G131 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

shouts；who is it？ 我听见喊叫声；是谁？He gavea loud shout to warn them.他大叫一声警告他们.

cry ／krai／ an act of crying out 叫喊：He could hear the cries of a man in pain／of animals.他听见一个人痛苦的喊叫声／动物的叫声.She gave aloud cry of fear.她害怕地大叫一声.

exclamation /,eksklə'meifən/ 1 an act of ex-claiming 惊呼；感叹：He gave a loud and angry exclamation．他愤怒地大喊一声．2 a word suchas ＇oh＇ that is used when exclaiming 感叹词；惊叹语

call/ko:l/1 a shout or cry, usu with a purpose 叫；喊；呼唤：They heard a call for help.他们听到一声呼救声．2 the special cry of an animal（动物的）叫声；鸣声：The call of this bird is very loud．这只鸟叫声很响．3 an instrument which makes a sound like the cry of, and which attracts， a bird or animal（模仿动物叫声的）哨子：When hunting ducks he always uses a call. 他猎鸭子时总用哨子.

cheer／tfrə／ an act of cheering 欢呼；喝彩：They gave a great cheer.他们发出一阵响亮的欢呼声.Three cheers for the winner！为胜利者欢呼三声！ hurray ／hə＇rei／also 又作 hurrah／hə＇ra：／ ［also

又作 interj］ a shout of joy， welcome， happi-ness，etc 欢呼声；好哇（表示高兴、欢迎等）：＇Hurray！＇they cried.“好哇！”他们叫道.（lit） They gave a loud hurray／hurrah.他们高声叫好.

scream/skrim/ 1 a sudden loud high cry expressing anger, pain, fear, or sometimes laughter（表示愤怒、痛苦、恐惧或有时大笑的）尖叫：Her loud screams could be heard for miles.她的尖叫声几英里外都能听到.（fig）Iheard the scream of the circular saw [→H142] as it cut the log.我听见圆锯锯木头时发出的刺耳声．2［S］esp BrE sl a very funny person，thing， joke，etc 极可笑的人、事情、玩笑等：She thoughtit was a scream when I fell offmy chair, but I failed to see the joke.她见我从椅子上摔下来，觉得好笑极了，可我看不出有什么好笑的.

shriek /Jri:k/ a wild high cry (as of pain or terror）（表示痛苦或恐惧的）尖声狂喊：Theyheard her shrieks and came running to help. 他们听见她的尖叫声，赶紧跑来相救.

screech /skri:tf/ a very high unpleasant sound （as） of screeching 尖锐刺耳的声音：The forest seemed full of monkeys＇ screeches.森林里似乎到处都能听见猴子的尖叫声.A screech of brakesmade us look to see what had happened in the street.听到一阵刺耳的刹车声，我们都去看看街上出了什么事.

bellow ／＇beləu／ an act of bellowing 吼叫：His bellows were very loud.他高声吼叫.

yell／jel／1 a loud cry， as of fear or excitement 叫喊；叫嚷 2AmE a cheer or cry of fixed words or sounds, esp one shouted to encourage a school team（尤指为校队呐喊助威的）加油声

squeal／skwi：l／ a long very high cry or noise 长声尖叫：I could hear squeals of delight from the children.我听见孩子们的尖叫欢笑声.Therewas a squeal of tyres turning the corner at high speed. 汽车高速转弯时轮胎发出长长的尖叫声.

G131 verbs 动词：difficulties in speech 说话困难

stutter /'statə/ [IØ; T1] to speak with difficulty in producing sounds, esp habitually holding back the first consonant 结结巴巴地说；口吃地说：C-come and h-h-help me，＇he stuttered.“过-过来帮-帮帮我，”他结结巴巴地说道.-ingly［adv］ stutterer ［C］ a person who stutters 口吃者；说话结巴者

stammer/'stæmə/1 [IØ] to speak with pauses and repeated sounds, either habitually or because of excitement，fear， etc 结结巴巴地说话；口吃地说话2［T1（out）］ to say while doing this 结结巴巴地说出；口吃地说出：He stammeredhis thanks.他结结巴巴地道谢.-ingly［adv］ stammerer ［C］ a person who stammers 口吃者；说话结巴的人

lisp/lisp/[IØ;T1 (out)] to speak or say with /s/ sounds which are not clear, esp when the tongue is placed on the teeth, making the /s/ seem like／θ／咬舌儿；／s／音发不清楚（指把／s／发得像／θ／）

G132 nouns 名词：difficulties in speech ［C usu sing］说话困难

stutter/'statə/ the fault of stuttering in speech 口吃：He spoke with a stutter.他说话口吃.

stammer/'stæmə/ the fault of stammering in speech 口吃：She speaks with／has a stammer. 她说话口吃.

lisp ／lisp／ the fault in speech of lisping 将／s／发成／0／的毛病；咬舌儿；大舌头；口齿不清：Shespeaks with a lisp.她说话咬舌儿.

Communicating, mainly by reading and writing, printing and publishing, radio and television

主要通过读写、印刷出版、无线电与电视进行交际

G140 verbs，etc 动词等：reading things 阅读

read/ri:d/1 [IØ; T1] (often with can) to under-stand （language in print or writing）读；阅读： The child can read/is reading quite well now. 孩子会阅读了／现在很会看书了.He reads well fora six-year-old.就六岁的孩子而言，他的阅读能力不错.I like reading in bed.我喜欢在床上看书.He read the book last week.他上星期读过这本

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书．2［Wv6；T1］ to understand （something printed or written） 看懂：He can read music. 他会看乐谱.She read the map.她看地图.I canread French but I can＇t speak it.我能看懂法文， 但不会讲.（fig）I can read your thoughts（from your face）.我可以（从你的脸色）看出你在想什么.3 [D1 (to); L9, esp to; T1 (aloud)] to say (printed or written words) esp to give pleasure to others 念；朗读：She read the chil-dren a story.她给孩子们念了一个故事.Theteacher read the poem aloud to the class.老师向全班学生朗读了这首诗．4［IØ；T1,5,6b］to get(the stated information) from (print or writing）读到；阅悉：They read about the murder.他们读了有关那个谋杀案的案情.Theyread the account of the murder in the paper. 他们在报纸上看到谋杀案的报道.They read thatthe murderer had been caught.他们阅悉凶手已被抓获.She read how to make pastry.她看书学做糕点．5［L9］（of something written） to influ-ence people （in the stated way）（指书写文字） 使人有某种印象；读起来：Her letters always readwelllalways read as if she copied them from books.她的信读起来总是很好的／总像是从书上抄来的．6［T1］ BrE to study （ a subject at univer-sity level）（在大学）攻读；学习（某一学科）：John＇s rading history／law at Oxford.约翰在牛津大学攻读历史／法律．7［L1,9］ （of writtenwords） to be or mean when said 读作；意为： The name reads ＇Benson＇not ＇Fenton＇.这名字读作“Benson＇不是＇Fenton＇.The two copies read the same／differently.这两本书内容相同／不同．8 ［T1］（of measuring instruments） to show （指测量仪器）显示；录得；标示：The thermometerreads 33 degrees．温度计显示三十三度．9［T1］fml (to a person, with please) understand the stated printed or written words to mean（对人， 与please 连用）了解所印或所写的字为···之误；把···理解成：For £50 please read £15．请注意五十英镑不对，应为十五英镑．Please read £50 as£15．请把五十英镑看成十五英镑．£50 was read（as）£15．五十英镑被误为十五英镑．10［S］espBrE infml an act or period of reading 阅读（的行动或时间）：Can I have a read of your paper？ 我可以看一下你的报纸吗？11［S9］esp BrÉ infmlsomething （of the stated kind） to be read 读物：It＇s not great literature but it＇s a very good read.这虽不是文学巨著，却是一本很好的读物.read oneself/someone to sleep to make oneself／someone go to sleep by reading 读得入睡 reader ［C］1 a person who reads or is read-ing 读者；朗诵者2 a book which helps a person （esp a child） to learn to read 读本；（尤指儿童的）读物browse/brauz/1 [IØ] to read here and there in

books 浏览（书本）；随便翻阅：He was browsingthrough the bookcase when I came in.我进来时他在浏览书架上的书．2 ［S］ a period of timespent in browsing 浏览的时间：While you were out I had a good browse through your books. 你出去时，我把你的书好好地浏览了一番.

skim /skim/ [T1; IØ (through, over)] to read quickly to get the main ideas 略读；快读（只把握要点）： Skimming （through a book） can some-

G141 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

times be useful.略读（一本书）有时能有帮助.Heskimmed the pages for what he wanted.他逐页略读找他需要的内容.

scan/skæn/[T1; IØ] to look over the whole of (something, esp a book, newspaper, etc),esp quickly to get the main ideas 粗略地看（尤指书本、报纸等）；草草翻阅：She scanned the bookfor his name，but couldn＇t find it.她翻阅这本书想找他的名字，但找不到.

read aloud/out loud to read and speak what is read at the same time 朗读：He read the letter aloud／out loud.他朗读了这封信.Read out loud，please！请高声朗读.

