N134 DOING THINGS 做事

achievement/ə'tfi:vmənt/1 [U] the successful finishing or gaining of something 完成；达到；成功；成就：Can one be happy without a feeling of achievement in life？一个人毕生没有成功之感，他会快乐吗？2［C］ something successfully fin-ished or gained esp through skill and hard word 成绩；功绩：He was proud of his daughter＇s achievements.他为女儿取得的成就感到自豪.

fulfilment，also 又作 fulfillment AmE ／ful＇fil-mənt/1 [U;(C)] satisfaction after successful effort（成功后的）满足；满意；称心：When theteacher heard that all his students had passed their examination well, he felt a sense of fulfilment.当这位老师听到他的学生个个都顺利通过了考试时，心里有一种满足感，2［U］the act offulfilling or condition of being fulfilled 实践；完成；履行：The help that we give her depends on her fulfilment of her promise to work harder. 我们是否帮助她取决于她能否履行加倍努力的诺言.After many years, his plans have come to fulfilment.经过多年努力，他的计划完成了.

attainment /ə'temmənt/1 [U] the act of attain-ing 达到；得到：His attainment of the position of minister after all these years surprised everybody.经过这么多年他才得到部长的职位，大家都感到意外．2［C］a skill，ability，etcgot after much effort；an accomplishment 成就；本领；造诣；才能：Singing Welsh songs is one of his many attainments.唱威尔士歌曲是他的许多本领之一.

prosperity /pros'perəti/ [U] success in life or business 成功；繁荣；昌隆：This little town shows all the signs of prosperity.这个小城镇各方面都显示出繁荣的迹象.He owes his prosperity tohard work (= He worked hard and therefore he has prospered）.他之所以成功是由于他勤奋.

pass /pa:s/ [C] 1 a success in an examination, etc（考试等）及格：Did he pass？-Yes，he got a good pass.他考试及格了吗？-及格了，而且考得很好．2 a person who has passed in an exami-nation，etc 及格者：There were 15 passes．通过考试的有十五人.

fail/feil/[C] not fml a lack of success in an examination，etc（考试等）不及格：He passed two subjects but got a fail in the third.他通过了两门功课的考试，但是第三门不及格.

failure／＇ferljə／1 ［U］ lack of success 失败；不成功： Failure in business has made him very unhappy.生意失败使他快怏不乐.She fears fail-ure and so she won＇t even try.她害怕失败，因此连试都不愿试．2［C］a person who has failed 失败者：She thinks she is a failure in life／in everything she does.她认为自己是生活中的失败者／她认为自己无论做什么都不成功．There were 15passes and 2 failures in the test．通过测验的有十五人，不及格的两人.

N134 vers 动词：executing and

implementing things 执行与贯彻

[ALSO→N123]

execute /'eksi,kju:t/ [T1] 1 to carry out; perform or do completely (an order, pln or

piece of work）执行（命令、计划、工作）；实行；履行：The plan was good， but it was badly executed.计划不错，但是执行得不好.The soldierexecuted the captain＇s orders.士兵执行了上尉的命令．2 law to carry out the orders in （a will ［→C213］）执行（遗嘱）：He asked his brother to execute his will．他吩咐他的弟弟执行他的遗嘱．3law to make effective in law (an important written paper) by having it signed, witnessed, etc（经过签名盖章验证等手续）使法律文件生效 4to perform（music， dance steps，etc）演奏（乐曲）；表演（舞步等）；演出 execution［U（of）］the act of executing 履行；执行；实行；实施；演奏；表演：The soldier failed in the execution of his duties.那士兵未能履行自己的职责.

Implement /'implə,ment/ [T1] to start (some-thing） working； to put to practical use 贯彻；实行；实施：He tried to implement his ideas too quickly and people wouldn＇t accept them.他想贯彻自己的意图，但操之过急，所以人们不愿接受.implementation [U] the act of implementing 贯彻；实行；实施：He succeeded in the imple-mentation of his ideas.他成功地贯彻了自己的意图.

N135 verbs 动词：undertaking and taking on，etc 着手做与承担等

undertake/Andə'terk/ 1 [T1] to take up (a position）；to start on（work）担任（职位）；着手（工作）；开始：He undertook responsibility for the changes.对所发生的变化，他承担了责任.Heundertook the leadership of the team.他负责这个队的领导工作．2［T3,5］to promise or agree答应；同意；承诺：He undertook to improve the working arrangements.他答应改善工作安排.

take on [v adv T1] to be responsible for doing 负责做；承担：He agreed to take on the new job. 他答应承担这项新的工作.I can＇t take on anymore work at the moment.我暂时无法再承担更多的工作了.

agree to do [T1] to say that one will do (some-thing）答应做···：He agreed to do the job.他答应做这项工作．agreement 1 ［U］ the act ofagreeing 同意；达成协议：Their agreement about the matter surprised me.他们就这个问题达成一致意见使我感到惊讶．2［C］ an example oroccasion of this 同意；达成协议：We have come to an agreement about doing the job.我们已经就进行此项工作达成了协议．3［C］a piece ofpaper which shows what people agree to do and which each person signs 合同；协定；协议书： Have you seen／signed the agreement yet？你们见过／签署协议书了吗？

accept／ək＇sept／［T1］ more fml to agree to do 同意（做）；接受：Will you accept the job？你接受这项工作吗？acceptance 1 ［U；C］ the act of accepting 接受：His acceptance of the job pleased us．他接受这项工作使我们很高兴．2［C］an example or occasion of this 接受；接纳（名额等）：We offered 20 places in the school and so far we have had 18 acceptances．我们学校提供了二十个学位，迄今为止已有十八人被录取.

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assume /ə'sju:m/ [T1] to take as one's duty, responsbility，etc 担任；接受；执掌权力：The new government assumed power last week.新政府上周执掌政权.She assumed office as chief minister.她就任首席部长.I must assume responsibility for the work now that he is dead.既然他去世了，我就得负起这项工作的责任.assumption ［U （of）］ the act of assuming. 承担；担任：Her assumption of office takes place next week.她下周走马上任.

N136 verbs 动词：refusing and rejecting

拒绝与回绝 [ALSO→G127,8]

refuse/rr'fju:z/ [IØ; T1, 3; D1] not (to accept or do or give） 拒绝：He asked her to marry him but she refused （to marry him）.他向她求婚，但是她拒绝（嫁给他）了.She refused his offer.她拒绝了他的求婚.She refused him even a kiss.她甚至不肯和他接吻.

reject /rr'd3ekt/ [T1] to refuse strongly; not accept 回绝；拒绝：He rejected their offer of a job／their.help.他拒绝了他们给他的工作／帮助.

N137 verbs 动词：avoiding，etc 回避等

avoid /ə'void/ [T1, 4] 1 to miss or keep away from， esp on purpose 避免；回避： I avoided her by leaving by the back door.我从后门离开，以免碰上她.She avoided answering my questions. 她对我的问题避而不答．2 to escape 躲开；逃避：Iavoided punishment by running away.我逃之夭夭，躲过了处罚.I avoided being punished.我逃避了处罚.avoidance ［U］ the act of avoiding 回避；逃避；避免

evade/I'veid/1 [T1] to get out of the way of or escape from 躲避；逃避： He evaded his enemy. 他躲开他的敌人.The lion evaded the hunters. 那狮子躲开猎人.Why does Mary keep evading me？玛丽为什么一直躲着我？2［T1,4］derog toavoid （doing） （something one should do）避免； 逃避（必须做的事）：He tried to evade（paying） his taxes． 他企图逃税．3 ［T1］ derog to avoid answering（a question） properly 回避（问题）： Answer honestly and stop evading my ques-tions！老实回答，不许回避我的问题！evasion 1［U］ the act of evading 躲避；逃避；回避2［C］an example of this 借口；遁词

shirk /3:k/ [T1, 4; IØ] to avoid (unpleasant work) because of laziness, lack of determi-nation，etc 逃避（不乐意做的工作）；偷懒：Wemusn't shirk our cleaning job/doing our cleaning.我们不应该逃避做清扫工作.Is that boystill shirking? Tell him to get on with the job! 那个男孩是不是还在偷懒？告诉他马上去干活！shirker ［C］ a person who shirks（work，etc）逃避者；偷懒者

dodge／dpd3／1［IØ］ to move suddenly aside 躲开；避开；闪开：I tried to hit him but he dodged. 我想揍他，但他闪开了．2［T1］to avoid by sodoing 闪开；躲开：He dodged my blow.他闪过了

N138 DOING THINGS 做事

我的一拳．3［T1］infml to avoid by a trick or in some dishonest way（以诡计或不诚实手法）逃避；推托；掩饰；搪塞：tax-dodging 逃税 dodger［C］a person who dodges（paying taxes，etc）逃避者； 推托者

wriggle out of [v adv prep T1, 4] to avoid (a difficulty) by clever trickery, by pretending, etc 千方百计摆脱（困难）；设法赖掉：You knowyou're to blame, so don't try to wriggle out of it.你知道你理应受到责备，因此不要设法抵赖.

N138 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：trying 尝试

try/trai/1 [T1, 4] to test by use and experience to find the quality, worth, desirability, effect, etc 试；试用；试验：Have you tried this new soap？你试用过这种新肥皂吗？Have you triedthis hotel？你住过这家旅馆吗？We tried growing our own vegetables but soon found it was harder than we＇d imagined.我们试过自己种菜， 但很快发现这比我们原先想象的要困难得多.Try anew method.试用一种新方法.Try your luck and you might win.碰碰运气，或许你能赢.Itried baking his cake but didn't like the result. 我想试试烤这块蛋糕，但对结果很不满意．2［IØ；T3，（T1）］ to attempt 尝试；试图；试试看：I don＇tthink I can do it but I＇ll try.我看我不一定干得了，不过我会试试.I＇ve tried again and again but I still can＇t do it.我试了一次又一次，但仍然做不了.You should try to make more of an effort with your appearance.你应更注意一下自己的仪表.He tried to stand on his head but couldn＇t. 他试着倒立，但不行.Try harder next time.下次更努力一点.I tried to get you a room at this hotel but it was full.我曾设法在这家旅馆里给你订个房间，但是都住满了.Try Mrs Jones；she might lend you £1．问问琼斯太太看；她也许能借给你一英镑．3 ［T4］ to attempt and do；experience 试着做：I tried standing on my head but it gave me a headache.我试着倒立，但结果感到头痛.Try doing more exercises; you'll soon lose weight．多锻炼试试看，这样你会减少体重的．4［T1］to attempt to open （a door， window，etc）试打开（门、窗等）：I think the door＇s locked but I＇ll try it just in case.我想门是锁上了，我要试试，万一没锁上呢.try and（do） not fml（not used in verb forms with tried or trying),to try to(do) （不用动词形式 tried 或trying）尽量；竭力···；设法···：You must try and come to the party.你应尽量来参加聚会.I always try and help her.我总是设法帮助她.（compare 比较：I＇m always trying to help her.我一直在设法帮助她.）I＇ll try andtelephone you．我会设法打电话给你．5［C］infml an act of trying 尝试：Come on；give it a try.来呀，试试看.We made several tries but failed every time.我们作了多次尝试，但每次都失败了.attempt /ə'tempt/1 [Wa5; T1, 3, 4] esp fml to

make an effort at；try 努力尝试；企图；试图：Heattempted the examination but failed.他力图通过考试，但失败了.I attempted to speak butwas told to be quiet.我想争取发言，但却不让我讲话.I attempted walking until I collapsed

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N139 DOING THINGS 做事

and fell over.我想尽力走下去，后来支持不住而摔倒了.He was found guilty of attempted mur-der even though the other man did not die.他被判企图谋杀罪，尽管对方并没有死．2［C，C3］anact of attempting 努力；尝试；企图：His attempts to help us failed.他想法子帮助我们，但没有成功.She made no attempt to stop him.她没有作出任何努力去阻止他.

endeavour BrE,endeavor /in'devə/ AmE usu fml，lit ＆ pomp 1 ［I3］ to try 试图；努力：He endeavoured to climb the mountain.他试图攀登这座山．2［C；U］an attempt 尽力；企图：Allhis great endeavours succeeded at last.他所作的巨大努力终于成功了.

strive/straiv/ esp lit & pomp 1 [L9, esp for/ against; I3] to struggle hard (to get or conquer）力求；力争；奋力：He strove for recog-nition as an artist/to be recognized as an artist.他为自己获得承认为艺术家而奋力争取.Hestrives against his illness．他和疾病搏斗．2［IØ （with）］ old use to fight斗争；抗争

sample /'sa:mpəl/ [T1] to try (something,esp food） to learn what it is like 尝试；品尝（某物， 尤指食物）：Sample this.尝一尝这个.Hesampled it and didn＇t like it.他尝了尝，但不喜欢.

N139 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：helping

帮助

help/help/1 [T1;IØ; V3] a to do part of an activity(for someone); to be of use to (some-one in doing something） 帮助；帮忙： Could you help me up the stairs？ 请你扶我上楼梯好吗？The shock helped him（to） walk.那次震撼有助于他学会走路.Your sympathy helps a lot.你们的慰问很有帮助.Can Ihelp？我可以帮忙吗？b tomake better 有帮助：Crying won＇t help （you）. 哭是无济于事的．2［T1,4；V4］to avoid；prevent； change；have control over 避免；阻止；改变；抑制（only in the phrs can／can＇t／couldn＇t help）（只用于词组 can／can＇t／couldn＇t help）： I couldn＇t help crying.我禁不住哭了起来.I can＇t help mybig feet.我天生一双大脚又有什么办法呢.Shecan't help herself, she doesn't mean to be so rude.她抑制不住自己，她不是有意这么粗暴无礼的.it can't be helped These things happen, sO we must accept it 事到如今，只得接受事实；没有办法：You＇ve broken it now； it can＇t be helped. 你把它打破了；也只好这样了.I can＇t help it It＇snot my fault；I can＇t stop it，etc 不是我的过错； 我不能阻止它发生；我不得不这样；我无能为力：Why are you crying？-I just can＇t help it.你为什么哭？-我实在忍不住.Well you can＇t help itif she ran away across the road; it was just an accident.唉，她那么闯过马路又不是你的过错，这完全是意外.no more than one can help as little as is possible or necessary 尽可能少：He never does more work than he can help.他从来就是能不做的就不做．3［U］ the act of helping帮助：You＇re not much help to me just sitting there.你只是坐在那儿，这样对我帮助不大.Yougave me a lot of help；thank you.你给了我许多

帮助，谢谢你．4［C］something which helps 帮忙的人；有助益的东西：You＇re a good help to me.你是我的好助手.The new fire is a good help inthis cold weather.天气这么寒冷，新生起来的这个火真是太有用了．5［C］a person who does someof someone else＇s work 佣人：A help comes in twice a week to clean the house.佣人每周来两次打扫房子.Help！a Please bring help， I＇m in danger.救命呀！b Oh，dear！哎呀！；天哪！

assist /ə'sıst/ [T1; IØ; (in); V3] esp fml to help, support， or aid 帮助；协助；援助：She assisted him in building the house.她帮他盖房子.Good glasses will assist you to read.一副好眼镜有助于你阅读.I have no money left；can you assist me？我一分钱也没有了，你能帮我一点忙吗？assistance ［U］ the act of assisting 援助；帮助： Could you give us some assistance with this work？你能协助我们做这项工作吗？Can I be of（any）assistance in any way？我能帮上个什么忙吗？Thank you for your kind assistance.谢谢你亲切的帮助.assistant ［C］ a person who assists another esp more important person 助手；助理：She got one of her assistants to do the work.她让她的一个助手做这件工作.

aid /eid/ 1 [T1 (with, in); V3] usu fml to give support to； help 帮助；援助；接济：Who aided him with money？谁出钱援助他？I aided him to find some water／in finding some water.我帮他找到了一些水．2［U］ the act of aiding 帮助；援助：We need all the aid we can get.能得到的援助我们都需要．3［C］ something that aids in some usu stated way 辅助物：He wears a hearing aid （＝ something that helps him hear better）.他戴助听器.

support /sə'po:t/1 [T1] to bear the weight of, esp preventing from falling 支持；支撑；支承： You support the bottom while I lift the top.你托底，我揭盖.He supported her on his arm.他用手臂扶着她．2［T1］a to provide money for（a person） to live on 维持；赡养；扶养：He supports a family.他要维持一家人的生活.He supportshis old mother.他赡养自己的老母亲.b to help，with sympathy or practical advice, money, food，etc（以忠告、金钱、食物等）帮助；支持；支援：She supported him in his trouble.在他困难时她支持了他．3［T1］to approve of and encour-age 拥护；支持：You must support the new political party. 你们必须支持这个新的政党.Shesupports birth control.她赞成节制生育.I will support him if he suggests a change in the committee.如果他在委员会中提出改革建议，我会支持他．4［T1］to be in favour of 有利于···；证实：The results support my original idea.结果证实了我原来的想法．5［T1］（with can／cannot） to bear（和 can／cannot 连用）经历；忍受：I can support so much bad behaviour and no more. 对恶劣行为，我只能忍受到这个程度，到此为止了．6[T1] to be loyal to, esp by attending perform-ances 支持；捧场：They support Chelsea（foot-ball team）.他们捧切尔西足球队的场.Theysupport the local playhouse.他们为当地的剧院捧场：7［U］the act of supporting 支持；援助：We need more support if we are going to win the election.如果我们想在竞选中取胜，就需要更多的

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支持．8［C］an example of this； something or someone that supports 支持；支援（指事例）；支持者；支撑物：He was a great support to us all in our time of need.在我们困难的时候，他是我们大家最有力的支持者.These wooden supportshelp to hold up the old building.这些木柱支撑着这所旧楼房.

benefit/'benəfit/1 [T1] to help by doing some-thing good， useful， etc 有利于···；对···有好处： His work did not benefit him; he got no money for it.他做的工作对他来说无利可图，因为他分文未得．2［IØ（by， from）］ to gain； help oneself 受益；得益；得到好处：How will I benefit if I go？如果我去对我自己会有什么好处？No onebenefited from the news.没有一个人从这则消息中得到好处．3［U；C］advantage， help，or profit 优越条件；利益；好处：What benefit do we get ifwe do that？如果我们做那件事，我们会得到什么好处？There＇s no real benefit for me if I go.如果我去对我自己不会有真正的好处.He got all thebenefits；we got all the hard work.所有的好处归他所得；所有的艰苦工作却由我们来做.Thismedicine will be of real benefit to you; take it. 这种药对你确有好处；吃了它吧.

pander to /'pændə tə/ [v prep T1] emot often deprec to give too much ĥelp and encourage-ment to (someone, or to certain feelings, ideas，etc）怂恿；迎合；投合：She just panders to him／to his every desire.她只是去迎合他／他的每一个欲望.Films often pander to people＇s need to see blood and violence，＇ he said angrily.他气愤地说：“电影常常迎合人们想看凶杀和暴力的心理.”

auxiliary /o:g'zıljəri/1 [C] a person who helps others in the work they do 辅助者：These auxiliaries have made our work much easier. 这些辅助人员使我们的工作轻松多了.She is anauxiliary teacher．她是一名辅助教师．2［Wa5；B］ used in helping 用于辅助的：The auxiliary fire service helps our full-time firemen when there are very big fires in the city.城里发生大火时，辅助消防人员就帮助专职消防队员救火.

