arrangement of the flowers only took a few minutes.布置好鲜花仅用了几分钟时间.TheJapanese are interested in the art of flower arrangement．日本人很喜欢插花艺术．2［C］something that has been put in order 布置或排列好的东西：There were some beautiful arrangements at the flower show.花展上有些美丽的插花摆设.What a beautiful flower arrange-ment！多美的插花摆设！3［C（about，for，with， 3)] something arranged, planned, or agreed in a particular way 安排、计划或商定的事：I havean arrangement with my bank by which they let me use their money before I have been paid.我和银行商定了，他们允许我在领薪前预支款项.We could make an arrangement to meet at 10 o＇clock．我们可以安排在十点钟会晤．I havemade my arrangements and can't change them now.我已安排好一切，不能更改了.

classify /'klæsifai/ [T1] 1 to arrange or place (animals,plants, books, etc) into classes [→N6］； divide according to class 把···分类；把···分级：Librarians spend a lot of time classifing books.图书馆管理员花费大量时间对图书进行分类．2 to mark or declare （information） secret officially（把资料）归入机密类 classification 1 ［U］ the act of classifying or being classified分类；分别2［C］an example or result of this；the group into which something is classified 分类的事例、结果；类别；等级

class /kla:s/ [T1 (as)] to consider or place (someone or something) as part of a system 分等；分组：She classed him as one of the best players of the game in the country.她认为他是国内这项运动的最佳运动员之一.

grade /greid/1 [Wv5; T1] to separate into levels 把···分等级：The potatoes are graded according to size and quality． 马铃薯按大小和质量分等．2[C;A] a level into which persons or things are classified or organized, esp according to ability，size，etc 等级；级别：What grade did he get in the examination？-Top grade.他考试得几等？-得甲等．These are Grade 3 eggs．这些是丙级鸡蛋.

organize, -ise /'o:gənarz/ [T1 (into); V3] to form (parts) into a whole, persons into a group，etc 使成整体；组织；编组：Can heorganize these people into a political party？他.能把这些人组织成一个政党吗？-ization，-isation[U;C][■N167,170]

system /'sistəm/ [C] 1 a number of things arranged to make one working whole 系统；体系：The solar system consists of the sun and nine planets（＝ worlds） around it. 太阳系由太阳和九颗行星组成．2 the way in which thingsare arranged to work； a work plan 方式；方法； 办法：His new system for providing infor-mation works well.他提供信息的新方法很有效.3 a set of thoughts, ideas, etc which belong together 思想体系；理论体系：There are manydifferent systems of thought in the world.世界上有许多不同的思想体系.systematic ［B］ follow-ing， like a system；well-organized 有系统的；有条不紊的；有计划的：She has a very systematicway of doing things.她做事非常有条理.un-

N210 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

[neg]-ally [adv Wa4] systemic [Wa5;B] tech belonging to or showing a system 系统的： systemic grammar 系统语法

systematize,-ise/'sistəmə,taiz/ [T1] to arrange in a system or by a set method 使系统化；使规律化；制度化：We must systematize our working arrangements or nothing will ever get done.我们必须使工作安排有条不紊，否则将一事无成.-ization,-isation [U;C]

codify/'kəudə,far/ [T1] to classify (esp laws) into a single system or code ［＝C181］把（尤指法律）编集成典；编纂；整理：Hammurabi codifiedthe laws of ancient Babylon.汉穆拉比把古代巴比伦法律编成法典．codification 1［U］ the act ofcodifying 编成法典；编纂2［C］an example or result of this 编纂之实例或结果

rank /rænk/ [L9; X9] come or put in a certain class or rank［→C150］（把···）列为；名列：Tokyo ranks as the world＇s largest city.东京是世界最大的城市.Where do you rank Wordsworth as a poet？华兹华斯作为诗人，你把他排列第几？

order/'o:də/1 [U] the way in which things are arranged 次序；顺序：What order did you do the work in？ 你是按什么次序做这工作的？Hewrote down the names in alphabetical order, beginning with A and ending with Z.他按字母顺序记下名字，从A开头，到Z结尾．2［U］a statein which everything is arranged properly 整齐； 有条理：Everything in the house is in order.屋里的一切都井井有条．3［T1 usu pass］ to arrangein order 整理；安排：The work was all properly ordered，just as he wanted it.工作安排得有条不紊，正如他要求的那样.

list /list/1 [C] a number of things written down or printed, etc in a particular order for a particular purpose （一览）表；目录；名单：He made a list of the things he needed.他开列了他需要的物品的清单．2 ［T1］ to make a list of 列表；开列：He listed the things he wanted.他开列了他所需要的东西.

dispose /dr'spəuz/ [T1] fml & old use to put things into an arrangement or position 置于适当位置；配置；布置；部署：The general disposedhis men for the battle.将军部署兵力准备战斗.disposition [U] fml the way in which things are arranged in position 布置；安置：The disp0-sition of the furniture in the room did not please her.她不喜欢房间里家具布置的样子.

Rightness, fairness, purpose, use, and strength

正确、公平、目的、用途与力量

N210 adjectives 形容词：suitable，right， and proper 合适、正确与适当的

suitable /'su:təbəl/ [B] fit for a purpose;con-venient 合适的；适宜的：She is the most sui-table person for the job.她是这项工作最适合的

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N211 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

人.What time is suitable for us to meet？我们什么时候会面才合适？un-［neg］-bly ［adv Wa3］suitability ［U］ the state of being suitable 适合：I＇m not sure of his suitability for the job. 我不敢肯定他是否适合做这项工作.

right /rait/ [Wa5; B] most suitable; best for a particular purpose 合适的；恰好的；恰当的；对的：Are we going in the right direction？我们走的方向对吗？Is this the right thing to do？做这事合适吗？-ly［adv］ -ness ［（the） U］： I believe in the rightness of what she＇s doing.我相信她的所作所为是正确的.right enough not fml a satisfac-tory 令人满意的：The bed was right enough but the food was nasty.床铺还可以，但食物糟透了.balso 又作 sure enough as was expected 果然：I told him to come, and right enough he arrived the next morning.我叫他来，果然他第二天上午就来了.Right you are！ also 又作 Right oh！ sl Yes；I will；I agree 对！行！好：Shut the window， please.-Right you are！请把窗关上.-好！

proper /'propə/ 1 [Wa5; A] right; suitable; correct 适当的；恰当的；对的：The child is too illto be nursed at home; she needs proper medi-cal attention at a hospital.孩子病得太厉害，不宜在家里护理；她需要住院作适当的治疗.Is Tonymaking proper use of his time at work, or does he waste it in doing nothing？东尼是把时间很好地用在工作上，还是无所事事，虚度光阴？2［Wa5；A］ correct（for a purpose）正确的；对的： These pages aren't in their proper order; page 22 comes after page 26．这几页的页码乱了；第22页跑到第26页后面去了．You don＇t know theproper way to hold a hammer.你不懂得握锤的正确方法．3［B］respectable；paying great atten-tion to what is considered correct in society 可敬的；高尚的；合乎礼节的；尊重社会习尚的（some-times in the phr prim and proper 规矩有礼）：I don't consider that short dress is proper for going to church in.我认为穿那条短裙上教堂是不成体统的.His mother had trained him to be a very proper young man.他母亲把他教育成了一个很规矩的青年．4［Wa5；A］ apprec fine；splen-did；admirable；good-looking 出色的；极好的；令人赞赏的；漂亮的：You＇ve made a proper job ofthat （＝ have done it well）.你干得很出色.He＇s a proper man(= one whom women are willing to like）．他是个英俊的男子．5［Wa5；A］ oftendeprec， esp BrE thorough； complete 彻底的；完全的：I＇ve come out without the key of the house.-You＇re a proper fool！我出门忘了带钥匙.-你真是个十足的大笨蛋！He gave hisdisobedient son a proper beating.他把他那个不听话的孩子狠狠地揍了一顿．6［Wa5；A］infmlreal；actual 真（正）的：The little boy wanted a proper dog as a pet; he didn't want a toy dog. 这孩子想要一只真的狗作宠物，他不要玩具狗．7［Fto] fml belonging only or especially to; natural to 特有的；专门的：The princess had the manners proper to a person ofhigh birth.公主有着出身高贵人士特有的那种仪态．8［Wa5；E］itself; in its actual most limited meaning not including additional things 严格意义上的；本身的：Many people call themselves Londoners

though they live in areas that aren't part of the city proper.许多人自称为伦敦人，尽管他们住的地方并不属于伦敦市本身．im-［neg］（defs 1,2，3)-ly [adv]

appropriate /ə'prəuprnt/ [B (for, to)] correct or suitable 适当的；合适的：His bright clothes were not appropriate for a funeral.他的衣服太鲜艳，不适合穿去参加葬礼.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

fit／frt／［Wal； B （for）］（of people） suitable（指人）适合的；适宜的：He isn＇t really fit for this job； he doesn＇t have the right training.他并不真正适合做这项工作，他缺乏适当的训练.un-［neg］fitting /'fitin/ [B] esp emot or emph (of things, words，actions，etc） suitable；proper（指事物、言词、行为等）适宜的；得体的.It isn＇t fitting foryou to dress like that today！你今天这身打扮不合适！He gave them a fitting reply to their request.他对他们的请求作了得体的答复.-ly［adv］apt／æpt／［Wa2；B］ exactly suitable or fitting 恰当的；合适的；贴切的：That was a very aptremark；it fitted the occasion beautifully.那话说得十分恰当，在当时的场合下再合适不过了.-ly［adv］：That was aptly put（＝ said）.此话说得恰到好处.-ness ［U］

relevant/'reləvənt/ [B] 1 connected with the subject； suitable to what is happening，etc（与所议论问题或正发生的事）有关的；相称的：I knowhe's rich but it's not relevant to what we are doing.我知道他很富有，但这与我们现在所做的事无关．2［（to）］ connected（with）（与···）有联系的： The man's colour isn't relevant to whether he＇s a good lawyer or not.这人的肤色与他是否是个好律师没有关系.ir-［neg］-ly ［adv］relevance [U] the condition of being relevant 关系：What is the relevance of your argument to the matter we are discussing？你的论点与我们正在讨论的问题有什么关系呢？ir-［neg］

apposite /'æpəzit/ [B (to, for)] fml exactly sui-table to the present moment，condition，etc 适合的；恰当的；贴切的；切合···的：His appositeremarks caused people to think him wise.他的话说得很有分寸，因而大家觉得他聪明.Herremarks were apposite to the occasion.她的话在这种场合说是合适的.-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

N211 adjectives 形容词：valid and sound 有效的与健全的

valid /'vælid/ [B]1 (of a reason, argument, etc)

having a strong firm base; able to be defended （理由、论点等）有充分根据的；健全的；站得住的：Ifyou can't give me a valid reason for breaking your promise，I shan＇t trust you again.你没有遵守诺言，要是你拿不出正当的理由，我就不会再信任你了．2 law written or done in a proper manner so that a court of law would agree with it（法律上）有效的：The agreement is not valid, because one of the people who signed it is not lawfully old enough to do so.这个协议是无效的，因为签字的一方尚未到法定的年龄．3[Wa5] having value; that can be used lawfully for a stated period or in certain conditions （在

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规定期限或条件下）有效的；有价值的：The trainticket is valid for three months.这张火车票有效期为三个月． The old British coin worth 2 shillings and 6 pence is no longer valid．面值二先令六便士的英国旧制硬币已不再使用.in-［neg］-ly[adv]

worthy/'w3:ði/1[Wal;B (of);B3] deserving 值得···的；配得上···的：She is worthy of our help／dislike.她值得我们帮助／活该让人讨厌.He isa worthy winner.他得冠军完全是应当的.Theyare not worthy to be chosen．他们不配当选．2 [Wal; B] esp old use to be admired, re-spected，etc 可钦佩的；可尊敬的：He is a worthyman．他是值得钦佩的人．3［comb form］ adeserving 值得···的；该受···的：blameworthy该责备的；praiseworthy 值得称赞的 b suitable for （use on／in，etc）（和 on／in 等连用）适合于： roadworthy（适于）道路上用的；airworthy适合飞行的；飞行性能良好的c fit to be given／used as 可给予的；可用作···的：creditworthy 可给予信贷的；newsworthy 有新闻价值的-ily［adv］-iness［U］ sound /saund/ [Wal; B] 1 esp emot valid; dependable；trustworthy 健全的；忠实可靠的；可信赖的：He is a sound man； he is just right for the job．他是个可靠的人，做这工作正合适．2in

good condition 完好的；牢固的：The house is sound；buy it. 这房子完好无损，买下来吧.un-[neg]-ness [U]

all right, sometimes alright /o:l'rait/ [Wa5] 1 ［F］ valid，sound，etc enough 良好的；令人满意的；够好的；还可以的：He＇s all right.他这个人不错．2［adv］ satisfactorily 令人满意地：He＇ll do the job all right.他会把这工作做好的.

okay, OK /'əu'keı/ [Wa5] infml1[F;(B)]infml all right 良好的；令人满意的；够好的；还可以的：She seems okay now．她现在身体看来还可以．2［adv］ all right；satisfactorily 令人满意地：That car goes okay now．那辆汽车现在行驶正常了．3［adv］ all right；agreed；yes 好；对；行；可以a (asking for agreement, esp to a suggestion) （征求同意）：Let＇s go there，okay？我们去那儿吧，好吗？b（expressing agreement）（表示同意）： Shall we go there？-Okay.我们去那儿好吗？-好的.c（giving permission）（表示准许）： Can I use your car？-Okay.我可以用一下你的汽车吗？-可以.

N212 adjectives 形容词：correct and precise 正确的与精确的

correct/kə'rekt/[B] having the right nature or quality; being the right answer;(of something) as it should be 正确的；对的；恰当的：He wasquite correct about what would happen.他对会发生的事情估计正确.Your reply is correct.你的回答是对的.in-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness［U］

exact/ig'zækt/ 1 [Wa5; A] (esp of things that can be measured) correct and without mis-takes（尤指可计量的事物）确切的；正确的：Theexact time is three minutes and thirty-five seconds past two.现在的确切时间是两点零三分三十五秒.Tell me his exact words.把他的话确切

N213 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

地告诉我．2［B］ marked by thorough consideration or careful measurement of small details of fact 精确无误的；精密的：Hismemory is very exact; he never makes mistakes.他的记忆十分精确，从来不出差错.He isa very exact watchmaker who will do a good job.他是个非常精细的钟表匠，功夫很到家.in-[neg]-ly [adv] -ness [U] the exact same nonstandard exactly the same X; the very same X 完全相同的；正是这个的：That＇s theexact same man who was here last night！昨天晚上在这儿的就是这个人！

precise /pri'sais/ [B] 1 exact in form,detail, measurements，time，etc 精确的；准确的：He made some very precise calculations.他作了一些十分精确的计算.The precise words I usedwere 'I may not come', not I must not come'. 我的原话是“我可能不来”，而不是“我不应当来”.At the precise moment that I put my foot on the step the bus started.我刚踏上公共汽车车门的踏脚板，车就开动了．2 particularly；exact 正是的：You＇re the precise person I was hoping to meet；I need your advice at once.你正是我希望见的人，我现在就需要你的意见．3 sharply clear清晰的：My new television set gives precise pictures.我的新电视机图像非常清晰.A lawyerneeds a precise mind． 律师要有清醒的头脑．4(too) careful and correct in regard to the smaĺlest details（过分）讲究精确的；（过分）严谨的；拘泥细节的；古板的：A scientist must beprecise in making tests.科学家在做实验时必须精确.She is a very precise old lady with precise manners.她是一个非常古板的、拘泥礼仪的老太太.im-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness［U］

accurate／＇ækjərət／ ［B］1 careful and exact 准确的；精确的：The hunter took accurate aim.猎人举枪瞄准.This is an accurate statement of what happened.这是对发生的事情所作的精确陈述.She is an accurate worker.她是一位做事精确的工人．2 free of mistakes；exactly correct精确无误的：This is an accurate copy.这是一份准确的抄本.in-［neg］-ly［adv］ accuracy［U］ the quality of being accurate 精确；准确：Most people admire accuracy in work.多数人都喜欢工作精确无误.inaccuracy ［U；C］

N213 adjectives 形容词：opportune［B］恰好的、及时的

opportune/ ppə'tju:n/ 1 (of times) right for a purpose（指时间）恰好的；适宜的：This is anopportune moment to speak.这是说话的好时机. 2 coming at the right time 及时的；适时的：Hemade an opportune remark.他说了一句很合时宜的话.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

psychological / saikə'lpd3ikal/ infml exactly right in relation to someone's feelings, needs, etc（指感情、需要等）最适当的：You spoke at thepsychological moment, just when you should have.你的话说得正是时候，该说的时候你说了.-ly[adv Wa4]

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N214 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