G141 verbs，etc 动词等：writing and typing 书写与打字

write /rait/ 1 [T1; IØ] to make (marks that represent letters or words) by using a tool held in the hands, esp (in modern times) with a pen or pencil on paper 书写；写字：Many people still can＇t read or write.还有许多人不会读书写字．Write the word．写出这字．2［T1］ toexpress and record in this way 写：He wrote his name.他写下他的名字.She is writing her report now．她正在写报告．3［T1；IØ］ to be a writer （of books，plays，etc）写作（书、剧本等）： He writes for the stage. 他写剧本.Charlotte Brontë wrote ＇Jane Eyre＇.夏洛特·勃朗蒂是《简爱》的作者．write out ［v adv T1］1 to write in full 全部写出：He wrote out the report.他写好了报告．2 to write（something formal）写出：She wrote out a cheque／receipt.她开出一张支票／收条.

scribble /'skribəl/1 [IØ; T1] to write (meaning-less marks） 乱涂；乱画：The child can＇t write but she loves to scribble with a pencil.孩子不会写字，但她喜欢用铅笔乱涂．2 ［T1］ to writecarelessly or in a hurry (usu something that is hard to read） 潦草地写：Let me scribble a note to the milkman before we go.我们走之前让我先给送牛奶的人写一张便条.There was a scribbledsignature at the bottom of the letter but I couldn＇t make it out. 信的末尾有一个潦草的签名，但我认不出来.

scrawi /skro:l/ [T1] to write in a careless, irregular, awkward, or unskilful way, usu covering more space than necèssary 潦草地写： He scrawled his signature at the bottom of the letter.他在信的末尾草草地签上自己的名字.Therewas a name scrawled on the wall.墙上胡乱地涂了一个名字.

print /print/[T1; IØ] to write (something) using the square， unjoined letters used in books 用印刷体写：Most children learn to print before they learn proper handwriting.大多数儿童在学习手写体之前先学习写印刷体字.Please print theaddress clearly in capital letters.请用大写字母的印刷体写地址．［→G173］

compose /kəm'pəuz/ [T1; IØ] to write (music, poetry，etc）创作（乐曲、诗歌等）；作（曲）；写（诗）：This musician has composed a lovely piece of music.这位音乐家创作了一首美妙的乐曲.

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G142 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

inscribe /mn'skraib/ [T1 often pass] 1 to write by marking into a surface 刻写：His name was inscribed on the metal plate beside the door. 他的名字刻在门边的金属板上．2 to write （aname) in a book, esp when giving it as a pres-ent or on a special occasion 题写；题献；题赠

transcribe /træn'skrarb/ [T1; IØ] fml to put （something） into a written form 写下；录下；抄写；誊写：Have you transcribed his speech yet？ 你把他的演说记录下来了没有？

pen/pen/ [T1] pomp to write, esp with a pen （用钢笔）写：He penned a letter to his friend. 他给朋友写了一封信.

pencil /'pensəl/ [T1] to draw, write, or mark with a pencil 用铅笔写、画、标：Please pencil （your note） at the side of the page.请用铅笔在书页的边上写（你的意见）.

type/taip/ [T1 (out); IØ] to print on paper by using a typewriter［→G152］打字；用打字机打： She typed（out） the letter carefully.她用打字机仔细地打出这封信.It＇s easy to learn to type.打字很容易学.

jot/d3pt/[T1(down)] to write quickly,esp with-out preparation 匆匆记下：He jotted （down） some notes for the talk he was going to give. 他为他即将进行的讲演匆匆写下一点笔记.jotting［C usu pl］ a rough note 简短的笔记：Here are a few jottings Ive made for the talk tonight.这是我为今晚发言做的一点笔记.

note/nəut/[T1] to write as a note; to write in a short form 记下；摘下：He noted the points on a piece of paper.他把要点记在一张纸上.

sign /sain/ [Ti; IØ] to write (one's name) on a piece of paper，etc 签（名）；署（名）：Sign here， Please.请在这里签名.He signed his name at the bottom of the page.他在页尾签了名.signa-ture [C] the special way one writes one's name，esp for letters， official papers，etc 署名； 签名：Put your signature here and here，please. 请在这儿和这儿签名.

autograph /'o:təgra:f/ 1 [T1] to sign (a letter, statement, book, etc) with one's own name to show that one is the writer 亲笔签名：Will you autograph your new book for me？可否请您在您的新作上为我签名？2［C］ a person＇s ownwriting done by hand, esp his signature writ-ten in this way 亲笔；亲笔签名：May I have yourautograph，sir？先生，我能得到您的亲笔签名吗？

annotate /'ænəteit/ [Wv5; T1] to add short notes to （a book） to explain certain parts 注解； 注释：An annotated edition of the book is a copy with notes.书的注释版本即一本附有注解的书．annotation 1［U］ the writing of notes 作注解2 ［C］ a written note， esp on the pages of a printed book（尤指书页上的）注解；注释

spell /spel/1 [D1; T1 (with)] to name in order （the letters） of （esp a word）（按顺序）用字母拼： My name is spelled S.M.Y.T.H.我名字的拼法是S.M.Y.T.H. Do you spell judgement with an e？你拼 judgement一-词时带不带 e？2［T1 nopass］ （ofletters in order） to form （a word） （指字母）拼成（某个单词）：B.O.O.K spells book＇. B．O．O．K 拼成“book”．3［Iø］ to form words （correctly） from letters（正确地）拼写：You

must learn to spell.你得学会拼写.The children can＇t spell well．这些孩子拼写不行．4［T1］（fig） to add up to （a result）；mean 招致；等于；意味： His disapproval spells defeat for our plan.他的反对意味着我们计划的失败．spell out 1 towrite or say（a word） letter by letter 逐个字母地写出或读出（某单词）2（fig）to explain in theplainest or most understandable way 清楚地解· 释；详细地说明：He spelt out the government＇s plans in a speech.他在演说中阐明了政府的计划.spelling 1 [U] the action or proper way of forming words from letters 拼字；拼写：Her spelling has improved.她的拼写有进步.I＇m no good at spelling．我拼写很差．2［C］an ordered set of letters forming a word 拼法；缀字法：a word for which British and American spellings are different 一个英美拼法不同的词 speller［C］1 a person who spells or can spell 拼字者：The child is a good speller．孩子的拼写很好．2 abook which helps in teaching spelling 拼写课本

G142 verbs 动词：composing and editing 撰写与编辑

[ALSO→G162]

compose /kəm'pəuz/ [T1; Iø] to put (ideas) into writing 撰写；著作：I＇m trying to compose a letter；please don＇t make so much noise.我正在写信，请不要这样吵闹.

edit/'edit/ [T1; IØ] to prepare (the writings of some other person) to go into a newspaper, book，etc 编辑；校订：He edited her article， making as few changes as possible.他校订了她的文章，尽可能少加改动.Stop editing now，please.请不要再编辑了.

draft／dra：ft／［T1］ to make a draft of 起草；草拟： He drafted a speech. 他草拟了一篇演说.Thenew laws were drafted last year.新法令是去年起草的.

rewrite /rir'rait/ [T1] to write (something) again in a different and more suitable way, esp to make（it）better 改写；重写（尤指为了写得更好）：I don＇t like this；rewrite it.我不喜欢这篇文章，重新写一篇吧.He rewrote the article carefully.他仔细地改写了那篇文章.

reword/,ri:'w3:d/[T1] to write or say in differ-ent words， esp better or more suitably（尤指用更好或更恰当的措辞）改写；改说：Reword this；asit is，our readers won＇t like it.把这篇文章改写一下，照现在这个样子，我们的读者是不会喜欢的.

rework／，ri：＇w3：k／also 又作reshape／ri：＇feIp／［T1］ to write or develop (one's material, ideas, etc) in a second，better form 重写；改写；加工；润饰：If you rework this a bit， it＇ll be a lot better.如果你稍为再加加工，这篇文章就将大为增色.

re-do /rir'du:/ [Ti] genl to rewrite,reword,or rework （something）改写；重写；加工

write up [v adv T1] 1 to write (again) in a complete and useful form 把···整理成文；润饰： I'll write up my notes and let yòu have a copy. 我要把笔记整理成文，然后给你一份．2 to write a

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report on (goods, a play, etc), esp giving a good judgement 写文章赞扬（商品、戏剧等）：Hewrote the play up in the local newspaper.他在当地报纸上写文章捧这出戏.