N140 verbs 动词：not helping［T1］无助于

[ALSO → L173 STOP]

hinder /'hində/ [(from)] 1 to stop (someone from doing something） 阻碍；妨碍：You＇re hindering me in my work by talking all the time.你老是说话，妨碍我的工作.You＇rehindering me from working．你妨碍我工作．2 to prevent （an activity from being done）阻碍（··· 完成）：You＇re hindering my work.你阻碍我完成我的工作.hindrance ［C］ something or some-one that hinders 障碍；妨碍的人或物：Helping him is a hindrance to my own work.帮助他的结果是妨碍了我自己的工作.Some people thinkthat children are important; others, that they are just hindrances.有些人认为孩子重要，另一些人则认为孩子不过是累赘.

thwart/θwo:t/ esp emot to oppose successfully 使受挫折；阻挠；挫败：I was thwarted in myplans by the weather.我的计划由于天气不好而遭

N150 CAUSING 导致

到了挫折.Uncle hates being／to be thwarted.叔父不喜欢受挫折.His illness has thwarted his hopes of winning the competition.他的病使他在这场比赛中获胜的希望受挫.

impede /ım'pi:d/often fml to get in the way of; to make something difficult to do 妨碍；阻碍： Poverty impedes education.贫困阻碍了教育事业的发展.Having no car impedes his movements.没有汽车使他的行动受到了限制.impediment [C] something which impedes something else 障碍物：He has a speech impediment， and can＇t say ＇s＇ properly.他讲话口吃，而且＇s＇音发不好.There is no impediment to their marriage.他们结婚没有任何障碍.

prevent ／pri＇vent／［（from）； also 又作 V4］ 1 to keep (something) from happening or existing 防止；预防：These rules are intended to prevent accidents.制定这些规定，是为了防止事故.Whatcan we do to prevent this disease spreading? 我们有什么办法可以防止这种疾病蔓延呢？2．tostop or hold back （someone or something）阻止；制止：I intend to go and nothing you do can prevent me.我决意要去，你不管怎么做都无法阻止我.I couldn＇t prevent him from spending the money.我无法阻止他花这笔钱.prevention[U] the act of preventing something or some-one 阻止；防止；预防：The prevention of disease is more important than trying to cure it later. 预防疾病比患病后的治疗更重要.preventive also又作 preventative ［B］ concerning or for the purpose of preventing 预防的；防止性的： preventive medicine 预防（性）药物

hamper /'hæmpə/ to cause difficulty in move-ment or activity to 妨碍；阻挠；牵制：The sun hampered my movements.太阳妨碍了我的行动.(fig) I was hampered by my poor knowledge of French.我因法语差而处处受牵制.

keep／ki：p／［（from）］ to delay or hinder 防止；阻止：What kept you from doing it／coming？是什么原因使你不那样做／来不了？You＇re late；whatkept you？你迟到了，是什么耽误了你？

Causing

导致

N150 verbs 动词：making and causing 使得与导致

[ALSO→I1]

make /meik/1 [D1 (for); T1] to produce by work or action 做；制作：She made a cake.她做了一个蛋糕.I＇ll make myselflyou a cup of coffee.我给自己／你煮杯咖啡.The children are making alot of noise.孩子们吵闹得很厉害.Cheese ismade from milk．干酪是由牛奶制成的．2［X1,7；V8] to put into a certain state, position,etc 使···；使成为：Too much food made him ill.吃得过多使他生病了.The king married her andmade her his queen.国王娶了她，并封她为王后.

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N150 CAUSING 导致

He made himself heard across the room.他大声说话，让房间另一头的人能听得见.He made hisideas known／made known what he felt.他让人们知道他的想法／感受．3［T1］ to earn， gain，orwin（money or success）赚得；挣得；得到；赢得（金钱或成功）：He makes a lot （of money） in his job.他做那份工赚很多钱.He makes a living（＝earns enough to live）.他（挣的钱）能维持生活.I hope you make a success of your work. 我希望你工作获得成功．4 ［V2； V3 pass］ to cause(a person to do something/a thing to happen) 引起；使产生：The pain made him cry out.他疼得大叫起来.She was made to wait for over an hour.她被迫等了一个多小时.Some people saystepping on a worm makes it rain.有人说踩了虫会使天下雨．5［V2；V3 pass；X1,7］ torepresent as being, doing, happening, etc; to cause to appear as 表现为；使看起来：In the filmthe battle is made to take place in the winter. 影片里，这次战役被写成是在冬天进行的.Thisphotograph makes her （look） very young.这张相片使她看起来很年轻．6［T1；X1，（to be）9，（7）］to calculate （and getas a result）计算；估计：He added up the figures and made a different answer from the one I got.他把数字加起来，算出的总数和我的不一样.I make it nearly threeyears since I saw him.我算了算，自从上次见到他以来已有将近三年了.What time do you makeit？你看现在几点钟？Is that the right time？ Imake it later.时间对吗？我估计还要晚一些.Hemade the speed to be over the limit.他估计已经超速了．7 ［L1］ to add up to； to come to （anamount） as a result 合计；等于：Two and two make four．二加二等于四．8［L1］to be counted as （first，second，etc）算是；看作（第一、第二等）： This makes our third party this month.这一回是我们本月内的第三次聚会.That makes fourwho want to go． 那么就有四个人要去．9［L1；D1］to have the qualities of (esp something good) 具有···（尤指好的）品质；（有条件）成为：No onecould have made him a better wife.谁做他的妻子也没有她合适.This story makes good read-ing.这个故事是很好的读物.The hall wouldmake a good theatre.这个大厅可以成为很好的剧场．10［T1］ infml to travel （a distance） or at （a speed）行走（一段距离）；以···速度行进：The trainwas making seventy miles an hour.这列火车的时速为七十英里.He made a few more yardsbefore he fell to the ground.他又走出几码才跌倒在地上．11［T1］to arrive at or on 到达；赶上：We made the station in time to catch the train.我们及时到达车站赶上了火车.We justmade the train （＝ almost missed it）.我们恰好赶上火车.We finally made the party.我们终于赶到了，没有错过这次聚会．12［T1（of）；X1］ toform（into or from）使成为···：Experience has made him a man.丰富的阅历使他成为一个成熟的男子汉.The navy has made a man of him. 海军生活使他变成大人．13 ［X9，esp into，out of］to change or produce（to or from）使变为；使做成：Working in the kitchen made the boy into a good cookla good cook out of the boy.厨房工作使这男孩成长为一名好厨师.We made thematerial into a skirt/a skirt out of the mate-

rial．我们用这块布料做了一条裙子．14 ［T1］ toestablish （a law） 制定（法律）15 ［D1 （to）； Ti］ to give （a suggestion of payment or a gift）给；出（价）；给予（礼物）：I＇ll make you an offer of a hundred pounds.我向你出价一百英镑.Let memake you a present of it.我把这个送给你作为礼物．16 ［T3］ fml， also 又作 to make as if to beabout to 就要：He made （as if） to speak， but I stopped him．他刚要发言，但我阻止了他．17［T1］infml to give the particular qualities of 赋予.·· 特色：It＇s the bright paint which really makes the room.正是这种鲜艳的油漆使这房间具有特色.18 [T1] (used with a noun instead of a verb alone）（和名词连用代替与该名词同义的动词）：Hemade a promiselno answer (= He promised/ did not answer）. 他许下诺言／没有回答.Theywere making a search of the room.他们在搜查那个房间.We made an early start.我们很早就启程.She made a good choice.她选对了.He＇s made his decision.他作出了决定.An important discovery has been made.一个重大的发现被揭示出来.make believe to pretend 假装：The children are making believe that they're princes and princesses.孩子们假装他们是王子和公主．［→K173］ make it 1 to succeed 成功了2to arrive in time 及时赶到

cause/ko:z/[T1; V3; D1 (to, for)] to lead to; be the cause of 导致；引起；成为···的原因；使发生：What caused his illness？他的病是什么引起的？His foolishness caused me to lose my temper. 他的愚蠢行为使我控制不住自己的脾气.I wish youwouldn＇t cause me such worry.真希望你不致令我如此担心.I think you like causing trouble for people.我觉得你喜欢给人惹麻烦.Why do youcause me to do what I dislike doing most; is it to punish me？你为什么要我去做我最不喜欢做的事，是不是想惩罚我？

get/get/1 [V4] to bring (something) to a start 使···开始起来：I＇ll get the car going.我来把汽车发动起来．2［V3］to cause to do 使···做；使行动：Igot him to help (me) when I moved the furni-ture.搬家具时我让他来帮助（我）.I can＇t get thecar to start．我无法把汽车发动起来．3［X7］tobring （into a certain state） 使处于···状态：I＇ll get the children ready for school.我来让孩子们做好去上学的准备工作.I can＇t get the carstarted．我无法把车发动起来．4［X9］to put ormove into a place 搬；放到···位置：I can＇t get it through the door.我没法把它从这个门搬进去.Get that cat out of the house before your mother sees it！趁你母亲还没有看见，快把那只猫从屋子里赶出来！We must get him home.我们必须把他送回家．5 ［T3］ to succeed in （doing）（often with future meaning）成功···；接着发生··· （常和将来意义连用）：When you get to know himyou find he's quite different from how you imagined.等你结识他的时候，你会发现这个人和你原先想象的大不一样.If I get to see him I＇ll askhim about it.如果能见到他，我会向他询问这件事情.

get...done to have （something） done 做完；结束：P＇ll get this work done by tomorrow after-noon.明天下午我就会把这件工作做完.

engineer /,end3ə'nə/ [T1] to arrange or cause

1030

by clever，esp secret planning 策划（尤指秘密计划）：He had powerful enemies who engineered his ruin.他的敌人很强大，他们策划要使他身败名裂.

N151 verbs 动词：causing things to

happen in special ways 使事情以特殊方式发生

arouse /ə'rauz/ [T1] to cause (something or someone) to do something or be active, often forcefully 激起；引起；惹起：Her anger was aroused by his silly actions.他的愚蠢行动激起了她的愤怒.That book aroused my interest in fishing.那本书使我对钓鱼产生了兴趣.

stir／st3：／［T1］ esp lit to cause， arouse 激起；引起： That book has stirred my interest in fishing. 那本书引起我对钓鱼的兴趣．stir up ［v adv T1］emph to arouse 激起；惹起：He is always trying to stir up trouble here.他总想在这儿惹麻烦.

precipitate /pri'sipə,teit/ [T1 (into)] usu fml to cause (something) to happen or (someone) to do something more quickly than expected, desired，etc 促使；促成；突然发生；使突然陷入：The killing of the king precipitated the war. 杀害国王一事触发了战争.His action precipitatedthem into the war.他的行动促使他们陷人了战争.

prompt /prompt/ 1 [T1; V3] to cause or urge （someone） to do something 促使（某人做出···）； 刺激；煽动；怂恿：He＇s never acted so foolishly before；what could have prompted him？以前他做事从来没有这么愚蠢过，是什么原因促使他做出这样的事呢？Hunger prompted him to steal.饥饿使他行窃．2 ［T1］ to be the cause of （athought，action or feeling）激起（某种想法、行动）；唤起（感情）；引起：The sight of the ships prompted thoughts ofhis distant home.船只的出现勾起了他对遥远家乡的怀念.

provoke /prə'vəuk/ [T1] to cause, esp forcefully 引起；挑起：If you do that you will provoke trouble.你如果那么做，必会引起麻烦.His sillyactions provoked laughter.他的愚蠢动作引来哄堂大笑.

provoke into [v prep D1; V4b] to cause or force (someone) into (an action or doing something）使（某人）做···；迫使（某人做某事）：Her rudeness provoked me into striking her. 她的无礼惹得我打了她.

incite /In'sart/ [T1 (to); V3] to encourage or cause (someone) to take (a strong action) or to have （a strong feeling）激起；煽动；鼓励：His remarks incited meto anger.他的话激起了我的愤怒.The army was incited to rebellion ［ C135］．军队被煽动起来造反．He incited them torise up against their leaders.他煽动他们起来反抗领导人．incitement 1 ［U］ the act of inciting 激励；煽动2［C］something which incites 激励物；煽动物：His words were an incitement to rebellion.他的话对造反起了煽动作用.

render／＇rendə／1［X7］ to cause to be 使得；使变成：His fatness renders him unable to touch his toes．他的肥胖使他无法弯腰摸到脚趾．2［D1

N152 CAUSING 导致

（to）；T1］ fml to give（help）给予（帮助等）：You have rendered me a service.你为我做了件好事.render an account to send an account of money that is owed 开出付款帐单 renderthanks to thank someone，esp God 答谢（尤指对上帝）：Let us render thanks （to God） for what we have received.让我们为所得到的东西而感谢上帝.

induce/m'dju:s/1 [T1 often pass] a to cause to begin by using medical drugs 用药物导致（only in the phr induce labour 人工分娩）：Labour ［B181］ has been induced．进行了人工分娩．binfml to cause (a baby) to be born, or (a mother） to give birth，by medical means 以人工使（婴儿）出生；以人工使（母体）分娩；引产：Thebaby was induced by drugs given to the mother, so that it could be born more quickly. 那婴儿是用药物引产的，即给母亲服药催产，使婴儿能更快地生出来. She wanted to give birthnaturally，but she had to be induced.她想自然分娩，但不得不引产．2［T1］ to produce （aneffect）引起；导致：Too much food induces sleepiness．吃得过多会使人昏昏欲睡．3［V3］tolead (someone) into an act often by persua-sion 诱导；劝诱：I was induced to come against my will.我是被再三劝说不得已才来的.Whatinduced her to come uninvited？是什么促使她不经邀请便来呢？

involve /m'vplv/ [Wv6; T1, 4] to make necessary 必然有；含有：Being a soldier can involve getting killed.当兵就有送命的可能.