N214 adjectives 形容词：pure 纯洁的、贞洁的、完美的、无瑕的

[ALSO →D179]

pure/pjuə/1 [Wal;B] unmixed with any other substance 纯的；无杂质的；不搀杂的：The metalis pure silver.这金属是纯银.Is this garment made of pure wool or of wool mixed with nylon？这件衣服的料子是纯毛的，还是羊毛和尼龙混纺的？2［Wal；B］clean；free from dirt，dust， bacteria ［■A37］ or any harmful matter 纯净的；洁净的：The air by the sea is pure and healthy.海边的空气纯净而有益健康.This is verypure drinking water．这是很纯净的饮用水．3［Wal； B］ of unmixed race 纯种的；纯血统的：Hebought a pure Arab horse.他买了一匹纯种阿拉伯马.There＇s very little pure blood in any nation now.如今在任何国家里都难得找到完全纯血统的人．4［Wal；B］ free from evil； without sexual thoughts or experience 纯洁的；贞洁的：She was still a pure young girl， pure in thought and deed.她还是个贞洁的年轻女孩，思想和品行都是纯洁的．5［Wal；B］（of colour ofsound) clear; unmixed with other colours or sounds（色彩与声音）清晰的；纯的：It was asunny day with a cloudless sky of the purest blue.那是一个天气晴朗的日子，蔚蓝的天空万里无云．6［Wal；B］ （of a musical note） of exactly the correct highness or lowness（音调）准确的； 和谐的：The voices of the young boys singing in church were high and pure.在教堂里唱歌的那群男孩的歌声响亮而纯正．7［Wa5；A］infmlcomplete；thorough；only 完全的；十足的；仅仅的：By pure chance he found the rare book he needed in a little shop.由于一个完全偶然的机会，他在一家小书店里找到了他需要的那部珍本．8[Wa5; A] (of an art or branch of study) considered only for its own nature as a skill or exercise of the mind,separate from any use that might be made of it（指科学或艺术）纯理论的；抽象的：pure science 纯科学9［Wal；B］fml (of a thing) clean according to the rules of religious ceremony（指事物符合宗教规矩）圣洁的im-［neg］-ly ［adv］-ness［U］ purity ［U］the state of being pure 纯度；纯洁；纯净 impurity 1 ［U］ the state of being impure 不纯（洁）2［C］ something impure 杂质：They removed the impurities from the water.他们清除了水中的杂质. pure and simple infml thorough； and nothing else 完全的；十足的；不折不扣的：Whatyou did was carelessness pure and simple！你的所作所为是不折不扣的轻率行为！perfect/'p3:fikt/ [usu Wa5] 1 [B] of the very

best possible kind，degree，or standard 完美的； 无瑕的；极好的：The weather during our holiday was perfect.我们度假期间天气极好.What aperfect rose！ 多美的一朵玫瑰！He committed the perfect crime (= one in which the criminal is never discovered）．他犯了无人知晓的罪行．2[B] agreeing in every way with an example accepted as correct 标准的；道地的：He＇s only been studying for a year, but already his English is almost perfect.他才学了一年，但是他

的英语已相当道地了．3［B］complete，withnothing missing， spoilt，etc 完好无损的：She still has a perfect set of teeth.她仍有一嘴好牙. 4 [B (for)] suitable and satisfying in every way 完全适合的：This big house is perfect for our large family.这座大房子正适合我们这个大家庭.He＇d be perfect for the job.他干这工作十分理想.He is the perfect man for the job！他做这工作是最理想的人选！5［A］often infml complete； thorough 完全的；十足的：She is a perfect stranger to us.她对我们来说完全是个陌生人.It＇sperfect nonsense to say you're 200 years old! 说你有200岁，这纯属一派胡言！6［B］ skilled tothe highest degree; thoroughly and complete-ly trained 熟练的；精通的（esp in the phr Prac-tice makes perfect 熟能生巧）im-［neg］-ly [adv]-ness[U]

ideal /ar'dıəl/ [Wa5; B] 1 perfect, because the best one can think of 理想的；如意的：This is an ideal place for a holiday.这是个理想的度假胜地．2 expressing possible perfection which is unlikely to exist in the real world 空想的；不切实际的；理想主义的：He had an ideal view ofhow nations should be governed.他有一个理想主义的治国之道.-ly［adv］

flawless／＇flo：ləs／ also 又作 faultless ／＇fo：ltləs／ [Wa5; B] perfect; with no flaw [→N217] or fault 完美无缺的；无瑕的：It was a flawless argu-ment.这是个无懈可击的论点.-ly［adv］-ness［U］ spotless /'spotlis/ [Wa5; B] pure; very clean; having no spots or marks of dirt 纯洁的；极清洁的；无污点的；无瑕疵的-ly［adv］-ness［U］

immaculate /r'mækjulit/ [Wa5; B] esp fml pure；flawless；faultless；spotless 纯洁的；无瑕疵的；无斑点的-ly［adv］-lacy［U］

absolute ／＇æbsə，lu：t／［Wa5；B］ perfect 绝对的； 完全的：He is a man of absolute honesty.他是个绝对诚实的人.You must have absolute trust in me.你必须绝对信任我.-ly［adv］：I trst her absolutely.我绝对信任她.

chaste /tfeist/[Wal; B] 1 pure in word, thought, and deed, esp being without sexual activity （思想、言行上）纯洁的；贞洁的：The priest waschaste in mind and body．这位牧师身心纯洁．2apprec simple； not too ornamented 简洁朴实的；朴素的：He wrote in a pure，chaste style.他的文风纯朴简洁.chastity［U］the state of being sexually pure 贞洁；纯洁：Chastity in thought， word，and deed is a good thing.思想、言语和行为的纯洁是美德.＇Defend your chastity if you want to stay morally pure，＇the priest said.牧师说道：“若要保持道德上纯洁，那就捍卫你的贞洁吧.”

N215 verbs 动词：putting and making things right 摆正与纠正

[ALSO→I18]

right /rait/ [T1] to put (something) right again 摆正；纠正：The cat righted itself during the fall and landed on its feet.那猫儿向下跌落时，身体恢复平衡，因而四脚落地.I hope your troubleswill soon right themselves／soon be righted.我希望你们的问题不久会得到纠正.

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N217 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

taking other things out 提炼（尤指糖、石油、金

属等）；精炼；提纯：refined sugar 精制糖 2 to

make (someone, something) more pleasing

socially 使优美；使高尚；使文雅：a refined voice

优雅的声音 refinement ［U］ 1 the act of

refining 提炼 2 the state of being refined 优美；

文雅；教养：a person of great refinement 一个很

有教养的人

N216 adjectives 形容词：not right［B］错误的、有毛病的、有缺陷的

[ALSO→F65]

wrong／rog／［Wa2］1 not correct 错的；不对的；不

正确的：This sum is wrong.这个数不对.No，

you＇re wrong；she didn＇t say that.不，你错了；她

并没有那么说.The clock＇s wrong； it＇s later than

the time it shows.这个钟不对-现在比钟上的

时间晚多了．2 evil；against moral standards 邪

恶的；不道德的；不正当的：Telling liesis

wrong／It＇s wrong to tell lies．撒谎是不道德的．3

not suitable 不合适的；不恰当的：This is the

wrong time to make a visit.这个时候去访友不合

适.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

faulty /fo:lti/ [Wal] imperfect;having faults;

not looking right or working properly 不完美

的；有缺点的；有毛病的：The radio is faulty；it

needs to be repaired.这收音机有毛病，需要修理.

He has a faulty understanding of French

history.他对法国历史的了解不正确.-tily［adv］

flawed／flo：d／tech or emot imperfect 不完美的；

有缺点的：This diamond is flawed.这颗钻石有

瑕疵.His character seems good but is flawed

by a habit of telling lies.他的品格看来还不错，可

惜有个爱说谎的缺点.

defective /dr'fektiv/1 lacking something neces-

sary；faulty 有缺点的；有缺陷的；有毛病的：He

sold us defective machinery.他把有毛病的机器

卖给我们．2 tech lacking one or more of the

usual grammatical forms 缺乏一个或多个常见语

法形式的；不完全变化的：＇Must＇and ＇can＇are

defective verbs with no -ing forms. “must”和

“can”是不完全变化动词，两者都没有-ing形式．3

(of a person) well below the average in body

or esp in mind（指人）生理有缺陷的；（尤指）心理

有缺陷的：The child is defective，I＇m afraid.这

孩子恐怕有缺陷.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

deficient /dr'fifənt/ [(in)] having none or not

enough of；lacking in 缺乏的；不足的；欠缺的：

The food here is deficient in iron.这里的食物缺

乏铁元素.He is deficient in skill and can＇t do

the job.他缺乏技术，不能做这个工作.

anomalous /ə'npmələs/ esp fml & tech diffe-

rent in some (unsatisfactory) way from what is

normal or usual 异常的；反常的：His illness is

an anomalous condition of the heart.他的病是

心脏不正常.-ly［adv］

N217 nouns 名词：faults and flaws 缺陷与

毛病

(something, esp sugar, oil, metal, etc) pure by fault /fo:lt/1[C] something wrong, esp in how

put right also 又作 set right ［T1b］ 1 to put into the correct position 摆正：Put the picture right. 把画摆正.Put the clock right （＝ made the hands show the right time）．把钟拨准．2 to cure 治愈；使恢复健康：A week by the sea will soonput you right again.到海滨去小住一星期会使你恢复健康．3 also 又作 put straight to givecorrect information to (someone who has a wrong opinion） often rather sharply 纠正（某人的错误信息、看法等）：He thought it wasThursday， but I soon put him right／straight.他以为那天是星期四，但我很快就纠正了他.

get right [T1b] 1 to make no mistakes in (some-thing， esp a calculation or performance）搞好； 弄正；弄好：Come on；try to get it right！来呀，想办法把它弄好！2 also 又作 get straight to becorrectly informed about （something）搞清楚； 弄明白：Have you got it right／straight now？现在你搞清楚了吗？

rectify／＇rektifai／ ［T1］ 1 fml to put right 纠正；矫正：Please rectify the mistakes in my bill.请把我帐单上的错误改过来．2［Wv5］ tech to makepure 蒸馏；提纯：He used rectified alcohol.他用的是蒸馏酒精.rectification ［U］ the act of rectifying or being rectified 纠正；矫正；蒸馏

correct／kə＇rekt／ ［T1］1 to make right 纠正；改正； 矫正；校正；修改：Correct my spelling if it＇s wrong．如果我拼写错了请给我纠正过来．2 toimprove by punishing （用处罚来）纠正：His father used to correct his bad behaviour by sending him to bed without anything to eat.他父亲过去用罚他不吃饭就上床睡觉的办法来纠正他的不良行为．correction 1 ［U］ the act ofcorrecting or being corrected 纠正；改正；矫正； 惩罚2［C］an example of this 改动；修改之处

validate ／＇vælideit／ ［T1］ to make valid 使生效；使有法律效力：In order to validate the agreement between yourself and your employer, you must both sgn it.为了使你和雇主之间的协议生效，你们双方都必须签字.in-［neg］ validation ［U］ the act of validating or being validated 使有效；生效

purify／＇pjuərifai／［T1］ to make pure 使纯净；使洁净；净化：They purified the water by removing the dirt from it.他们除去水中的污物使水净化.purification [U] the act or result of purifying 净化

purge /p3:d3/ 1 [D1 from/of;T1] esp poet & emot to make clean and free from (evil or impure things）涤除（邪恶、污秽等）；洗涤；使洁净：＇We must purge ourselves ofour evil ways，＇ he said. 他说：“我们必须涤除我们身上的邪恶习性．”2 ［D1 from／of； T1］ to get rid of （waste matter) from (the body) by using a strong medicine 用强效药物使（人）通便；使泻3［D1from/of; T1] to remove (people) from (a group），esp forcefully（自团体中）清除（异已分子）；整肃：They purged the party of those who did not agree with him．他们把异己清除出党．4［C］ an act of purging 清洗；清除；整肃：They had a purge in the party.他们在党内进行了一次清洗．5［C］medicine for purging 泻药

refine /rr'fam/ [Wv5; T1 usu pass] 1 to make

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N218 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

something works or someone behaves; wrong quality 缺点（尤指物体工作故障和人的行为毛病）；毛病：There＇s a fault in this building； it isn＇t safe.这座楼房有毛病，不安全.He has severalfaults，but telling lies isn＇t one of them.他有好几个缺点，可是说谎却不是其中之一.The mainfault in his work is careless spelling. 他作业中的主要缺点是拼写太粗心．2［S］responsibility forsomething wrong or bad that has been done （对错误、事故等应负的）责任；过失：It＇s my fault；I caused all the trouble.是我不好，我引起了这一切麻烦.It happened through no fault of hers. 这件事的发生不是她的过错.She was not at fault；don＇t blame her.她没有责任；不要责怪她.

flaw/flo:/[C] a small sign of damage, such as a mark or crack, that makes an object not perfect 缺点；瑕疵；裂缝：There was a flaw in the plate.盘子上有一条裂缝.（fig）There are several flaws in this contract.这份合同有几个缺点.

defect/dr'fekt/[C]something lacking or imper-fect；a fault 缺点；缺陷；毛病：The machine is unsafe because of the defects in it.这台机器有毛病，使用起来不安全.He suffers from a hearingdefect.他有听力障碍.

deficiency /dr'fifənsi/1 [U] the quality or state of being deficient 缺乏；不足 2［C］ a case of this；a lack 缺乏；不足；缺点：The deficiencies in this plan are very clear and it can't possibly succeed，这个计划的缺点非常明显，它不可能成功.

shortcoming/'o:t,kamu/ [C] often euph a fault，usu not too bad（常指不很严重的）缺点；短处：＇We all have our little shortcomings，＇ she said.她说：“我们人人都有这样那样的小缺点.”

drawback /'dro:,bæk/ [C (to, of)] esp emot a difficulty or disadvantage; something that can cause trouble 障碍；不利条件；缺点；弊端：Theonly drawback tolof the plan is that it costs too much.这个计划的唯一缺点是费用太大.

failing/'feilm/[C] esp euph or emot something which makes someone or something else imperfect 缺点；弱点：I＇m afraid one of his failings is telling lies.恐怕他的缺点之一是说谎.

bug ／bxg／ ［C］ sl a fault 缺陷；故障：We have had a number of bugs in the machine, but it's working well now.我们这台机器曾出过些故障，但是现在运转正常.

N218 nouns 名词： difficulties， problems， and anomalies 困难、问题与反常现象

difficulty/'difikəlti/1 [U] the state or quality of being hard to do or understand；trouble 困难； 艰难；麻烦：I＇m having a little difficulty doing this work； can you help me？我做这件工作遇到点困难，你能帮助我吗？Did you have any diffi-culty finding him?-No; no difficulty at all. ／No；I found him without difficulty.你是否费了好大的劲儿才找到他？-不，一点儿也不费劲.／不，我没费什么劲儿就把他找到了.She did it，butwith difficulty．她成功了，但是费了很大的劲儿．2[C] an example of this; something that causes

trouble（具体的）困难；难题：I＇m in difficulties over this work；I can＇t finish in time.在这件工作中我遇到了难题；不能如期完成了.He wasworking under difficulties； it wasn＇t easy.他是在困难的条件下工作的；很不容易.

problem /'prpbləm/ [C] 1 a (serious) difficulty that needs attention and thought; a difficult situation（需要解决的）难题；疑难情况：I＇ve leftmy money at home.-That's no problem;I can lend you what you need.我把钱遗忘在家里了.-没问题，你需要多少，我可以借给你.Theunemployment problem in this area is getting worse.这个地区的失业问题越来越严重.It＇s aproblem to know what to do with himwhen he leaves school; he doesn't seem fit for any kind of job.他毕业后怎么办，这是个伤脑筋的问题.他似乎做什么工作都不合适.The car won＇tstart; I don't know whether the problem is in the engine or in the electrical system.汽车发动不起来，我不知道是引擎还是电路出了问题．2［ususing] infml a person who causes (some special）difficulty 令人伤脑筋的人；成为问题的人：As a dinner guest Celia is a problem; there are many kinds of food she doesn＇t eat.请西莉亚吃饭是件头痛的事；有好多菜她都不吃.

snag/snæg/[C] esp BrE, not fml a hidden or unexpected difficulty 隐伏的困难；意想不到的困难：There＇s been a snag.出现了一个没料到的困难.Our plans have hit a snag and we can＇t go on until it is dealt with.我们的计划碰到了一个意想不到的困难；不把它解决掉，我们就进行不下去.hitch/hitf/ [C] not fml a difficulty which delays

something for some time 故障；障碍：There was a slight hitch in his plans.他的计划遇到了一个小障碍.A technical hitch prevented the lights from working.一个技术故障使所有的灯都不亮了.The meeting went off without a hitch.会议顺利举行了.

anomaly /ə'npməli/ [C] esp fml & tech 1 an unusual irregularity 异常或反常的现象：The anomaly of his positionsis that he is very famous but still doesn't make much money. 他的处境反常，因为他很著名，却仍然收入低微．2aperson who, or thing that, is different from the usual type 畸形的人或物

N219 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：mistakes 错误

mistake/mi'steik/1 [C] a wrong thought, act, etc; anything done, said, believed, etc due to wrong thinking or understanding, lack of knowledge or skill， etc 错误：The teacher found several spelling mistakes in the pupils' written answers.老师从学生的作业中找出了几个拼写错误.You＇ve made too many mistakes，＇ he said; 'you'll have to do the exercise again.' “你做错的地方太多，”他说道，“你得把练习重做一遍.＂There must be some mistake in this bill； please add up the figures again.这帐单一定有错误，请把数字再加一遍．2［T1（for）；T6a］ tomake a mistake about (someone or some-

1056

thing）误解；弄错：I mistook her for her sister （＝I thought she was her sister）.我把她当作她的姐姐了.Don＇t mistake what he said； he will do it if it is necessary.不要误解他的话；如有必要他会这么做的.They completely mistook his reasons for doing it.他们完全误解了他做那件事的理由.and no mistake infml （used for giving force to an expression) without the slightest doubt 无疑；的确（用以加强语气）：That apple＇s abig one and no mistake.那个苹果确实大极了.by mistake as a result of being careless, forgetful，etc（因疏忽、忘记等）错误地：The nurse gave the child the wrong medicine by mistake.那护士给孩子吃错了药.She put saltinto her cup of tea by mistake.她错把盐加到自己的茶里了.make no mistake do not have the slightest doubt；be quite sure 肯定；不要有半点怀疑：If you don＇t improve your behaviour， you'll be punished; make no mistake about it. 你要是再不表现得好一些，就要受处罚的，别以为这是在吓唬你.there＇s no mistake about it it is quite certain; there can be no doubt about it 毫无疑问；错不了：There＇s no mistake aboutit， he＇s the biggest fool I＇ve met.毫无疑问，他是我遇到过的头号大傻瓜.

error /'erə/ often fml 1 [C] a mistake;some-thing done wrongly or an example of bad behaviour 错误；错误行为：The bank made an error in my account.银行在我的帐户上出了个差错.It wasn＇t all Jane＇s fault when she left Bill； there were errors on both sides.珍离开比尔，不全是她的责任；他们双方都有错．2［U］the state ofbeing wrong in behaviour or beliefs 错误；谬误： The accident was caused by human error.这事故是人为的失误造成的.I did it in error（＝bymistake）.我错做了此事.A mistake in the map led the traveller into error.地图上的一个错误使这个旅行者走错了路.err［IØ］esp lit ＆ old use tomake a mistake； do something wrong 犯错误； 做错事：He erred in coming here； he should have gone.他到这儿来是个错误；他本应去的.

slip ／slrp／［C］ a slight mistake 疏忽；（轻微的）错误：＇Too＇was a slip of the pen； I meant to write ＇to＇.“too”是个笔误，我是想写“to”.slip up [v adv IØ(over)] infml to make a mistake （因疏忽）出差错：He slipped up over their names (= He was wrong about their names; he made a mistake about them）.他把他们的名字搞错了.

lapse/læps/1 [C] a small fault or mistake, as one of memory, esp one that is quickly put right（尤指很快得到纠正的）小错；失误：It wasjust a lapse of judgment; it won't happen again.这只是一时判断上的错误，以后不会再发生的．2［C］ a failure in correct behaviour，belief， duty，etc 行为失检；偏离正道；失职3［IØ（into）］to return (to something usu bad that was done earlier）倒退；退步：He has lapsed once again into nis old drinking habits.他又犯嗜酒的老毛病了.

discrepancy/dr'skrepənsi/ [C; U; (between)] difference; lack of agreement (between stories, amounts，etc）（叙述、总数等）差异；不一致；不符合：There is a good deal of discrepancy／There

N221 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

are many discrepancies between his descrip-tion of the battle and yours.关于这场战争的情况，他的叙述和你讲的有许多不一致的地方.Youpaid £5 and the bill says £3; how do you explain the discrepancy？你付了五英镑而帐单上写的却是三英镑，对此差额你作何解释？.

oversight /'əuvə,sait/ [C; U] (an) unintended failure to notice or do something 疏忽；忽略：I meant to do it; the mistake was the result of （an）oversight.我原打算要做的；此错是因疏忽所致.

boob／bu：b／sl 1［C］an esp foolish mistake 荒唐的大错：I think I＇ve made a boob.我想我是犯了个荒唐的错误．2［IØ］ to make an esp foolish mistake 犯荒唐的错误：He has boobed again.他又干了蠢事.