G143 verbs 动词：writing things down ［v adv T1］写下，记下

write down 1 to record in writing (esp what has been said）写下；记下（某人的话等）：Write youridea down while it is clear in your mind.趁你的想法在头脑中还清晰的时候赶紧把它写下来吧.She wrote down what he said.她把他的话记录了下来．2［X1］（fig）to describe as 把···描写成： They wrote him down as a lazy worker.他们把他描写成一个懒惰的工人.

scribble down to write down in a scribble [■G145］，carelessly or（too） quickly 潦草写下；胡乱写下；匆匆写下：She scribbled the name down on a piece of paper.她将名字潦草地写在一张纸上.

jot down to write down quickly in a short form 匆匆记下；略记：He jotted some points down for the talk he was to give that evening.他把那天晚上他要讲的几个要点匆匆记了下来.

note down to write down, usu carefully and esp in the form of notes 记下；摘要记下：Henoted down what he had to do next day on a piece of paper.他在一张纸上记下了第二天自己必须做的事.

take down genl to write down， esp as asked（尤指照吩咐）记下；写下：She took down the vari-ous points and then prepared a written report of what had been said.她将各种不同的意见记录下来，然后将发言内容写成书面报告.

put down genl to write down 记下；写下：Let me put down your telephone number before I forget it.趁我还没忘记，让我把你的电话号码记下来吧.Put your plan down on paper，please.请将你的计划用书面写出来.

get down very genl & infml to write down in some way 写下：Get your ideas down on paper and let me have them as soon as possible！ 把你的想法写在纸上，并尽快把它交给我！

set down to write down clearly 清楚地写下：He set his ideas down on paper and sent them to us.他把自己的想法清楚地写在纸上，并给我们送来了.

mark down to put down on paper as marks of some particular kind 记下；记录：He marked the results of the games down（on paper）.他把比赛的结果（在纸上）记录下来.

G144 verbs 动词：removing written

things ［T1］去掉写下的东西

rub out [v adv] not fml to remove (something, esp a pencil mark） from paper， etc 擦掉；擦去（纸上的铅笔迹等）：He rubbed out what he hadwritten.他擦去了他写的东西.The teacher

G145 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

rubbed out what he had written on the black-board.老师擦掉了他写在黑板上的字.

erase／r＇reis／ often fml to rub out 抹掉；擦掉；除去：He erased his mistakes with a rubber.他用橡皮擦掉写错的地方.（fig）She tried to erase thememory from her mind.她竭力从脑海中抹掉那些记忆.He erased the recording from the tape ［→K50］．他将录音从磁带上抹去了．

delete /dr'li:t/ to take, rub, strike, or cut out （something written or printed）删除（文字等）； 擦掉（字迹等）：If you delete 50 words，we can put the whole story on one page.如果你删掉五十个词，我们就可把整个故事登在一页上.Deletehis name from the list of members.把他的名字从会员名单上删除．deletion 1［U］ the act ofdeleting； the state of being deleted 删除；删掉2［C］ something deleted 删除的东西：The page contained several deletions.这一页有几处被删掉的地方.

G145 nouns 名词：reading and writing 读与写

reading／＇ri：dr／1［U］ the activity of reading 读； 阅读：Reading is an important part of work in a school.阅读是学校教学工作的一个重要组成部分．2［C］something（to be） read 读物；阅读材料： He prepared some readings from the books he liked best.他从他最喜欢的书里找了一些阅读材料.writing／＇raiti／1 ［U］ the activity of writing 写； 书写；写作：Writing is his life．写作是他的生命．2［C；U］ written work 著作；文章： That＇s a good piece of writing.那是一篇好文章.His writings are now famous． 他的作品现在很有名．3［U］handwriting 书法；笔迹：I can＇t read the doctor＇s writing.我看不懂医生写的字.

handwriting /'hænd,raitin/ [U] 1 writing done by hand 笔迹；手写物2 the style or appearance of such writing by a particular person 书法；手迹：She has very neat handwriting.她的书法清晰工整.

calligraphy /kə'lıgrəfi/ [U] (the act of produc-ing） beautiful writing by hand 书法；书法艺术： Calligraphy was once the most important subject in Chinese schools.在中国学校里书法曾是最重要的课程.

scribble/'skribəl/1 [C often pl with sing mean-ing］ a meaningless mark written on paper 涂鸦；乱涂的笔迹：The child made scribbles on the wall．孩子在墙上胡乱涂写．2［S］a way ofwriting which is careless and hard to read 潦草书写：His writing is nothing but a scribble.他的字迹十分潦草．3［C］an unimportant note writ-ten in a hurry 匆忙写成的便条：She wrote ascribble to the milkman before she left.她在离开之前匆匆给送牛奶的人写了一张便条.

scrawl/skro:l/1 [C usu sing] something written awkwardly or fast and carelessly 潦草的文字；涂鸦：Her postcard was just a scrawl saying she was having a good time.她在明信片上只是潦草地写了几个字，说她过得很愉快．2［S］an awkwardor. irregular way of writing 潦草的笔迹：This

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letter must be from Frank; I recognize his scrawl.这封信一定是弗兰克寄来的，我认出他那潦草的笔迹.The words were written in a scrawl across the page.这些字横七竖八地写在那页上.

printing /'printig/ [U] letters printed by hand （手写）印刷体的字：The address on the box wasin printing， not in handwriting.盒子上的地址是用印刷体写的而不是用书写体写的.

print /print/ [U] letters, words, or language in printed［→G173］ form 印刷字体：I can＇t read the small print on this page without my glasses.不戴眼镜我看不清这页上的小号印刷字体.

script/skript/ [U] (a way of) writing done by hand, esp as in Ènglish with the letters of words joined 手迹；笔迹；手写体：He covered the page with his neat script.他用工整的笔迹写满了整页.

black and white ［U］infml writing or print 书写或印刷的字迹：It＇s all down here （＝ on thispaper）in black and white.白纸黑字全都写在这儿了.

shorthand /'fot,hænd/ [U] a way of writing (esp spoken language) down quickly by using special signs 速记；速记法：She uses Pitman＇s shorthand.她使用皮特曼速记法.He is a short-hand typist［→J233］．他是速记打字员．

longhand /'lpn,hænd/ [U] ordinary hand-writing, esp when compared with shorthand or typing（与速记或打字相对而言的）普通书写法；手写法：He took her words down in longhand. 他用普通书写法记下了她的话.

screed/skri:d/[C] not fml a long and usu dull speech or piece of writing 冗长的文章或演说；长篇大论：This report is too much of a screed；try to make it shorter.这篇报告太长了，设法把它压缩一下.