N152 nouns 名词：causes and reasons

原因与理由 [ALSO→G18]

cause/ko:z/1 [C] something which produces an effect; a person, thing, or event that makes something happen 原因；起因：A cigarette was the cause of the fire.这场火灾的起因是一根香烟.What was the cause of the last war？上一次战争的起因是什么？Her stupidity is the cause of all her trouble.她所遇到的麻烦都是她的愚笨引起的．2［U］reason 缘故；理由：Don＇t complain without cause.不要无缘无故地抱怨.There＇s no cause for you to leave；I still love you.你没理由走；我仍然爱你.There＇s more cause for you to go to mother＇s than stay here.你应去母亲家，你到那里的理由比呆在这里充分.Is there sufficientcause for you to sell this house？你卖掉这所房子有足够的理由吗？3［C］a principle or move-ment strongly defended or supported（奋斗） 目标；主张；事业：His cause was the freedom of his people; for this he would die if necessary. 他的奋斗目标是解放自己的人民，如果需要，他愿意为此而献身．4 ［C］law the reason for action in a court of law; a matter over which a person goes to law 诉讼事由；诉讼案件 make commoncause (with) to take action together for a particular purpose 与···协力；与···合作：The government and the opposition made com-mon cause to win the war.政府和反对党共同努

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N153 CAUSING 导致

力来赢得这场战争．causal［Wa5；B］tech 1 of orshowing the relationship of cause and effect 因果关系的2 being a cause 构成原因的：acausal force 构成原因的力量 3（in grammar）expressing a cause（用于语法）表示原因的：acausal phrase 表示原因的词组-ly［adv］-ity［U］： the laws of causality 因果规律

reason/'riizən/ 1 [Ć (for),C3,5a,c,6a why; U3] the cause of an event; the explanation or excuse for an action 理由；原因；缘故：The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain. 水灾完全是大雨造成的.I have many reasons tofear him.我害怕他是有许多原因的.The reasonthat／why he died was lack of medical care.他的死是因为缺乏治疗.There is／We have reasonto believe that he was murdered.我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的．2［C（for），C3,5a］what makes one decided on an action; the cause of an intention（做···的）理由：What is your reason for wanting to enter the country？你想进入这个国家的理由是什么？

N153 nouns 名词：results and effects 结果与效果

result/rI'zalt/ 1 [C] what happens because of something else 结果：The war was the result of their desire for more land.战争是他们觊觎更多土地的结果.What results did you get from your tests？-The results show that he was right.你的试验结果怎样？-结果证明他是对的．2［IØ］tohappen as a result（作为结果）发生；因···而产生：If the police leave， disorder will result.如果警察离开，就会出现混乱.Disorder resulted fromhis actions.混乱是他的行动造成的.result in［vprep T1］ to come to （something） as a result 引起；造成···的结果：Their desire for more land resulted in a war.他们想夺得更多土地的欲望引发了一场战争.

effect/r'fekt/[U;C; (on, upon)] 1 a special or particular result（特殊的）结果；特殊效果：Life is all cause and effect.生活便是因果关系.Theeffects of the illness were bad.那疾病的后患十分严重.Unfortunately， our efforts had no effect．不幸的是我们的努力毫无效果．2 a resultproduced on the mind 印象；感触；影响：Her new red dress produced quite an effect on everyone.她那身新的红色连衣裙给大家留下了相当深的印象.Don＇t look at the details， consider the general effect.不必注意细节，考虑一下总的印象就行.He only said it for effect.他说这个只是为了影响.I heard some wonderful sound effects on the radio last night.我昨晚从收音机里听到一些美妙的音响效果.to...effect with...general meaning 大意是说···；内容是···：He called me a fool，or words to that effect.他叫我蠢才，或用类似的字眼称呼我.He has made adeclaration to the effect that all fighting must cease at once.他发表了一个声明，大意是说一切战斗必须立即停止.I have already told him theinformation, and written a letter to the same effect.我已经把情况告诉了他，还写了一封内容相似的信给他.into effect into （esp lawful） ope-

ration（尤指法律）开始生效；实行；实施：A newsystem of taxation will come/go/be brought/be put into effect next May.明年五月将开始实行新的征税制度．in effect 1 in （esp lawful） ope-ration（尤指法律）在实行中；有效：The old systemof taxation will remain in effect until next May．明年五月之前原有的征税制度仍然有效．2forall practical purposes; it is more or less true to say 实际上；总之；有效：Her brother is king， but she is， in effect， the real ruler of Ruritania.她的哥哥是国王，但实际上她是鲁里坦尼亚王国的真正统治者．take effect 1 to come into（esp lawful） operation（尤指法律）生效；实行；实施：The newsystem of taxation will take effect next May. 新的征税制度将于明年五月生效．2 to begin toproduce results 见效：The medicine quickly took effect.这药很快见效.give effect to to carry out 实行；实施：He gave effect to his dead brother＇s wishes.他实行了他亡兄的意愿.

issue／＇ifu：／［C］ rare a result 结果；结局：He is hoping for a good issue to this matter.他希望这件事情有一个好结果.

consequence /'kpnsəkwəns/1 [C usu pl] some-thing that follows from an action or condition; result 后果；结果：Before you do anything you should always consider the consequence.在做任何事情之前，你都应该先考虑一下后果．2［U］fmlimportance 重要性：Is it of much consequence to you that the government has lost the elec-tion？政府在选举中落败对你有什么重要性吗？He's a man of little consequence (to anyone). 他是一个无足轻重的人物.in consequence（of）fml as a result （of）由于···的缘故：In conse-quence of your bad work I am forced to dismiss you.我不得不解雇你是因为你的工作做得很糟．consequent ［Wa5； A；F on］ being what follows or is caused by something else 随之发生的；因···引起的：All right，you want us to stop work for a month, but will you pay the conse-quent costs if we are forced to do the work next year and not now？好吧，你要我们停工一个月，但是如果我们被迫明年开工而不是现在就干，那么你是否愿意补偿因此而造成的损失呢？Hissuccess was consequent on his hard work.他的成功来自勤奋.

end result ［C］ the last result of all 最后结果： What was the end result of all the arguing and discussing？所有争论和讨论的最后结果是什么？

end product [C] tech something which is produced as the result of a number of operations 最后产物：Our raw material is wood and our end product is paper.我们的原料是木材而最后的产品是纸张.

aftereffect /'a:ftərə,fekt/ [C often pl]an effect which happens later than expected or usual 事后影响；副作用；后效应；后效：This illness mayhave some aftereffects when he is much older. 这种病过了许多年之后对他可能产生某些后遗影响.

side effect [C often pl] an effect in addition to the effect wanted 副作用：This medicine will help you but it has certain other side effects which may cause you a little trouble.这种药对你有帮助，不过也有某些副作用，会使你感到有点不舒服.

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by-product /'bai,prodakt/ [C] 1 something formed in addition to the main product 副产品：Silver is often obtained as a by-product when separating lead from rock.银通常是从岩石中提取铅时所得的副产品．2 an additionalresult sometimes unexpected or unintended （有时是意外或无心的）附带产生的结果：Unem-ployment can be a by-product of higher taxes. 提高税收可能附带地造成失业.

spin-off /'spin,pf/ [C;(U)] not fml a result which is unexpected and in addition to the expected results of an action，etc 附带的利益； 有用的副产品：Was there any profitable spin-off to all this scientific work？这整套科学研究工作有没有什么有用的副产品？

aftermath /'a:ftə,mæθ/ [C usu sing] the result or period following a bad event such as an accident， storm， war，etc（意外事故、暴风雨、战争等带来的）后患；余殃；余波；后果；事故后的一段困难时期：Life was much harder in the after-math of the war.战后余殃使生活更加艰难.

N154 verbs 动词：causing action 引起行动

[ALSO → M58 PUSH, N334 PRESS]

force /fo:s/ 1 [T1; V3] to use force to cause （someone） to do something 强迫；迫使：She didn＇t want to go， so he forced her（to go）.她不愿意去，他只好强迫她去.Don＇t try to force meto do it／into doing it！ 不要试图强迫我干这种事！(fig) The heavy rain forced us to stay at home．大雨迫使我们留在家里．2［T1；X7］toopen by force 用力打开：He forced the door （open）.他使劲把门打开.

compel /kəm'pel/ [T1; V3: often pass] esp fml to force 强迫；使···不得不（做）：He wascompelled to do it against his will (= although he did not want to）.他被迫做这件事.The raincompelled us to stay indoors.大雨使我们不得不待在家里不出门.Don＇t feel compelled to come if you don＇t want to.你若不想来，就不要勉强.Threats will never compel my obedience！威胁是决不会使我屈服的！（fig）His cleverness andskill compel our admiration.他的聪明和才干使我们不得不佩服.

impel /rm'pel/ [T1 (into); V3] (usu fig) (of ideas, feelings, etc) to push or force (some-one） forward（指思想、感情等）推动；激励：Hunger impelled me to finish my work quickly.肚子饿促使我很快做完工作.

oblige /ə'blard3/ 1 [V3 usu pass] to make (someone) feel it necessary (to do something) 迫使（某人）做···；使···不得不（做）：Your badbehaviour obliges me to dismiss you. 你的恶劣表现使我不得不解雇你.I feel obliged to say＇No＇．我不得已只好说“不”了．2［T1］ polite to do（someone）a favour 施恩惠于；帮···的忙；答应··· 的请求：Could you oblige me by opening the window？劳驾您把那个窗子打开好吗？Could youoblige me with a match? (= please give me a match）请给我一根火柴好吗？（I＇m）muchobliged (to you) polite (I'm) very grateful(to you）非常感激（您）

N154 CAUSING 导致

coerce/kəu'3:s/ [T1] 1 [(into)] to make (an unwilling person or group of people) do something by using force, threats of punish-ment，etc 强制（某人、集团）做···；迫使做···：Thegovernment coerced the unions into accepting the pay limit by threatening to call an elec-tion.政府威胁要进行选举，迫使工会接受工资限额.2 [often pass] to keep (a person,group of people, or activity) under control by using force， threats of punishment， etc； repress 强迫（服从）；压制：The working people have been coerced by their employers for too long！劳动者受雇主们压制时间太久了！3 ［often pass］ to gainacceptance for (a course of action) by force or the threat of force 威逼，强制：Our agreement to the plan was coerced; we were not free to say no to it！我们是被迫同意这项计划的，我们没有拒绝的自由！

pressurize, -ise/'prefə,raiz/ 1 [T1 (into);V3] to (try to) make (someone) do something by means of forcible persuasion or influence 对.·· 施加压力：Certain groups are pressurizing the minister to free the prisoners.有些团体正在给部长施加压力，要他释放被关押的人.They havepressurized him into freeing the prisoners. 他们迫使他释放被关押的人．2［Wv5；T1］ to controlthe air pressure inside (a (part of a) high-flying aeroplane, etc) so that the pressure does not become much lower than that on earth 使（高空飞行飞机的机舱等）增压：a pres-surized cabin 增压舱（或密封舱）

pressure /'prefə/ [T1 (into); V3] to pressurize 增压

bully /'buli/ [T1 (ino); V3] to force in a nasty way,often with the intention of getting some-one to do something 欺负；威胁：He was always bullying smaller boys （into doing things）.他总是欺负比他小的孩子（威逼他们去做事）.

subject to [v prep D1 often pass] to cause to experience esp by force 使遭受；被迫经历；使服从：The people were subjected to foreign rule. 人民处在外国的统治之下.They were subjected toa very difficult examination.他们要经过了一次很难的考试.subjection［U］ the state of being subjected to something 屈从；服从

subordinate /sə'bo:dineit/ [T1 (to)] to cause (something) to be less important than some other thing 使处于次要地位；使居于下位；使服从：He subordinated his personal needs to his political interests.他把个人需要放在政治利益之下. subordination ［U］ the act of subordinat-ing服从；附属

push/puf/1 [T1 (into); V3] to force (someone) to do something by continued urging 驱使；催逼；催促：I＇m not pushing you； if you don＇t want this job， don＇t take it.我不是逼你，如果你不想做这项工作，那就不要接受.She has such aweak will that she can be pushed into any-thing.她的意志很薄弱，别人要她干什么就干什么.My friends are all pushing me to enter poli-tics．朋友们都怂恿我从政．2［T1；IØ］ to force(someone or something) on the notice of others， as a means of success 使引人注意；推荐；提携（某人）；推销（商品）：They aren＇t really

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N155 CAUSING 导致

pushing their business enough and are losing money on it; they ought to push their goods more.他们没有真正下功夫做好生意，一直在赔钱；他们应该更加卖力地推销自己的商品.She isn＇t agood actress, but she pushes herself as much as she can.她不是一个好演员，但她竭尽全力突出自己.（esp AmE）When my son had a cold， the doctor said, 'Push liquids; make him drink a lot.＇我儿子感冒时，医生说：“增加饮料，要他多喝水．”3［T1（for）］ to hurry or trouble （some-one） by continual urging 驱使；驱策；催逼：If you push a worker too hard, he may make mistakes.如果你催工人催得太紧，他会出差错的.He keeps pushing me for payment of the debt. 他不断地逼我归还借款．4［T1；（IØ）］（fig）infml tosell(unlawful drugs) by acting as a connection between the suppliers and the people who need to， or can be persuaded to，buy（做中盘） 贩卖（毒品）

oust /aust/[T1(from)] (of a living being) to force（a living being） out （of）（指生物）驱逐；逐出；赶走：Tigers have almost ousted lions from India.老虎几乎把所有狮子都从印度赶跑了.Hehopes to oust the president in the next elections／oust them from power.他希望在下届选举中把总统赶下台／把他们赶下台.

N155 nouns 名词：causing action 引起行动

[ALSO →B92,N235]

force /fo:s/ [U] strength, power, etc used to make someone do something, something happen，etc 力量；暴力；压力：He used force to get what he wanted.他使用暴力来取得他所要的东西.They used force to open the locked door. 他们用力把那锁着的门打开.

compulsion /kəm'palfən/ fml 1 [U] force or influence that makes a person do something 强制力（often in the phr under compulsion被迫；不得不）：The governor had to use compul-sion to make the people pay taxes.州长不得不使用强制手段迫使人们缴纳税款.I will paynothing under compulsion.在高压下我一个子儿也不交．2［C，C3］ a strong usu unreasonable desire that is difficult to control（难以控制的） 强烈欲望；（不可抗拒的）冲动：Her compulsion todrink soon made her ill.她无法克制自己酗酒的欲望，因此不久就病倒了.Drinking is a compul-sion with her.喝酒是她一种抑制不住的欲望.

coercion/kəu'3:fən/[U] 1 the act of coercing or of being coerced 强迫；强制；被强制：Youcan＇t get me to be quiet by coercion！你休想用强制手段来封住我的嘴！2 government by force高压统治：Coercion isn＇t the best way of ruling an empire; a ruler must win his people's love. 高压手段不是统治帝国的最好办法，统治者必须赢得人民的爱戴.

pressure /'prefa/ 1 [U (of)] the action of pressing with force or weight 压： Food is broken up in the mouth by the pressure of the teeth．食物在口中被牙齿嚼碎．2［U；C］the

strength of this force 压力：He asked the garage worker to test the air pressure in his tyres.他叫那个汽车修理工人检查他轮胎的气压.These air containers will burst at high pressures.在很高的压力之下这些气瓶会爆炸.Itwas a pressure of 4 kilos to the square inch. 压力是每平方英寸四公斤．3［U］discomfortcaused by a sensation of pressing 压抑感：The sick man complained of a feeling of pressure in his chest．那个病人抱怨说胸口发闷．4［U；C］also 又作 fml atmospheric pressure the （force of the） weight of the air 大气压力：Low pressure often brings rain.气压低时往往会下雨. 5 [C; U: (of)] trouble that causes anxiety and difficulty 艰难；为难；困苦：He faced the pres-sure of family anxieties.他面临家庭问题的困扰.The combined pressures of high taxation and high wages are ruining this shoe factory.在高税收和高工资的双重压力下，这鞋厂正濒临破产．6[U] forcible influence (used for obtaining a desired action）强制力；影响力（esp in the phrs bring pressure (to bear) on someone (to do something）对···施加压力；迫使···（做））：They put pressure on him.他们对他施加压力.Thepolice brought pressure to bear on him to say what they wanted.警察对他施加压力，逼他说他们要他说的话．7［U（of）］high rate of speed and activity 快速；紧张：We are working at high pressure to get the report ready for tomorrow's meeting.为了准备好明天的会议报告，我们正在紧张地工作.Villagers are unaccustomed to the pressure of modern city life.乡下人不习惯现代城市的紧张生活.

inducement/ın'dju:smənt/ [U; C, C3] encour-agement; something, esp money, which per-suades one to act 诱因；引诱物：He offered me an inducement.他给了我好处.The promise of a holiday at the seaside is no great induce-ment to study hard, when I don't like the seaside anyway.到海边去度假的许诺对刺激我努力学习并无多大诱惑力，因为我不喜欢海滨.

friction /'frıkfən/ [U] 1 the rubbing of one thing against another 摩擦：Friction produces heat. 摩擦生热．2（fig）argument，disagreement，etc 不和；冲突：There was quite a lot of friction at the meeting.会上发生了不少摩擦.

cogency /'kəud3ənsi/ [U] the power to prove or produce belief； quality of being cogent 说服力；中肯；切题：The cogency of the priest＇s argu-ments made me believe in God.牧师的论点很有说服力，使我相信上帝.

N156 adjectives 形容词：causing action ［B］引起行动的

forceful/'fo:sfal/ having or using force,pres-sures，etc 有力的；用力的：He＇s very forceful in getting what he wants.他想得到什么，就会坚决弄到手.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

forcible ／＇fo：səbəl／ done by or using force 强行的；用力的：The police made a forcible entry into the locked house.警察强行进入那锁着的房子.-bly［adv］

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compulsive /kəm'palsıv/ resulting from com-pulsion；too strong to stop or prevent 被迫的； 由无法克制的强烈欲望造成的；难于制止的：He is acompulsive eater；he eats all the time.他难以克制自己的馋嘴，总是吃个不停.-ly［adv］：Shesmokes compulsively.她抽烟无度.

compelling ／kəm＇pelin／ that compels； strong 强制的；使不得不的；有力的：Did he have acompelling reason for going？他有没有令人信服的理由非去不可？-ly［adv］

coercive/kəu'3:sIv/ for the purpose of coercing or intended to coerce 强制性的；高压的：They used coercive measures against us／on him.他们用强制的手段对付我们／他.-ly［adv］

cogent/'kəud3ənt/ having the power to prove or produce belief; forceful in argument; convincing 有说服力的；使人信服的：I havecogent reasons for voting for the trade union. 我有令人信服的理由投工会的票.

