan tell you there is no favouri-tism in this school＇ the teacher said.老师说： “我可以告诉你，本校对学生一视同仁.”

F13 verbs 动词：prejudice［T1］偏见

prejudice /'pred3ədis/ 1 to cause (someone or someone's mind) to have a prejudice; influ-ence 使抱偏见；使怀成见：His pleasant voiceprejudiced me in his favour.他那悦耳的声音使我对他产生偏爱．2 to weaken or harm（some-one＇s case， expectations， etc）损害；妨害：Ill health has prejudiced his chances of success. 身体不好妨害了他成功的机会.

bias/'baiəs/ to cause to form settled favourable or unfavourable opinions, usu without enough information to judge fully; to cause to prefer; to prejudice 使有偏见；使有偏爱：Her back-ground biased／biassed him in her favour.她的背景使他对她有偏爱.biased／biassed［B］having a bias 有偏见的；偏袒一方的；偏心的un-［neg］

F14 adjectives 形容词：objective and impartial［B］客观的与公正的

objective /əb'd3ektrv/ notaffected by one's own feelings， prejudices， hopes， ideas，etc 客观的；无偏见的；公正的：He wrote an objectiveaccount of what happened.他就发生的事写了一篇客观的报告.He tried to be objective about it， but his own interests were too strong.他试图客观对待此事，但他个人利益对他的影响太强了.-ly[adv] objectivity [U] the state of being objec-tive 客观（性）；客观现实

impartial /im'pa:fəl/ fair to both sides in an argument, law case, etc, because objective; unbiassed 公正的；不偏袒的；无偏见的：A judgeshould be impartial and should study every matter objectively.法官应该公正，并客观地研究每一个问题.-ly［adv］impartiality ［U］ the state of being impartial公正；不偏不倚

disinterested /dıs'ıntrəstid/willing to judge or act fairly because not influenced by personal advantage 没有私心的；公正的：He was not adisinterested advisor; he hoped to make

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F20 LIKING ＆ NOT LIKING 喜欢与不喜欢

money from the deal.他不是一个没有私心的顾问；他希望从交易中赚钱.

Liking and not liking

喜欢与不喜欢

F20 verbs 动词：liking and loving 喜欢与爱

like/lark/1 [T1,4] to be interested in, enjoy the presence of, want to know and do things with, etc；enjoy 喜欢：He likes her.他喜欢她.She seems to like him. 她似乎喜欢他.I like being with him．我喜欢和他在一起．2［T1,3,4］to behappy to have or do 喜欢（吃、做···）： I like ice cream.我喜欢吃冰淇淋.Do you like swim-ming？你喜欢游泳吗？I like it（＝life）here.我喜欢这里的生活.I＇d like to go there with you.我很想跟你一起去那里．［ALSO→F140］

fancy /'fænsi/ [T1, 4] usu infml to like and （usu）to want 喜欢；喜爱：＇That girl＇s pretty，＇he said，I quite fancy her.＇“那女孩很漂亮，”他说， “我很喜欢她.”She said she fancied a swim.她说很想游泳.I quite fancy going there.我很想去那里.

love／IAv／ ［T1， 3， 4］ to like very much 很喜欢；爱： He loves her.他爱她.I love this kind of food. 我爱吃这类食品.She loves being with him.她爱与他在一起.He used to love her，but now he seems to hate her.他曾经爱过她，可现在似乎恨她.They love swimming.他们喜爱游泳.I＇d love to go there with you.我很乐意和你一起去那里.lover ［C］ often in comb a person who loves 爱好者：He is a lover of musicla music-lover.他是个音乐爱好者.

adore /ə'do:/1 [T1] to love deeply (and respect highly）敬爱；崇拜；热爱：She adores her father. 她崇拜她的父亲．Iadore you！我很爱你！2［T1,4］infml to like very much 很喜欢：She adores the cinemalgoing to the cinema.她非常喜欢看电影. care for ［v prep T1］ to like or love 喜欢；爱：He told her he cared for her greatly.他跟她说他很

爱她.

cherish /'tferf [T1] to like, love, enjoy, and value，etc，over a long time（长时间地）喜爱；爱惜；珍爱：She cherished his memory for years， although she never saw him again.虽然她再也没见过他，但多年来一直怀念他.I shall alwayscherish your friendship.我将永远珍惜你的友谊.