G146 adjectives 形容词：written and

readable［B］书面的与易读的

written／＇ritən／［Wa5］ having been written 写下

的；书面的；成文的：Send me a written report of what happens.把发生的情况写一份书面报告给我.handwritten /'hænd,ritən/ [Wa5] written by hand rather than printed 手写的： It was a handwritten letter， not typed.这封信是手写的， 不是打字的.

typewritten／＇tarp，ritən／ also 又作 typed／taipt／ ［Wa5］ written by means of a typewriter 打字的： Send me a typewritten/typed report of what happens.把发生的情况用打字机打一份报告给我.

readable/'ri:dəbəl/ 1 that can be read (easily) （字迹）易读的；易认的：His handwriting isn＇t readable．他的笔迹难认． 2 worth reading； interesting 值得一读的；有趣的：What a veryreadable book！ 这本书很值得一读！un-［neg］ -bly ［adv Wa3］：He writes very readably．他的字迹很清晰.

legible /'led3əbəl/ (of handwriting or print) that can be read，esp easily（书写或印刷文字）字迹清楚易看的：This sheet is hardly legible.这一页上的字迹简直没有办法看．il-［neg］-bly ［adv Wa3］

-ibility [U]

literate /'Itərit/ 1 (of people) able to read and write（指人）能读写的：These people are all literate.这些人都能读会写.India has had aliterate civilization for thousands of years.印度已有数千年用文字记载的文明史．2 relating to（the good qualities of） reading and writing 关于读写的；文化水准高的：This is very literatework indeed.这的确是文化水准很高的工作.il-[neg] usu deprec non-[neg] genl & neutral

G147 nouns 名词： alphabets and scripts 字母与字母系统

alphabet /'ælfə,bet/ [C] the set of letters used in writing any language, esp when arranged in order（尤指按顺序排列的整套）字母：TheEnglish language uses the Roman alphabet in its own special way.英语以自己特有的方式应用罗马字母.alphabetic（al）［B］ of，belonging to， or in the order of the／an alphabet 字母表的；依字母顺序的：In a dictionary the words are arranged in alphabetical order.在词典中词是按照字母顺序排列的．-（al）ly［adv Wa4］ al-phabetize, -ise [T1] to put (words) into alpha-betic order 把（词）依字母顺序排列

script/skript/[C9; U9] the set of letters used in writing a language；an alphabet 书写的字母；字母表：The work is printed in Arabic script.这本著作是用阿拉伯字母印刷的.Persian and Arabicused to be written in two different scripts.波斯语和阿拉伯语过去是用两种不同的字母书写的.

cipher, cypher/'saifə/[C; U] a form of secret writing in which letters of the aphabet are changed with other letters, signs, and num-bers so as to be unreadable except to some-one who understands the secret 密码；暗号： The letter was in cipher.信是用密码写的.decipher [T1] to translate, from a cipher into ordinary language 破译；译解（密码等）：Can you decipher the message／what the lettersays？你能译解这份情报／信的内容吗？

code /kəud/ [C; in U] 1 a system of secret words, letters, numbers, etc, used instead of ordinary writing to keep messages secret 密码： The message was in code, so I couldn't read/ understand it.信息是用密码写的，所以我看不懂.2 a system of signals used instead of letters and numbers in a message that is to be broad-cast，telegraphed，etc（广播、电报等用的）代码； 电码 3 a system of numbers by which such things as books can be organized, as in a library（图书馆书籍等所用的）编码；代号（系统）code ［T1］ 1 also 又作 encode to translate （words， etc） into a code 把···译成代码（或密码）：Code the message so that the enemy won't understand it.把信译成密码免得敌人看懂.Theyencoded the message．他们把信译成密码．2 togive a special code （espa number） to 为···编码（尤指数码）；把···编号：You haven＇t coded these books yet； how can I put them in order？你还没有给这些书编号，我怎么能将它们排放好呢？

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decode [T1] to translate (words,etc) out of a code 译解（密码）：Decode this message quickly； we must know what it means！快点把密码信译出来，我们必须弄懂它的意思！break/crack a code to find out how a code works 破译（密码等）：They haven＇t managed to break／crack the enemy＇s latest code.他们还无法破译敌人最新的密码.

inscription /mn'skripfən/ [C] something in-scribed [→G141] such as a a piece of writing marked into the surface of stone or something hard，such as a coin 铭文；碑文；（铸币等的）刻印文字 b a piece of handwriting at the beginning of a book saying who gave the book to whom and giving the date，year，etc（书前的）题词；题献

transcription /træn'skripfən/1 [U] the act of transcribing［→G141］抄写；誊写；记录2［C］ something transcribed, esp the way someone speaks a language， gives a speech，etc 抄本；誊本；记录；（尤指）由说话转录成的文字：They madea transcription of his speech.他们把他的演说记录成文．3［C］tech a way of writing or printing the sounds of a language 标音法；音标：Many dictionaries use special phonetic [→G238] transcriptions of English words.许多词典都用专门的音标给英语单词注音.

G148 nouns，etc 名词等：letters 字母

letter/'letə/[C] one of the signs of an alphabet, that represents a speech sound 字母 lettering [U] 1 the act of writing, drawing, etc letters or words 写字（字母）；画字（字母）2 the letters orwords written or drawn, esp with regard to their style 写或画的字或字母

character /'kæriktə/ [C] 1 (in writing systems which do not use letters) a sign used for representing a word （不是由字母组成的）字：Chinese has no alphabet and is written in characters．汉语没有字母，而是用汉字书写的．2awritten or printed mark (as a letter or figure) having a recognized meaning 书写符号；印刷符号：I wish this book were written in bigger characters；these are so difficult to read.这本书的字体大一些就好了，现在的字体读起来太吃力.

capital (letter) /'kæpətəl ('letə)/ [C] a large letter such as A,B and C in alphabets such as the Roman alphabet 大写字母：Please write／ print in capitals.请用大写字母书写／印刷.blockcapitals／letters ［P］ capitals 大写印刷体字母： Please write your name in block letters.请用大写印刷体书写你的名字.

lower case [U] the ordinary letters of an alphabet such as the Roman alphabet 小写字母；小写活字：The sentence was printed in lower case.句子是用小写字母印刷的.

lower-case letter [C] an ordinary letter such as a，b and c 小写字母

smalĺ letter ［C］ infml a lower-case letter 小写字母

initial ／I＇nifəl／1 ［C］ also 又作 initial letter a large letter at the beginning of a name, esp

G150 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

when used alone to represent a person's first name（s） and last name 首字母；代表姓名的开头字母：The second initial is for my middle name.第二个首字母代表我的中名.（注：“中名”指欧美人姓名中夹在教名与姓之间的名字．）2［T1］tosign one's name on a piece of writingby writing one's initials, usu to show that one has read it or approves of it，etc 签姓名首字母于... （表示已阅或同意）：He initialled each page.他在每一页上都签了他姓名的首字母.

G149 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：letters and print 字母与印刷

roman/'rəumən/ [Wa5; B; U] (of or connected with) a type of writing or printingwhere the letters are upright as in this piece of printing 罗马字体（的）；正体（的）

cursive /"k3:siv/ [Wa5; B; U] (of or connected with) a type of writing or printing where the letters are joined together 草书（的）；草体（的）

italic /r'tælik/ [Wa5;B;C often pl; U] (of or concerning) a type of writing or printing where the letters are narrower, slope to the right and have hooks on the ends 斜体（的）： She writes italic.她写斜体字.This example is printed in italics.这个例子是用斜体字排印的.italicize, -ise [T1; IØ] to put (writing,printing, etc）into italics 用斜体字书写、印刷

Gothic /'goθik/ [Wa5; B; U] (of) a type of printing with thick，pointed letters 哥德体（的）； 粗黑体（的）

printable /'printəbəl/ [B] 1 fit to be printed; suitable for reading by anyone 可印刷的；适于大众阅读的：In his bad temper he used language that was hardly printable.他发脾气时用了一些（粗俗得）不宜印成文字的词句．un-［neg］2 thatcan be printed or printed from 印得出的；可印刷的：This fine 300-year-old block is still print-able.这块有三百年历史的精良印板至今仍可用来印刷.

publishable /'pablifəbəl/ [B] able to be pub-lished；worth publishing 可发表的；适于出版的： That material isn't publishable in its present form.这份材料照目前这个样子是不能出版的.un-[8əu]

G150 nouns 名词： punctuating and spacing 点标点与留间隔

punctuation / pAnktfu'erfən/ [U] the way in which written or printed material is divided into sentences, phrases, etc, by means of marks so that understanding is made easier 点标点；标点法 punctuate ［T1；IØ］ to arrange (printing, writing, etc) with the most suitable marks 加标点；标点（文章等）：He doesn＇t punc-tuate (his work) properly; he always uses còmmas where he should have used full stops.他标点符号用得不对，总在该用句号的地方点逗号.