N157 verbs 动词：persuading，etc 说服等

[ALSO→G87]

persuade /pə'sweid/ [T1; V3] to get someone to do something by giving reasons 说服；劝导：I tried to persuade her （to join the club）.我想说服她（参加俱乐部）.

dissuade /dr'sweid/ [T1(from)] to prevent from doing something by giving reasons 劝阻； 劝止：I tried to dissuade her （from joining the club）.我试图劝阻她（不要参加那个俱乐部）.

urge/3:d3/ [T1; V3] to try hard to make some-one （do something）； persuade strongly 催促； 力劝：I urged her to go.我催她走.He needs no urging；he＇ll do it willingly.不必催促他，他自会乐意去做的.

coax /kəuks/ 1 [T1 (into/out of)] to make (someone) do what one wants by very pleasant behaviour and words 用好话劝诱；哄诱：She coaxed him into going／out of his bad temper．她哄得他答应去了／不发脾气了．2［X9］ toget (something one wants) by persuading someone 以说服的方法得到：He coaxed a prom-ise out of her.他费了很多口舌，终于得到她的允诺.-ingly［adv］

wheedle /'wi:dl/ emot, emph & sometimes deprec to coax 哄；用好话劝诱1［T1（into／out of)]:She wheedled him into goinglout of his bad temper．她用好话哄得他去了／不发脾气了．2［X9］： He wheedled a promise out of her．他用好话取得了她的许诺.-lingly［adv］

N158 verbs 动词：making necessary，

requiring，etc 需要、要求等 [ALSO→F7]

necessitate/nə'sesə,teit/[Wv6; T1, 4] fml to make necessary 使成为必要：Your remarks may necessitate my thinking about the question again.你的意见使我有必要再次考虑这个问题.A

N159 CAUSING 导致

smaller car is necessitated by the high price of petrol.由于汽油价格昂贵，买更小一点的汽车已成为必要.

need/ni:d/ [Wv6; T1] to find or make necessary 需要：We need more men.我们需要更多的人手.This suggestion needs careful thought.这个建议需要好好考虑.He gave us some much-needed help.他雪中送炭，给了我们急需的帮助.

demand /dr'ma:nd/[T1] fml to need urgently 急需：This work demands your attention with-out delay！这个工作急需你过问，请勿拖延！

require/rI'kwarə/[Wv5] 1[T1,4, 5c] esp fml to need 需要：This suggestion requires careful thought.这个建议要慎重考虑.The floor requires washing.地板需要冲洗.His health requires that he（should）go to bed early.由于健康原因，他应早睡觉.I＇m looking for the required ladder.我在寻找所需的梯子．2［T1（of），5c；V3］fml todemand；order， expecting obedience 要求；命令；请求：All passengers are required to show their tickets.所有的乘客必须出示车票.Do yourequire anything of me？你要我做什么吗？He passed the required examinations to become a doctor.他通过了规定的考试成为医生.Herequires that they（should） work all night.他要求他们通宵工作.

N159 modals 情态动词：making

necessary 必须、应该

must/mast/ [Wv2; IØ, 2] 1 to find it necessary to； be or feel required to 必须；应当：I must leave at six.我六点钟必须走.I said I must leave but I stayed.我说我必须走，但是我留下来了.Theteacher says they mustn't talk during lessons. 老师说，他们不可以在课堂上闲聊.Old peopleused to say children must be seen and not heard.过去老人们常说，小孩子应见其人，而非听其声.Must I drink this soup？我必须喝这汤吗？Imust admit I don＇t like her.我必须承认，我不喜欢她．2 to be necessary 必要：The house must be clean if there are guests.如果来客人，家里一定要干净.

ought /o:t/ [Wv2, 6; IØ, 3] usu fml to feel strongly required to 应该：I ought to leave at six.我应该六点钟离开.The teacher says they ought not toloughtn't to talk during lessons. 老师说，他们上课不应闲聊.

have (got) /hæv (gpt)/ [Wv2; I3] genl & often infml to be forced；must 不得不；必须：Do you have to go now？ 你必须现在走吗？I＇ve got togo.我得走了.I＇ll have to telephone later.我只好过一会儿再打电话.Ihave（got）to go at six.我六点钟就得走.

be /bi:/ [Wv1, 6; I3] usu emph & often fml must; be required 应该；必须：You are to leave at six， and not later！你应该六点走，不能再迟！He wasto come but he didn＇t.他本应来，但没来.

need/ni:d/ [Wv2, 6; IØ, 2, 3] often less fml must 需要：I really do need to go now； ifI don＇t， I＇ll miss my train.现在我确实该走了；否则要误了火车.（as neg of must）（构成must的否定式）：You

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N160 CAUSING 导致

don't need to/needn't go now if you don't want to.你如果不想走，就不必走.

N160 verbs 动词：helping or not helping actively 帮助、促进、阻拦

[ALSO→G119]

promote/prə'məut/ [T1] 1 to help actively in forming or arranging (a business, concert, play，etc）发起；创办（工商企业等）；促进；提倡；筹办（音乐会、戏剧表演等）：Who is promoting thisboxing match？是谁发起这场拳击比赛的？Thethree brothers are promoting a company to make aircraft.这三兄弟在筹办一家飞机制造公司.2 to bring (goods) to public notice in order to increase（sales）推销；推广（商品）：The com-pany are promoting their new sort of tooth-brush on television.这家公司在电视上推销他们的新式牙刷.It seems to promote the sales of this product. 它似乎能增加这种产品的销路.promotion1［U］ the act of promoting 创办；促进；推广；推销 2［C］ an act or occasion ofpromoting 促进；推广；推销

encourage/In'karid3/ [Wv4; T1 (in); V3] to give courage or hope (to someone); urge （someone） on to fresh efforts 鼓励；激励；促使： She gave him an encouraging smile.她对他笑了笑，以示鼓励.He encouraged me in my work. 他对我的工作加以鼓励.They encourage thechildren to paint pictures.他们鼓励孩子们画画. encouragement 1 [U] the act of encouraging or being encouraged 鼓励；赞助； 鼓舞：He needs some encouragement； help him. 他需要鼓励， 帮一帮他吧！What she said was noencouragement at all！她的话根本不是鼓励！2［C］ something that encourages 鼓励；起鼓励作用的事物：It＇s an encouragement for him to get this help.能够得到这种帮助对他是个鼓励.

discourage /drs'karid3/ 1 [Wv4, 5;T1] to take away courage and spirit from 使泄气；使沮丧；使气馁：It discourages me／It＇s very discouraging that every time I try to ride a bicycle I fall off. 每次我想骑自行车都摔下来，真使我泄气.It makesme feel very discouraged．这使我很沮丧．2［T1， 4] to try to prevent (an action) esp by showing disfavour； put difficulties in the way of 不赞许； 不鼓励：I discourage the use of tobacco.我不鼓励抽烟.We discourage smoking in the school. 我们不赞成在学校抽烟．3［T1（from）］ to try toprevent (someone) from doing something esp by showing disfavour 阻拦；劝阻；阻止：His mother discouraged him from joining the navy, saying that it was a hard life, but he refused to be discouraged.他母亲劝他不要参加海军，说那里生活太艰苦，但是他不听.discouragement 1 [U] the act of discouraging or being discouraged 失意；气馁；沮丧：His discouragement showed on his face.他脸上露出气馁的表情．2 ［C］something that discourages 令人气馁之事；障碍：I＇m going on with the workno matter what discouragements happen.不管有什么障碍，我都将继续干下去.

N161 verbs 动词：starting things 建立、开办、提出

[ALSO→ L170 START]

set up [v adv T1] 1 to do all the necessary things to start （a business，etc）建立；开办；提出： He set up the whole plan.他提出一套完整的计划.She set up the business all by herself（＝no one helped ĥer）.她完全依靠自己开办了这家公司.2 to do all the necessary things to start (some-one）（in a business，etc）使（某人）创业：He set his son up in business.他使儿子跻身商界.

establish /I'stæblif/ [Wv5; T1] often fml 1 to set up 建立；创立：They established a shop／ school／business／new state.他们开办了一家商店／ 一所学校／一个企业／建立了一个新国家．2［（as，in）］to place (oneself or another) in a (stated) firm or good position 使立足；使固定：He established his son in business. 他使儿子立足于商界.Heestablished himselfas the most powerful min-ister in the new government.他使自己成为新政府中最有权力的部长.He holds an establishedposition in the company. 他在公司中地位稳固.How can you marry before you've established yourself？你尚未自立，怎么可以结婚呢？3［also 又作 T5a，6a］ to find out or make certain of （a fact，answer，etc）确定；证实（事实、解答等）：He tried to establish the truth of the story.他力图证实这个故事的真实性.The police can＇t estab-lish whether the woman was murdered or not. 警方无法确定这个妇女是否被杀.It is an estab-lished fact that．．．确定无疑的事实是···4 tomake（a rule）制定（规则等）：We＇ve established a rule in this club that everyone buys his own drinks.我们俱乐部制定了规则，每个人的饮料费自付． 5 to cause people to believe in or recognize（a claim，fact，etc）使被接受；使（要求、事实等）得到承认；确立：She established herfame as an actress.她使自己成为一个著名演员.He established his claim to be king.他已经被公认为继承王位的人.It was an old-establishedcustom.这是一条老规矩.That is a long-established custom here.那是这里的一条老规矩.establishment 1［U］ the act of establishing 建立；开办；确定：The successful establishment of the new businesses in the city pleased every-body．新企业在该市的成功开办使人人都高兴．2［C］ something established 已建立的机构或组织：That company is one of the great business establishments in our country.那家公司是我国最大的商业机构之一.

found /faund/[T1] to do the first things neces-sary to start （a city， society， movement，etc）创建；建立：Romulus is supposed to have founded the city of Rome.据说罗马城是战神罗缪勒斯创建的．The club was founded in 1844．这个俱乐部成立于1844年．

base/beis/1 [T1] [on] to build or set up and develop (other things, esp arguments, plans, stories， etc） on （something） 以···为根据：He based his argument on the need to grow more food.他的论点的依据是需要增加粮食种植.Thebook is based on factlon something that really

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happened．这本书是根据事实写成的．2［X9，usupass, esp in] to give (oneself) a home or base ［→J227］for travelling 提供住房（或基地）：He is based in London.他居住在伦敦.He is London-based, but works for a Chicago-based company.他家在伦敦，但是他为一家总部设在芝加哥的公司工作.

N162 verbs 动词：looking after things

［v prep T1,4］照顾、看管

look after to do all the necessary things to help，care for，etc（someone or something）照顾；照料：She looks after her old mother very well.她对自己的老母亲照顾得非常周到.P＇ll lookafter you； don＇t worry.别担心，我会照顾你的.Could you look after the shop while I'm away, please？我不在时请你帮忙照看一下商店好吗？

attend to to do all the necessary things so that （something） is all right 照料；处理；注意：Yes， I'll attend to the matter myself in the morn-ing.好的，上午我会亲自处理这件事的.Pleaseattend to this immediately.请立即处理这件事. attention [U] the act of attending, listening, etc to someone or something 注意；照料；关照： Please give your attention to this matter as soon as you can. 请尽可能快办理一下这件事.The teacher wanted the whole class's atten-tion.老师要求全班专心听讲.Pay attention，please！请注意！attentie ［B （to）］ giving atten-tion to someone or something; listening care-fully 注意的；专心的：You must be more atten-tive to your teacher／at school.你必须更用心听老师讲课.He was very attentive to her needs. 他非常注意她的各种需要.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

see to to attend to；take care of 负责；注意；照顾： See to it that you don't make this mistake next time.注意下次不要再犯这种错误了.Youought to have your eyes seen to by a doctor.你应该请医生检查一下你的眼睛.If I see to gettingthe car out, will you see to closing the windows? 我去把车子开出来，你负责关窗户好吗？

N163 verbs，etc 动词等：getting things

done 设法做

get...done emph to do 做： I＇ll get that job done as soon as possible.我会尽快把这件事办完.

manage to do to be able to do 设法做：I hope I can manage to do the job soon.我希望能够很快就着手做那件事.

fix/fiks/[T1] not fml to get (something) done, esp for someone else or because it is not working well，etc 安排；准备：Don＇t worry；I＇ll fix it／everything for you.别担心，我会安排好的／ 为你安排好一切的.He fixed it so that we couldgo tomorrow.他已作了安排以便我们明天可以去.

decide /dr'said/ 1 [IØ; T1, 3, 5, 6a, b; V3] to （cause to） come to an opinion （about） 决定；决意；使作决定：She decided to help him.她决定帮

N163 CAUSING 导致

助他.They decided to go. 他们决定去.Whathave you decided (about this/in his matter)? （关于这件事）你有何决定？2［T1］to cause to bedecided 解决：His words decided the matter （for us）.他的话为（我们）这件事拍了板.Thematter hasn＇t been decided yet.这件事还没解决呢.decided［B］ having formed an opinion； made a decision 决定了的；坚决的；果断的：Shewas quite decided in the matter; she would go and no one would stop her.在这件事上她非常坚决；她要去，谁也拦不住她．decision 1 ［U］ theability to decide things，esp quickly 果断；坚决： He lacks decision.他不够果断.They acted with decision．他们果敢地行动．2［C］an act or result of deciding 决定：We talked for a long time but couldn't come to a decision/take a decision. 我们谈了很长时间，但无法作出决定.Ihope you＇vemade／taken the right decision.我希望你作出了正确的决定.She doesn＇t like making his decisions for him. 她不喜欢替他作决定.deci-sive [B] deciding easily and forcefully; causing something to be done， finished，won，etc 决定性的；果断的：He is very decisive in business.他做生意很果断.The battle was decisive； they won the war.那次战斗是决定性的；他们赢了那场战争.in-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness［U］

settle /'setl/ [Wv3] 1 [T1, 5, 6a, b] to decide on; fix；make the last arrangements about 解决；决定：We still haven＇t settled the date of our holiday／when we＇ll take our holiday.我们还没决定休假日期.We＇ve settled that we＇ll go to Wales, but we haven't settled how to get there. 我们已决定去威尔士，但是还没解决去的办法.Pllbe glad when it＇s all settled.事情全部解决后我会很高兴的．2［T1；L9 （with）］ to end （an argu-ment, esp in law); to bring (a matter) to an agreement 解决（争议，尤指法律纠纷）；了结；使···达成协议：They settled their quarrel in a friendly way.他们友好地解决了他们之间的争吵.The contract was settled after long talks.经过长时间谈判以后，合同定下来了.The two com-panies settled their disagreement out of court （＝ without bringing it to court formally）.这两家公司于法院外解决了争端（＝不经法院审理）.Onhis unpaid taxes, he settled with the govern-ment for 50p in £．他以每英镑五十便士的比例付款给政府，从而了结了他的未付税款问题．3［T1］topay （a bill or money claimed） 结算；偿付：Will this £5 settle what I owe？五英镑够支付我的欠帐吗？The insurance company settled the claim quickly and for the full amount of the claim. 保险公司很快支付了赔偿费，全部款项一次付清.settle one's affairs to put all one's business matters into order， esp for the last time 把自己的事情安排好（尤指最后一次）：He settled hisaffairs before joining the army in 1940．他先把自己的事情安排好，然后于1940年从军．Thatsettles it infml That has decided the matter 就这样决定下来了：The car won＇t start.-That settles it；we can＇t go out tonight.汽车发动不起来.-这下完了，我们今晚去不了啦.settlement1［U］ the act of settling or being settled 解决； 结算；清偿：Settlement of the matter has been delayed for years.这个问题一直拖延了几年都未

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得到解决．2 ［C usu sing］ an example or result of this 和解；达成协议：They have been talking for weeks; have they reached a settlement yet? -No；no settlement has been reached.他们已经谈了几个星期了，达成协议了吗？-没有，根本没有达成协议．3［（in）U（of）］payment 结账；偿付： Leave the bill with me for settlement.把帐单给我，让我来结帐．He gave us £300 in settlement of the debt（＝money owed）.他给了我们三百英镑以偿还债款.

resolve /ri'zplv/ 1 [L9, esp on; T3, 5,6b] to decide 决心；决定：He resolved onlagainst going out.他决定出去／不出去.She must resolve towork harderlthat she will work harder.她必须下决心更努力地工作.Have you resolved whereto go next？你决定下一个地方去哪儿了吗？2［L9，esp on; T3, 5] (of a committee or public body) to decide（指委员会或公众团体）决定：Thecommittee resolved onlagainst appointing a new secretary.委员会决定同意／反对任命一名新秘书.Parliament has resolved that...议会作出如下决定···3［T1］to settle or clear up （a diffi-culty）解决（困难）：The matter was resolved by making George sleep on the floor.让乔治睡在地板上，问题就解决了．4［U］esp lit strong deter-mination 决心：He acted with resolve to win back what he had lost.他以巨大的决心行动起来，一定要夺回他失掉的东西．resolution［C，C3,5c］an act of resolving something 决心；决定：He made a resolution to work harder.他下决心要更加勤奋.The committee passed a resolution that the work would be done.委员会一致决定进行这项工作.