F21 verbs 动词：liking and loving informal

喜欢与爱

be fond of ［T1,4］ to like 喜爱；喜欢：He＇s very fond of her.他十分喜欢她.I＇m fond of Chinese food／going there.我喜欢吃中国菜／去那里.

be attached to [T1] to be fond of, esp over a long time 喜欢（尤指长时间地）：She＇s veryattached to her parents.她一直和父母很亲.

be keen on ［T1， 4］ to like a lot 很喜欢：He＇s really keen on her.他确实很喜欢她.Are you keen on swimming？你是否很喜欢游泳？

take to ［v prep TI］ to begin to like 开始喜欢： She took to the children immediately, and they took to her.她马上就爱上孩子们，而孩子们也爱上了她.

F22 nouns 名词：liking and loving 喜欢与爱

liking/'larkng/ [S] what one likes; a feeling of liking 喜欢；爱好：This house is （very much） to my liking.这房子（很）合我意.He has a liking for hot food.他喜欢吃辣.The children seem to have taken a liking to him.孩子们似乎喜欢上他了. likes and dislikes ［P］ things that one likes and does not like 喜欢和不喜欢的事物；好恶：What are his likes and dislikes in food？他喜欢吃什么，不喜欢吃什么？

fancy /'fænsi/ [S] a liking formed without the help of reason（尤指莫名其妙的）爱好；迷恋（often in the phr take a fancy to 爱上）：I have taken（quite）a fancy to that hat.我迷上那顶帽子了.This idea has really caught his fancy.那个想法真的把他迷住了.

love /lv/1 [U (of, for)] great liking;strong emotional ［→F4］ interest 爱：His love（for her）was obvious to everyone.他（对她）的爱谁都看得出来.Is she in love with him？她爱上他了吗？I have a great love of／for Indian food.我很喜欢吃印度菜.A mother＇s love for her child is very strong．母亲对自己孩子的爱是十分强烈的．2［C］ an example of this 爱： She is a person of sudden loves and hates．她是个爱恨无常的人．3［C］ the object of one＇s love 爱好；喜爱的东西或人：Music was one of the great loves of his life. 音乐是他生活中的一大爱好.She＇s one of his oldloves．她是他旧情人中的一个．4［N］（a friendly term of address）（友好的招呼语）： Hello，love！嗨！

fondness /'fpndnis/1 [U (for)] the condition of being fond of someone or something 疼爱；喜爱：Her fondness for children was well known．她喜欢孩子是众所周知的．2［S］esppomp a liking 爱好：She has an unfortunate fondness for chocolates and puts on weight accordingly.很不幸，她太爱吃巧克力，因此发胖了.attachment/ə'tætfmənt/ [C usu sing] often fml & euph a feeling of liking,fondness,etc,esp over a longer time 喜欢；爱慕（尤指长时间的）：She formed an attachment for him over the years.在过去的岁月里，她对他产生了爱慕之情.Ifeel a certain attachment for her; I've known her a long time.我对她有一定的感情；我认识她很久了.

affection /ə'fekfən/ [U] gentle, lasting love,as of a parent for a child； fondness（如父母对子女的）亲爱；慈爱；爱好；爱：Her affection for them

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was clear in the way she spoke.她对他们的爱在她说话的口吻中清楚地流露出来了.

care/keə/ [U] interested or concerned affec-tion 关心；关怀：Her care for his well-being showed in her worried expression.她对他生活的关注，在她那忧虑的表情中流露出来.

devotion /dr'vəufən/ [U (to)] great fondness （for）热诚；忠诚：His devotion to his friends is well-known.他对朋友们的忠诚是众所周知的.

adoration /,ædə'reıfən/ [U (for)] deep love and respect 爱慕；敬爱；崇拜： They feel a great adora-tion for him.他们对他十分崇拜.

desire /dr'zarə/1 [U] strong love and need, esp sexual 强烈的爱；欲望（尤指性欲）：His desirefor her was great．他对她怀有强烈的情欲．2［C］astrong love or need 强烈的爱；欲望：She kept her sexual desires under control.她克制住了自己的情欲.

passion /'pæfən/ [U; C] great emotion[→F2] and love， often sexual 激情；热情；情欲：She had a passion for chocolates. 她特别爱吃巧克力.His passion for her made him unhappy, because she did not love him in return.他对她满怀激情，却并不快活，因为她并不爱他.