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layout/'ler,aut/ [U;C]the way in which printed matter is set out on paper（印刷品的）版面编排：I like the layout of that book.我喜欢那本书的版面编排.

spacing /'speisig/ [U] the way in which distance between letters and lines of letters is arranged on a printed page or page with writing，etc on it（留在字间、行间的）间隔；空白

white space [U] tech the unused area of paper on a printed page 印刷页上的空白部分

G151 nouns，etc 名词等：punctuation marks 标点符号

punctuation mark [C] any mark used in punc-tuation 标点符号

period /'piriəd/ esp AmE 1 [C] a sign () marking the end of a sentence or a shortened form of a word． 句点（）2 ［adv］（used at the end of a sentence, expressing strong feeling) and that is all I am going to say on the sub-ject； and that is what I have firmly decided（用于句末，表达强烈感情）就这样；再也没有什么可讲的了：I＇m not going to do it，period.我不打算干这件事，就这样.

full stop ／ ful＇stpp／ ［C］ esp BrE a period 句号： Put full stops at the end of your sentences.句末要打句号.

point／point／［C］ a period 句号：Put points after your sentences.句末要打句号.

dot／dpt／［C］ infml a full stop or point 句号comma/'komə/ [C] the mark(,) for showing a short pause 逗号（，）

colon /'kəulən/ [C] the mark (:) for directing the reader from one part of a piece of writing to another 冒号（：）

semicolon/'semə,kəulən/ [C] the mark (;) for showing longer pauses, connecting two sen-tences that are closely related, or separating members of lists 分号（；）

exclamation mark/point /,eksklə'meıfən ma:k/ point/[C] the mark (!) which is written after the actual words of an exclamation 感叹号（1）： ＇Tm hungry！＇she exclaimed.“我饿了！”她大声说.（Compare 比较：She exclaimed that she was hungry.她大声说她饿了.）

question mark /'kwestfən ,ma:k/ [C] the mark (?) which is written after the actual words of a question 问号（？）：Are you coming？你来吗？ （Compare 比较：She asked if I was coming.她问我来不来.）

apostrophe /ə'postrəfi/ [C] the sign (') used in writing a to show that one or more letters or figures have been left out of a word or figure (as in Don't, I'm and '47 for do not,I am and 1947) b before or after s to show possession (as in lady's hat, ladies' hats, children's hats) c before s to show the plural of letters and figures (as in There are 2 f's in off and Your 8＇s look like S＇s） 撇号 （＇），表示：a字母或数字的省略（如：don＇t＝donot; am;'47= 1947）b 所有格，放在s之前或之后（如：lady＇s

hat， ladies＇ hats， children＇s hats）c 字母和数字的复数，放在s之前（如：There are 2 f＇s in off．［“off”一词有两个f．］和Your 8＇s look like S＇s． ［你那些8都像S．］）

asterisk /'æstə,risk/ 1 [C] a star-like mark(\*) used a to call attention to a note at the bot-tom of a page b to mark that certain letters are missing from a word c to show that a word, phrase, sound, etc is wrong or may never have existed (as in the example 'In English we say 3 boys not ＊3 boy＇）．星号（＊）， 用于a标明参见脚注b标明某词内有字母遗漏C表示某词、片语、读音等错误或不存在（例如：英语说“3boys”而不说“＊3 boy”）2［T1］ to mark with an asterisk 加星号于：Asterisk those words.给这些词标上星号.

hyphen/'haifən/ [C] a short written or printed line (-) which can join words, parts of words, or syllables 连字号（-） hyphenate ［T1］ to join with a hyphen 用连字号连接

dash/dæf [C] the mark (-) which can sepa-rate parts of sentences very clearly from each other破折号（一）

slash (mark) /slæf (ma:k)/ [C] the mark(/) used usu to show ＇or＇，to show fractions，etc 斜线号（／），用以表示“或”、分数等：man／woman（＝man or woman）男人或女人

oblique ／ə＇bli：k／ ［C］a slash（／）斜线号（／） solidus／＇splidəs／［Ć］ a slash（／） 斜线号（I）

swung dash /,swan 'dæf/ [C] the mark (~) used in certain dictionaries, etc to replace a word instead of printing it again 代字号（～）

tilde/'tildə/ [C] a swung dash, esp as used in Spanish to indicate the sound /nj/ and in Portuguese to mark a nasal pronunciation 代字号（～）；颚音符号（～）（尤指用以表示西班牙语中的／nj／音和葡萄牙语中的鼻音符号）

circumflex /'s3:kəm,fleks/ [C] a mark (^)put over a letter (as être in French) to show that it has a special sound（指示发音方法的）音调符号（＾）（标在某字母之上表示该字母须按某一特定方式发音，如法语中的être）

acute (accent) /ə'kju:t ('æksent)/[C] the mark (')above the vowel in such French words as émigré 锐音符号；锐重音（）（标在元音上方，如法语中的émigré）

grave (accent) /grov ('æksent)/ [C] the mark (`) above the vowel in such French words as mère 抑音符号（）（加在元音上方，如法语中的mère)

bracket /'brækit/1 [C usu pl] either of various pairs of signs such as ( ), and [ ] used in writing and printing to separate something from the rest of a sentence，equation，etc 括号的一边，如（）、［］的任何一边：Put these wordsin round brackets and those words in square brackets.把这些词括在圆括号内，把那些词括在方括号内.He put brackets round the words，to show that they were his own opinion and not part of the story.他用括号把这些说话括起来，表明这些是他自己的看法而非故事的一部分．2［T1］toput between brackets 用括号括；把...放在括号内：He bracketed the words.他把那些话用括号括起来.

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parenthesis /pə'renθəsis/ [C] 1 either of a pair of round brackets used esp to separate one part of a piece of writing or printing from the rest 圆括号的一边（尤用来分隔插入语）：Put thatphrase in parentheses.把那个短语放在圆括号内.2 a group of words separated in this way or by commas or dashes（由括号、逗号或破折号隔开的）插入语 parenthetical ［B］（as if） being in parentheses 放在括号里的：The phrase was parenthetical.这个短语是放在括号里的.-ly［advWa4]

G152 nouns 名词：tools for writing with 书写工具

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pen/pen/1 [C] an instrument used for writing in ink［→H93］笔；钢笔；圆珠笔； 鹅毛笔2 ［the R］（fig）（the art of）writing 写作：He hoped to live by the pen. 他希望以写作为生.The pen ismightier (= stronger) than the sword' （saying）.“笔强于刀，文胜于武.”（谚语）

pencil /'pensəl/ 1 [C] a narrow pointed usu wooden instrument containing a thin stick of a black substance (graphite) or coloured material，used for writing or drawing 铅笔；颜色画笔2［U］ the writing material in a pencil （指铅笔里的）铅笔心：Should I sign this paperin pencil or ink？我该用铅笔还是用钢笔签字？

crayon /'kreiən/ [C] a stick of coloured wax or chalk used for writing or drawing, esp on paper（尤指用于纸上绘画的）彩色蜡笔或粉笔

chalk /tfo:k/ [U; C] (a piece of) white or coloured soft rock used for writing or drawing （书写或绘画用的）白垩；粉笔；有色粉笔：Pass methe／some chalk，please.请递给我那支／一些粉笔. The teacher wrote with a stick of chalk on the blackboard.老师用粉笔在黑板上写字.These arevery good chalks.这是一些很好的有色粉笔.