N220 verbs 动词：proving things 证明事物

prove /pru:v/1 [T1, 5a, 6a] to show to be true; to show that someone did something 证明；证实：Can you prove that there is life on other worlds？你能证明其它星球上有生物存在吗？Hewas able to prove his theory by producing plenty of evidence.他能拿出大量证据来证实自己的理论.You did it，didn＇t you？-Prove it！这是你干的，是吗？-请拿出证据来！2［T1］ to showto be good， useful，bad， useless，etc 检验；验证； 考验：Time proved his ability and wisdom.时间检验了他的能力和智慧.

substantiate/səb'stænfi,eit/[T1] fml to prove, esp by producing evidence of truth 证实；（尤指有根据地）证明：Can you substantiate what you have just said against him？你能就刚才你对他的指控提出证据吗？

N221 nouns 名词：proving things 证明事物

proof/pru:f/1 [U; C: (5,of)] (a)way of showing that something is true 证据：I believe what you say；I don＇t want any proof.我相信你的话，我不要什么证据.I wouldn＇t demand proof of iden-tity from a friend.我不会要求朋友出示身份证明.Have you any proof that you weren't there at 9 o＇clock last night？你有证据说明你昨晚九点钟不在那里吗？Blood on a person＇s hands isn＇t always a proof that he＇s been fighting.一个人手上有血不一定说明他曾打架.He says he isn＇tguilty but we shall need proofofthat.他说他是无辜的，但我们需要证据来证明这一点．2［U］ theaction of being shown to be true or a fact 证明；证实：Is life on other worlds capable of proof？其它星球上有生命的说法能得到证实吗？3[C] a test or trial to find out whether someone or something has a (necessary) quality,stan-dard of strength，etc 检验；试验；考验（often in the phr put to the proof 试验）： A soldier＇s courage is put to the proof in battle.士兵是否勇敢要通过战斗来检验.This material will standany proof (=pass any test) of the hardness claimed for it by its makers.这种材料经得起任

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N222 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

何硬度考验，以证明其具有生产厂商所宣称的硬度．4[C] math a test made of the correctness of a calculation ［→J35］验算 5 ［C］ geom the reasoning that shows a statement (theorem) to be true（定理的）论证

evidence /'evədəns/ [U (of,for),U5]1(esp in science or law) words which prove a state-ment, support a belief, or make a matter more clear（尤指科学、法律上的）证据；证词：Several witnesses gave evidence about it.好几个证人对此作了证．2 objects which do this 物证：When the police arrived he had already destroyed the evidence (= papers, films, etc) that showed he was guilty.警察赶到时，他已经销毁了罪证.evidence（s） of／that signs or proof of／that···的迹象或痕迹：There are evidences that somebody has been living here.有迹象表明这儿一直有人住着.bear／show evidence of toshow signs or proof of 有···的痕迹：The child bears evidence of having been badly treated. 这孩子身上有被虐待的痕迹.in evidence able tobe seen and noticed 显眼的；显而易见的；为人所见的：Mrs Jones was much in evidence （＝very noticeable） at the party.聚会上琼斯太太十分引人注目.Mr Jones was nowhere in evidence（＝ could not be found）.哪儿也见不着琼斯先生.

substantiation/səb,stænfr'erfən/[U] fml the action of substantiating；evidence 证实；证明： What you have said needs substantiation.你所说的话尚须证实.

data /'deıtə/ [P; U] facts, information, esp of a particular kind obtained in a particular way and kept in a particular place or system 作为证据的事实；资料；信息；数据：The data that youwant for the study of local diseases are/is ready for examination.你研究本地疾病所需的资料已准备好供查阅.We don＇t have enough datato make a decision.我们掌握的信息不足，不能做决定.The data is／are not sufficient.资料不足.

N222 adjectives 形容词：clear and

evident［B；F5］明白的与明显的

clear／klrə／ also 又作 plain／plein／［Wal］easy to see, understand, etc, esp as being true, untrue，etc 清楚的；明白的（尤指易于判明是真或假）：It is clear that he stole the money.很清楚， 钱是他偷的.It＇s plain that they are unhappy.很显然，他们不快乐.-ly［adv］ clarify ［IØ；Ti］ to (cause to) become clearer and more easily understood 澄清；阐明；使澄清；变得清晰明了：When will the government clarify its position on equal pay for women？政府什么时候澄清在男女同工同酬问题上的立场？clarification 1［U］the act of clarifying 澄清；阐明2 ［C］an example of this 澄清或阐明的事例

evident /'evədənt/ often fml plain, esp to the senses；clear because of evidence 明白的；明显的（尤指对感官上）：It＇s evident that you＇ve been drinking.显然，你喝酒了.Her evident unhappi-ness made us unhappy.她那明显的郁郁寡欢样子使我们也扫兴.-ly［adv］

obvious/'pbviəs/ easy to see or understand;

clear；which must be recognized 明显的；显而易见的：It＇s obvious that a boy isn＇t strong enough to lift an elephant.显然，一个孩子是举不起一头象的.-ly［adv］

apparent ／ə＇pærənt／ fml obvious 明显的；显而易见的：It is apparent that he can＇t be trusted.很明显，他是不能信赖的.

N223 adjectives 形容词：fair and just ［B］ 公平的与公正的

fair/feə/[Wal] giving each person what he or she should have 公平的；公正的：Be fair；that money is mine，not yours.做事要公道！那是我的钱，不是你的.It isn＇t fair； I should get that money，not him.那不公平；那笔钱应该归我，而不是他.un-［neg］-ly ［adv］：The money was fairly divided among them.他们之间公平地分了这笔钱.

just/d3Ast/1 fair; in accordance with what is right and true 公平的；公正的；正义的：He is avery just man and it is a just law.他是个很公正的人，而这又是一条公正的法律.To be just tohim, he's always worked hard (even though he is unpleasant）.说句公道话，他一向是努力工作的（尽管他不讨人喜欢）．2 well-deserved 应得的：You have received a just reward/punishment. 你得到了应有的奖赏／惩罚．3 proper；fitting 恰当的；正当的：The payment is just.这笔付款是正当的.It＇s just that you should be rewarded for your work.你的工作应得到报酬，这是理所当然的.4 exact 正确的；精确的：We must have a justbalance between the two of them.在他们两人之间我们必须不偏不倚.un-［neg］-ly ［adv］：Hewas justly punished.他得到了应有的惩罚.-ness [U]

equitable／＇ekwtəbəl／fml fair and just 公平的； 公正的：We must make an equitable division of the money，我们必须公平地分配这笔钱.in-[neg]-bly [adv]

balanced/'bælənst/having or showing fairness 公平的；公正的：He gave a balanced judgment. 他作出了公正的判断.

even-handed /'i:vən'hændid/ often emot fair and equal；equally balanced 不偏不倚的；公平的；公正的：Justice should be even-handed.司法应是不偏不倚的.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N224 nouns 名词：fairness and justice ［U］公平与正义

fairness／＇feənis／ the quality of being fair 公平； 公正：He is well-known for his fairness.他以处事公正著称.un-［neg］

justice /'d3Astis/ 1 the quality of being just; rightness；fairness 公正；公平；公道；正义；正当的理由：He claimed-with justice，I might add-that he had not received his fair share.他声称自己没有得到应得的一份；我可以说，他的要求是合理的.Ihope you will receive justice.我希望你的事会得到公正的处理.In justice to him，he has

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done a lot of good work in the past (even though he is unpleasant）.说句公道话，他过去做了许多有益的工作（尽管他不讨人喜欢）．2 cor-rectness 正确：The justice of these remarks was clear to everyone.谁都清楚这些话很正确.3 the action or power of the law 审判；司法：We must bring these criminals to justice.我们必须依法惩办这些罪犯.do justice to someone／do someone justice to treat someone in a fair way；show the true value of 公正对待某人；显示某人的真实价值：To do him justice， he＇s donesome good work (even if he is unpleasant). 说句公道话，他做了一些有益工作（尽管他不讨人喜欢）. Your new hat doesn＇t really do you jus-tice.你这顶新帽子实在是显不出你的美貌.

equity /'ekwəti/1 fml the quality of being equi-table 公平；公道：They shared the work of the house with perfect equity. 他们完全公平地分担家务．2 tech （esp in the law systems of English-speaking countries) the principle of justice which may be used to correct a law, when that law would cause hardship in special cases 衡平法（尤指英语国家法律制度中的公平原则，即必要时可纠正某项法律，尤其当这一法律在特别案例中造成困难）

N225 nouns 名词：balance and harmony 平衡与和谐

balance /'bæləns/ [U] 1 the state in which someone or something stays in position and does not fall over or down（人或物所处的）平衡状态：He managed to keep his balance as he walked along the top of the narrow wall, then just at the end he lost his balance and fell.他在一堵狭窄的墙头上行走，竭力保持身体平衡；可是正当他走到墙的尽头时，他失去了平衡，跌了下来．2the state in which two or more things are equal in weight，position， power，etc（两个或两个以上事物的重量、位置、力量等的）平衡；均势：Ina pair of scales [→H127] the two pans will be in perfect balance when the same weight is in each.当天平两端的秤盘承受同等重量时，两个秤盘将保持绝对平衡.（fig）If one large country becomes too strong it upsets the balance of power in the world.如果一个大国变得过分强大，就会破坏世界的均势.off balance ready to fall不稳；要倒下来的：He was thrown off balance when she ran into him.她跟他撞了个满怀，把他撞得打了个趔趄.on balance when everything is considered 总的说来：I think that，on balance， he is a useful man.总的说来，我认为他是个有用的人.

harmony /'ha:məni/1[U;(S)] a state of agree-ment （in feelings，ideas， etc）；peacefulness 和睦；融洽；一致：My cat and dog never fight；they live together in perfect harmony.我家的猫和狗从不打架，彼此相处得十分和睦.After their quar-rel a new harmony was felt between them.他们吵嘴以后，又开始了一种新的和睦关系．2［U；(C)] the pleasant effect made by parts being combined into a whole 协调；调和；和谐：The harmony of sea and sky made a beautiful

N226 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

picture.海天协调一色，形成一幅美丽的图画.harmonious ［B］ in a state of harmony 协调的； 和谐的；和睦的；融洽的：There is a harmoniousrelationship between the two countries.这两国间存在着一种友好和睦的关系.-ly［adv］-ness［U］unison /'ju:nəsən/ [U] 1 the singing of the same note by everybody at the same time 齐唱；同声合唱（esp in the phr in unison 齐唱）2（fig） perfect agreement 完全一致（esp in the phr in unison 一致）： We are all in unison about it.我们对此事的意见完全一致.

[n] i dwod ydna quy /p:cy,e/ poooe harmony，esp between nations（尤指国与国之间）和平友好；和睦一致2［C usu sing］ an agree-ment for peace and friendly relations between nations（国家之间友好的）协议；协定

accordance /ə'ko:dəns/ [U] fml agreement; harmony一致；和谐（esp in the phr in accord-ance with 按照···；与···一致）：In accordance with your wishes the money has been sent to Switzerland.按照你的意愿，钱已汇往瑞士.Whathe did is quite in accordance with the law.他的所作所为是完全合法的.

concord/'kpgko:d/1 [U] friendly relationship; harmony； complete peace and argeement 友好；和睦；和平一致；协调：The two tribes hadlived in concord for many centuries.这两个部落已经和睦相处了好几百年．2［C］tech an agree-ment, esp a treaty, establishing peace and friendly relations（尤指和平友好）协定；和约：Both sides willingly signed the concord which ended the disagreement between them.双方欣然签署了协定，从而结束了他们之间的不和.

discord /'dısko:d/ [C; U]1 (a case of) disagree-ment between people 不和；不一致：A good deal of discord/various discords have arisen in the university over this question.这所大学在这个问题上出现了许多／各种分歧．2（esp inmusic) (a) lack of agreement heard when sounds are made or notes played which do not sound well together（尤指音乐）不和谐；不协和：His music had too much discord in it.他的乐曲太不和谐了.He played some ugly discords on the piano.他在钢琴上弹了一些刺耳的不和谐的调子.discordant ［B］ full of or showing discord不和的；不一致的；不和谐的-ly［adv］

N226 verbs 动词：balance and harmony 使平衡与使和谐

[ALSO→N330]

balance /'bæləns/ 1 [T1; Iø] to (cause to) be steady,to (cause to) keep a position and not fall over or down（使）平稳；（使）平衡：He balanced (himself) on top of the narrow wall. 他（使自己）在狭窄墙头上保持身体平衡.Can youbalance on your hands？你能用手倒立吗？2［T1； Iø] to (cause to) be of equal weight,impor-tance, or influence to (something/each other) （使）（重量、重要性、影响等）均等；平衡：Theweight here balances the weight there.这边的重量和那边的重量相等.The two weights balance（perfectly）.这两个重量（完全）相等.

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N227 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

poise /poiz/ [X9 usu pass] to place in such a way as to balance, be steady, etc; to hold (something) esp raised in a usu stated po-sition 使保持平衡；使保持平稳；以某种姿势举着：The stone was poised in his hand, ready to be thrown.他把石子拿在手里，准备把它投出去.poised [Wa5; F3, 9] ready (to do something) 作好准备姿势的；作好准备的：He was poised togo.他准备走了.

harmonize,-ise/'ha:mənarz/[T1; IØ (with)] to (cause to) become harmonious or in agree-ment，balance，etc（使）协调；（使）相称；（使）和谐；（使）一致：Conditions must be harmonized between our two countries.我们两国必须协调我们之间的关系.Her clothes harmonize well with the colours in the room.她衣服的颜色和这房间很相配.

accord/ə'ko:d/[IØ (with)] to harmonize; have the same meaning （as）协调；一致：The two stories don＇t accord. 这两种说法不一致.Your story doesn＇t accord with his.你的说法和他的不一致.

align /ə'lam/ [T1; IØ] to come, bring,form, make, or arrange into a line or suitable po-sition 使成一线；使成一行；使处适当位置：Thesoldiers were aligned ready for battle.士兵们列队准备战斗.Are these walls properly aligned？ 这几堵墙是否排成一线？alignment 1［U］the actof aligning 列队；成一直线：We must get the walls in （to） proper alignment.我们必须使这几堵墙排成一直线．2［C］an example of this 一直线；一直行

match/mætf/1 [T1 (in, for)] a to be equal to (a person in a quality）比得上；敌得过：You can＇t match him in knowledge of wild plants/his knowledge of wild plants.你在野生植物知识方面无法跟他相比.b to find an equal for 有对手；有劲敌：This hotel can＇t be matched for good service and food.这家饭店的优良服务和美味佳肴是无与伦比的．2［IØ；T1］ to be like or suitable for use with（something else）和···相配；和···相称：The curtains don＇t match the paint.这些窗帘和房间的油漆色调不相配.The hat and shoesdon＇t match．这顶帽子和这双鞋不相配．3［T1］tofind something like or suitable for 使配对；使相配；使相称：I need some yellow wool like this； can you match it，please？劳驾，我要一些这样的黄毛线，你能给我配一点吗？

correspond / kprə'spond/ [IØ (with, to)] to harmonize or match 一致；与···相称；相当于；符合：Her story of what happened does not correspond exactly with／to his.她对这件事的说法和他的不完全一致.The house correspondedclosely to what he wanted.这幢房子很符合他的要求． correspondence usu fml 1 ［U］ the condition of corresponding 一致；相当；符合： What correspondence is there between the two sets of information？这两组信息之间有何共同点？2［C］an example or occasion of this 一致或相似之处：The correspondences are interesting； the two sets of information are very alike.这两组资料十分相似，这些相符之处很有趣.