determine /dr't3:mm/1 [T3] to decide strongly,

forcefully 决定；下决心；决意：He determined to

work harder．他决心加倍努力．2［T1,6a，b］ to

cause something to be decided 确定：How can

you determine the amount of money needed if

you don＇t know all the costs？你连全部成本都不

知道，怎么能确定需要多少本钱呢？The money we

have will determine how long we can stay

there.我们在那里能住多长时间取决于我们手上有

多少钱.The exact amount is difficult to deter-

mine．很难确定准确数额．determination ［U］1

strength in deciding to do something 决心：He

worked with great determination; he would

win！他以极大的决心开展工作；他一定会成功的！

She lacks determination; she won't do well in

this work．她缺乏决心，她不会做好这项工作的．2

fml & less common the act of determining

（something）确定：The determination of the

exact amount of money needed is not easy.确

定所需款项的准确数字是不容易的.determined

［B］having firmly decided 决意的；决定了的：He

is determined to go； no one will stop him.他

决心要走，任何人也拦不住他.

make up one's mind common & not fml to decide 下决心；决意：He made up his mind to do it.他已决定做这件事.She made up her mindthat she would win.她下定决心要取胜.Haveyou made up your mind how to do it yet？你决定如何做这件事了吗？

N164 verbs 动词：making things better

［T1］改进 [ALSO→N130]

Improve /im'pru:v/ 1 to use well and/or to make better 改善；改进；提高：I want to improve my abilities.我要提高自己的能力.I＇ll improve the shape of the handle so it's easier for you to use.我要把手柄的形状改进一下，这样你使用起来就会方便一些．2 ［Wv5］ to increase the valueof (land or property) as by farming, building, etc（以耕种、建设等）增加（土地或房地产的）价值：Improved property is worth more.经过建设的房地产更值钱.

better／＇betə／ to do better than 使更好；改善： Can you better his price for the house (= Can you offer a better price）？你能对这所房子出更好的价钱吗？He can easily better their work.他能很快改进他们的工作.

ameliorate /ə'mi:lrə,reit/ fml to make (condi-tions，etc） better 改良；改善：＇We must try to ameliorate the housing conditions of the people，＇said the politician.那政治家说道：“我们必须努力改善人民的居住条件.”amelioration[U]

enhance /mn'ha:ns/ to add to (the value, beauty，etc of something）提高（价值）；增加（美丽）；增强：Her green dress enhanced （the colour of） her red hair.她绿色的外衣使她的红头发显得更红.If you have a good garden it will enhance the value of your house.如果你有个好花园，你这所房子的价值就会提高.enhancement[U] the act of enhancing; the condition of being enhanced 提高；增强；增加

N165 verbs 动词：controlling things 控制

control/kən'trəul/ [T1] to have the power to move,lead,change, etc (someone or some-thing） or not to do so 控制；掌握；支配； 操纵：Hecompletely controls their lives/what they do. 他们的生命完全控制在他的手里／他们做什么完全由他控制.Please try to control your feelings.请尽量克制你的感情.

direct /də'rekt/ [T1] to control (work,people working，etc）指导；指引：He directed the whole job； without him we couldn＇t have done it.他指导整个工作，没有他我们不可能完成任务.

superintend / su:pərin'tend/ [T1] to be in control of （esp a group of people working） 监督；主管： He superintended all their work personally.他亲自监督他们所有的工作.superintendent ［C］aperson who superintends 监督人；主管人

supervise /,su:pə'varz/ [T1; IØ] to watch (a person, group, etc) to make sure that some-thing，esp work， is properly done 监督；督导；管理：Who issupervising these men？谁在管理这些人？supervisor ［C］ a person who supervises 监督人；督导者；管理人

effect /r'fekt/ [T1] fml & old use to cause, produce， or have as a result 实现；产生：I will effect my purpose； no one shall stop me！我要

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实现我的目的，谁也不能阻止我！Unfortunately，the new medicine could not effect a cure.很遗憾，这种新药不起作用.

affect/ə'fekt/ [T1] 1 to have an effect [→N153] on，esp in a bad way 影响（尤指坏的方面）：Hiswork has affected his health； he isn＇t well.他的工作影响了他的健康；他身体不好.Will ourfuture here be affected by his decision？我们在这里的前途会受他的决定所影响吗？2 to causefeelings of sorrow， anger， love， etc in 使感动（而产生悲伤、愤怒、热爱等感情）；打动：She wasdeeply affected by the news of his death.他的死讯使她深受震动．3（of a disease）to attack（指疾病）侵袭：The disease is affecting his lungs now.疾病正在侵入他的肺部.

influence/'influəns/[T1] to affect, esp strongly 影响；左右：One＇s health influences one＇s behaviour.一个人的健康对其行为有影响.Don＇tlet me influence your decision.不要让我影响你的决定.

guide /gard/ [T1 usu pass] to influence, esp strongly or in a certain way 引导；支配：Be guided by your feelings and tell her the truth before it＇s too late.按你的感觉行事，及早把真相告诉她.

govern/'gavən/ [T1] 1 to control or guide （actions and feelings）影响；控制（行为与感情）： The need for money govems all his plans.他的计划需要钱，全部计划受此制约.Don＇t let badtemper govern your decision.不要让坏脾气影响你的决定.I hope you will be governed by my advice．希望你听我的劝告．2［often pass］ to decide the nature of 支配：The rise and fall of the sea is governed by the movements of the moon.海水的涨落受月球运行的支配.

harness /'ha:nis/ [T1 often pass] to bring (something, esp a kind of power) under control for a useful purpose 利用（尤指产生动力）；控制：In the modern world mountain rivers have been harnessed to provide elec-tricity.在现代世界，高山上的河流已被利用来发电.Mankind harnessed the atom for peaceful and for military purposes.人类利用原子能作和平和军事的用途.

manipulate /mə'nıpju,leit/ [T1] 1 to handle or control （esp a machine） usually skilfully 操作（机器，通常熟练地）：He manipulated the controls．他熟练地操作控制器．2 to use（some-one) for one's own purpose by skilfully controlling and influencing, often in an unfair or dishonest manner（用权势或不正当的手段）操纵；摆布（某人）：They would not have accepted his suggestion if he hadn't manipulated them into agreeing.若不是受到他的摆布，他们是不会接受他的建议的.

manoeuvre BrE, maneuver AmE/mə'nu:və/ [T1] to move or manipulate esp from one position or place to another, esp as part of a plan or with skill 部署；调动；使变动位置；诱使：He slowly manoeuvred the large box into its position against the wall.他慢慢地把那个大箱子移到靠墙的位置.The enemy were manoeuvred out of their good position on the hill.敌人被巧计调离山上的有利地形.He manoeuvred me into

N166 CAUSING 导致

selling the car when I didn＇t want to！他诱使我卖了车，尽管我本来不愿意！

preside /pri'zaid/ [Wv4; IØ (over)] (esp of leaders at meetings, etc) to control or be in charge（尤指领导人）主持（会议等）；负责：Whowill preside at the committee meeting？谁主持委员会会议？Our chairman won＇t be here，so Mr Smith will preside.我们的主席不在，所以由史密斯先生主持会议.The presiding officer told us the results of the election.会议主持人告诉了我们选举的结果.

chair／tfeə／［T1；Iø］ not fml to preside over 主持会议：Who is chairing （the meeting） tonight？ 谁在主持今晚的会议？

N166 nouns 名词： controlling things

控制、掌握

control/kən'trəul/1 [(in) U (over)] the act of controlling；ability to control 控制；掌握（能力）； 支配（能力）：Who is in control here？这里谁负责？She has control over everyone there.她有权支配那里所有的人．2［C usu pl］ somethingwhich controls 起控制作用的事物；管制措施：Thegovernment has placed controls on people taking money out of the country; you can only take so much and no more.政府控制人们带钱出国，你只能带一定数量，多了不行.

direction /də'rekfən/ [(under) U] the act or occasion of directing 指导；指挥；管理：The work will be done under his direction and no one else＇s.这项工作只能在他的指导下完成，其他人都不行.

guidance /'gaidəns/ [(under) U] the act of guiding；the condition of being guided 引导；指导：They will work under our guidance.他们将在我们的指导下工作.With some guidance fromus，their work will improve.如果我们给予一些指导，他们的工作将会改进.

influence /'influəns/1 [U; C: (over, with)] a power to affect or get results from someone without asking or doing anything 影响力；左右力：He has a strange influence over the girl.他对这个女孩有一种奇怪的影响力.My influencewith her is not very strong.我对她没有多大影响.Her influence made me a better person.由于她的影响，我变好了.b a person with this power有影响的人；有权势的人：He＇s an influence forgood in the club.他在俱乐部里是个有良好影响的人物．2［C（on）］an action of power； effect 影响；产生作用：Wages have an influence on prices.工资影响物价.The stars＇ influence on men has yet to be proved.星球对人类的影响还有待证实．3［U］ the power to get good results， which important men have by using their wealth，position，etc 影响力；势力；权力：He is a man of influence.他是个有权势的人.He tried to use his influence to get a job.他试图运用他的势力去找工作.under the influence of in the power of; easily affected by (people, things) 在···影响下：He＇s under the influence of drugs／ unsuitable friends.他受药物影响／坏朋友影响.a

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N167 CAUSING 导致

good/bad influence an influence which has （the power to produce） a good／bad effect 好／ 坏影响：He has a good influence on us.他对我们有好的影响.He＇s a bad influence.他会造成坏影响.

manipulation /mə,nıpju'lerfən/1[U] the act of manipulating or condition of being manipu-lated 操作；操纵；手法；手技：Some people canput back a misplaced joint, like the shoulder, by careful manipulation.有些人可以用巧妙的手技把错位的关节比如肩关节复位．2［C］anexample of this 操作；手法：By his various manipulations he has managed to become rich.他通过各种手法使自己富有起来.

N167 verbs 动词：running and managing things 经营与管理

run/ran/1 [T1]to control; be in charge of and cause to work （an organization or system）管理；经营：Who＇s running this country？谁在管理这个国家？to run a hotel／a youth club 管理旅馆／青年俱乐部；We＇re running a new system of payment.我们在实行一种新的收费制度.I don＇twant to run your life for you！我不想管你的生活！2 ［L9，esp for］ to have official force （during a period of time）（在一段时间内）有效力：The insurance has only another month to run.保险有效期只剩一个月了.

manage /'mænid3/1 [T1] to control (esp a busi-ness）管理（尤指企业）；经营；控制：He managesthe family business.他经营家庭企业.She has managed the company for many years and manages it very well.她经营这家公司已经很多年了，而且经营得非常好．2［IØ；T1,3］to be able（todo something); succeed (in doing something) 能应付；完成：Can you do it without help？-Yes，1 can manage／I＇ll manage all right．没人帮忙你能行吗？-行，我可以应付.They managedit／to do it.他们设法做了这件事.She somehowmanaged to get the big box into the house.她不知用了什么办法把这个箱子弄到屋里去了．3［T1］to deal with or guide， esp by using skill 处置； 处理；支配：She manages the money very well. 她理财有方.She knows how to manage him when he＇s angry.她知道他生气时该怎样对付他.

maintain/mein'temn/ [T1]1 to continue to have, do，etc as before 保持；维持；继续：He took the lead and maintained it till the end of the race. 他跑在前面，而且保持领先直到终点.The soldiersmaintained the attack until they took the town.士兵们不断进攻，直到攻下那座城.If hemaintains his efforts，he will succeed.如果他继续努力，就会成功．2 to support with money（用金钱）供养；扶养：He is too poor to maintain his family.他太穷，无法养家.He maintains two homes．他供养两个家．3 to keep in existence 维持：It isn＇t easy to maintain life in the desert／to maintain one's health/to maintain order in the streets.在沙漠中维持生命／保持身体健康／维持街道秩序不容易．4 to keep in good condition，by making repairs to and taking care of 维修； 保养：He maintains the house／car／railway line.

他负责保养这幢房屋／这辆汽车／这条铁路.

organize /'o:gənaiz/ [T1; IØ] 1 to form(parts) into a whole； bring into working order 组织；编组：He was the first to organize the work in this way．他是第一个以这种方法组织工作的人．2to keep in working order 使有条理：We want you to organize the everyday work of the factory.我们希望你主持工厂的日常工作.Is hegood at organizing？他擅长组织吗？［→N194］

N168 verbs 动词：controlling things completely 完全掌管、支配

master／＇ma：stə／［T1］ 1 to gain control over 制服；控制：The horse tried to run away， but he succeeded in mastering it.那匹马试图挣脱，但他制服了它．2 to gain as a skill 掌握；精通：Henever mastered the art of public speaking.他从来没有掌握演讲的艺术.I am not too old tomaster a new language.我还不算老，还可以掌握一门新的语言.

dominate /'dpmə,neit/1 [T1; IØ (over)] to have or exercise controlling influence or power （over）支配；控制；统治：Her desire to dominate (other people) has caused trouble in her family.她想支配他人的欲望在家中引起过纠纷.Her desire to do her duty dominates over everything else.她想履行职责的愿望压倒了一切.2 [T1; L9} to have the most important place or position（in）处于支配地位：Sports and not learning, seem to dominate (in) that school. 在那所学校，占主导地位的看来是体育而不是学习.French wines no longer dominate the wine trade of the U.S.A. American wines are now widely sold there.现在法国酒不再垄断美国葡萄酒市场，那里的美国酒到处都有出售．3［T1］to riseor to be higher than; provide a view from a height above 高耸于；俯视：The church dominated the whole town.教堂俯视着整个镇.

domineer /,dpmə'nıə/ [IØ (over)] usuderog to show a desire to control others, usu without any consideration of their feelings or wishes （对···）飞扬跋扈；盛气凌人；作威作福：I wouldn＇twork for someone who tries to domineer (over everyone）as Mrs Smith does.我不愿意为史密斯太太那种飞扬跋扈的人工作.

N169 adjectives 形容词：controlling things［B］奏效的、有效的

effective /r'fektiv/ 1 having a noticeable or desired effect； producing the desired result 有效的；灵验的；能产生预期效果的：He made aneffective speech.他作了一次效果很好的演讲.Hisefforts to improve the school have been very effective.他改进学校工作的努力很有成效.She is the most effective ruler that Ruritania has ever had.她是鲁里坦尼亚王国有史以来最得力的统治者．2［Wa5］ actual；real；able to work， serve，or take part 实在的；实际的；能实施的：The club is large, but its effective membership is only 23．俱乐部很大，但真正的会员仅二十三人．

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What is the effective strength of our army？我军的实力怎样？Her brother is king， but she is the effective ruler of Ruritania.她哥哥是国王， 但她才是鲁里坦尼亚王国真正的统治者.in-［neg］[Ape]■-

effectual /r'fektfuəl/ fml (of actions but not of the people who do them) producing the com-plete effect intended；effective（指行动，不指人）奏效的；有效的：He took effectual action against unemployment.他采取了有效行动来对付失业.in-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness［U］

efficient /r'fifənt/ working well and without waste 效率高的；有能力的：That efficient worker gets all her work done in less time than anyone else.那个能干的女工做完全部工作所花的时间比别人都少.Our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run.我们那些高效能的新机器用起来省钱多了.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

influential ／，ınflu＇enfəl／ having influence 有影响的：It was an influential decision and he is an influential man.这是具影响力的决定，而他是个具影响力的人物.-ly［adv］

masterly／＇ma：stəli／showing great skill 熟练的； 巧妙的：It was a masterly speech.那是一篇功夫很到家的演说.

masterful /'ma:stəfal/ having or showing an ability or wish to control others 主人派头的；专横的；傲慢的：He spoke in a masterful manner. 他讲话态度傲慢.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

dominant／＇dpmənənt／1 dominating 支配的；占优势的；居高临下的；高耸的：My sister had a verydominant nature; we all did what she wanted. 我姐姐生来好指挥别人，我们都按照她的愿望去做.The Town Hall was built on a dominant hill where everyone could see it.市政大厦建在高耸的山坡上，大家都可以看到它．2（of paired bodyparts） being stronger than the other（成对的器官中）占优势的；最有力的：The right hand isdominant in most people.大多数人的右手最有力．3［Wa5］tech （of groups of qualities passed on from parent to child) being the quality that actually appears in the child when more than one are passed on（遗传上）显性的；优势的：Brown eyes are dominant in that family.那家人的眼睛褐色的占优势.-ly［adv］

domineering /,dpmə'nıərıg/ usu derog having or showing a strong tendency to domineer 专横跋扈的；盛气凌人的；霸道的：Her brother wasso domineering that she never had a chance of pleasing herself.她的哥哥太专横，她根本没有机会按自己的意愿做事.He has a domineeringmanner.他的态度专横跋扈.-ly［adv］

N170 nouns 名词： controlling and managing things 管理与掌握

running /'rann/ [(the) U of] the way in which something is run 管理；经营；运转：Who looks after the running of the factory？谁负责工厂的管理工作？

management/'mænid3mənt/1 [U (of)]the act of managing， esp a business or money 管理（尤指企业或金钱）；处理；经营：The college runs

N180 RESEMBLANCE＆ CHANGE 相似与变化

courses in management/management courses. 这所学院开设管理课程．2［U］ skill in dealingwith something or someone 手段；手腕；技巧： He didn't do very well in the test, but he got the job； more by luck than management.他测验成绩不大好，但是他还是得到了那份工作；与其说他是凭本事不如说是靠运气．3［GC］the peoplewho are in charge of a firm, industry,etc, considered as one body（公司、工业等的）管理人员；主管阶层；管理部门：The workers arehaving talks with the management.工人们正在跟管理部门交涉.