G153 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

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打字机

typewriter /'taip,raitə/ [C] a machine that prints letters by means of keys which when struck by the fingers press onto paper through an inked ribbon 打字机

rubber /'rabə/ [C] esp BrE a piece of the substance rubber (made from the juice of a tropical tree) used for removing pencil marks from paper 橡皮；橡皮擦

eraser /r'reizə/ [C] fml or AmE an object, esp a rubber，for removing writing 擦除字迹的东西（尤指橡皮）

G153 nouns 名词：things to write on 供写字的纸品

paper/'peipə/ [U] material, esp made from wood,which is prepared in sheets of various sizes, is usu white and used for writing, draw-ing，etc on 纸：Can I have some more paper， please？请再给我一些纸好吗？

writing paper [U] paper for writing letters on, usu smooth and of quite good quality and cut into various standard sizes 信纸；信笺

notepaper /'nəut,peipə/ [U] paper suitable for writing letters and notes 信纸；便条纸

letterhead /'letəhed/ 1 [C] the name and address of a person or business printed at the top of their writing paper 笺头（印在信纸上端的人名或商行的名称、地址等）2［U］writing paperwith the letterhead printed on it 印有笺头的信笺

sheet/Ji:t/[C] a flat thin piece of paper, usu cut square or nearly square and used esp for writing or typing on or in books, newspapers, etc for printing on 一张（纸）：Write on a fresh （＝new） sheet of paper.写在一张新纸上.

card /ka:d/ [C] a small sheet of stiff(ened) paper, usu with information on it or to be used for information, and having various uses 卡片：He wrote the words on cards and arranged them alphabetically as a card index ［→G163］．他把单词写在卡片上，并按字母顺序把它们排列成卡片索引.Show me your union／club／membership card， please.请出示你的工会／俱乐部／会员证.

page/peid3/ [C] 1 one side of a sheet of paper in a book， newspaper，etc，usu numbered（书、报等的）一面；一页：There is a picture of a shipon page 44．在第四十四页上有一张轮船的图片．This newspaper has 24 pages．这份报纸有二十

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G154 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

四个版面．2 the whole sheet （on both sides）（包括正、反两个版面的）一页；一张：Someone hastorn a page out of this book.有人从这本书里撕掉一页．3（fig）lit something which could be written in a book 可以载入典籍的事物：Theseyears will be remembered as some of the finest pages in our country＇s history.这数年将成为我国历史上最美好的几页而为人所怀念.

stationery /'steifən,eri/ [U] writing materials, esp sheets of paper 文具（尤指纸张）：We must buy some more stationery.我们必须再买些文具.Do you know any stationery shops near here? 你知道附近有文具商店吗？

papyrus /pə'paıərəs/ 1 [U] a grass-like water plant formerly common in Egypt, used in ancient times esp for making paper（古埃及人用以造纸的）纸莎草2［U］a type of paper madefrom this plant 纸莎草纸 3［C］ a piece of ancient writing on this paper（古代写在纸莎草纸上的）文稿

parchment/'pa:tfmənt/1 [U] (esp formerly) writing material made from the skin of a sheep，goat，etc 羊皮纸2［U］ paper that looks like parchment 一种似羊皮纸的上等纸（尤指古代用以写字的）3［C］a piece of this 一张羊皮纸：Hewrote everything down on a parchment.他把所有的事都写在一张羊皮纸上.

G154 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：papers， documents，and records 证件、文件与记录

paper/'peipə/ [C usu pl] a special piece of paper with something typed, printed, or writ-ten on it， often for official purposes 文件；证件： Can I see your papers，please？请让我看看你的证件好吗？Does he have any papers to show who he is？他有没有能证明他身分的证件？

document n: /'dpkjumənt/; v: /'dpkjə,ment/1 [C] a paper, small book, etc that gives infor-mation，proof， or support of something else 公文；文件：Let me see all the official documents concerning the sale of this land.让我看看所有关于出售这块土地的官方文件．2［T1］to prove orgive examples of (something), esp in or by showing documents 用文件证明；为···提供文件：He documented the whole case very well.他为整个案件提供了充足的证明文件.documentary[Wa5;B] of, concerning, or like a document or documents 文件的；证件的；记实的：We needdocumentary proof of this.我们需要有关此事的文件证据.

record n:/'reko:d/;v:/rr'ko:d/1 [C] a written, typed, or printed paper or set of papers,etc that describes or gives the facts about some-one or something, esp about past actions, events，etc 记录；记载；成绩；履历；经历；档案：Hisrecord at school/His school record was good. 他学业成绩不错.Keep a record of everything you do； we may need it later.把你做的每件事都记录下来，日后我们可能用得着.The officialrecords are kept in that building.官方档案都保

存在那幢建筑物内．2［T1］ to put somethingdown in writing as a record 记录；记载：She recorded everything that was said at the meet-ing.她把会上的全部发言都记录下来了.

register/'red3istə/1 [C] a list, record, book, etc esp kept for official purposes 名单；记录；登记簿（表）；注册簿；记名册：The government keeps a register of all births， marriages， and deaths.政府对所有出生、婚姻和死亡的情况都存有记录.Theteacher has the class's attendance register, showing which students were in school on a particular day.教师有全班学生的考勤簿，上面列明某一天有哪些学生在校.Sign your name in thehotel register.请在旅馆登记簿上签名.A cashregister is a machine used in shops to record how much money is taken each day.现金出纳机是商店用来记录每天收入金额的机器．2［IØ；T1］to （cause to） write in a register， list， etc 登记； 注册：He registered for the night at a local hotel.他在当地一家旅馆里登记住宿一晚.Thechild＇s birth was registered locally.孩子在当地办理了出生登记.Are you registered as avoter／registered to vote？你办理选民登记了吗？3 ［T1］ to record or show 记录；显示：The instru-ment called a thermometer registers heat.叫温度计的仪器是显示热度的.The thermometerregistered 35 degrees．温度计上显示的温度是三十五度.（fig）Her face registered anger and sur-prise．她脸上露出又惊又怒的表情．4［Iø］infml tobe understood 被理解：The bad news didn＇t register（with me） for several minutes.有好几分钟（我）不能理解这坏消息.registration ［oftenin comb]1 [U] the act of registering or being registered（被）登记；（被）注册：The registration of births is done locally, not at a national centre.出生登记是在当地办理的，而不是在某个全国性中心办理的．2［C］an example of this 登记或注册的事例：How many registrations have you had today？你们今天登记了多少人？registrar[C] a person, esp an official, who makes and keeps a register 管登记（或注册）的人；注册官：marriage registrar 办理结婚登记的官员 registry [C] an office,etc where a register of any kind is kept 登记处；注册处 registry office ［C］ an office where people can be married without a religious ceremony（指不举行宗教仪式的）结婚登记处

G155 nouns，etc 名词等：letters and notes［C］信与便条

[ALSO→G190-193]

letter /'letə/ a written or printed message sent usu in an envelope 信；函件：She wrote some letters last night; one was a business letter and the others were personal.她昨晚写了几封信，一封是公务信件，其余都是私人信件．air letter 1 anyletter that is sent by air 航空信2 also 又作aerogramme a sheet of very thin paper already stamped for posting, on which a letter can be written and which is then folded and stuck at the edges and sent by air without an envelope 航空邮简

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epistle /I'pisəl/ fml or humor a letter, esp a long and important one 书信（尤指长而重要者）：This solemn 10-page epistle is from my Aunt Martha.这封长达十页、一本正经的书信是我姨妈玛莎寄来的.

note／nəut／1 a short letter 短信；短笺；短简：She sent me a note to say everything was fine.她寄给我一封短信说一切都好．2 a short piece ofwriting, esp made while listening, talking, etc 便条；记录；笔记：He made a note to telephone her.他把要给她打电话的事记了下来.Can I lookat the notes I took at the meetng？ 我可以看看我在会上做的笔记吗？

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envelope /'envə,ləup/ a paper covering for a letter 信封：He put the letter in an envelope.他把信放进信封里.

label /'leibal/ 1 a piece of paper or other material fixed to something, on which is writ-ten what it is, where it is to go, who owns it, etc 标签；签条：The label on the bottle said that it contained oil．瓶上的标签写明瓶里装的是油．2［T1；X1,7］ a to fix or tie a label on 在···上贴、挂标签：The doctor labelled the bottle Poison／Poisonous.医生在瓶上贴了“有毒”的标签.b（fig） to put into a kind or class， describe as 把···称为；把···列为：His enemies labelled the boy a thief.这男孩子的仇人把他叫做小偷.