N227 verbs 动词：justifying and explaining 辩护与解释

justify/'d3astə,far/[T1 (to), 4]1 to give a good reason for 证明···有道理；证明···正确；为···辩护：How can you justify your behaviour？你怎样证明自己的行为是有道理的呢？＇to justify the waysof God to man＇（Milton）“向人解释上帝的道”（弥尔顿语）2 to be a good reason for 为···提出正当理由：Nothing can justify such behaviour. 任何理由都不能为这样的行为辩护.What canjustify doing it？ 有什么理由要这样做呢？justification [U; C] (a) (good) reason for doing something（正当的）理由：There is no justification for what he did.他那样做毫无道理. account for [v prep] 1 [T1, 4, 6a: (to)] to give an explanation or reason for 解释；说明；证明： He could not account for his foolish mistake. 他无法解释他所做的那件蠢事.It is difficult toaccount for the absence of policemen at the meeting.很难解释为什么警察不在会场.All themen (= soldiers) are present and accounted for，sir．报告长官，所有士兵都在，无一缺席．2［T1，6a: (to)] to give a statement showing how money or goods left in one's care have been dealt with 说明（钱或物的）用途或处置：He hasto account to the chairman for all the money he spends.他必须向会长报告他所花的每一笔钱的用途．3［T1］infml to kill，shoot，or catch 杀死； 击落；捉住：I think I accounted for three of the attackers.我想我打死了三个袭击者.

answer for [v prep T1] to give reasons why (something esp unsatisfactory) is so; be responsible for the state of （something）解释； 说明（不满意事情的原因）；对···负责：He mustanswer for the loss of the money.他必须对遗失款项一事负责.

explain /ik'splem/ [T1,6a] to give or be the reason for；account for 解释；说明；是···的原因： Can you explain your stupid behaviour？你能对你的愚蠢行为作出解释吗？That explains whyhe＇s not here.那就可以解释清楚他没在这里的原因．explain oneself 1 to make one＇s meaning clear 说清楚自己的意思：I don＇t understandwhat you're talking about. Would you explain yourself a little？我不懂你在说些什么，请你解释一下你的意思好吗？2 to give reasons for one＇sbehaviour 解释自己的行为：Late again，Smith？ I hope you can explain yourself.史密斯，你又迟到啦？我希望你能解释一下．［ALSO→G81,2］

rationalize,-ise /'ræfənəlaiz/ [IØ; T1] to find reasons for (one's own unreasonable behav-iour or opinions） 为（自己不合情理的行为或观点）找理由；文过饰非：He tried to rationalize his fears.他试图为自己的恐惧找理由.Stop ration-alizing; that's not the real reason for what you did.别再文过饰非了，那不是你做那事的真正理由.rationalization, -isation [UJ;C] the or an act or result of rationalizing; an example of this 合理化

N228 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

purpose of seeing your family, or for business

purposes？你到伦敦来的目的是为了看望你的家人，

还是为了公事？The purpose of his life seems to

be to enjoy himself.他的生活目的似乎就是享乐.

a play with a purpose intended to express

the writer's political beliefs, not just to be

amusing 为表达作者的政治信念而写的剧本

answer/fulfil/serve one's/the purpose(s) to

be or do all that is needed 切合需要；管用：I

haven't got a pen her, but a pencil will

answer the same purpose.我这儿没有钢笔，不过

用铅笔也行．on purpose 1 intentionally；not by

accident 故意地；有意地：I＇m sorry I stepped on

your toe; it was an accident.-It wasn't. You

did it on purpose.对不起，我踩了你的脚趾；不过

这不是故意的．-是故意的！你就是故意踩的．2

with a particular stated intention 为了：I came

here on purpose to see you.我是特地来看你的.

to little/no/some/much/good purpose with

little／no／some／much／good result or effect 几乎

没有／没有／有一些／有很大／有很好结果或效果：You

acted to good purpose when you bought that

car；it was both good and cheap.你那辆车买得

对，又好又便宜.to the purpose useful；con-

nected with what is being considered or what

is needed 中肯；得要领；恰当：His remarks

about gardening were hardly to the purpose in

an argument about farming.在一个关于耕作问

题的争论中，他谈论园艺就是文不对题了.

design/dr'zain/[U] purpose; purposeful plan-

ning 意图；图谋；蓄意：Do you think the house

was burnt down by accident or by design？你

认为这房子是由于意外事故被烧毁，还是有人蓄意纵

火？

end／end／［C］ esp lit ＆ poet purpose 目的；目标：

What is his end in life; why does he work so

hard？他的生活目的是什么？他为什么这么卖力工

作？When we say ＇the end justifies the means＇

we suggest that any way of getting what you

want is all right; that is not necessarily true.

当我们说“只要能达目的，就可不择手段”时，意思是

说，为了获得你所要的东西，用什么办法都可以，但此

话未必正确.

ambition /æm'bıfən/1 [U; C] strong desire for

success， power， riches， etc 志向；抱负：That

politician is full of ambition; one of his

ambitions is to become a minister.那位政治家

雄心勃勃；他的抱负之一就是要当部长．2［C］that

which is desired in this way 抱负；目标；渴望得到

之物：That big house on the hill is his

ambition.山上那座大房子是他渴望得到的东西.

ambitious 1 [B, B3] having a strong desire for

success，power，riches，etc 有志向的；有抱负的；

雄心勃勃的；有强烈欲望的；野心勃勃的：He is an

ambitious man. 他是个雄心勃勃的人.He is

ambitious to succeed in politics. 他立志要在政

坛取得成就．2［B］showing or demanding a

strong desire for success, great effort,great

skill，etc 显示或需要雄心的；需要极大努力或才干

的：It＇s an ambitious attempt； I hope it

succeeds.这是一个雄心勃勃的尝试，我希望它能成

功.un-［neg］-ly ［adv］-ness［U］

intention or plan； reason for an action 意图；目 aim／eim／［C］ the desired result of one＇s efforts；

purpose； intention；ambition 目标；目的；意图；

N228 nouns 名词： uses，purposes，and

ambitions 用途、目的与抱负 [ALSO→I29]

use/ju:s/1 [U] the act of using or state of being used［→126］用；使用；应用；运用：His use of English is improving. 他应用英语的能力正在提高．2［U］ the ability or right to use something 运用能力；使用权：He is old but he has the fulluse of his mind and body.他虽已年迈，但还能充分运用脑力和体力.She was given the use of thelibrary．她获准使用图书馆．3［C；U］the purpose or reason for using something 使用目的；用途： What use does this tool have／serve？这个工具有什么用途？This book has a use as an orna-ment．这本书可作装饰之用．4［U］the usefulness or advantage given by something 效用；价值；益处：Is this book any use？这本书有什么价值吗？What＇s the use of worrying？着急有什么用？5 ［U］custom；habit；practice 习俗；习惯；惯例： There is no law, but we accept that local use has the force of law.这儿无法律，但我们承认当地的风俗习惯具有法律的效力.have no use for(esp a person) to think of no value; to dislike 认为无价值；不喜欢（尤指人）in use being used正在使用；在使用中of use esp fml useful有用的：This machine will be of（great） use to us.这机器对我们将会（大）有用处.out of use no longerused 不再被使用；被废弃：That type of machineis out of use.那种机器已被淘汰了.That expres-sion has gone out of use.那种用法已经过时了.make use of to use well； take advantage of 利用；使用：Can you make use of these books？你看这些书还能用吗？

utility /ju:'tıləti/1 [U (of)] the degree of useful-ness 效用；有益；实用性2［C often pl］ anyuseful service for the public, such as supplies of water to the home， the bus service，etc 公用事业（如家庭供水、公共汽车服务等）

validity /væ'lidəti/ [U (of)] the state or condition of being valid［→N211］有效；效力；合法性；正确性：You don＇t know enough about the subject to question the validity of my statements.你对这课题了解不多，没有资格怀疑我的论述的正确性.

worthwhileness /,w3:0'wailnis/ [U (of)] the state or condition of being worthwhile[ N230］，worth doing 值得；值得做：I do not question the worthwhileness of her work; she does very useful work.我对她的工作值不值得做并不存在疑问，她的工作是很有用的.

purpose ／＇p3：pəs／ 1［C］use；effect；result 用途； 效用；效果：Don＇t waste your money；put it to some good purpose.别浪费你的钱了，把它花在有意义的地方吧．2［U］ steady determination in following an aim 决心；毅力：It＇s no use deciding to become a doctor if you lack purpose in setting yourself to the necessary studies； you must have a sense of purpose. 如果你决心当医生而又缺乏进行必要学习的毅力，那么你的决定就毫无意义；你必须有毅力．3［C］an的；宗旨：Did you come to London for the

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N229 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

抱负：What is your aim in working so hard？你如此努力工作，目的是什么？He told me about hisaims in life.他对我讲述了他在生活中追求的目标.

goal／gəul／［C］esp lit aim；ambition 目标；目的； 抱负：His goal in life is to become a great poli-tician／writer／singer.他的生活目标是成为一个大政治家／作家／歌星.

8 ydwa uafo pf tou nsn [n]/iuicd/uod emot the use or purpose 意义；用处；目的：What＇s the point of doing that？ 那样做目的何在？There＇s no point in going there today； no one will be there.今天到那儿去毫无意义，那儿不会有人.

N229 adjectives 形容词：useful and

sensible［B］有用的与合理的

useful／＇ju：sfəl／1 effective in use 有用的；有益的； 有效的：That is a useful idea.那是个有用的意见.Money is always useful．金钱总是有用的．2 able to help 有帮助的；有用的：He＇s a useful person to have around.有他这么个人在身边是很有用的.-ly ［adv］ -ness ［U］ outlive／outlast its (one's) usefulness to continue to be present when old and no longer effective in the proper way 老到无用的程度；衰老无用

helpful /'helpfəl/ able or willing to help or be useful 有帮助的；乐于帮助的；有用的：She＇s a veryhelpful（kind of）person.她是（那种）乐于助人的人.Try to be more helpful to people.要努力使自己更乐于助人.That＇s a helpful idea.那是个有用的意见.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

handy /'hændi/ [Wal] 1 useful and simple to use 有用而方便的；便于使用的：This is a handylittle box．这个小匣子方便实用．2 clever in usingthe hands 手灵巧的：She＇s handy with her needle．她擅长做针线活儿．3 infml nearby 在手边的；近便的：The shops are quite handy.商店离这儿都很近.-iness ［U］ come in handy to be useful from time to time 时时有用的：These tools should come in handy some day;let's keep them.这些工具总有一天会有用的，留着它们吧.

sensible /'sensəbəl/ reasonable; having or showing good sense 明事理的；明智的；合理的：asensible person／choice一个通情达理的人／明智的选择-bly［adv］

profitable /'profitəbəl/ 1 useful; resulting in advantage 有用的；有益的：She spent a profi-table day cleaning the house thoroughly.她充分地利用了一天时间彻底打扫了屋子．2 resultingin money gain 有利（可图）的；能获利的；合算的：He has a profitable business selling television and radio sets.他经销电视机和收音机，是很赚钱的生意.attempts to make the business more profitable 使生意获更大利润的努力-bly［adv］-ability [U]

N230 adjectives 形容词：practical and purposeful［B］实用的与有目的的

practical /'præktikal/ 1 useful in helping to do

something 实用的；务实的：That＇s a very practi-cal idea； let＇s make use of it immediately. 那是个很实际的主意，我们马上采用吧.She＇s a verypractical person; she's good at cooking and gardening as well as teaching.她是个务实的人， 不但善于教书，还擅长烹饪和园艺.Come on；tryto be more practical and less theoretical [→G9；I71］！得啦，多讲点实际，少来点理论吧！2concerned with the way in which things are actually done 实践的；实际的；实行上的：It＇s agood idea but there may be practical difficul-ties in doing it.这主意好是好，不过做起来可能有实际困难．im-［neg］-ly［adv Wa4］

pragmatic /præg'mætik/ doing things in the way that seems best at the time or in the particular place, and not necessarily following any general idea about how to do things 实际的；重实效的；实事求是的；实用主义的：She is apragmatic person and does things quickly without waiting to discuss how to do them. 她是个讲求实效的人，办事快捷，不等商议如何做就动手．-ally［adv Wa4］

reallstic / riə'listrk/ 1 (of persons) practical because understanding how things are（指人） 现实的；实际的：Let＇s have a realistic discussion of our difficulties.我们来现实地讨论一下我们的困难吧．2（of things）true to life（指物）逼真的： He paints very realistic pictures.他画的画形象逼真．-ally［adv Wa4］

down-to-earth /'dauntə'3:0/ emph practical; true to life 从实际出发的；切切实实的；脚踏实地的：Talking won＇t help， we need down-to-earth action to save us.议论没有用，我们需要脚踏实地的行动才能挽救自己.He spoke in a very down-to-earth way.她说得很实在.

matter-of-fact/'mætərəv'fækt/ not fml con-cerned with facts, not imagination; practical, not fanciful 注重事实的；讲究实际的；求实的；不异想天开的：Now let＇s find out what really happened,' he said in his matter-of-fact way. “现在让我们来看看到底发生了什么事，”他以他那讲究实际的口吻说.

utilitarian / ju:tılə'teərıən/ concerned with prac-tical use; not made for or interested in forms, thoughts，etc 重实用的；重功利的：This equip-ment is utilitarian， not a work of art.这台设备是为实用而设计的，不是一件艺术品.

empirical /ım'pırikəl/ (of people or methods) guided only by practical experience rather than by scientific ideas out of books（指人或方法）根据经验的；经验主义的：They learnt theboiling-point of water by the empirical method; they boiled some and then measured the temperature.他们用实验的方法找出水的沸点；他们把水煮沸，然后量度水温．-ly［adv；Wa4］

worthwhile /'w3:θ'wail/ esp emot worth doing; worth the trouble taken 值得做的；值得花精力的：She has a very worthwhile job.她有一件很值得做的工作.Her interest makes our efforts worthwhile.她感兴趣便使我们的努力不白费.

purposeful /'pa:pəsfəl/ 1 directed towards a （special） purpose 有（特殊）目的的：All the cook's actions as she prepared the meal were purposeful； she had no time to waste.那厨师做

1062

饭时的每一个动作都是有目的的；她一点时间也不浪费．2 full of or expressing determination 有决心的：He＇s a purposeful young man who knows what he wants to do in life, and will probably succeed in doing it.他是个有决心的青年，他知道自己生活中追求什么，因此他很可能会成功.-ly［adv］

N231 adjectives 形容词：not useful，

purposeful，etc 无用的、无目的的等

useless／＇ju：slis／［B］1 not of any use 无用的；用不着的：A coat is useless in a hot country.在气候炎热的国家，外套没有用处．2 not giving hopeof success 无益的；徒劳的：Weeping is useless； action may have some results.哭泣是没有用的， 行动起来或许会有某些成效．3 infml not able todo anything properly 不中用的；无能的：You＇re useless！ You＇ve done it wrong again！你真不中用！瞧你又做错了！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

purposeless /'pз:pəslis/ [B] having no purpose or meaning 无目的的；无意义的：Though she＇srich she doesn't lead (= live) a purposeless existence; she works hard helping the poor and sick.她虽然很富有，但她并没有过那种无意义的生活；她为帮助穷人和病人作出很大努力.

aimless／＇ermlis／［B］ having no aim 无目标的；无目的的：He leads a very aimless life／existence； he never does anything worthwhile.他过着毫无目的的生活，从来不做一件有意义的事.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

pointless /'pointlis/ [B] esp emph & emot having no point 无意义的：Going there is point-less；it won＇t help anybody！到那儿去是毫无意义的，对谁都没有帮助！-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

vain /vem/ [Wa5; A] esp lit & emot without result；useless 徒劳的；枉然的；无用的；无益的：After a number of vain attempts to climb the mountain we were forced to return to camp. 我们多次尝试登山都告失败之后，不得不返回营地.-ly［adv］：He tried vainly to do it.他努力试着做， 但没有成功.

futile/'fju:tail/ [B] often deprec 1 (of an action) having no effect； unsuccessful； useless（指行动）无结果的；不成功的；无用的：All his attemptsto unlock the door were futile, because he was using the wrong key.他怎么也打不开门，因为他用错了钥匙.Don＇t waste time by asking futile questions．不要浪费时间问那些无用的问题．2（ofa person) worthless; of no importance; lacking ability to succeed（指人）没出息的；无足轻重的；无能的：That futile young man does nothing but waste money.那个没出息的青年什么都不干，只会挥霍．futility 1 ［U］ the condition of being futile 无效；徒劳；无益2［C］something futile 无益的事；徒劳的事

dud /dad/ not fml 1 [Wa5; B] of no use;not able to work（properly）无用的；不成的；失效的； 不中用的：These matches are dud； they won＇t light．这些火柴不行了，一根也划不着．2［C］aperson or thing that is of little use 不中用的人或东西：He＇s a dud；he can＇t help you.他这个人不成，帮不了你的忙.

N233 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

N232 adjectives 形容词：ready and

prepared 准备好的与有准备的

ready/'redi/ [Wa1] 1 [F ( for), F3] prepared and fit（for use）准备好的：Is breakfast ready？早餐准备好了吗？The letters are ready for the post／ready to be signed.这些信件已准备好可以发了／可以签字了.I＇m not ready yet.Where are my shoes？我还没有准备好，我的鞋子哪儿去了？un- [neg] 2 [F3] (of a person) willing (to do something）（指人）愿意（做···）的；乐意的：She＇s always ready to help．她总是乐于助人．3［A］（of thoughts or their expressions） quick（指思想或思想表达）敏捷的；机灵的：She has a readytongue（＝ can talk well）.她口齿伶俐.He is a man of ready wit．他是个头脑机灵的人．4［F］within reach 伸手可得的：He slept with his sword ready.他睡觉时把剑放在身边.-ily［adv］-iness ［U］ make ready to prepare oneself 作好准备：They made ready for the attack.他们作好了进攻的准备.

prepared/pri'peəd/ 1 [Wa5; B]got ready in advance 预先准备好的；有准备的：The chairmanread out a prepared statement (which he had written before the meeting）.（会议）主席宣读了一份事先准备好的声明．2［F3］willing愿意的：I＇mnot prepared to listen to all your weak excuses.我可不愿意听你那些站不住脚的借口.