maintenance/'meintənəns/ [U] the act of maintaining（defs 2,3＆4）供养；维持；维修；保养：Who looks after the maintenance of these machines？谁负责维修这些机器？

organization /o:gənar'zerfən/ 1 [U] the act of organizing or being organized 组织：This factory needs proper organization，＇he said.他说：“这家工厂需要加强组织．”2［C］ somethingorganized esp a business 组织；机构；团体；协会： Which organization does he work for？他在哪家机构工作？

mastery/'ma:stəri/ [U (over, of)] the condition of having mastered or being able to master someone or something； control 掌握；控制；支配：He has complete mastery over the horses. 他对这些马驾驭自如.Her mastery of French isexcellent; she speaks it like a French person. 她精通法语，讲起来和法国人一样.

domination /,dpmə'nerfən/ [U (over, of)] the act of dominating (esp def 1 & 2); the power to dominate 支配；控制；支配地位；支配权：Herdesire for domination over the others caused trouble in the family.她支配他人的欲望在家里引起了纠纷.That nation once wanted world domination （＝to dominate the world）.那个民族一度想统治世界.

dominance /'dpmənəns/ [U] the state or condition of being dominant 优势；支配：The dominance of some animals over others is part of nature.一些动物支配另一些动物，这是自然规律的一部分.

effectiveness /I'fektivnis/ [U] the state or condition of being effective 有效：The effec-tiveness of his speech surprised me; I didn't expect it to be so useful.他讲话的效果使我惊讶；我没料到它这么起作用.in-［neg］

efficiency/r'fifənsi/[U] the state or condition of being efficient 效率：He was pleased by the efficiency of the new workers／machines.他对新工人／机器的高效率感到高兴.in-［neg］

Resemblance, difference,and change

相似、不同与变化

N180 verbs 动词：being like and looking like ［T1］像与看来像

be like [v prep] to be of the same or nearly the

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N181 RESEMBLANCE ＆ CHANGE 相似与变化

same kind (in some way) as (someone or something else） 像：He is very like his father. 他很像他父亲.This box is quite likethat one. 这个盒子与那个盒子非常相像.

look like ［v prep］ to be like to the eye 看上去像： He looks very like his father.他看上去很像他父亲.This coat looks just like that one， but it isn＇t the same material.这件外衣看起来跟那件一模一样，但其实料子不同.

resemble /rr'zembəl/ [(in)] often fml & esp of persons to look or be like（尤指人）长得相像；相似：She resembles her sister in appearance but not in character.她长得像她姐姐，但性格不同.He greatly resembles his father.他的相貌酷似他父亲.

take after [v prep; Wv6] to look or behave like （a relative）（面貌、行为）像（亲属）：Mary really takes after her mother; she has the same eyes, nose,and hair and even stands in the same way.玛丽真像她母亲；她的眼睛、鼻子、头发，甚至连站的姿势都与她母亲一样.

N181 adjectives，etc 形容词等：like and same 相似与相同

like／lark／1［prep］（more or less） the same as 相似：Is his house like this one？- Yes， just like it.他的房子与这座房子相似吗？-是的，就像这座.This town looks (a bit/little) like the other one.这个城镇看上去与那个城镇（有点）相似.Allthe towns look （a lot） like each other.所有的城镇看上去都（很）相似．2 ［prep］ in the sameway as 像；如同：Stop acting like a child！别表现得像孩子似的！（fig）She ran like the wind.她跑起来像一阵风．3［prep］ what one could expect from 如；跟···一样：It was（just） like her to do a nasty thing like that！像她这种人才做得出那种伤天害理的事来！Isn＇t it just like a man to forget what day it is today！忘记了今天是星期几，这不正是男人的特点吗？4［prep］（with feel）ready for（与feel连用）想要：I feel like（going for）a walk；anybody coming with me？我想去散步，谁跟我来？5［prep］（with look and -ing form） as if about to（与look 和 -ing形式连用）像要；似乎要：She looks like winning the race.看来她似乎要赢得这场赛跑了．6［prep］（esp in the phr itlooks like 好像）to seem probable 看来是；像要：It looks like a good time for a change.看来这是变化一下的好时机.It looks like snow.好像要下雪了．7［F］the same in many ways 相像的；相似的：He and his brother are very like.他和他哥哥非常相像．8［Wa5；A］ with the samequalities 同样的：Like thinking produces like ideas．思想方法相同，产生的思想也就相同．9［prep］ with the same qualities as 与···同样：He was more like a son to me than my own son. 对我来说，他比我的亲儿子更像我的儿子.

USAGE［用法说明］：like is also used by some people as a conj, in Do it like I do and She looks like she'll win the race. Many people prefer as and as if in such sentences: Do it as I do it, and She looks as ifshe'll win the race. 有些人把like用作连词，如：Do it like I do.（像我

这样做.）和she looks like she＇ll win the race. （她看上去会赢得这场比赛.）但在这类句子中，很多人喜欢用 as和 as if，如：Do it as I do it 和 shelooks as if she'll win the race.

alike /ə'lark/ 1 [F] being (almost) the same in appearance, quality, character, etc; like one another（相貌、性格、特点等）相像的；（几乎）同样的：The two brothers are very much alike.这两兄弟非常相像.You two are more alike than Ithought．你们两个比我想象的还要相像．2［adv］in（almost） the same way； equally 同样地；（几乎） 一样地：She treats all her children alike.她对她的几个孩子一视同仁.

same/semm/ [pron Wa5; B; (as)] (used with the, this, that, etc) (being) this or that one or kind and not any other（与 the，this，that 等连用）同一的；相同的：Did you two go to the sameschool?-Yes;he went to the same school as I did／（infml）as me.你们两人上的是同一所学校吗？-是的，他和我上的是同一所学校.He left inthe morning,but he returned the same day,in the evening.他上午走了，但是当天晚上就回来了.When I asked her, she said the same (as he had said）.我问她，她的回答（和他的）一样.Whatdid she say？-The same.她说什么了？-一样的东西.This book is （just） the same as that one, isn't it?-Yes;both books are the same. 这本书同那本书完全一样，是不是？-是的，两本书一模一样.Your brother did well at school；I hope you will do the same.你哥哥在学校表现很好，希望你也一样.Do you agree（with me）？-Yes；I feel the same （as you （do））.你同意（我的看法）吗？-我（和你）有同感.（emph）Thatsame painting was stolen before (=Someone once stole that painting and now it has been stolen again）.这同一幅画以前也被盗过.be allthe same, to come/amount to the same thing to make no difference 对···说都一样（无所谓）；结果一样：Can Igo？-Go or stay； it＇s all the same to me./It all amounts to the same thing as far as I am concerned. 我可以走吗？-走不走，对我来说都一样.just the sameinfml in the same way一样地；同样地：He treats all his children just the same.他对所有的孩子都一视同仁.one and the same exactly the same 同一个（的）；完全一样（的）：The two menwere one and the same (= It was the same man；you only thought there were two）.这两个人实际上是同一个人.

as/æz/ 1 [adv; prep] (used in comparisons) equally；like（用于比较）同样地；像···一样：He＇s as old as me.他的年龄和我相同.He＇s as strongas an ox.他强壮得像头牛.She＇s clever，but her brother is just as clever.她很聪明，但她弟弟和她一样聪明．2［conj］（used in comparisons）（用于比较）像···一样：He＇s as old as Iam.他的年龄和我一样大.She doesn＇t run as fast as she used to.她跑得不如从前那么快了.He works in thesame office as my sister.他和我姐姐在同一个办公室工作．3［conj］in the way or manner that 按照；如同：Do as I say！照我说的去做！He waslate，as usual.同往常一样，他又迟到了.

similar /'sımələ/ [B] 1 [(to)] like or alike; of the same kind； partly or almost the same 相似的；

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类似的；部分或几乎相同的：He likes bread，cake，and other similar foods.他爱吃面包、蛋糕之类·的食品.We have similar opinions； my opinions are similar to his.我们有类似的看法；我的看法和他的相似．2［Wa5］ tech exactly the same in-shape but not size（虽大小不同）形状相似的：Similar triangles have equal angles.相似三角形的各对应角相等.dis-［neg］-ly［adv］

identical /ar'dentikəl/ [Wa5; B (to, with)] fml exactly the same （as）完全相同的；同一的：This book is identical to that one, isn't it?-Yes; the books are identical.这本书和那本书完全一样，是吗？-是的，两本书完全一样．-ly［adv Wa4］uniform /'ju:nə,fo:m/ [Wa5; B] 1 with every part the same；even；regular 一样的；始终如一的；齐一的；均匀的；不变的：The dress is auniform colour．这件连衣裙色调均匀．2 thesame in every way 相同的；一致的：The dresses were of uniforn value.这些衣裙价值相等.

equal/'i:kwəl/[Wa5] 1 [B (in, to)] (of two or more) the same in size, number, value, rank, etc（两个或两个以上的人或物的大小、数量、价值、级别等）相等或相同的；平等的：Cut the cake intosix equal pieces.把蛋糕切成相等的六块.Womendemand equal pay for equal work (= equal to men）.妇女要求（和男人）同工同酬.Mary is quiteequal to Bill in brains.玛丽和比尔在智力方面不相上下.They both fought with equal bravery. 他们俩打得同样勇猛.Which of these shall Ibuy？The prices are equal.我买哪个好呢？价格都一样．2［F to］（of a person） having enough strength，ability，etc（for）（指人）能胜任的；合适的：Bill is quite equal to （the job of） running the office.比尔完全有能力管理这个办公室.un-[neg] equal to the occasion able to meet or deal with whatever happens 能应付局面的；能应付自如的：Mary won＇t be frightened to meet the Queen. I'm sure she'll be perfectly equal to the occasion.玛丽谒见女王时不会感到害怕的，我相信她完全能够应付那种场面.on equal terms(meeting or speaking) as equals; without difference of rank 平等相待；处于平等地位：They're both generals, so they can talk to each other on equal terms.他们两人都是将军，因此能彼此平等交谈.

even／＇i：vən／［Wa5； B］ equal 平等的；公平的；高低相同的；势均力敌的：The two·boxers were aneven match (= had equal strength and abiliy). 这两名拳击手势均力敌.We are even now；youdid something bad to me and I have paid you back done something bad to you in return）.现在我们俩扯平了；你以前怎样害我，我也怎样回报了你.I＇ll get even with him one day！我总有一天要和他算帐的！un-［neg］-ly［adv］：They were evenly matched.他们是旗鼓相当的一对.

level /'levəl/ [Wa5; B] equal; having the same success, ability, etc; making the same progress 同等的；同水平的；同程度的：The two girls are（just）about level in mathematics.这两个女孩的数学成绩不相上下.They were level in the racetill the last few metres, then he went ahead to win.他们一直齐头并进；但在离终点最后几公尺时，他冲到了前头，取得了胜利.

comparable /'kpmpərəbəl/ [B (with, to)] fml 1

N181 RESEMBLANCE＆CHANGE 相似与变化

that can be compared 可比较的；类似的：Both of these coats are comparable in size.这两件外衣的大小相仿.Churchill is comparable to Wellington in his greatness.作为伟人，丘吉尔可以和威灵顿相提并论．2 worthy of comparison 比得上的：Our house is not comparable with yours; ours is small, while yours is a palace. 我们的房子无法和你们的相比，我们的房子小，而你们的简直是一座宫殿.in-［neg］-bly［adv］

complementary / komplə'mentəri/ [B (to)] serving to complete; supplying what is lacking or needed by another or each other for completion 补足的；互补的；互为补充的：In the18th century many British politicians favoured friendship with Prussia because they thought that the Prussian army was complementary to the British navy.在十八世纪，许多英国政治家主张与普鲁士友好，因为他们认为，普鲁士的陆军可以和英国海军相辅相成.Irish farming and Britishindustry are complementary. Each provides what the other needs.爱尔兰的农业和不列颠的工业互为补充，互相向对方提供所需要的东西.

such/satf/[det; pron] 1 often fml (often with as） of the same kind， quality， or degree（常与as 连用）（像···）这样的；这种；诸如此类的：Suchmen as these are dangerous. (= Men like these are dangerous）.他们这种人很危险.Such a man is dangerous.这样的人很危险.No such person exists.不存在这样的人.All such books are interesting (= All books like that are interesting）.这一类的书全都很有趣.He has readmany such books.他读过许多这样的书.Are yougoing to Paris？-No such luck！ 你去巴黎吗？-没那个福份！He is going to Paris orsome such place.他要去巴黎或其它类似的地方.Such people (as they are) can help you a lot. （像他们）这样的人能给你帮大忙．2 often emph somuch 如此；这么：He is such a helpful person. 他真是个热心人.I＇ve never seen such a book asthis before！我以前从未见过这种书！3 usu fml ofthe kind already mentioned 指已提及的那种人或事；上述那种的；上述那种人或事：Is that whatyou want？-Yes；such is my wish.那就是你想要（得到）的吗？-对，那就是我的愿望．4（afteras） because of being（用于 as之后）（这样的身份）以那种资格：I am the club secretary and as such I can help you.我是俱乐部的秘书，我可以以这个身份帮助你．5 fml（often with as） theperson（s） or thing（s） mentioned （与as 连用，指as 后提及的人或物）-的人或人物：Such as yousee is all we have.你所看到的就是我们所有的一切．Take such as you need．需要什么就拿什么．6that，these，or those 这；那；这些；那些：Such is my hope！那就是我的希望！suchlike infml of that kind 诸如此类的：She likes tennis and suchlike games.她喜欢网球和诸如此类的运动.such-and-such any one of a number 某某：If I ask such-and-such a person, what will he say？如果我去问一个某某人，他会怎么说呢？suchas it is not of a specially good kind or quality （质量等）不过如此的；没有什么价值的：This is mywork，such as it is.这就是我的工作，虽然算不上怎么好.such as to fml of a kind so as to cause something 如此的程度以致···：His bad behav-

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N182 RESEMBLANCE ＆ CHANGE 相似与变化

iour was such as to anger everyone.他行为之恶劣使人人恼怒.such that fml of such a kind 如此的···以致···：His bad behaviour was such that he angered everyone.他的行为恶劣，使人人恼怒.such...that so（something） that 如此的···以致···：His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it.他的主意非常好，我们都同意采用.as such in that form or kind 本身；以这种形式或类型；以那个资格；名符其实地：He is a goodman and is known as such to everybody. 他是个好人，这一点人人也都公认.It is not an agree-ment as such，but-will serve as one.这本身不是协议，但是当协议用.

N182 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not like 不同的

different/'difərənt/[Wa5] 1 [B (from, than, to）］ not of the same kind 不同的；不一样的：Mary and Jane are quite different.玛丽和简不大一样.Mary is different from／than／to Jane.玛丽和简不同.She＇s different than Jane is.她和简有别.He＇s a different man from what he was over 10 years ago．他和十几年以前大不一样了．2［A（from，than，to）］ separate；other 分别的；个别的；另一（些）：John and Peter belon to different age groups.约翰和彼得属于不同的年龄组别.This is a different car from the one I drove yesterday．这辆汽车不是昨天我开的那辆．3[A] (with pl) various; several that are not the same（后接复数名词）各种不同的；各种各样的：We make this dress in (three/a lot of) diffe-rent colours.我们缝制的这种连衣裙有各种（三种／许多种）不同的颜色．4［B］trade ＆ infmlunusual； special 不同寻常的；与众不同的：BuySloppo，the soap that is different！请买别具一格的施露波香皂！-ly［adv］

USAGE［用法说明］：different（ly）from is correct in both BrE and AmE. Some BrE speakers now say different to:He is different to me, and some AmE speakers say different than: He is different than I am, but teachers. and examiners do not really like either of these. Indifferent can only be followed by to:I am indifferent to this person (= He or she is not important to me）.无论在英国或美国英语中，different（ly）from都是正确的，但现在英国英语中有人用 different to，如：He is different to me （他和我不同）.而在美国英语中又有人用 differentthan，如：He is different than I am（他和我不同）.不过学校的教师和考官对这两种用法都不赞成.indifferent 后只能跟 to，如：I am indifferent to this person（我对这个人不感兴趣）（即：他或她对我无关紧要）.

unlike ／＾n＇lark／ ［prep］ not like 不像···；和···不同： This book is quite unlike anything I've ever read before.这本书和我以前看过的任何一本书都很不一样.

unalike /,^nə'laık/ [F] not like (one another) （彼此）不像的：They are brothers but they are quite unalike.他们是兄弟，但彼此很不相像.dissimilar ／dı＇sımələ／［B］ unlike； not similar 不

同的；不一样的：The two brothers are quite dissimilar.这两个兄弟很不一样.

distinct /dr'stikt/ [B] 1 [(from)] different; separate 不同的；独特的；独立的：Those twoideas are quite distinct.那两个想法很不相同.They wanted to form a new and completely distinct political party.他们想组织一个新的、完全不同的政党．2 clearly seen， heard， under-stood，etc；plain；unmistakable 清楚的；清晰的； 明显的；明白无误的：There was a distinct smellof burning. 有一股明显的烧东西的气味.Therehas been a distinct change in people's style of life.人们的生活方式发生了明显的变化.-ty［adv］：Speak more distinctly.请说清楚一点儿.

distinctive /dr'stujktiv/ [B] clearly marking a person or thing as different from others 区别性的；鉴别性的；与众不同的：Each rank in thearmy has a distinctive sign to wear.军队里的每一个军阶都在军服上用一种特殊标志来表示.-ly[adv]: He writes very distinctively, don't you think？他的文风十分独特，你说是吗？

diverse ／dar＇v3：s／ ［B］ different；various 不同的； 多种多样的：He has many diverse interests.他有许多不同的兴趣.-ly［adv］

several /'sevərəl/ [Wa5; A] fml different; vari-ous 不同的；各种各样的：The people left thehouse and went their several ways.人们离开房子，往各自的方向去了.

respective /rI'spektrv/ [Wa5; A] of or for each one； particular and separate 各自的；分别的：My ·husband and I are going to visit our respective mothers.丈夫和我将去看望各自的母亲.-ly［adv］·irrespective of ［prep］ without regard to 不考虑；不论；不管：They send information every week, irrespective of whether it is useful or not.他们每星期都寄资料，不管它是否有用.