G156 nouns 名词：notebooks［C］各种笔记本

notebook /'nəut,buk/a book in which notes are or may be written 笔记本；笔记簿：I kept a note-book on my trip abroad (= recorded my experiences in a book）.我把在国外旅行时的见闻在笔记簿上作了笔记.He bought a notebook touse in class.他买了一本笔记本上课时用.

pad/pæd/ a usu thick set of sheets of paper one on top of the other and fixed together at one end in some way， used for writing 写字用的本子；拍纸簿

notepad ／＇nəut，pæd／ a pad for taking notes 便条簿

exercise book a book of sheets of paper,esp as used in schools for written exercises 练习簿

jotter／＇d3ptə／ 1 a notepad 笔记本；便条簿 2ScotE a school exercise book（苏格兰）课堂练

G157 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

习本：The teacher told her pupils to open their jotters.教师让学生们打开练习本.

folder /'fəuldə/ a piece of cardboard folded or made into an envelope for holding loose papers 文件夹：He had all his notes in a red folder.他把所有的笔记都装在一个红色文件夹里.

file /fail/ 1 something for holding letters, papers，etc，usu a folder 文件箱；公文匣；文件夹2 a collection of papers usu in files giving information about someone or something 档案；案件；卷宗：The police keep files on these people.警方保存着这些人的档案.

G157 nouns 名词： stories and reports

［C］故事与报告

story /'sto:ri/1 an account of events, real or imagined 故事；小说；传闻；传记；（事件的）叙述：He likes telling the children stories.他喜欢给孩子们讲故事．2 infml（used by and to children）a lie（儿语）假话；谎话（esp in the phr to tell stories 说谎） 3 the plot of （＝ what happens in）a book，film，play，etc（小说、戏剧的）情节： The film is a love story.这是一部爱情故事影片.4 (material for) an article in a newspaper, magazine，etc（新闻）记事；报道（素材）：He said the fight was unpleasant, but it made a good story.他说打架是令人不快的，却是新闻的好素材.This event will be a good story for the paper. 这事件可成为报纸的好素材.the same old storythe usual excuse or difficulty 老一套（借口、托辞）；陈词滥调

tale/terl/1 esp poet a story of imaginary events 故事；传说：He told them a tale about good fairies.他给他们讲了一个有关善良仙女的故事.She was reading tales of adventure.她正在读冒险故事．2 a report of events 事件的报道：Onreturning from the war he told us tales of fear and sadness.他从战场归来便给我们讲了一些触目惊心、令人难过的见闻．3 a lie；false story 谎言：Tell me why you're late and don't tell me a tale，＇shouted the angry teacher.“告诉我你为什么要迟到，而且不要撒谎，”老师生气地大声说道.The wicked little girl was always telling her mother tales．淘气的小女孩老是对她母亲撒谎．4a piece of news, esp when false or intended to hurt 坏话；流言蜚语；谣言：It was nasty of you togo round telling tales you know weren't true. 明知是谣言还到处散布，你这样做太可恶了.Peoplewho tell tales aren＇t worth knowing.说谎的人不值得交朋友.

anecdote /'ænik,dəut/ a short, interesting or amusing story about a particular person or event 轶事；趣闻 anecdotal［B］ of，containing， telling，or full of anecdotes 轶事的；多轶事的；爱谈奇闻轶事的

yarn /ja:n/ often infml, sometimes deprec a story, esp one told by someone returning from an adventure or long travels and not necessarily true（尤指探险、长途旅游归来的人所讲的）故事；海外奇谈（often in the phr spin ayarn 讲一个故事）

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G158 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

account /ə'kaunt/ a written or. spoken story, report，or description 书面或口头的报告；叙述；报道；描述：Give us an account of what hap-pened.把事情发生的经过告诉我们.

description /di'skripfən/ a statement, account, or story that describes 描写；描述；形容：He wrote a fine description of the place and what happened there.他生动地描写了那个地方和那里发生的事.

version /'v3:fən/ 1 a person's account of an event as compared with that of another（对一事有别于他人的）描述；说法：I believe the driver＇sversion of the accident／of what happened.我相信那司机对事故／所发生的事的说法.Thenewspapers gave very. different versions of what took place.各报对所发生的事作出不同的报道．2 a translation or adaptation of a play， book，etc 译文；译本；翻译；改写本：I like theFrench version better than the English one.我喜欢法文译本而不大喜欢英文译本.The KingJames Version of the Bible appeared in 1611. 《圣经》钦定版是1611年出版的．Did you read theshort or full version of the book？你读过这本书的节缩本还是全文？

report /ri'po:t/1 an account or description of events，experiences，etc 报道；报告；汇报：He read some newspaper reports of the acci-dent／the company＇s report for the year.他读了几篇有关该事故的新闻报道／公司的年度报告.Shewrote an official report on the danger of smoking.她写了一份有关吸烟的危害性的正式报告．2 ［also又作 U］（a piece of） talk that spreads without official support 传说；传闻： According to report/There is a report that there will soon be a change of government.据传不久就要更换政府人选了.of good／evil reportfml said to be good／ evil 名声好／坏：a man of evil report一个名声不好的人

write-up/'rait,Ap/ usu not fml a written report, esp one giving a good judgment, as of goods or a play（对商品、对戏剧等的）赞扬的报道；捧场的文章：The concert got a good write-up in the local newspaper.音乐会得到了当地报纸的好评.

G158 nouns 名词：essays and papers ［C］文章与论文

essay /'esi/ a piece of writing, not poetry or a story，usu short and on one subject 随笔；文章； 论文：There was a prize for the best essay on Shakespeare.设立了一个研究莎士比亚的最佳论文奖.

composition /,kompə'zıfən/ a piece of writing; an essay, story, or description, esp an exercise done for educational purposes 作品；文章；（尤指学生的）作文：The teacher told them to write a composition.老师要他们写一篇作文.

dissertation /,disə'teıfən/ esp tech a long piece of writing, esp as done after studying a subject for some time（专题）论述；（学位）论文：Hewrote a dissertation on deep sea fish.他写了一篇关于深海鱼类的论文.

thesis /'θi:sis/ esp tech 1 a long written argu-ment, description, etc esp as prepared for a university degree 论文；毕业论文；学位论文：Hewrote his thesis for the degree of Ph.D. in three years.他在三年内写出了一篇哲学博士学位论文．2 ［usu sing］ an argument 论点；论题：His thesis is that the world's temperatures are changing.他的论点是世界的气温正在变化.

paper /'peipə/ usu tech something written on a matter of interest to certain people, usu to be read at a special meeting（在专门会议上宣读的）论文；文章：He read his latest paper to a conference of doctors in Edinburgh.他在爱丁堡举行的一·次医生会议上宣读了他最新的论文.

G159 nouns 名词： articles and headlines ［C］文章与标题

article /'a:tikal/1 a complete piece of writing in a newspaper，magazine，etc（报纸、杂志等的） 文章：That newspaper usually has good articles on politics.那份报纸常刊登有关政治的好文章.Have you read the article on new indus-tries？你读过那篇关于新兴工业的文章了吗？2 acomplete or separate part in a written law agreement（协议等中的）项目；条款：I have writ-ten 12 articles into our agreement．我在我们的协议上写入了十二项条款.

feature /'fi:tfə/ a special article in a newspaper （报纸等的）特写：He writes features for The Times； he＇s one of their feature writers.他为《泰晤士报》撰写特写，他是该报的特写撰稿人之一.

piece /pi:s/ [usu sing] infml a short written statement in a newspaper， magazine，etc（报刊等的）短讯；一段消息；一篇短文：Did you see thepiece in the paper about Mrs Smith's acci-dent？你看到报上那段关于史密斯太太的意外事件的消息了吗？Can you do a piece on local poli-tics for our paper？你可以为我们的报纸写一篇谈地方政治的短文吗？

sketch/sketf/ a short informal piece of writing 短篇作品；小品文：He wrote some travelsketches for a magazine.他为一家杂志写了几篇游记.

column /'kpləm/ an article by a particular writer that regularly appears in a newspaper or magazine（报刊中的）专栏：I always read his column in the Guardian.我总在《卫报》上读他的专栏文章.

editorial／，edə＇to：rıəl／ also 又作 leader／＇li：də／， leading article BrE the article in a news-paper that gives the paper's opinion about a particular subject or group of subjects 社论；时评

headline /'hed,lain/ 1 the heading printed above a story in a newspaper（报刊文章的）标题：The headline read SEVEN DEAD IN CRASH＇．标题是“七人死于空难”．2 the titlesshown on large notices where newspapers are sold（报摊海报上重要新闻的）大字标题3［usu pl］one of the main points of the news as read on radio or television 广播、电视新闻摘要：Here are the news headlines.现在播送新闻摘要.