N233 adjectives 形容词：strong and powerful［B］强壮的与强大的

[ALSO→B91]

strong/stron/[Wal] 1 having (a degree of) power，esp of the body 强壮的；强健的：Sheis not very strong after her illness.她病后身体不很强壮．How strong is he？ 他有多壮？2 powerful against harm; not easily broken, spoilt, moved or changed 牢固的；坚固的；强而有力的：He worestrong shoes.他穿的鞋子很结实.She has strong beliefs.她有坚定的信念.He held the door back with his strong arm.他用结实有力的胳膊拉着门不让它关上.The support of the minister puts him in a strong position in the election.部长的支持使他在选举中处于强有力的地位．3［E］of acertain number 达到···数目的；达···之多的：Our club is a hundred strong (= has 100 people in it）．我们的俱乐部有一百人之多．4 violent 猛烈的；激烈的：There was a strong wind last night.昨晚风很大．5 powerful or effective 有力的；效果强烈的：His was a strong argument.他的论据很有力.There is a strong smell of cats.有一股刺鼻的猫味儿．6 unacceptable 不能接受的：It＇ a bitstrong to punish them for such a small thing. 为了这么一点小事而处罚他们太过分了．7（esp ofdrinks) having a lot of the material which gives taste（尤指饮料）浓烈的；烈性的：The tea istoo strong.这茶太浓了.Mix my drink strong（＝ not with much water）.把我的饮料调浓些.-ly[adv]

intense/m'tens/ strong (in quality or feeling)

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N234 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

（性质或感情上）强烈的；剧烈的：The cold wasintense.天气严寒.She felt intense sorrow at／over what had happened.她对所发生的事感到非常伤心.-ly［adv］

dynamic /dar'næmik/ often apprec(of people, ideas,etc) full of or producing power and activity（指人、思想等）富有生气和活力的；精力十足的：She is a very dynamic worker.她是个精力十分充沛的工作人员.His dynamic ideas helpedall of us.他那些富有生气的想法对我们大家都有启发．-ally［adv；Wa4］

potent/'pəutənt/1 (of medicines, drugs, drinks, etc) having a strong and/or rapid effect on the body or mind（指药、酒等）强效的；烈性的：Thiswine is too potent for me; it makes me feel unsteady.这种葡萄酒对我来说太浓了，喝了使我觉得头晕．2 fml（of arguments，reasoning，etc） strongly effective； causing one to agree（指论据、说理等）有说服力的3（of a male） sexuallyactive（指男性）有性交能力的4lit or fml havinggreat power，esp politically（尤指政治上）有势力的；强而有力的-ly［adv］

powerful/'pavəfəl/1 very strong;full of force 强而有力的；强大的：He is a very powerful swim-mer；he has powerful arms and legs.他是一个很有劲的游泳运动员，四肢强壮有力.The horsehad a powerful kick. 这匹马踢起来很有力.Itwas a powerful army．那是一支强大的军队．2 ofgreat ability； easily producing ideas 能力强的； 富于想象的：The great scientist had a powerful brain.这位伟大的科学家有非凡的头脑.Herimagination is too powerful.她的想象力实在太丰富了．3 strong or great in degree（程度）强烈的：Onions have a powerful smell.洋葱有一股刺鼻的气味.Electric current is often powerful enough to kill.电流常常强得足以置人于死地.Hewears powerful glasses．他戴深度眼镜．4 having a strong effect 效力大的；作用强的：The minister made a powerful political speech.这位部长作了一次感染力很强的政治演说.This wine is verypowerful．这酒很浓烈．5 having much control and influence 有影响的；有权威的；权力大的：Powerful nations sometimes try to frighten weaker ones．强国有时候企图威吓弱国．6 havingor using great working or electrical power 大功率的；大马力的：It is a powerful car with apowerful engine.这是一辆大马力汽车，装有一台大功率引擎.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

mighty /'maiti/ [Wal] esp old use & lit power-ful；strong 强大的；强而有力的：He was a mightyman and could lift whole trees.他力大无比，能连根拔起整棵树.-tily［adv］-tiness ［U］

arbitrary /'a:bətrəri/1 of power that is uncon-trolled and used without considering the wishes of others 独裁的；专横的；专制的：Thearbitrary decisions of the factory owners caused anger among the workers.厂方霸道的决定激起了工人们的愤怒．2 often deprec decidedby or based on personal opinion or chance rather than reason 随意的；凭私意的；武断的：Ididn't know anything about any of the books so my choice was quite arbitrary.我对所有那些书都一无所知，因此我是随便选的.Arbitrarystatements have little value.随意发表的声明并

无多大价值.-trarily［adv］-trariness［U］

N234 adjectives 形容词：strong in

special ways ［B］（特殊形式的）强壮的；坚固的

sturdy /'st3:di/[Wal] 1 strong and firm, esp in body（尤指身体）强健的；粗壮的；坚实的：Thelittle boy was running on his sturdy legs.那小男孩迈开结实的双腿奔跑着.That＇s a sturdytable．那张桌子很坚固．2 determined in action （行动）坚定的；不屈的：They kept up a sturdyopposition to the plan.他们坚决反对那个计划.-ily [adv]-iness [U]

robust /rəu'bast/1 having or showing very good health 强健的：a robust young man 身体健壮的年轻人2 euph ＆ not derog （of jokes， conver-sation, etc) rather rude; not suited to polite society（指玩笑、言谈等）粗野的；粗俗的-ly[adv]-ness[U]

tough/taf/ [Wal] 1 strong; not easily weakened; able to suffer uncomfortable conditions 健壮的；坚强的；能吃苦耐劳的：Only tough breedsof sheep can live in the mountains.只有那些结实健壮种类的羊才能在山里生活.He is a toughfighter．他是一位能打硬仗的战士．2 not easilycut，worn or broken 坚韧的；不易磨损或破碎的：This material is as tough as leather.这料子坚韧如皮革.This is very tough cloth.这种布料很结实．3 difficult to cut or eat 割不开的；咬不动的：What tough meat this is！这肉可真老！4 diffi-cult to do； not easy； demanding 难做的；费力的； 棘手的：That was a tough lesson／job.那是一堂艰深难懂的课／一件艰难的工作.We have a toughstruggle in front of us.我们面临着一场艰苦的斗争．5 unyielding；hard 强硬的；不屈的；顽强的：The government has threatened to get tough with people who try to avoid paying taxes.政府威胁说，它将对逃税者采取强硬措施．6 rough；violent； disorderly 粗暴的；强横的；目无法纪的：They are tough criminals.他们是一伙目无法纪的罪犯．7 infml too bad；unfortunate 糟糕的；不幸的：Tough luck！真倒霉！It really is tough that it had to happen to you of all people.真不幸，这事偏偏让你碰上了.as tough as oldboots 1 very tough 非常坚韧的：This meat＇s as tough as old boots．这肉老得像老牛皮似的．2very strong 很健壮的：He＇s never lost a day＇s work through illness. He's as tough as old boots．他从来不生病误工，身体非常结实．3 unableto feel pity，sympathy，etc 心肠硬的；无同情心的： Our teacher's as tough as old boots so we never expect sympathy from her.我们的老师是铁石心肠，所以我们从来不指望她可怜我们.

stout/staut/[Wa1] 1 strong; thick; too solid to break健壮的；粗壮结实的；牢固的：He cut a stoutstick to help him walk.他砍了一根粗粗的枝条作拐杖.He wore stout walking shoes.他穿着一双结实的便鞋．2 often lit ＆ pomp brave； deter-mined 英勇的；坚定的：She is a stout supporter of the team.她是这个队坚定的支持者.He put upa stout defence against them.他对他们进行了顽强的抵抗.

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stalwart /'sto:lwət/ esp lit 1 [B] strong,brave and loyal 健壮的；勇敢忠诚的：He is a stalwartsupporter of the king. 他是国王忠实可靠的支持者．2［C］a stalwart person 忠实的人：He is one of our stalwarts.他是我们的中坚分子之一.

durable ／＇djuərəbəl／able to last； long-lasting 耐用的；持久的；耐久的：trousers of durable material 用耐穿料子做的裤子；a durable， easy-to-clean surface 耐用而又易于清洗的表面；a durablepeace between two nations 两国之间的持久和平

hardwearing /,ha:d'weəri/ BrE, longwearing /lon'weəri/ AmE apprec (esp of a material or clothes,shoes, etc) that lasts for a long time，even when used a lot（指衣料、衣服、鞋等）经久耐穿的

heavy-duty/ hevr'dju:ti/ (of clothes, tyres,ma-chines, etc) made to be used a lot, or strong enough for rough treatment（指衣服、轮胎、机器等）经久耐用的

N235 nouns 名词：strength and energy

力量与精力 [ALSO → B92,H80,N155]

strength /strenθ/ 1 [U] the quality of being strong， or degree of being strong 力气；力量； 实力；强度：He can lift heavy weights because of his strength. 他力气很大，能够提起很重的东西.What is the strength of this material？这种材料的强度怎么样？She has great strength ofcharacter．她的性格很坚强．2［U］something providing strength or power 力量的源泉：His personal knowledge is the strength of his argu-ment.他的论据之所以有力是因为他有渊博的知识.3［U］force，esp measured in numbers 人数；兵员；兵力：They came in strength to see the fight. 他们成群结队来观看搏斗.They were four menbelow strength.他们的人数不足额，还差四个人.They need more guns to bring the army up to （full）strength. 他们需要更多的枪才能使部队达到规定的装备水平．4［C usu pl］ a strong quality强点；长处：What are his strengths and weak-nesses？他有什么长处和短处？on the strengthof 1 because of 由于；凭恃：I bought it on the strength of his advice.我是听了他的意见才买的.2 in the likelihood of 以备···之可能：I baked a cake on the strength of their coming.他们可能要来，所以我做了一个蛋糕.

intensity/m'tensəti/ [U] 1 the quality of being intense 强度 2 an appearance showing strong feeling（感情的）强烈；（强烈感情引起的）紧张：Iwas surprised by the intensity of her face as she looked at him.她看着他时脸上那热切的神情使我吃惊.

dynamism /'daınə,mızəm/ [U] 1 (in a person) the quality of being dynamic（人的）精力；活力； 干劲：Harry is bursting with dynamism.哈里精力旺盛．2 tech a system of thought that explains everything in the world as the result of natural forces acting upon each other（以各种自然力之间的相互作用来解释宇宙万物的）物力论；力本论

potency/'pəutənsi/[U] the quality or state of

N236 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

being potent；power 力量；能力；效力：He has lost his sexual potency. 他丧失了性交的能力.Medicines not stored away from the air will lose their potency.未经密封存放的药品会失效.

power /'pauə/ [U] 1 strength and force, esp of armies， machines，etc（尤指军队、机器等的）力量：They have great power over our lives.他们对我们的生命有巨大的影响力．2 ability；authority能力；权力：It isn＇t（with）in my power to help them.我无力帮助他们.

energy /'enəd3i/1 [U] (of people) the quality of being full of life and action; power and ability to do a lot of work（指人的）精力；活力：Young people usually have more energy than the old．青年人通常比老年人精力充沛．2［C oftenpl with same meaning] the power which one can use in working 精力；干劲：You must apply/devote all your energies to this job(=to concentrate your energy on it）.你必须全力以赴做好这项工作.

might/mait/ [U] esp old use & lit power; strength 威力；力气：He was a man of great might.他是个大力士.The Greeks faced the whole might of the Persian Empire.希腊人面对着来自波斯帝国的全部威力.

N236 adjectives 形容词：not strong and powerful ［B］软弱无力的

[ALSO→B93]

weak/wi:k/[Wal]1 not strong enough to work or last properly 弱的；不牢固的 a （of parts ofobjects）（指物）：A weak wall like that can＇t hold up this house.那样单薄的墙支撑不住这幢房子.b（of organs of the body）（指人体器官）：He has a weak heart．他的心脏衰弱．2 not strong in character 性格软弱的；懦弱的：He is too weak todefend his rights.他太软弱，不敢维护自己的权利.3 not as well as usual in body esp after illness （尤指病后）虚弱的：His legs felt weak.他感到双腿发软.My head was weak after drinking the wine．喝酒以后，我感到昏昏沉沉的．4 containingmainly water 多水的；淡的：I don＇t like weak tea．我不喜欢喝淡茶．5 not reaching a goodstandard 差的；蹩脚的：His work is rather weak. 他的工作比较差.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

fragile /'fræd3ail/1 easily broken or damaged 脆的；易破碎的；易损坏的：This old glass dish isvery fragile； it＇s in a very fragile condition.这只旧玻璃盘子很容易碎，它经不起一碰．2 easilydestroyed；not likely to last 易毁灭的；不长久的： Their happiness was very fragile.他们的幸福难以持久．3 a slight in body or weak in health 瘦弱的；虚弱的：The old lady looks very fragile.那老太太看上去身体虚弱.b usu humor not in agood condition of health and spirits； weak 健康和精神不佳的；虚弱的：T＇m feeling ratherfragile this morning,' he said; I must have drunk too much （alcohol）last night.＇“今天早上我觉得软弱无力，”他说，“一定是昨晚酒喝多了.”fragility ［U］ the condition of being fragile 脆； 脆弱；虚弱；软弱

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N237 RIGHTNESS ＆ STRENGTH 正确与力量

frail /freil/[Wa1] weak, esp because old and/ or ill 脆弱的；（尤指因年老或有病而）虚弱的：Hishealth is frail.他身体虚弱.Her arms looked very frail and she couldn＇t lift the box.她的胳膊看上去十分脆弱，连那只箱子都提不起.-ly［adv］frailty ［U］ the condition of being frail 脆弱；虚弱

feeble／＇fi：bəl／［Wal，3］1 very weak 软弱无力的； 非常虚弱的：His body grew feebler as the illness got worse.随着病情的加重，他的身体越来越软弱无力了．2 very unsatisfactory 极不令人满意的：What a feeble story; do you expect me to believe it？这种说法太牵强了，难道你以为我会相信吗？-bly［adv］-ness ［U］

puny /'pju:ni/ [Wal] usu deprec small and weak；poorly developed 弱小的；发育不良的： She was a puny child, with puny little arms and legs， the result of lack of proper food.由于缺乏适当的营养，她成了一个四肢发育不良的弱小孩子.Puny man looks out at the universe.小小的人类窥探着宇宙万物.

rickety /'rikəti/ weak in the joints and likely to break 连接处不牢固而易断裂的；东倒西歪的：Hewas pushing a rckety old cart.他推着一辆快要散架的旧手推车.

impotent ／＇impətənt／1 having no power 无力（量）的；软弱无能的：Your army is impotent against mine！＇he laughed.他大笑道：“你的军队软弱无能，无法跟我的较量！”2［Wa5］（of a male）sexually inactive（指男性）阳萎的；性无能的-ly[adv]: They watched impotently while he took the money.他们眼巴巴地看着他把钱拿走.

N237 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

strengthening and concentrating 加强与集中

strengthen ／＇strenθən／1［IØ］to gain strength 变强：His body slowly strengthened.他的体格慢慢地强健起来．2［T1］to make strong or stronger 加强；巩固：He strengthened the city walls.他加固了城墙.

intensify /m'tensifai/ [IØ; T1] to become or to make more intense, stronger,more effective, etc 增强；强化；加剧：The sound intensified.声响加强了.He intensified his demands for more money.他更加强烈地要求得到更多的钱.

intensification /In,tensəfr'keifən/1 [U] theact of intensifying 增强；强化2［C］an example or amount of this 增强或强化之实例或程度

shore up [v adv T1] to strengthen or give support to (something weak or in danger of falling); strengthen; keep from failing or fall-ing 支撑；支持；加强；巩固：The government took action to shore up farm prices.政府采取行动来维持农产品的价格.His foolish plans are shored up with even weaker arguments.他的计划很愚蠢，而支持他计划的论点更是站不住脚.

reinforce /ri:n'fo:s/ [T1] to strengthen by adding materials 增强；加固：She reinforced the coat by sewing pieces of leather on the elbows.她在上衣的两个肘部各缝上一块皮使之更

加耐磨.（fig）He will reinforce the argument with facts.他将用事实来加强他的论证.

reinforcement / ri:ın'fo:smənt/ [U] the act of strengthening by adding materials 增强；加固： Her reinforcement of the coat was a success. 她加厚外套的办法很管用.

concentrate /'konsən,treit/1 [L9; X9] to (cause to） come together in or around one place（使） 集中；聚集：Industrial development is being concentrated in the south of the country.这个国家正在南部集中发展工业.The crowds concen-trated in the centre of the town near the royal palace．人群聚集在市中心皇宫附近．2［T1］ techto strengthen by reducing the per cent of water in a solution (= a mixture of some sub-stance and water） 浓缩 3 ［IØ； T1： （on，upon）］ to keep or direct (all one's thoughts, efforts, attention，etc）专心；集中（思想、精力、注意力等）：I＇m never able to concentrate so early in the morning.在大清早我从来无法集中精力.Unless you concentrate more on your work you＇ll be dismissed！如果你不更专心地工作，就要被解雇！She concentrated all her efforts upon succeeding at work.她集中全力要在工作上取得成就.

concentration/,konsən'trerfən/1[U] the act of concentrating or being concentrated 集中；专心：The concentration of industry in the south of the country angered the people in the north.这个国家的工业集中在南方，使北方人感到愤怒.His concentration is very good；when he is working he never hears anything else.他很善于集中注意力；他在工作时从来不受其它声音的干扰．2 ［C usu sing］ an act of bringing people， forces，etc together（人、兵力等的）聚集；集结： There has been a concentration of enemy forces near the river.敌军已在河边集结.

focus /'fəukəs/ 1 [in, out of U; C] the point where lines of light meet; the point at which the eye can see or an apparatus, etc can show a picture clearly 焦点：The group of people was not in focus/was out of focus, so the photo-graph was not clear.照相机的焦点没有对准人群，所以相片显得模糊不清．2［（the）U（of）］（fig）the part of great interest or activity（注意、活动的）中心：The older part of the city was the focus of the trouble.这个城市的旧城区是经常出乱子的地方．3［T1］a to bring to a focus 聚焦；（使）集中：The piece of glass focused the sun-beams on the paper, which began to smoke. 玻璃片把阳光聚焦到纸上，纸就开始冒烟了.（fig）He focused his mind on his work.他把思想集中到工作上.b to arrange （the glass in an ap-paratus） so as to obtain a clear picture 调焦距： You must focus the camera before you try to take a picture.在拍照前，你先得调好相机的焦距.c to make （a picture） clear by doing this 调焦距以使（图像）清晰：Did you enjoy the cinema？ -No， the film wasn＇t properly focused.你欣赏这部电影吗？-不，放映机的焦距没调好，画面模糊不清．4［IØ on］ to be focused on 对准；注视：The camera focused on the horse.照相机的镜头对准了那匹马．5［IØ］ infml to think clearly 清晰地思考：I＇m tired；I just can＇t focus at all. 我

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太累了；思想根本不能集中.

exert／rg＇z3：t／［T1］ to use （strength， skill，etc）运用（力量、技能等）：She couldn＇t open the door， even by exerting all her strength.她用尽全身力气也无法把门打开.My wife＇s been exerting a lotof pressure on me to change my job.我的妻子一直对我施加压力，要我换工作.Lord Rosendalehas exerted all his influence to help you.罗森戴尔勋爵已运用了他全部影响力来帮助你.exertoneself to make an effort 努力；尽力：He never exerts himself to help anyone.他从来不会费心去帮助别人.

exertion ／rg＇z3：fən／1 ［U］ the act of exerting 用力；运用：A certain amount of bodily exertion is needed to keep people healthy.适量的体力活动对保持身体健康是必要的．2［C］ an example ofthis；effort 用力；努力：His exertions were useless；the door wouldn＇t open.他白费了力气， 门怎么也打不开.