N183 adjectives 形容词：opposite ［Wa5］ 相反的

opposite /'ppəzit/ 1 [B (to)] as different as possible 相反的；对立的：He went in the opposite direction from us.他向我们相反的方向走去.（fig） He is very interested in the opposite sex.他对异性很有兴趣.His political position is opposite to ours．他的政治立场和我们的对立．2［F；E：（to）］ facing 对面的；相对的：Who lives in the house opposite？谁住在对面那座房子里？Hesat opposite，doing nothing.他坐在对面，什么事也不做.

contrary/'kontrəri/[B (to)] of the other kind; completely different 相反的；完全不同的：I don＇t agree; I hold a contrary opinion/an opinion contrary to yours.我不同意，我的意见（和你的）相反.contrary to ［prep］ in opposition to. 与··· 相反：Contrary to all advice the king dismissed the government and ordered elections.国王的做法与一切劝告相反，他解散了政府并下令进行选举.

reverse /rI'v3:s/ [A;(B (to))] opposite in po-sition；back 位置相反的；反面的：The reverse side of the cloth is a different colour.这块布的

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反面是另一种颜色.in（the）reverse order from the end to the beginning 顺序颠倒地：It would be silly to begin at Z and write the dictionary in reverse order.如果从字母Z开始倒过来编词典，那是愚蠢的做法.

converse /kon'v3:s/ tech opposite or contrary in direction（方向）相反的；逆的

N184 adjectives 形容词：different and varied 不同的与多样的

different /'dıfərənt/ [B] not the same; not like 不同的；不一样的：This is not what Í want； Iwant a different one.我要的不是这个，我要一个不同的.These dresses are quite different from those，aren＇t they？这些连衣裙和那些很不一样，不是吗？He has all sorts of different things.他有各种各样的东西.-ly［adv］

differential /,dıfə'renfəl/ [Wa5; B] of, showig, or depending on a difference（表示或基于）差别的；区别的；特定的：The government hasdifferential taxes for different kinds of people. 政府对不同种类的人采用不同的税率.

varied／＇veərid／［B］ 1 of different kinds 各种不同的；各式各样的：Different people have the most varied ideas about what is important in life; some value fame, others money or freedom. 人生中什么是重要的，对此不同的人有各种不同的看法；有人看重名誉，也有人视金钱或自由为贵．2 notstaying the same； changing 多变的；有变化的： He leads／has a varied life.他过着一种多样化的生活.Going through Britain by car you see the most varied country; the scenes change every hour.在英国公路上开汽车游览，你能见到千姿百态的风光；那景色时时都在变化.

various /'veərıəs/ 1 [A; (F)] different from each other； of （many） different kinds 各不相同的；各种各样的：Of all the various ways of cooking an egg，I like boiling best.在鸡蛋的种种吃法中，我最喜欢煮鸡蛋.When he left university， he found it hard to choose between the various offers of work that were made to him.他大学毕业时，面对各种各样的工作机会，他感到花多眼乱，难以作出选择.His abilities were very great and very various.他很能干，而且多才多艺.Yourreasons for not wanting to meet Smith may be many and various, but you must still meet him.你不肯见史密斯的理由纵有千条万条，但你还是必须去见他．2［Wa5；A］several；a number of 几个的；许多的；不少的：I have various letters towrite.我有好多封信要写.Various people among those present thought they'd heard the aircraft.在场的不少人都认为听到了飞机声.-ly[adv]

assorted /ə'so:tid/ [B] 1 of various types mixed together 混合的；什锦的；各种各样混杂一起的：Itook her a bag of assorted fruits.我给她捎去一袋什锦水果．2（in comb） suited by nature or character；matched 互相合适的；相配的：That husband and wife are a well-assorted pair.那对夫妻很相配.

divers /'darvəz/ [Wa5; A] old use or humor many different 多种不同的；若干的：Divers

N185 RESEMBLANCE ＆CHANGE 相似与变化

persons were present， of all stations in life.在场的有社会各阶层的不同人士.

perverse /pə'v3:s/ [B] 1 (of people, actions, etc) purposely continuing in what is wrong or unreasonable（指人、行动等）故意坚持错误的；任性的；固执的：Not even the most perverse person would fail to agree that this is wrong. 就是最固执的人也不会不同意这是个错误．2（ofpeople or events) unreasonably opposed to the wishes of (other) people; awkward and annoying（指人或事件）故意违背他人意愿的；难对付的；恼人的：We all wanted to go tomorrow， but she had to be perverse and choose to go today.我们都想明天去，可是她固执己见，偏要今天去.There has been a perverse change in the weather．天气发生了恼人的变化．3（of behav-iour) different or turned away from what is right or reasonable（指行为）违反常理的；反常的；荒谬的：He has a perverse habit of feeling sorry for evil people.他有一种同情坏人的反常习惯.-ly[adv]-ness,-sity 1 [U] the quality or state of being perverse 任性、刚愎、反常的性质或状态2［C］ a perverse act 任性、刚愎、反常的行为

N185 adjectives，etc 形容词等：others and alternatives 其它与选择

other /'Aðə/ [det; pron]1(with the, one's,both, all, every) the remaining (one or ones) of a set; what is/are left as well as that/those mentioned（与the，one＇s，both，all，every连用） 另一；其余的：He was holding the wheel of the car with one hand and waving with the other （one）.他一只手握着汽车方向盘，另一只手挥舞着.She's cleverer than (any of) the others/than the other girls in her class.她比班上其他人／女生都聪明.Why are you alone？ Where are all the others/the five other boys/the other five boys/ the rest？怎么只有你一个人在这儿？其他的人／其余那五个男孩子／其余的人呢？These trousers arewet; I'll change into my others/my other ones （＝I have only two pairs）.这条裤子湿了，我去换我另一条（即：我只有两条裤子）．2（with than）additional （person or thing）； more as well （和than连用）另外的；其它的；别的：You can＇t go bycar, but there are plenty of other ways of getting there.你不能开车去，但到那儿去还有不少别的办法.John and some other boys went swimming.约翰和另外几个男孩都去游泳了.（compare 比较：John and some girls...约翰和一些女孩···）.Some of them are red； others are brown.其中有些是红色的，有些是褐色的.（compare 比较：the others are brown＝all the rest 其余的是褐色的，即剩下的全部是褐色的）.I＇mnot going to pay £50 for that; not until I've seen a few others.我不会付五十英镑买那东西；至少我要先多看几个再说.You＇ll have to use thischair；there＇s no other （than this）.你只好将就着用这张椅子了，因为（除了这张）没有别的了．3(with than) not the same; not this, not oneself， not one＇s own，etc（和than 连用）不同的；别的；别人（的）：He enjoys spending other

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N186 RESEMBLANCE ＆ CHANGE 相似与变化

people's money

（＝not his own）.他喜欢花别人

的钱.Others may laugh at her but I think she＇s

sweet.别人也许会讥笑她，但我觉得她很可爱.I＇m

busy now； come some other day. 我正忙着呢，

改日再来吧.He isn＇t here for the beer-he

came for quite other reasons （than that）.他来

这儿不是为了喝啤酒，而是别有原因.each other

one another 互相：Paul and Charles bit each

other (= Paul bit Charles and Charles bit

Paul）．保罗和查理斯互相咬对方．every other 1

all the others； all that remain 所有其余的 2

every 2nd 每隔一···；每二：They go to the US

every other year; they went in 1989 and 1991

and they＇re going again in 1993．他们每隔一年

去一次美国；他们1989年和1991年去过，1993年还

会再去.one after the other／after another not

together，but first one， then the next，etc一个

接一个地；先后：They were walking down the

narrow path one after the other.他们正沿着那

条羊肠小道一个接一个地走着.some...or

other/or another (showing that one is not

certain）（表示不确定的语气）某一：He said

something or other about it.他就这事说了几句.

We＇ll do it some time or （an）other.我们过些时

候再来做这件事.the other day／evening／night

（on） a recent day／evening／night 几天前／前几天

晚上：I saw him （only） the other day （and not

longer ago）.几天前我还看见过他呢.the other

end/side the far or opposite of two ends/sides

from this one 另一头／另一边：There was a voice

at the other end of the telephone.电话的另一端

有一个人在说话.They live on the other side of

London（from me）.他们住在伦敦的那一头（我

住在这一头）.this，that，and the other infml

all sorts of things 各种各样的事物：We were

sitting in the sun talking of this, that, and the

other.我们坐在阳光下海阔天空地谈论着.

USAGE［用法说明］：other is not used after an； the word is then another.other 前面不能加an； 表示此意思的词是 another. Compare 试比较：Show me another／some others／some more.再拿一个／几个／一些给我看看.Would you likeanother／any others／any more？你想不想再要一个／几个／一些？But we can say但是可以说I haveonly one other sister besides her.除了她，我另外还有一个妹妹.

other than ［prep］ 1 except 除了：There＇s nobody here other than me.这里除我之外别无他人.Have we anything to drink other than milk? 除了牛奶我们还有什么喝的？2 not；anything but不同于；而不是：She can hardly be other than grateful．她不可能不感激．3 otherwise than；in any other way than 不这样；以不同的方法：Youcan＇t get there other than by swimming.除了游泳过去，没有别的办法可以到那里.

another /ə'nлðə/1 [det] being one more of the same kind 再一；又一：Have another piece of cake.再吃一块蛋糕吧.Have another one.再来一个．2 ［det］ different from the first or other 不同于此的：Look at the difficulty another way. 试从另一个角度来看待这难题．3［det］ someother；later 别的；以后的：I＇m in a hurry；I＇ll see you another time．我有急事，改日再来看你．4[pron] one more of the same sort; an addi-

tional one 另一件东西；再一个；又一个：Your eggis bad；have another.你的蛋坏了，另吃一个吧.She has taken another of my books.她又拿了我一本书. He was a great runner； we shall never see such another.他是一位出色的赛跑运动员，这样的人我们再也找不出第二个．5［pron］aperson other than oneself（一个）别人：Is it brave to die for another？为别人而死算勇敢吗？6 ［pron］ a different one 另一个：They went from one shop to another.他们从一家商店跑到另一家商店.one another each other 相互：They love one another.他们互相爱慕.

alternate/'o:lt3:nit/ [Wa5; B]1 (of two things) happening by turns; first one and then the other（二者）交替的；轮流的；交错的：We had aweek of alternate rain and sunshine.我们度过了晴雨交替的一个星期．2 every second 每隔一···；每二：He works on alternate days， not every day．他隔天工作，而不是每天都工作．3（esp ofleaves on a stem) found first on one side of the stem and then on the other（尤指草木的叶） 互生的；交错的：That plant has alternate leaves. 那种植物的叶子是交错生长的.-ly［adv］ alternate［IØ］ to do something in turn 交替；轮流：They alternate in coming; he comes one week and she comes the next.他们轮流来；他这周来，她那周来.They alternate between going there and coming here.他们时而去那儿，时而来这儿，交替进行.He alternates the one machine with the other.他交替使用这两台机器.alternation ［U］the act of alternating 交替；轮流

alternative /o:l't3:nətiv/ 1 [Wa5; A] (of two things) that may be used, had, done, etc; instead of another；other（二者之间）二中选的；可供选择的；另一：We returned by thealternative road．我们是由另一条路回来的．2［C］precise something, esp a course of action, that may be taken or had instead of one other 替代物（尤指做法）：The alternative to being taken prisoner was to die fighting.不当俘虏就战死. We had to fight; there was no (other) alterna-tive．我们只有战斗，没有其它选择．3［C］precise achoice between two or more courses or things （二者或二者以上之间的）选择：You have thealternative of fighting or being taken prisoner. 你可以选择战斗或当俘虏．4［C（to）］loose oneoftwo or more courses，ideas，things，etc（两个或两个以上的）可能性或替代办法：There are severalalternatives to your plan.对于你的计划，有几种变通的方案.-ly［adv］

N186 nouns 名词：likeness and resemblance 相似与相像

likeness/'laiknis/1 [U (between)] the condition of someone or something being like another 相似；类似；相像：She couldn＇t see any likeness between the children.她看不出孩子之间有任何相似之处．2［C usu sing］ an example of this 像某人或某物的东西：That picture is a good like-ness.相片照得和实物很相似.

resemblance /π'zembləns/ [C; U:(between)]

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（a）likeness 相似：There＇s a strong resemblance between him and her, isn't there?-I don't see the resemblance！他和她很相似，是不是？-我没有发现相似之处！

sameness/'sermnis/ [U (of)] 1 the state of being the same; very close likeness or identity 相同；酷似：I mistook one book for the other because of the sameness of their covers.这两本书的封面一样，我把一本错当成另一本了．2 usuunpleasant lack of variety；monotony 千篇一律； 单调：Don＇t you ever get tired of the sameness of the work in this office？你对这办公室的单调工作从不感到厌倦吗？

identity /ar'dentəti/1 [U] sameness; exact like-ness 相同；同一；一致：There＇s no doubt about the identity of the two signatures.不容置疑，这两个签字一模一样．2［U；C］ who or what aparticular person ör thing is 身份；本体：Please prove your identity.请证明你的身份.What was the identity of the man who spoke to him？同他说话的那个人是什么人？

uniformity /ju:nə'fo:məti/ [U] the state of having every part etc the same 一式；始终如一； 无变化；单调：I didn＇t like the uniformity ofall the buildings and houses in the town; it was very uninteresting.我不喜欢镇上所有的楼房和住宅那千篇一律的式样，实在没意思.

conformity /kən'fo:məti/ [U] action or behav-iour that is in agreement with established rules，customs，etc（指行为举止）符合（规范、习俗等）；一致：Conformity to society＇s customs is advisable if you want a happy life.想生活得愉快，就得使自己的行为符合社会风尚.in conform-ity（with） in agreement（with）按照；（与···）相一致：She always tries to dress in conformity with the latest fashions.她总是试图在衣着方面赶上最新的潮流.That was not in conformity with the law.那样不符合法律.Your ideas and your practices are not in conformity.你想的和做的并不一致.

similarity / sımə'lærəti/ 1 [U] the quality of being alike or like something else; resem-blance 类似；相似：How much similarity is there between the two religions？这两种宗教之间有多少相似之处？2［C］a point of likeness 相似点：Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities.他们的不同之处比相似之处更明显.

correspondence /,kprə'sppndəns/ [U; C usu sing］ part by part agreement or likeness 相当； 对应；相似；符合；一致：There isn＇t muchcorrespondence between what happens in science and in religion.科学和宗教所发生的事情没有多少是相对应的.There is a close correspon-dence between the way they do this in France and in Britain.法国做这事的方法和英国的很相似.French methods have a close corre-spondence with British methods.法国人的方法与英国人的方法很一致.

equality/r'kwpləti/ [U] the state or condition of being equal 平等；同等；相等：Modern countries generally try to give their people equality before the law (= to make everyone equal in law）.现代国家一般都想让自己的人民在法律面前享

N188 RESEMBLANCE ＆ CHANGE 相似与变化

有平等权利.He is working for equality between men and women.他为争取男女平等而奋斗.in-[8əu]

N187 nouns 名词：difference and distinction 差异与区别

difference /'dıfərəns/1 [C (between)] a way of being unlike 不同的方面；差异；差别：There areseveral important differences between cricket and football．板球和足球有几处重大的差别．2［S；U: (between, in, of, to)] (an) amount of unlikeness 差额；差：The difference between 5 and 11 is 6.5和11之差是6．What＇s the diffe-rence in temperature between the day and the night?-Oh, there's a difference of 30 degrees.白天和夜晚的气温相差多少？-哦，相差三十度呢.Flowers make no／a／a lot oflsome／all the difference to a room. 房间里有没有花并没有／有一点／有很大／有一些关系／的确很不一样.Itdoesn't make muchlany/the least difference to me what you do／whether you go or stay.你做什么／去或留，对我都没多大／任何／毫无关系．3［Coften pl］ a slight disagreement 分歧；争论：We have our little differences but we're good friends.我们有些小小的意见分歧，但我们还是好朋友.split the difference to agree on an amount halfway between 妥协；折衷：You say £10 and I say £12 so let's split the difference and call it £ll.你说十英镑，我说十二英镑；我们来个折衷，十一英镑吧.

differential /,difə'renfəl/ tech [C] 1 a difference in payments, etc, usu shown as a percentage (= part of a hundred), between different kinds of workers（尤指同一企业中不同级别工人的工资）差额：The more highly-trained workers think that the differentials are not as large as they should be.受过较高程度训练的工人认为，现行的工资级差不够大．2 maths a very small diffe-rence between two values in a scale 微分

distinction /dr'stıkfən/ 1 [C; U;(between)] a special or particular difference 区别；差别：Can you makeldraw a distinction between these two ideas?-No; there is no distinction between them.你能分辨这两种观点的差别吗？-不，它们之间并无区别.He was kind to everyone，without distinction of rank or wealth.他待谁都是热心肠，从不分贫富高低．2［S；U］ the qualityof being unusual, esp of being unusually good in mind or spirit； worth 杰出；卓越；盛名：He is a writer of true distinction.他是一位真正出类拔萃的作家.She has a natural distinction of manner.她的仪态优美自然，与众不同.