F23 adjectives 形容词：liking and loving 喜欢的与爱的

loving /'lAvir/ [B] showing, expressing, or having love（for someone）表示爱的；爱的：She is very loving towards the children.她对孩子十分慈爱.-ly［adv］

affectionate /ə'fekfənit/ [B] showing\_gentle love 柔情的；挚爱的：He received an affection-ate letter from his sister.他收到姐姐一封充满挚爱的信.-ly［adv］

fond /fond/ [Wal] 1 [F of] feeling a liking or love for 喜爱的；喜欢的：He＇s very fond of his sisterlof chocolates.他很喜欢他的妹妹／巧克力.He＇s fonder of his sister than his brother.他喜欢妹妹，不大喜欢弟弟．2［A］deprec over-loving 溺爱的：Her anxiety is typical of the fond mother who is afraid to lose her son.她整天害怕失去她的儿子，这种忧虑正是溺爱儿女的母亲的典型表现.-ly［adv］

devoted /dr'vəutid/ 1 [B (to)] loving and loyal; caring a great deal 忠实的；忠诚的；挚爱的；关切的：She＇s a devoted wife and mother.她是位贤妻良母.He is very devoted to his family and his work． 他忠于自己的家庭和工作．2［F to］spending a great deal of time and/or effort （on）；fond（of）献身···的；专心于···的；热心的： He＇s devoted to music／to helping others.他致力于音乐／帮助他人.-ly［adv］

adoring /ə'do:ri/ [A] showing or having great love 崇拜的；爱慕的；敬爱的：She looked at himwith adoring eyes.她用崇敬的目光看着他.-ly[adv]

passionate /'pæfənit/[B] having or showing passion; showing great love, desire, strong feelings，etc 激昂的；热情的；热烈的：Casanova is said to have been a passionate lover.据说卡

F24 LIKING ＆ NOT LIKING 喜欢与不喜欢

萨诺瓦是个热烈的情人.His letters to her werevery passionate.他给她的信热情洋溢.-ly［adv］

partial /'pa:fəl/1 [F to] esp infml having a liking for 偏爱···的；喜爱···的；喜欢···的：I think she＇s quite partial to him. 我觉得她很喜欢他.I＇mpartial to a bit of cheese; can I have some more，please？我喜欢吃点儿干酪，还可以再给我点儿吗？2［B］ often deprec liking one （person， group，etc） better than another 偏袒的；偏心的： Stop being so partial; we know you like them better than us.别这样偏心了；我们知道你喜欢他们多于喜欢我们.-ly ［adv］ partiality ［U］ the state of being partial； unfairness 偏心；偏袒；偏爱im-［neg］

F24 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：able to be liked，loved，etc 可被喜欢的、可被爱的等

lik(e)able /'laikəbal/ [B] easy to like; deserving, causing, or worthy of love; attractive and pleasant 可爱的；令人愉快的；值得爱的；讨人喜欢的：He is a very likeable person.他是个讨人喜欢的人.-bly［adv］

lov（e）able／＇lvəbəl／ ［B］ easy to love 可爱的： That dog is very lovable.那只狗很可爱.What a lovable person she is！她是多么可爱啊！un-[neg]-bly [adv]

desirable /dr'zarərəbəl/ [B] 1 causing desire, esp sexual desire 引起占有欲（尤指性欲）的：She's a very beautiful and desirable woman. 她是个漂亮迷人的女人．2 often fml wanted asthe best thing 称心合意的；最理想的：It isn＇treally desirable to have him working here.让他在这里工作，并不十分理想.un-［neg］-bly［adv］

adorable /ə'do:rəbəl/ [B] 1 worthy of being loved deeply 值得深爱的；十分可爱的：She＇s anadorable girl．她是个十分可爱的女孩．2 infmllovely or attractive 漂亮的；吸引人的：Herface is perfectly adorable.她的容貌漂亮极了.-bly［adv］

much-loved/,matf'l^vd/[Wal; B] greatly loved 深受爱戴的：We were sorry to hear of your father＇s death；he was a much-loved man.听到你父亲去世的消息我们都很难过；他是一位深受人们爱戴的人.

dear／drə／1［B（to）］loved very much 可爱的；宝贵的：His daughter is very dear to him.他女儿是他的掌上明珠.His money is dearer to himthan his wife．对他来说，金钱比妻子更宝贵．2 ［C；N］ a loved person，esp when spoken to 亲爱的人；可人儿（常用于称呼前）：Come，my dear.过来，亲爱的.She＇s a dear；I like her a lot.她是个可人儿，我很喜欢她．3［C］a helpful person 有用的人：Be a dear and make a cup of tea.做个好人，给沏杯茶吧.Make a cup of tea，there＇s a dear！给我沏杯茶，真乖！4［A］（used in writing letters）（用于书信中）敬启者···：Dear Sir...敬启者···；Dear Mr Smith．．．亲爱的史密斯先生···5[interj] (used in expressing surprise, worry, etc）（用于表示惊讶、担忧等）哎呀：Oh dear，what shall I do？ 哎呀，我该怎么办呢？Dear，dear，that＇s bad！哎呀，哎呀，真糟糕！

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