N238 verbs 动词：not strengthening；

making weak 没有加强、削弱、冲淡

weaken/'wi:kən/ 1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) be weak in form，material or health 削弱；使衰弱； 变弱；冲淡：Pulling down the next door house weakened our wall.拆除隔壁的房屋使我们的墙壁不那么牢固了.The illness weakened her heart.疾病使她的心脏衰弱了.This illnessweakens the sufferer.这场病使患者变得虚弱.She weakened as the illness grew worse.随着病情的加重，她的身体越来越衰弱了．2［IØ］tobecome less determined 变得不坚定；变软弱；让步：She asked so many times that in the end we weakened and let her go.她一再请求，最后我们只好让步，让她走了.

enfeeble /m'fi:bəl/ [T1 often pass] to make （someone） weak 使（人）衰弱：He was en-feebled by his long illness.他因长期生病而变得虚弱了.

dilute /dar'lu:t/ [T1 (with)] to make (a liquid) weaker or thinner (by mixing another liquid with it）冲淡；稀释：He diluted the paint with oil.他用油把漆调稀.The water will dilute the wine.水能把酒冲淡.（fig）The strength of the army was diluted by the use of untrained men.使用未经训练的士兵削弱了这支军队的战斗力.dilution ［U］ the act of diluting or the state of being diluted 冲淡；稀释

water down [v adv; T1 often pass] 1 to weaken （a liquid） by adding water 搀水；冲淡：Waiter， this soup/beer/drink has been watered down! 服务员，这汤／啤酒／饮料是搀了水的！2（fig）toweaken the effect of（something）冲淡···效果； 减弱：His political statement has been watered down so as not to offend anyone.他降低了政论的调子，以免得罪人.

sap／sæp／［T1］ esp emot to make weak 使衰竭； 削弱：That long illness has sapped his strength／his will to live.这场宿疾使他体力衰竭／使他失去了活下去的毅力.

N250 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

N239 verbs ＆ modals 动词和情态动词：

strength and ability 力量与能力

be able [I3] to have the power, skill, knowl-edge, money, time, etc necessary (to do some-thing）具有做某事所需的能力、技巧、知识、钱财、时间等；能；会：Is he able to go？-No；he isn＇t able to.-No；he can＇t.他能去吗？-不，他不能去.As I had plenty of time／money，I was able to help her more.因为我有的是钱／时间，所以我能够给她更多的帮助.I am better／more ableto help her now than I was last year.我现在比去年更有条件帮助她了．enable［V3］ to make itpossible for（someone）（to do something）使能够；使可能：The money enabled him to go for a much-needed holiday.这笔钱使他有可能去度假，而他是很需要休一休假的.enablement［U］

can／kæn／［Wv2； IØ， 2］ 1 genl be able to 能；会：Is he able to do it?-Yes; he can.-(fml)No; he cannot.--（infml）No；he can＇t.他能做这件事吗？-是的，他能.-不，他不能.He can do itand so can I.他能做得了，我也能.I thought Icould （＝would be able to） do it， and I can！我本来就想我能做这件事，而我现在确实能！2 beallowed to；not fml may 被允许做；可以：Can I go now， please？-Yes；you can.现在我可以走了吗？-可以走了．3be（able to）by nature（指天性）会：She can be very unfriendly some-times when she feels like it.她有时候耍起脾气来，会对人很不客气的.

could/kud/[Wv2; IØ, 2]1 past of can def1(can ［释义1］的过去式）：He could do it then，but he can＇t do it now.那时他会做，现在不会了.Could she go？-No； she couldn＇t.她能去吗？-不，她去不了．2 polite be allowed to；less fml might 被允许做；可以：Could I go now，please？-Yes，you may.现在我可以走了吗？-行，请便吧．3 past of can def 3（can［释义3］的过去式）：She could be very unfriendly some-times when she felt like it.她有时要起性子来，会对人很不客气的.

Fullness, heaviness, thickness, stiffness,roughness,etc

满、重、厚、硬与粗糙等

N250 adjectives 形容词：full 满的

full/ful/1 [Wa2; B (of)] (of a container) filled with liquid, powder,etc, as near to the top as is convenient in practice（指容器）装满的：They brought us out a pot full of steaming coffee. 他们给我们端来了一满壶热气腾腾的咖啡.Do youwant a full cup of tea， or halfa cup？你要一杯茶还是半杯？You haven＇t drunk any of your tea；your cup＇s still full.你的茶一点也没喝，杯子还是满的.Why does grandmother always give you the fullest glass of orange drink？为什么祖

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N250 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

母总是把最满的一杯橙汁给你呢？It＇s rude tospeak with your mouth full(=while you are eating）.吃东西时说话是不礼貌的.This bag offlour is only half full(= contains half the amount that it can hold）.这袋子里只装了半袋面) feelings are too deep for me to express them). 我心情激动，难以言传.Don＇t fill my cup too full.不要往我的杯子里倒得太满．2［Wa5；A；F（of，with, up)] (ofa container) filled to the top; holding as much as possible（指容器）满到极限的；满的：You can＇t put any more liquid into a full bottle.你是无法往已经满了的瓶子里再加液体的.After the storm，the holes in the road were full of rainwater.暴风雨过后，路上的坑洼处积满了雨水.The bath＇s full up； someone forgot to turn off the water.浴缸里的水满得溢出来了，有人忘了关上水龙头.The drawer was full up withold clothes.抽屉里塞满了旧衣服.（fig）When he heard of his son's wonderful success,his cup was full (= he was contented; he had every-thing he could wish for）.他得知儿子获得惊人的成功后，感到心满意足了．3［Wa2；A；F（up）］（ofa space) containing as many people,objects, etc，as possible；crowded（指空间）挤满了的；拥挤的：The train＇s full （up）； there are no seats left at all.火车坐满了乘客，没有空位子了.I don＇tlike travelling on a full train.我不喜欢坐挤满人的火车.As this page is now full， I can＇t write any more.这一页写满了，我不能再写了.Thedoctor has a very full day before him.(=he has work to do all the time）.那医生这一天的工作已经排得满满的了、4［F of］ containingorhaving plenty（of）有很多的；充满的：The field was full of sheep feeding on the new grass.田野上到处都是在吃嫩草的羊.This work＇s full ofmistakes; I've never seen work more full of mistakes.这作业充满了错误；我从来没有见过错误那么多的作业.Her eyes were full of tears.她眼泪盈眶.Every time they meet us， they＇re full of complaints about something.他们每次看到我们，都是牢骚满腹．5［Wal；A；F（up）］infml well fed,often to the point of discomfort; satisfied 饱的；（通常指）吃得过饱的；满足的：I can＇t eatany more；I＇m full up.我吃不下了，我已经饱了.You ought not to go swimming on a full stomach．你不应饱着肚子去游泳．6［Wal；B］complete；whole 完全的；全部的；完整的；详尽的：The full truth of the matter can never be told. 这件事的全部真相永远不会为人所知了.He＇s beenworking here for a full year.他在这里整整工作了一年.Please write down your full name and address.请写下你的全名和地址.She＇s neverenjoyed a full measure of happiness (= as much happiness as she deserved）.她从未享受过真正的幸福.This medical book is very full on (= deals very thoroughly with) the subject of children's diseases, but less full on how to prevent them.这本医学书对儿科疾病写得很详尽，但关于如何预防却谈得不多.She rose to her fullheight (= stood up very straight and proudly). 她挺直身子站了起来.My foot caught in thestep，and I fell full length flat on the ground）.我在台阶上绊了一跤，直挺挺地摔倒在地

上. He was lying full length on the bed （＝ stretched out）.他直挺挺地躺在床上.He has leda full life (=has had every kind of experi-ence）；his life has been full.他生活阅历广博，生活很充实.The tennis player gave the ball the full treatment （＝ hit it as hard as possible）.这个网球运动员用尽生平力气把球打过去．7［Wa5；A］ the highest or greatest possible 最高度的；最大（限度）的；十足的：He drove the car at fullspeed through the town.他以全速驱车穿过市区.Only a very good student can obtain full marks in such a difficult examination.只有特别优秀的学生才能在这样难的考试中得满分.Up onthe hill, the full force of the wind can be felt. 登上山顶，可以感觉到风力的劲头.The huntingdogs were in full cry after the fox.这群猎犬狂吠着紧追狐狸.The horsemen were riding over the plain at full gallop （＝ as fast as they could）.那些骑手风驰电掣地策马跑过平原．8［F． of］ahaving the mind and attention fixed only (on); thinking and talking of nothing else (except) 心中只有···的；专注的；全神贯注的；满脑子···的：Some people are too full of their own troubles to care about the dfficulties of others.有些人满脑子都是自己的烦恼，对别人的困难漠不关心.She＇s always full of herself.她一心只为自己打算.She＇s always full of her own importance. 她老是以为自己了不起.He＇s full of his comingjourney to America.他心中老是想着他即将开始的美国之行.b overflowing（with a feeling，qual-ity，etc）充满（某种感情、品质等）的：The chil-dren were full of excitement at the thought of their holiday．孩子们一想到假期就兴高采烈．9[Wal;B] (of a part of a garment) wide; flowing；fitting loosely（衣服）宽大的；宽松的： This coat doesn't fit you well; it's too full in front.这件外衣你穿不合身，前襟太宽大了.Thisdress has a full skirt．这件连衣裙的下摆很宽．10[Wal; B] (of a shape, a body or its parts)a often apprec round； rounded；fleshy（形状、身体或身体的某部分）圆的；丰满的：Her face wasfull when she was younger; now it's much thinner.她年轻时脸儿圆圆的，现在却瘦多了.Thewoman had full round breasts.这女子长着丰满的乳房.The moon＇s full tonight.今晚是满月.b euph fat.胖的：This shop sells dresses for the fuller figue.这家商店出售体型肥胖的人穿的衣服.11 [Wal;A] apprec (of colour, smell, sound, taste or substance) deep, rich and powerful （色泽）深的；（气味）浓郁的；（声音）宏亮的；（味道）浓烈的；（物质等）强烈的：He likes wine with afull body （＝ having strength or substance）.他喜欢醇厚的酒.This fruit hasn＇t got a really full flavour；it needs more sun on it.这水果的味道还不够醇，还需要更多的日照．12［Wal；F of］ lithaving had one＇s share and more 充分享有··· 的：He died in 1900，full of years and honours (= after a long life in which he was greatly honoured）．他于1900年逝世，享尽其天年与荣耀．13 [Wa5; A] possessing all the rights or qualities of the stated position（资格等）正式的； 拥有全部权利的：Only full members of the club are allowed to vote at meetings.只有俱乐部的正式成员才有资格在会上投票．14［adv］very；

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quite 很；非常；十分（in the phr full well 很；充分地）：They knew full well that he wouldn＇t keep his promise.他们非常清楚他不会遵守诺言.15［H］straight；directly 恰恰；正好；直接地：The ball struck him full on the chest.球正好击中他的胸脯.The sun shone full on her face.阳光直照在她的脸上．fully［adv］1［Wa5］quite；at least 足有；至少：It＇s fully an hour since he left.他离开这里足足有一小时了．2 completely；altogeth-er； thoroughly 完全地；充分地；彻底地：I don＇tfully understand his reasons for leaving.我不完全明白他离开的原因.Is she fully satisfiedwith the present arrangement？她对目前的安排完全满意吗？She is a fully trained nurse.她是受过全面训练的护士.

full up [Wa5; F] not fml completely full or filled 全满的；填满的：The bus is full up；let＇s go.这公共汽车已经坐满了人，我们走吧.

loaded ／＇ləudid／ ［B］ filled，esp with things 有负载的；装着东西的：The car is loaded；it＇s a fully loaded car, full of books, clothes and so on. 这辆汽车不是空车；是一辆满载的车，里面尽是书、衣服及其它东西.He carried a loaded gun.他带着一支子弹上了膛的枪.

laden /'leidən/ esp tech 1 [B (with)] heavily loaded 装满了的：It was a heavily laden ship. 那是一艘满载货物的船.The bushes were ladenwith fruit．灌木丛果实累累．2［F with］（fig） deeply troubled 非常苦恼的：He was laden with sorrow.他心里充满忧伤.

packed /pækt/ [B](of a room,building,etc) crowded； full of people（指房间、楼房等）拥挤的；挤满人的：The hall was packed for the meeting last night.昨晚大厅里挤满了来开会的人.The speaker addressed a packed hall.演讲者向挤满大厅的听众发表讲话.

crowded /'kraudid/ [B] 1 completely full; filled with a crowd 拥挤的；挤满的；塞满的：They gotonto a crowded bus, after walking in the crowded streets.他们在拥挤的街道上走了一阵以后，又上了一辆拥挤的公共汽车．2 uncomfortablyclose together 不舒服地挤在一起的：Thepassengers were crowded on the bus.公共汽车里的乘客很不舒服地挤在一起.

occupied /'pkju,paid/ [Wa5;B](of rooms,etc) full；being used（指房间等）满的；有人在使用的：That room is occupied； let＇s use this one.那个房间里有人，我们用这间吧.

N251 adjectives 形容词：complete 完全的

[ALSO→N50]

complete/kəm'pli:t/1[B] with nothing missing or left out；fully finished 完全的；完整的；完成的；齐全的：The work is now complete； we can have a holiday.这项工作现在完成了，我们可以休假了．in-［neg］2［B］ all of 全部的；彻底的：Heread the complete book． 他通读了全书．3［A］ very great 很大的：It was a complete surprise to me to learn what she did.我听说她所做的事以后大吃一惊. This is complete nonsense；I can＇t understand any of it！ 这纯粹是一派胡言，我一点也不懂！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N251 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

absolute／＇æbsə，lu：t／［B］1 emph complete 完全的；绝对的：He is a man of absolute honesty.他是个绝对诚实的人.You must have absolutetrust in me．你应该绝对相信我．2 having com-plete power 具有绝对权力的；专制的：An abso-lute ruler can do just as he pleases.一个有绝对权力的统治者能够为所欲为.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

total ／＇təutəl／ ［Wa5； B］ emph full，complete 完全的；全部的：The work was a total success／ failure.这工作完全成功／失败了.The man is atotal stranger to me！ 我根本不认识这个人！-ly［adv］：What he said is totally untrue！他的话完全不真实！

entire ／in＇tarə／ ［Wa5； A］ often fml complete 完全的；全部的；整个的：He was there the entiremorning.他整个上午都在那儿.She bought anentire set of Shakespeare＇s plays.她买了一套莎士比亚戏剧全集.I am in entire agreement with you.我完全同意你的意见.-ly［adv］-ty［U］

thorough／＇θArə／1［B］ complete in every way 彻底的：They made a thorough search of the house．他们彻底地搜查了那所房子．2［Wa5；A］being fully or completely （the stated thing）完全的；充分的；十足的；彻头彻尾的：He is athorough fool！他是个十足的傻瓜！The play was a thorough success．这出戏非常成功．3［B］care-ful with regard to detail 细致的；彻底的；仔细周到的：She is a thorough worker.她工作非常细致.-ly ［adv］：After a hard day＇s work I feel thoroughly tired.辛辛苦苦地工作了一天，我真的累极了.

utter／＇Atə／［Wa5；A］ emot ＆ emph complete 完全的；十足的：He is an utter fool and talks such (utter) nonsense (= things which do not make sense）！他是一个十足的傻瓜，竟说出这种（十足的）傻话！-ly ［adv］：She must have been utterly mad to have done that！她一定是完完全全地疯了，竟做出那种事！

exhaustive /ig'zo:stiv/ [B] often fml thorough; dealing completely with a subject 全面而彻底的；详尽无遗的：She will make an exhaustive study of it.她将对此作一番彻底的研究.He madeexhaustive inquiries about her.他对她的情况刨根问底.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

radical /'rædikəl/ [B] (of changes) thorough and complete（指变化）根本的；彻底的：He madesome radical improvements in the work.他对这项工作做了一些根本性的改进．-ly［adv；Wa4］

sweeping/'swi:pi/[B] 1 including many things 涉及面广的：They have sweeping plans for change．他们有进行改革的完整计划．2 not care-ful or correct in detail； too general 概括的；笼统的：What a sweeping statement to make！这话说得太笼统了！

thoroughgoing /'θarə'gəun/ [B] very thor-ough； complete in every way 彻底的；十足的： He is a thoroughgoing fool！他是个十足的大傻瓜！The changes were really thoroughgoing.那些变革确实很彻底.

far-reaching/'fa:'ri:tfry/[B]having effects on many things；sweeping 影响大的；涉及面广的；深远的：They made far-reaching changes in the laws.他们对法律作了广泛的修改.

outright／＇aut，rait／1［Wa5；A］ complete完全的；

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N252 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 満和重

全部的：We won an outright victory.我们取得了全胜．2［adv］ completely 完全地；全部地：He＇s been paying for that house for years; now he owns it outright.多年来他一直为买下这幢房子付款，现在整栋房子归他所有了．3［adv］ completelyand clearly 彻底地；明显地：She won outright. 她彻底地赢了．4［adv］ completely and without delay 立即；当场：be killed outright 被当场打死5［adv］（completely and） openly 直率地；公然地； 无保留地：Tell him outright just what you think.直率地告诉他你是怎么想的.