N188 nouns 名词：opposites，etc 反面、相反等

opposite /'ppəzit/[C; the U: (of)] a person or thing that is as different as possible (from another）相反的人或物；对立面：Black and white

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are opposites.黑白两色是相反的颜色.You arenice；he is just the opposite.你是个好人，他却恰好相反.

converse /'kpnv3:s/ [the U (of)] tech some-thing that is the opposite esp turned around in order （of something else）倒转／逆反的事物； 逆叙；倒命题；反转句；反转语：Cold in winterand hot in summer' is the converse of 'hot in summer and cold in winter.＇“冬寒夏暖”是“夏暖冬寒”的反转语.

obverse /'pbv3:s/ [the U]1 tech the front side of a coin or coinlike object （medal）（钱币等的）正面2［（of）］fml the side （of something）， part, or thing that is most noticeable or intended to be shown（事物的）较显著面

reverse /ri'v3:s/ [the U (of)] something that is directly opposite in position or order to（事物的）反面或背面；颠倒；反向：CBA is the reverseof ABC.CBA是ABC的颠倒.

corollary /kə'rpləri/ [C] fml 1 something that naturally follows from something else; result 必然的结果；结果：The corollary of your argu-ment is that wages must be kept high even if that means mass unemployment.你的论点必然的结论是，即使引起大规模失业，也要保持高工资.2 a statement that follows, without needing further proof, from another statement for which proof exists 推论

contrary/'kontrəri/ [the U (of)] a thing or action that is quite different in kind (from another）相反；矛盾：His action is the contrary of what he said he would do.他的行动和他说过要做的完全是矛盾的.on the contrary（used forexpressing strong opposition to what has just been said）not at all（用来加强语气，以否定刚刚说的事）反之；恰恰相反：I believe you like yourjob.-On the contrary，I hate it！我相信你一定喜欢自己的工作.-恰恰相反，我讨厌它！to thecontrary to the opposite effect 意思相反的；与此相反的（地）：Unless you hear（something） to the contrary, I'll meet you here at 7 o'clock. 我七点钟在这里见你，除非你得到与此相反的通知.Iknow she's unhappy, (despite) all her argu-ments to the contrary.尽管她争辩说她很快活，但我知道她并不愉快.

N189 nouns 名词：variety and diversity 多种与多样

variety/və'rarəti/1 [U] the state of varying [→I16］； difference of condition or quality 变化；多样化：She didn＇t like the work， because it lacked variety; she was doing the same things all the time.她不喜欢这工作，因为它缺少变化，她总是做着同样的事情．2［S（of）］ a group orcollection containing different sorts of the same thing or people 种种；各种各样：Everyone arrived late at the party, for a varietyof reasons.晚会上大家都迟到了，原因各种各样.Inthe streets of a city like London you see a great variety of people, all classes and col-ours.在伦敦这种城市的大街上，你可以看到阶级和肤色都不相同的各种各样的人.This shop sells

many different dresses at different prices.-Yes，there＇s quite a variety.这家商店出售不同价格的各种各样女式服装．-不错，花样真多．3［C］atype which is different from others in a group to which it belongs 品种；变种；变体：An eager gardener is always looking for new varieties of plants.一个刻意求新的园艺师总是不断地寻求花木的新品种.

assortment/ə'so:tmənt/ [C] a group or quan-tity of mixed things or of various examples of the same type of thing；mixture 各种各类的混合；花色品种：This tin contains an assortment of sweets.这个罐里装的是什锦糖果.

diversity /dar'v3:səti/ [S; U: (of)] the condition of being different or having differences; variety 不同；差异；多样；驳杂：Mary has a greatdiversity of interests; she likessports,travel, photography，and making radio sets.玛丽的爱好非常广泛，她喜欢运动、旅游、摄影和装配收音机.

N190 verbs 动词：being different［lø］不同

differ／＇dıfə／1 ［（from，in， as to）］ to be unlike 不同；相异：Nylon and silk differ.尼龙和真丝不同.Nylon differs from silk inlas to origin and cost.尼龙的来源和价格都不同于真丝.Nylondiffers from silk in being a man-made material and in being cheaper.尼龙不同于真丝， 它是人造材料，而且比真丝便宜．2［（with），（about，on, over)] (of people) to have an unlike or opposite opinion；disagree（指人）意见不一致； 持不同看法：My husband and I often differ but we＇re quite happy together.我丈夫和我常常意见不一致，不过我们在一起还是很幸福的.He differedwith his brother about/on/over a political question.他和他兄弟在一个政治问题上见解有分歧.agree to differ to stop trying to persuade each other 同意保留各自的意见（不再试图说服对方）；求同存异：I think you＇re wrong， but let＇s agree to differ.我看是你错了，但让我们各自保持自己的意见吧.I beg to differ euph I disagree with you 恕不同意；未敢苟同

contrast /kən'tra:st/ [(with)] to show a diffe-rence when looked at together 形成对照；（对照中）显出差异：Your actions contrast unfavour-ably with your principles.你的行动与你的原则不相符.Your actions. and your principles contrast unfavourably.你的行动与你的原则存在着不相适应的矛盾.

deviate /'di:vieit/ [(from)] to be different or move away(from an accepted standard of behaviour,or from a correct or straight path) 背离；偏离（行为准则、正途等）：Don＇t deviatefrom the rules.不要违反规则.（fig）Don＇t devi-ate from the subject we've been talking about. 不要偏离我们的话题.He always deviates when Itry to keep him talking about it.我每次要他谈这件事，他老是顾左右而言他．deviation1［U］theact of deviating 偏离；背离2［C］ an example of this;something which deviates or has deviated 偏离或背离的实例；偏差

diverge /dar'v3:d3/ [(from)] to go out in diffe-rent directions 岔开；分歧：After university their

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lives diverged and they did not meet again for 50 years．大学毕业后他们各自走上不同的人生道路，五十年没见过面.I＇m afraid our opinionsdiverge (from each other) (from a common starting point）.恐怕我们的观点有分歧（偏离了共同的出发点）.divergent［B］ diverging or likely. to diverge 岔开的；分歧的：We have divergent opinions on this subject，I＇m afraid.恐怕在这个问题上我们有意见分歧．divergence 1［U］ theact of diverging 岔开；分歧2［U］ the state of being divergent 岔开、分歧的状态

N191 verbs 动词：making things the same，different，etc使相同、使不同等等

equal /'i:kwəl/ [Wv6; T1] to be equal to; beas good as 等于；跟···相同；比得上；敌得过：Sheequals him in ability.她的能力与他的旗鼓相当.You will never be able to equal his success.你永远也不能获得他那样的成就.

equate/r'kweit/ [T1 (with)] to consider or make （two or more things or people） equal 使相等； 等同；同等看待：You can＇t equate his poems and／with his plays.他的诗作和他的剧作不可同日而语. It＇s impossible to equate the two （of them）.无法在这二者中划等号.

parallel /'pærəlel/ [T1] 1 to equal; match [→N226］与···相当；比得上：No one has paralleled her success in sport.迄今还没有人在运动方面取得她那样的成就．2 to be or go（run） parallel to与···平行：The road parallels the river.这条路与河平行． unparalleled ［Wa5；B］ having no parallel; having nothing the same kind any-where 无比的；无双的；空前的：Her work is quiteunparalleled.她的工作简直没人比得上.

rival／＇rarvəl／［T1］ to be equal to 与···相匹敌；比得上：He is very good； he rivals the best in his sport／subject.他很出色，在这项运动中／这个科目里可以与最优秀者相比.Her work is quiteunrivalled (= No one can do better or as well）.她的工作没有人比得上.

compare /kəm'peə/ [T1 (to,with)]1 to examine or judge (one thing) against another in order to show the points of likeness or diffe-rence 比较：If you compare Marx＇s work with Hegel＇s you＇ll find many differences.如果把马克思的著作同黑格尔的比较一下，就会发现许多不同之处.Ifyou compare both ofour cars you'll find them very much alike.你若把我们两人的汽车比较一下，就会发现它们非常相似．2 to liken；show the like-ness or relationship of (one thing) and another 使相比；把···比作：It＇s impossible to compare Buckingham Palace and my little house.白金汉宫和寒舍是无法相比的.

liken/'larkən/ [T1 usu pass (to)] esp old use, fml ＆ lit to compare 把···比作：The heart can be likened to a pump.心脏可以比作水泵.

contrast /kən'tra:st/ [T1] to compare (two things or people or one thing or a person with another） so that differences are made clear 使对比；使对照；使显出差异：In this book the writercontrasts good with／and evil.在这本书里，作者把善与恶作了对比.It＇s interesting to contrast

N192 RESEMBLANCE ＆ CHANGE 相似与变化

the relationship of church and state in France and Britain.把法国与英国的教会与国家的关系作一对比很有意思.

oppose /ə'pəuz/ [T1 (to)] to contrast (one thing） with another 使对比；使对照：If we oppose 'love' and 'like', as well as 'love' and ＇hate＇，we can understand ＇love＇ better.若把“爱”和“喜欢”以及“爱”和“恨”作一对比，我们就能更深入理解“爱”的意思.

N192 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：making things the same, different, etc使相同、使不同等

comparison /kəm'pærəsən/ 1 [U] the act of comparing people， things，etc 比较；对照：The comparison of different religions is very interesting.对不同的宗教进行比较是非常有趣的.By comparison (with the other man), he is perfect.（与另外那个人）相比起来，他是完美无瑕的．2［C］ an example， occasion， or result of this 比较的实例或结果；比较：Let＇s make acomparison between them.我们来把他们作个比较吧．3［U］likeness 相似；类似（esp in the phr no comparison 无法相比）：There is no com-parison between them; they are not alike at all.他们之间无法相比，彼此根本没有相似之处.

comparative /kəm'pærətıv/ [Wa5; A;(B)]for the purpose of comparison 比较的：They made a comparative study of the two kinds of plants.他们对这两种植物作了比较研究，Com-parative religion is a study which compares the world＇s religions.比较宗教是一门学问，它对世界上各种宗教进行比较.-ly［adv］：This work iscomparatively easy (= It is easy compared with that other work）.这项工作（与那项工作相比）相对来说比较容易.

analogy /ə'næləd3i/1 [C (to, with, between)] a degree of likeness or sameness (to or with something， or between two things）类似；相似： There is an analogy between the way water moves in waves and the way light travels.水的波动与光的传播之间有相似之处．2［U］the act ofexplaining by comparing with another thing that has a certain likeness 类比；类推：He argued by analogy that if a bird moves its wings so should an aircraft.他根据类推法极力主张，如果鸟拍动翅膀，飞机也应如此．3［C］thestate in which two things are alike in many ways 类似性：He considered the analogy of a bird and an aircraft.他考虑了鸟和飞机的类似之处．4［U］ （in the study of languages） the way in which the form of a word is changed or decided because of another word that is like it （语言学或语言学习中的）类推法

analogical /,ænə'lpd3ikəl/ [Wa5; B] of, con-cerning, like, or for the purpose of making an analogy 相似的；类比的；类推的-ly［adv］

analogue, analog /'ænəlpg/ [C] something that is similar in one or more ways to some other thing类似物；相似体

analogous /ə'næləgəs/ [B (to)] having a degree of likeness or sameness (to or with something,

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or between two things）类似的；相似的：Waves of water and the way light travels are anal-ogous.水的波动类似于光的传播.-ly［adv］

contrast /'kontra:st/ 1 [U] the act of con-trasting people， things，etc 对比；对照：Contrast can help make something more interesting,by placing it beside something quite different.在对比中，人们拿一个事物同另一个大不相同的事物作比较，这样能使这个事物更有意思.He doesn＇twork hard but by contrast with her, he is a hard worker！他工作并不努力，但跟她一比，他还算是勤奋的！2［C］an example of this 对比；差别：India is a land of contrasts, of rich and poor, old and new.印度是贫与富、新与旧对比鲜明的地方.

contrastive /kən'tra:stiv/ [Wa5; B] for the purpose of contrast 对比的；对照的：They made a contrastivestudy of the two languages,to show how different they are.他们对这两种语言作了对比研究，以展示它们之间的差别.-ly［adv］

equation/r'kwer3ən/ 1 [U] the act of equating 等同：The equation of these two things is not right；they are not equal.把这两件事相提并论是不对的，它们并不等同．2［C］an example of this等同（指事例）：He makes easy equations of／ between things that are not equal.他常常随便地把不同的事物等同起来.

N193 verbs 动词：identifying and

distinguishing 辨认与鉴别

identify /ar'dentifai/ [T1] 1 to prove or show what （a particular person or thing） is 验明（正身）；辨认；识别；认明：Identify yourself，please； who are you？ 请证明你的身份，你是什么人？Iidentified myself to them by showing them my papers.我向他们出示证件以证明我的身份.Iidentified the coat at once; it was my brother＇s.我很快把那件外衣认出来了，那是我弟弟的衣服.I identified the criminal.我认出了那个罪犯.I couldn＇t identify his face.我辨认不出他的脸.How do you identify phrasal verbs ［→G271］？你怎样鉴别短语动词？2 to show or feelto be exactly the same 使等同于；认为···相同：Heidentifies the two tastes; for him they aren't different.他觉得这两种味道一样；对他来说，它们没有区别．identification ［U］ 1 the act of identifying or state of being identified 验明（身份等）；辨认；识别2a（in Britain and the USA） papers esp with a photograph and/or signa-ture which prove that one is the person one says one is, often for purposes of payment by cheque［→J82］（英、美）（身份）证明；证件（尤指有持证人相片和签名的）b（in some countries） acard which must be carried all the time and shown to policemen to prve that one is a citi-zen of that country（某些其它国家的）身份证：May I have the money?-First, let me see your identification/let me have some identifi-cationldo you have any means of identifi-cation on you？我们可以领取这笔钱吗？-首先，让我看一下你的身份证／你有什么证明你身份的证件／你身边有什么证件吗？

distinguish /dr'stigwif/ 1 [T1] to recognize by some mark or typical sign（凭某种记号或标志）辨认出；判别：I can distinguish them by their uniform．我能根据他们的制服辨认他们．2［Wv6；T1］ to hear or see clearly（凭感觉器官）辨认；识别；看清；听出：I can distinguish objects a a great distance．我能识别远处的物体．3［T1(from);IØ (between)] to make or recognize differences 区分；辨别；找出差别：I candistinguish (between) those two objects/ideas. 我能区分出那两个物体／两种思想.I candistinguish （between） right and wrong.我能辨别正确和错误.I can distinguish right from wrong．我能区分正确和错误．4［Wv6；T1］ to setapart or mark as different 使不同于；使区别于它物：Elephants are distinguished by their long noses （trunks）．大象的特征是鼻子长．5［T1］tomake unusually good 使杰出；以···著名：He distinguished himself by his performance in the examination.他考试成绩优秀而出了名.

differentiate /,difə'renfi,eit/ 1 [T1 (from); IØ (between)] to see or express a difference （between）区分；识别；鉴别：I can＇t differentate （between）these two flowers.我不会识别这两种花儿.Can you differentiate this kind of rose from the others？你能把这种玫瑰花同其它的玫瑰花区分开来吗？It＇s unfair of her to differentiate between her two children like that.她如此区别对待她的两个孩子是不公平的．2［T1（from）］（ofa quality) to make different by the presence （指特性）使有差别：What is it that differenti-ates these two substances？是什么东西使这两种物质不同？Its strange way of making a nest differentiates this bird from others.这种鸟奇特的筑巢方法使它与其它鸟类不同.differentiation［U；C］ the act， result， etc of differentiating 区别；差别

N194 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：sorting and classifying 整理与分类

sort/so:t/ [T1 (out)] to separate things of one sort or kind from things of another sort;to put in groups，etc 整理；把···分类；拣选；拣（出）：Sort these letters into those going abroad and those with local addresses.请把这些信件分成国际邮件和本地邮件.She tried to sort out thepapers.她试图把这些文件整理好.（fig）I＇ll leaveyou to sort these matters out (= to find a solution，answer，etc）.我把这些事留给你去理清楚吧.

arrange /ə'reind3/ [T1] to set in a good or pleasing order 整理；布置；排列；安排：Shearranged the flowers well.她把花儿插得很好. He arranged his clothes before meeting her.去见她之前他整了整衣服.He arranged the tablefor dinner..他摆好桌子准备用餐.arrange for ［vprep T1; V3: (with)] to take action to cause or get安排；准备：I＇ve arranged（with my firm）for a taxi （to pick us up at 10 o＇clock）．我已（同我的公司）安排了一辆计程车（十点钟来接我们）.arrangement 1 [U] the act of putting into or of being put into order 整理；安排；布置：The

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