N252 determiners，etc 限定词等：all 全部

的、所有的 [ALSO→J14]

all /o:l/ 1 [determiner] (shows the complete amount or quantity of, or the whole of an un-countable noun）（用于不可数名词前）一切的；全部的；整个的：Not all food is good to eat.不是所有的食物都适于食用.We worked hard all year.我们辛辛苦苦干了一整年．2［determiner］（in-cludes every similar or separate part of a group of countable nouns）（用于可数名词前）全体的；全部的；所有的：All children want presents on their birthdays.所有的儿童过生日时都希望得到礼物.Please answer all questions on this list. 请回答这张单子上的全部问题．3［determiner］thegreatest possible amount of 最大限度的：The doctor came with all speed.医生以最快的速度赶到．4［determiner］every；any 一切的；任何的： We have lost all hope.我们已失去一切希望.Heis a good musician beyond all doubt.他无疑是个出色的音乐家．5 ［determiner］ （being in-fluenced or controlled by or as if by the stated characteristic， quality， or body organ）（表示受所指特点、性能或身体器官的影响或支配）：I amlistening carefully；I＇m all ears.我在仔细地听着；我洗耳恭听.I can＇t play the piano today； I feel awkward and am all thumbs.今天我不能弹钢琴；我感到手指很不灵活，笨手笨脚的．6［pre-determiner] the complete amount or quantity of；the whole of 全部的；整个的：He ate all his food.他把自己的饭菜吃得精光.He ate it all.他全吃了.We walked all the way.我们一路都是步行的.We worked hard all last year.去年我们辛辛苦苦干了整整一年.All that I have I will gve.凡是我有的，我都会给．7［predeterminer］ every member or separate part of； everyone of 全体的；全部的：All his children are girls.他的孩子全是女孩.All questions must be answered.所有问题都必须回答.You must answer them all.你必须回答全部问题.They must all be answered.这些问题都必须回答．8 ［predeterminer］ every member or separate part taken together 全部的；整个的：All the angles of a square are equal．正方形的各个角都相等．9［adv；H］alto-gether；completely；wholly 完全地；全部地；整个地：The table was all covered with papers.桌上堆满了文件.I am all in favour of your sugges-tion.我完全赞同你的建议.She sat all alone.她独自一人坐着．10 ［adv］ to a very great degree；

so much；much 在很大的程度上；如此多地；很多地（in the phr all the 更···地）：If we get help the work will get finished all the sooner.如果我们能得到帮助，这项工作就能更快地完成.Youwill feel all the better for talking about it.谈谈这件事情会使你好受得多．11［adv］for each side每一方；各方相等：The score at the football match was three all； neither side won.这场球赛的比分是三平，双方不分胜负．12［pron］ every-body，everything，or everyone 大家；一切；全部； 全体：all of the food 全部食物；all of the boys 所有的男孩；All enjoyed themselves.大伙儿都玩得很痛快.We all had fun.我们全都玩得很开心.Hegave all he had.他把自己所有的一切都贡献出来了.The laws apply to all.这些法律适用于所有的人.I have done it all.这件事我已全部做完了.The doctor did all he could for the sick man. 医生为那个病人尽了最大的努力.I brought all ofthem．我把他们都带来了．13［U］rare everything one possesses or considers valuable 一个人所拥有的或认为有价值的一切：She gave her all forthe good of the political party.她为那个党的利益贡献了自己的一切．14［comb form］ consistingor made only of （as in all-wool）全由···组成或做成的（如用于 all-wool中）：This is an all-wool dress．这是件全毛的连衣裙．15［comb form］ of，for，or concerning the whole of 有关···全部的： It was an all-England football team.那是一支全英足球队.of all people infml surprisingly； out of all the people who might be expected to be present, to be able to help, to be sui-table，etc 在所有···人中偏偏（或竟然）：He knowsI dislike him and yet he asked me, of all people，to help him.他明知我讨厌他，可他偏偏请我帮忙.To see George， of all people，in the Ritz Hotel！真没想到竟然在里兹大旅馆见到乔治！all along infml all the time 始终；一直：I knew that all along.那件事我一直是知道的.all butalmost；nearly 几乎；差不多；差一点：I am all but ready.我差不多准备好了.（not）all there infml （not） having a good quick mind 头脑（不）清醒all the same infml even so； anyway 尽管如此； 依然：You say the bridge is safe； I shall take care all the same.你说这座桥挺安全，尽管如此，我还是小心点儿为好.all the same to infml notmaking any difference or causing any worry to 没关系；不在乎：If it＇s all the same to you； I＇ll turn the radio off.要是你不介意，我就把收音机关了.It＇s all the same to me whether you stay or go.你是去还是留我都不在乎.all told makingthe total；altogether 总共；合计：There were 60 people at the party all told.总共有六十个人参加了聚会.all up （with） infml at an end； ruined 完了；完蛋了：It＇s all up with him now his busi-ness has failed.他经商失败，现在一切都完蛋了.all in all infml considering everything; on the whole，generally 总的说来：All in all we had a good time.总的说来，我们过得很愉快.and allinfml and everything or everybody 以及其它一切；等等：All the fish may be eaten，head，tail， bones and all.鱼的各个部分-包括鱼头、鱼尾、鱼骨等都是可以吃的.（not）at all （not） in anyway 根本（不）；全然（不）：I do not agree with you at all.我根本不同意你的意见.Do you feel ill

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at all？你感到哪儿不舒服吗？Do you feel at allill？你有任何不舒服的感觉吗？for all in spite of尽管：They could not open the box for all their efforts.他们怎么使劲也打不开这箱子.for all oneknows/cares,etc.infml as far as one knows/ cares，etc 据某人所知；说不定···／与某人无关等等：For all I know he may well be innocent, but I really don＇t care.据我所知，他很可能是无辜的，不过我并不在乎.in all making the total； al-together 总共：There were 60 people at the party in all.总共有六十个人参加了聚会.it wasall one could do (not) to infml it was very difficult（not） to 很难（不）：It was all I could do not to laugh at his serious speech.听他那一本正经的讲话，我差点儿笑出声来了.It was all Icould do not to cry.我强忍着不哭.not at all (an expression used in reply to an expression of thanks）（道谢的答语）别客气：Thank you， it was very kind ofyou.-Not at all.谢谢，你真是太好了.-别客气.not so／as good，cold，fast， etc as all that infml not so very good, cold, fast，etc 并不十分好／冷／快等等 once（and）forall for the last time；finally 最后一次；一劳永逸地；彻底地：Once and for all I must ask you to be quiet.我最后一次要求你们保持安静.

whole /həul/1 [Wa5; B] not divided into any parts 整个的；未经分割的：He wanted the wholecake for himself. 他要整个饼归他一人享用.-ness ［U］ 2 ［Wa5；A］ not less than all of 全部的：Let＇s go there for the whole week.我们去那儿整整一个星期吧.He told us the whole truth.他把事情的真相全部告诉我们了．3［C usu sing（of）］ the complete amount， thing，etc；all 全部；整个；整体：They walked over the whole of that area.他们走遍了那个地区.He wants thewhole of the cake for himself.他要整个饼归他一人享用.We can＇t treat the group as a whole， but must pay attention to each member.我们不能把这个小组当作一个整体来看待，而必须注意其中的每个成员.wholly［adv］fully 完全地；整体地；全部地：I am wholly in agreement with you.我完全同意你的意见.It＇s a wholly new experience for us.这对我们完全是一次新的经验.as a whole，on the whole generally 总体上；总的来说：The country as a whole is peaceful.从总体上说，这个国家是平静的.On the whole I like his plan.总的来说，我喜欢他的计划.

lot／lpt／［the GU （of）］infml all 全部；一切：Did you do all the work/read all the books?-Yes; I did／read the lot.-Yes；the lot.你的活儿全都做了吗？／那些书你全看了吗？-是的，全做了／全都看了.（usu deprec） He told the lot of them to go； he didn＇t want to see them again.他把他们统统撵走，再也不想见到他们了.

N253 adjectives 形容词：full-scale and wholesale 全面的与大批的

full-scale/'ful'skeil/ [Wa5] 1[B] (of a model, drawing, copy, etc) of the same size as the object represented（指模型、图样、复制品等）与原物一样大小的：He made a full-scale model of

N254 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 満和重

an elephant, but he couldn't get it out of the room.他制作了一个和真象一样大小的模型，可是无法把它从房间里搬出来．2［A］large；makinguse of all known facts， information，etc 大的； 完整的；使用全部已知事实、资料的：He＇s writing afull-scale history of 19th-century France．他在写一部完整的十九世纪法国史．3［A］（of anactivity) of not less than the usual kind;not shortened， lessened， etc in any way；total（指活动）全面的；未缩短的；未减少的；整个的：Thequarrel between the two countries nearly developed into a full-scale war.这两个国家之间的争端几乎发展成一场全面的战争.

whole-hearted /'həul'ha:tid/ [B] with all one's ability，interest，etc 全心全意的；全神贯注的：You have my whole-hearted attention.我洗耳恭听.

wholesale /'həul,seil/ [B] in too large, unlim-ited numbers 大批的；大量的：They made a wholesale·rush from the burning cinema.他们一窝蜂地从起火的电影院里跑出来.They gave uspresents wholesale.他们送给我们大批的礼物.

N254 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not full 空的

empty /'empti/1 [Wa5; B] containing nothing 没装东西的；空的：He wanted an empty cup.他要一个空杯子．2［Wa5；B］（of a house or build-ing) with nobody in it; in which nobody is living（指房屋或建筑物）没人的；空着的；没人住的：There are 3 empty houses in our street．我们这条街上有三间房子空着.You mustn＇t go out andleave the house empty.你不能外出让家里空无一人．3［Wal； B （of）］ not having the contents which are usually there 空寂的；冷清清的：He drove through the empty streets.他驱车经过空空荡荡的街道.He drove through streets empty of traffic．他驱车经过一辆车都没有的街道．4[Wa5; B (of)] derog (of words, talk, etc) with-out sense or purpose； meaningless， unreal（指言词、讲话等）空洞的；无聊的；无实际意义的；不真实的：She made him empty promises.她对他许下了不兑现的诺言.Her words were empty ofmeaning.她的话空洞无物.-ily［adv］-iness［U］ vacant /'veikənt/ [Wa5; B] 1 empty; not filled

with anything 空的；空白的：He bought a vacant piece of land．他买了一块空地．2（of a house， room or seat） not being used or lived in（指房子、房间、座位等）未被占用的；空着的：The househas been vacant for several months, so you might be able to buy it.这房子已经空了几个月了，所以你也许能把它买到手．3（of a position inemployment） not at present filled （指工作职位）空缺的：I＇m looking for work； are there any positions vacant in your firm？我正在找工作，贵公司可有空缺吗？The part of a newspaper inwhich jobs are advertised is often called ＇situations vacant＇.报纸上刊登招聘广告的那一栏常被称作“职位空缺”栏．4 a（of the mind） notthinking；empty（指头脑）心不在焉的；什么都不想的；精神空虚的 b showing lack of active orserious thought 茫然的；无精打采的：She had a

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N255 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

vacant look on her face.她脸上露出茫然的神情.c foolish；senseless 傻的；无意义的：The mad-man gave a vacant laugh.那疯子发出一阵傻笑.-ly［adv］-ncy［U］

vacuous/'vækjuəs/ [B] 1 foolish, esp in show-ing no sign of ideas， thought or feeling 愚钝的； 呆滞的；空虚的（尤指没有头脑、思想、感情的）：When he wasn't thinking of something impor-tant his face often had a vacuous expression. 他不想重要事情时，脸上常常露出呆滞的神情．2without purpose；meaningless 无目的的；无意义的；无聊的：He talked about the vacuous life of many rich people.他谈到了许多有钱人的无聊生活.-ly［adv］

void /void/ 1 [Wal; F of] empty (of); without; lacking 空的；没有···的；缺乏···的；毫无···的：Thatpart of the town is completely void of interest for visitors.城镇的那一区域对游览者毫无吸引力.2 [Wa5; B] esp law (of any kind of official agreement) having no value or effect from the beginning（指任何正式协议）无价值的；无效的：An agreement signed by a child, to repay borrowed money， is void.由一个孩子签字的归还借款的协议是无效的．3［Wa5；B］lit completelyempty 空空荡荡的：The desert stretching away before the traveller seemed frighteningly void. 展现在这位旅行者眼前的一片大沙漠空空荡荡，令人生畏.

blank/blænk/1 [Wa5; B] without writing, print or other marks 空白的：Use a blank page or a blank sheet of paper.用一空页或一张空白纸.Please write your name in the blank space at the top of the page.请把你的名字写在这一页顶端的空白处．2 ［Wal；B］ expressionless， without understanding， without interest 无表情的；茫然的；漠然的；沉闷的：I tried to explain but he just gave me a blank look.我尽力解释，但他只是茫然地看看我.He looked blank.他神情茫然.Everyday seemed blank and meaningless.一日复一日，生活显得单调乏味，百无聊赖．3［C］an emptyspace 空白；空地：Fill in the blanks in this printed card.请在这张印刷卡片的空白处填写.(fig)When I tried to remember her name my mind was a complete blank.我想记起她的名字，但脑子完全是一片空白．4［C］ a piece of paperwith spaces for putting in information 空白表格：When you have completed the blank send it back to me. 表格填好后请寄回给我.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

N255 adjectives ＆ combining forms 形容词和复合形式：not complete 不完全的

partial ／＇pa：fəl／［Wa5；B］ not complete 部分的； 不完全的：The play was only a partial success. 这出戏只在某些方面获得了成功.-ly［adv］

half-/ha:f-/, tech semi-/'semi-/[comb form] 1 being half ［→J14］半···（的）：The work is half-finished.这工作只完成了一半.A semicircle is half a circle．半圆是圆的一半．2 partial 部分的；不完全的：He was only half-conscious／ semiconscious at the time.他当时只是半清醒的.

part-／pa：t-／ ［comb form］ being part of 部分的： He madë a part-payment of £1000 for thecar. 他支付了一千英镑作为买下那辆车的部分付款.Thework is now part-complete.这项工作现已完成了一部分.

N256 verbs 动词：filling things 装满

fill/frl/[IØ;T1:(up, in, with)] to (cause to) become full（使）充满：The hole filled·with water.坑里都是水.Water filled the hole.水灌满了坑.He filled the bottle with water.他把瓶子灌满了水.They filled up／in the hole with small stones.他们用小石子把坑填平了.The roomfilled with people (= A lot of people came/ went into the room）.房间里挤满了人.People filled the room. 人们把房间挤得满满的.Shefilled the house with her friends.房子里挤满了她请来的朋友.filling［C；Ú］ anything that fills something else 填充物；填补物：I needed a new filling in this tooth.我这颗牙得重新补一下.

load /ləud/1 [T1; IØ: (up)] to put a full amount on or in （something）装满；装载：Load the car. 装车.Have you finished loading up？你把车装完了吗？2 ［T1 （into， onto）］ to place a full amount of 把···装上或装满：Load the books into the back of the car.把这些书装到汽车尾部.

pack /pæk/ 1 [Wv5; D1 (for); T1;IØ] to put (things, esp one's belongings) into cases, boxes，etc for travelling or storing 包装；把···装箱（或装盒等）；把···打包；收拾（行李）：Let＇s packsome food and go out for the day.我们包些吃的东西出去郊游吧.She made him a packedlunch.她给他准备了一个午餐饭盒.You canpack some of your clothes in my case if you like.要是你愿意，你可以放一部分衣服到我的衣箱里.She packed her husband some eggs for his dinner.她为丈夫包了些鸡蛋作晚餐.We leavetomorrow but I haven＇t begun to pack yet.我们明天就得起程，可是我还没有开始收拾行李呢．2[Wv5;X9;L9: esp down, in, together] to fit, crush，or push into a space 把···塞进；塞满；填塞： If you pack those things down we can get a little more in the box.如果你把那些东西压紧点，我们还可以在这箱子里多装些东西.The railway-men were packing the people into the train like animals.铁路工作人员像推牲口一样把乘客推上火车.The moment the door was opened，people began to pack into the hall.门一打开，人们就往大厅里涌.It was a packed hall.那大厅挤得水泄不通．3［X9；IØ］ to settle or be driven closely together or into a mass 聚集；使聚集或成堆、块等：The wind packed the snow against the side of the house.风把雪刮到房子的一侧堆积起来.The sea is very dangerous when the ice begins to pack in this way.冰块这样聚集时，海面就变得十分危险．4［L9］to be suitable for easy putting into cases，boxes，etc 适于装箱、装盒等：These bottles pack easily, but the others do not, because of their shape.这些瓶子很容易包装，但其余的由于形状的关系就比较难．5［T1］ toprepare and put (food) into tins or other containers for preserving or selling in shops 把

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（食品）装罐（或其它容器）：They intend to builda factory here for packing the fruit that grows in the district.他们打算在这里建一座工厂，把本区出产的水果加工成罐头食品．6［T1］to cover，fill，or surround closely with a protective material （用保护性的物质）把···包（或垫）起来；填塞（裂缝等）：These pipes should be packed， to prevent water from getting out.这些水管应该包扎起来以免漏水.Pack some paper round the dishes in the box so that they will not break.把箱子里的碟盘用纸垫好，以免破损.

crowd/kraud/1 [Wv5; T1] to fill by pressing together in 挤满；塞满：In the week before the holidays shoppers crowded all the stores.节日前的一星期所有的商店都挤满了顾客.His deskwas crowded with books.他的写字台上堆满了书．2［L9；X9］to press tightly 挤；拥挤：Guests crowded into the dining room.客人们涌进饭厅. People crowded round the scene of the acci-dent.出事地点周围挤满了人.As soon as thedoors were open people crowded into the theatre.戏院大门一开，人们便蜂拥而入.Thetravellers crowded onto the train.旅客们一窝蜂地挤上火车.He crowded more books onto the shelf．他把更多的书塞到书架上．3［T1］sl to putpressure on 催促；催逼：to crowd a debtor for payment 向欠债人逼债 crowd out ［v adv：T1b usu pass] to refse entrance because of lack of space（因空间不足）把···挤出；挤掉：Yourarticle was crowded out of the magazine;I'm sorry.你的文章因本刊稿挤未被采用，很抱歉.Somany people attended the meeting that many of us were crowded out.参加会议的人太多了，我们很多人都被挤在外面.

occupy/'pkju,par/ 1 [T1] to fill (a certain po-sition，space or time）处于（地位）；担任（职务）； 占据（空间）；占用（时间）：She occupies animportant position in the government.她在政府里任要职.His books occupy a lot of space. 他的书占了很多地方．2［T1］to be in （a certainplace） during a particular period of time（在某一时间内）占用（某处所）：He occupied a house／a bed／a railway carriage.他占用了一所房子／一张床／一节车厢．3 ［T1］ to hold （an enemy＇scountry，town，etc）占领（敌方国家、城镇等）；侵占4［T1］ to take and hold possession of 占有5 [X9] to cause to spend time (doing some-thing）使忙于；使从事：He occupied himself in／ with collecting stamps.他从事集邮.

plug /plag/ [Tl (up)] to fill a hole by putting a plug or other thing in it 堵塞；以塞子塞住：Heplugged the hole （up）with a cloth. 他用一块布把洞堵住.

N257 verbs 动词：filling forms，etc［T1］填写表格等

fill in esp BrE, fill out esp AmE [v adv] to write what is necessary on esp an official form (= sheet of paper）填写（尤指官方表格）：He filled in／out the form.他填好了表格.She filled in her name and address.她填上了她的姓名和地址.

N258 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

When you've filled out the form,give it to me. 表格填好后交给我.

fill up [v adv] to write everything that is neces-sary on （a form）填（表格）：Fill up these forms， please.请填写这几份表格.

complete /kəm'pli:t/ [Wv5] fml to fill in, out or up （a form，etc）填好（表格等）：Complete these papers，please.请填写好这几份文件.Send the completed form to us.把填好的表格寄给我们.

N258 verbs 动词：emptying things 腾空东西

empty ／＇empti／ 1 ［T1］ to make empty 使变空： They emptied the bottle (= drank all that was in it）．他们把瓶子里的酒都喝光了．2［IØ（into）］(of a place, a container, etc) to send or move its contents somewhere else（指处所、容器等） 腾出；搬空；变空；（河流）流入：The room emptiedvery quickly.房间很快腾出来了.The River Nile empties (= flows) into the Mediterranean Sea. 尼罗河流入地中海．3［T1（out，into，onto）］ to put or move (the contents of a container) somewhere else（从容器中）倒出；倒空：He emptied out all his pockets onto the table.他把口袋里所有的东西都倒在桌上.You can emptythe rest of the water into this bowl.你可把剩下的水倒入这个碗里.

unload /An'ləud/ 1 [T1; IØ] to take from (a vehicle, ship, etc) things which have been put （＝loaded） into it， making it empty 从（车、船等）卸下；搬空：Unload the car！ 卸车！Let＇s unload now．我们现在卸货吧．2［T1］ to take(things from a usu stated vehicle, ship, etc) 把···（从所指车、船等）卸下：They unloaded thebooks from the car．他们把书从汽车里搬下来．3[IØ] (of vehicles,ships, etc) to have things taken out（指车、船等）卸货：The ship was unloading.这艘船正在卸货.

discharge /drs'tfa:d3/ [IØ; T1] tech 1 (of a ship, etc） to unload（指船等）卸货：Has the ship discharged（its cargo） yet？船（上的货）卸完了吗？2 to unload （a ship，etc）卸（船等）：It will take two days to discharge this ship.这艘船需两天才能卸完.

unpack /An'pæk/[T1; IØ] to take things (from a box, case, etc) things which have been put (= packed） in it 从（盒子、箱子等里）拿出；打开行李：He unpacked his bags.他把行李打开.Let＇s unpack now.我们现在解开行李把东西拿出来吧.

drain /drein/ 1 [T1; IØ: (away, off, out)] to(cause to） flow off gradually or completely（使）慢慢流掉；（使）流尽：Drain all the water out.把水全部排出去.The water drained（offlaway）.水流掉了.（fig） money draining away in silly spend-ing 在无谓的挥霍中使财源渐渐枯竭 2 ［T1（off，of);IØ (of)] to (cause to) become gradually dry or empty（使）沥干；（使）枯竭：Let the wet glasses drain before you put them away.等这些杯子沥干后，再把它们放好.She was so afraid／angrythat her face (was) drained of blood and she was white with fear／anger.她吓得／气得

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N259 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 満和重

面无血色，脸色煞白.（fig）War drains a nation of youth and wealth.战争使一个国家丧失青年一代，耗尽财力．3［T1］ to carry away the surface water of 排去···表面的水：They want to drain the land to make crops grow better on it.他们想排干地里的积水，使庄稼长得好些.The riverdrains the valley．峡谷里的水经河流排出．4［T1（off）］ to empty by drinking the contents of 喝尽；喝光：He drained （off） the glass of beer.他把一杯啤酒喝干了．5［T1（of）］ to make weakand tired by using up the forces of body, mind or feelings 耗尽（体力、脑力或感情）而疲劳衰弱：After that noisy argument I feel completely drained（of feeling）.经过这场吵吵嚷嚷的争论，我现在感到精疲力竭了.drain dry to drain untildry；drain completely（使）沥干；（使）枯竭：Let the wet glasses drain dry before you put them away.先把这些杯子沥干，然后再放好.Drain theglasses dry.把这些杯子沥干.I feel drained dry （of feeling）.我感到麻木不仁了.

N259 adjectives 形容词：heavy［B］沉重的

heavy/'hevi/[Wal] 1 of a certain weight esp that which makes it difficult to carry, move or lift 重的：The bag is too heavy for me.这袋子太重，我提不动．2 of unusual force or amount 沉重的；猛烈的；大量的：heavy rain 大雨；a heavyblow 沉重的打击；heavy fighting 激烈的战斗；aheavy punishment 严厉的惩罚3 a serious，esp if uninteresting 严肃的；沉闷的：This book is heavy reading.这本书读起来很沉闷.b（esp ofperiods of time） full of hard work（尤指一段时间）工作繁重的：Í＇ve had a heavy day.我劳累了一天.It＇s a heavy timetable.这张时间表排得很满．4（fig）sad悲伤的；沉重的：a heavy heart 沉重的心情；heavy news 令人难过的消息5 a feel-ing difficulty or slowness in moving;waking, etc 笨重迟钝的；昏昏欲睡的；不易醒的：My headis heavy.我的脑袋感到昏昏沉沉的.She＇s a heavysleeper.她睡得很沉.b difficult to do or move in 难做的；难行走的：This is heavy work.这工作很困难．6（of food） rather solid and bad for the stomach（指食物）硬的；难消化的 7（ofweather） a still without wind，dark，etc（指天气）沉闷无风的；阴沉的b（at sea） stormy withbig waves（海）波涛汹涌的-ily［adv］-iness［U］ burdensome /'bз:dnsəm/ esp lit & emot heavy and difficult to carry 沉重的；难于负担的：He

lifted the burdensome load.他提起那沉重的包袱.（fig） Life can be burdensome sometimes. 生活有时会成为一种重担.

weighted /'weitid/ [Wa5; usu F (towards, against）］ giving advantage 有利于.··的：The examinations are weighted in favour of the people who have read the right books.这些考试对温习了适当书本的人有利.The competitionwas weighted against the younger children.这场竞赛对年龄较小的孩子不利.

weighty／＇weiti／［Wal］ esp lit heavy 重的：That＇s a weighty box；what＇s in it？这箱子很重，里面装的是什么？-ily ［adv］-iness ［U］

ponderous /'pondərəs/ 1 slow and awkward

because of size and weight 笨重的；笨拙迟缓的：The fat woman's movements were ponderous. 这胖女人行动笨拙迟缓．2 derog dull and solemn；lacking lightness or gaiety 严肃乏味的；沉闷的： He is a writer with a very ponderous style.这位作家的风格十分沉闷．3 sometimes depreclarge and heavy 庞大沉重的：An elephant has a ponderous body.象的身躯庞大而沉重.-ly［adv］ heavyweight ／＇hevi，weit／ ［Wa5；also 又作 C］ (someone or something that is) rather large (and serious), esp a written work, speech, or idea 重量级的；特大的（人或物）；严肃的（尤指作品、言论或思想）；（最）重量级拳击手；大部头著作：He's a heavyweight boxerla political heavy-weight.他是一个重量级拳击手／政界要人.That＇sa heavyweight book！那是一本大部头书！

N260 adjectives 形容词：not heavy［B］不重的

light /lait/ [Wal] 1 of a certain weight that makes it easy to carry， move or lift 轻的：That bag is nice and light； what is it made of？那个手提包很轻巧，是什么材料做的？The box is verylight；is there anything in it？这箱子很轻，里面有东西吗？2 of little force or amount 轻微的；量少的：light rain 小雨；a light blow 轻微的打击；light fighting 不激烈的战斗；a light punishment 小小的惩罚3 a not（too）serious 不（太）严肃的；轻松的：This book is the kind of light reading I like.这本书是我所喜爱的那种轻松的读物.b（espof periods of time） without hard work（尤指一段时间）工作轻松的：I＇ve had quite a light daytoday.今天我的工作相当轻松.My timetable.islight this year．今年我的时间表排得不是很紧．4（fig）happy 轻松愉快的：Her heart was light and she sang as she went along.她心情轻松愉快，边走边唱歌．5 a feeling that it is easy tomove，wake，etc；moving quickly 轻快灵巧的；易醒的：He is light on his feet.他步履轻快.She isa very light sleeper.她是个很易醒的人.beasy to do or move in 容易做或行走的：This is lightwork．这是个轻松的工作．6（of food） not toosolid and good for the stomach（指食物）松软的；清淡的；易消化的-ly［adv］-ness［U］

lightweight ／＇lait＇weit／ ［Wa5； also 又作 C］ (someone or something that is) smaller (and not serious), esp a person, written work, speech or idea（指人、物）平均重量以下的；（指作品、言论、思想或人物）不重要的；无足轻重的；（拳击）轻量级的；平均重量以下的人（或物）；轻便的东西；轻量级拳击手；无足轻重的人：He is a light-weight boxerla political lightweight.他是一个轻量级拳击手／在政界无足轻重的人物.His ideas arepretty lightweight 他的想法都是不很高明的.

airy /'eəri/ [Wal] 1 derog having little substance; empty 没有实质的；空洞的：Nothing results from his airy plans and promises.他那些空洞的计划和许诺得不出任何结果．2 of，like or in the air空气的；空中的3（fig）lighthearted；gay；happy； careless 轻松活泼的；轻盈的；快活的；轻率随便的：She had a light airy manner.她的举止轻盈活泼.-ily［adv］-iness［U］

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N261 adjectives 形容词：thick厚的、稠密的

[ALSO→N307]

thick/θrk/ [Wa1]1 [B] a having a large distance between opposite surfaces； not thin 厚的：thick bread 厚面包；a thick board 厚木板 b（of around object） wide in relation to length（指圆形物体）粗的：thick wire粗电线2［E］measuring in depth，width or from side to side（指尺寸） 厚的：It is a board two inches thick／five cen-timetres thick. 这是一块二英寸／五厘米厚的木板.3 [B] (of liquid) not watery; not flowing easily；heavy（指液体）浓的；粘稠的：thick soup 浓汤4［B］ difficult to see through；dense 浓厚的；不易看透的：thick mist 浓雾5［B］（esp of anaccent） very noticeable（指口音）重的6［F with］（esp of the air） full of（尤指空气）充满··· 的：The air was thick with smoke.空气中充满烟雾．7［B］（of a voice） not clear in sound （指嗓音）重浊的；口齿不清的：His voice sounded thickbecause of his cold．他因感冒，说话声音重浊．8[B] closely packed; made of many objects set close together 茂密的；密集的：The flowers gew thickest near the wall.墙边的花儿开得最茂盛.9 ［B］ infml （of a person） stupid（指人）笨的； 愚钝的 10［B］ sl beyond what is reasonable or satisfactory 过分的；令人受不了的：Yourdemands really are too thick.你的要求实在太过分了．11［B（with）］infml very friendly 亲密的； 友好的：Jean and John seem very thick （with each other）．吉恩和约翰两人显得很亲密．12［adv］so as to be thick； thickly 厚；密；浓：The dust lay thick on the furniture.家具上积了厚厚的一层灰尘.-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］ lay it on thick infml to praise，thank，etc，someone too much 过分恭维（或感谢等）

dense/dens/[Wal; B]1 (having parts that are) closely packed or crowded together 密集的；稠密的：a dense crowd／forest 稠密的人群／茂密的森林；dense trees 密林 2 difficult to see through 很难看透的；浓密的：a dense mist 浓雾3（fig）difficult to understand because packed with ideas（因内容繁多而）费解的；难懂的：densewriting 内容庞杂的文章4（fig）stupid； difficult to reach with ideas 愚钝的；不易受教的：a densemind 笨脑筋；a dense boy 愚蠢的男孩-ly［adv］-ness,-sity [U]

viscous /'viskəs/ [B] esp tech (of a liquid) thick and sticky； that does not flow easily（指液体） 粘的；粘稠的-ly［adv］

N262 adjectives 形容词：not thick［B］不厚的、稀薄的

thin /θmn/ [Wal] 1 a having a smaller distance between opposite surface；not thick 薄的：a thin board 薄板；thin ice 薄冰；thin paper 薄纸b (of a round object) narrow in relation to length（指圆形物体）细的：thin wire 很细的电线2 （of a liquid） flowing easily；weak（指液体）稀的；淡的：This beer＇s too thin to enjoy.这啤酒太

N263 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

稀了，不好喝.The disease left him with thin blood．这病使他变得脸色苍白．3 not closelypacked; made of few objects widely separated 稀疏的；稀少的：Your hair＇s getting very thin.你的头发越来越稀少了．4 easy to see through；notdense 易于看透的；稀薄的；清澈的：The air ontop of the mountain ws very thin.山顶上的空气很稀薄．5（esp of a sound or note） lacking in strength（尤指嗓音或音调）微弱的：thin highnotes 细弱的高音调6（fig）lacking force or strength；poor 无力的；薄弱的；蹩脚的：Theteacher said my excuse was too thin to believe．老师说我的借口太蹩脚了，谁也不会相信．7［adv］ so as to be thin 薄；细；稀；微：Spread the butter thin，黄油抹薄一点.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

watery/'wo:təri/1 contaning (too much) water and therefore thin 搀水太多（因而稀薄）的；淡而无味的：watery soup 淡而无味的汤 2 full ofwater 充满水的；水汪汪的3 very pale in colour浅色的；（颜色）淡的

N263 verbs 动词：relating to heaviness， thickness，etc［T1］与重、厚等有关的

[ALSO■J60]

burden /'b3:dən/ [(with) often pass] to weigh heavily on 使负重担：He was burdened with a heavy load.他身负重担.（fig）She is burdened with troubles.她被烦恼所困扰.

lighten／＇laitən／ ［also 又作 ［Ø］ to （cause to） become light（使）变轻；减轻：He lightened the load by taking something off.他拿掉一些东西以减轻负担.（fig） His troubles have lightened a little.他的烦恼已减轻了一些.

thicken ／＇Oikən／［also 又作 Iø］1 to（caus to） become thick or thicker（使）变厚（或粗、密、浓）；使更厚（或更粗、更密、更浓）：I alwaysthicken my soups by adding flour.我做汤时总要加些面粉使汤变稠.This sauce won＇t thicken.这酱汁稠不起来．2 to（cause to） become moreconfused and difficult to understand（使）更复杂；（使）更难理解：The plot thickened.情节变复杂了.

condense ／kən＇dens／［also 又作 IØ］ esp tech ＆ fml 1 to (cause to) become thickeror more dense（使）浓缩2 to change from a gas to a liquid 液化；凝结（成液体）：The steam con-densed into water.水蒸气凝结成水.condensa-tion [U][ALSO→L45]

thin ／0rn／ ［also 又作 IØ］ 1 to （cause to） become thin（使）变薄（或细、稀薄、稀疏、淡）：Weshould wait until the mist thins before driving on.我们应该等雾散了再继续开车.He thinnedthe wine by adding water． 他加水把酒冲淡．2[(out)] a to move (esp young plants) further apart from one another to allow free growth 使（尤指幼苗）稀疏b（of trees，etc） to appear or be less close together（指树）变稀疏：The woods thinned out near the lake.树林在靠近湖边的地方渐渐稀疏起来.

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