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G160 nouns 名词：reading matter 阅读材料

reading matter [U] material which people can read 阅读材料：What kind of reading matter do you like best？你最喜欢什么样的阅读材料？

material /mə'təriəl/ [U] written or recorded information, ideas, etc that can be used in a book，newspaper，etc 素材；资料：This material isn＇t much good.这个素材不太好.

copy/'kppi/[U] esp tech written material ready to be printed（供排字付印的）稿子：She sent ussome really good copy today.她今天给我们送来了一些很好的稿子.

print /print/ [U] letters, words, or language in newspapers，books，etc 报刊、书籍上印出的文字：She likes to see her name in print.她喜欢看到自己的名字印在纸上.

printed word [the R] what is stated in a news-paper，book，etc 报刊、书籍上的话：Many people have a strong belief in the printed word； they think it must be true.许多人对见诸于书报的话都十分相信，认为那一定是真的.

G161 nouns，etc 名词：summaries 摘要

summary /'sAməri/ [C] a short account of a piece of writing, a meeting, radio talk, lecture, etc which gives the most important facts （文章、会议、广播讲话、演讲等的）摘要；概要；总结：He made a summary of the report/of what had been done.他写了一份报告摘要／工作总结.summarize, -ise [T1] to make a summary of 概括；概述；总结：He summarized the book in 10 pages.他用十页的篇幅概述了书的内容.sum up[v adv] 1 [T1; IØ] to give the main points of (a meeting，etc） esp at the end 总结；概括；概述： When the discussion ended, the chairman of the meeting summed up.讨论结束时，会议主席作了总结发言．2［T1］to form an opinion about （someone）估量；评价（某人）：He is good at summing people up.他很会评价人物.

digest /'daid3est/ [Ĉ] a summary, esp of a piece of writing 摘要；文摘：He sent her a digest of the report.他给她送去一份该报告的摘要.

synopsis／sr＇nppsis／［C］ fml a digest（书、剧本等的）概要；摘要：I read his synopsis of the paper， but not the paper［→G158］itself．我读了他写的论文提要，但没看论文本身.

abstract/'æbstrækt/[C] tech a summary or summarizing statement of a book, thesis [→G158], etc esp if printed at the beginning of the book（尤指印在书或论文前的）摘要；提要

breakdown /'breik,daun/ [C] a simple expla-nation esp showing the size, etc of each part 简单解释；细目：P＇d like a breakdown of these figures，please.请给我这些数字的细目.

roundup /'raund,Ap/ [C] a gathering together of the main parts of a discussion into one account， last discussion，etc 综述；摘要：Here is a roundup of today＇s news.现在是今天新闻综述.

G162 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

abridg(e)ment /ə'brid3mənt/ 1 [U] the act of making (something, esp a story or a book) shorter（尤指故事或书的）缩短；删节2［C］some-thing, such as a story, book or play, that has been made shorter（书、剧本等的）节本；摘要：This is an abridgment for radio in five parts. 这是一个供播音用的简缩本，分为五个部分.abridge [T1] 1 [Wv5] to make (something written or spoken) shorter by using fewer words；cut short 缩略；删节：＇Ulysses＇has been abridged for radio.《尤利西斯》已经删节以供播音之用.Many schools use abridged versions of Shakespeare.很多学校都使用莎士比亚著作的节本．2 lit to make （a meeting， period of time， etc）shorter 缩短（会议、时间等）

abbrevlation /ə,bri:vr'eıfən/ 1 [U] the act of making something （usu a word） shorter（通常指词的）缩写；缩短2［C］a shortened form，esp of a word（词的）缩写式；缩略语 abbreviate［Ti］ to make (a story, speech, visit, word, etc) shorter 缩短（故事、讲话、访问、单词等）：In thisbook, the word 'adjective' is abbreviated to ＇adj＇.在这本书里，“adjective”这个词缩写成"adj".[→G274]

précis also 又作 precis ／prer＇si：／1 ［C usu sing］ a shortened form of a speech or piece of writing， giving only the main points 摘要；概要； 大意；梗概2［T1］to make a précis of 摘．．．的要点；写...的大意：Will you précis this report？你能不能给这个报告写个摘要？

brief/bri:f/1 a summary of the main facts about a case, etc, esp for a lawyer before he or she speaks in court 摘要；（案件辩文的）要旨；案情摘要：Have you read the brief？你看过辩文的要旨了吗？2 tech a piece of work， esp given to a lawyer（尤指交给律师办理的）案件：I have abrief for you． 我有一宗案件交给你办理．3 ［ususing] not fml a particular job to be done at a particular time 一定时间内要做的工作；任务：Your brief is to find out all about his plans.你的任务是查明他全部计划的内容.

G162 nouns 名词：books and manuscripts［C］书籍与手稿

book/buk/1 a collection of sheets of paper fastened together as a thing to be read,or to be written in（见G163 插图）书；书籍；书本：Hebought some new books．他买了几本新书．2one of the main divisions or parts of a larger writ-ten work （as of a long poem or the Bible）（长篇著作，如长诗、《圣经》等的）一卷；一册：I＇mreading Book Two at the moment.我现时在读第二册．3 any collection of things fastened together in a similar way 装订如书之物：Can I have a book of stamps／tickets？我可以买一本邮票／一本车票吗？4 written material considered as the contents of a （possible） book 书稿；可以成书的文字材料：He wrote a book once， but itwasn＇t published.他写过一本书稿，但没有出版.title／＇taitl／ esp tech a book （见 G163 插图）书

（名）：One publisher ［→G174,176］ asked the

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other how many titles he had published that year.一位出版商问另一位出版商那一年他出版了多少种书.

manuscript／＇mænju，skript／1 also 又作 abbrev MS the first or only copy of a book or piece of writing， esp in handwriting 手稿；原稿：We could hardly read his manuscript because of his handwriting.他的笔迹不好认，我们几乎看不懂他的手稿．2 a handwritten book of the time before printing was invented（印刷术发明前的） 手抄本

scroll /skrəul/1 a long straight piece of animal skin, papyrus[→G153], or (rarely) paper, often rolled around handles at both ends and used esp in ancient times for books, records, and other formal writings（尤指古时用于写书、记录和录写正式文件的）卷轴；纸卷 2 an orna-ment or shape with a curve like this (as often at the top of a pillar, at the end of the arm of a chair，etc）涡卷形的装饰或花纹

typescript /'taip,skript/ a copy of a book or piece of writing in the typewritten form,esp before it is printed（付印前的）打字原稿；打字文件：He sent the typescript to his publisher.他把打字原稿寄给了出版社.

script/skript/ a written or (esp) typed form of speech， play， or broadcast to be spoken 手稿； 原稿（如讲稿、脚本、广播稿等）：Where＇s myscript？我的手稿在哪儿？scripted［Wa5；B］（esp of a speech or broadcast) having, or read from，a script（尤指演讲或广播）有底稿的；照稿宣读的：The show wasn＇t scripted， so no one knew what might be said in it.演出没有脚本，所以谁也不知道台词是什么.un-［neg］

draft /dra:ft/ the (first) rough written form of anything, esp a speech or article; a rough plan 草稿；草案；草图：Î＇ve made a first draft of my speech for Friday, but it still needs a lot of work.虽然我已为星期五的演讲写了初稿，但还需要作许多加工.This is his draft plan for the new law.这是他为新法令拟的草案.

textbook /'tekst,buk/ a book which gives infor-mation about a subject, esp foruse in schools, etc 课本；教科书：He was reading a science text-book.他在看一本自然科学课本.

manual ／＇mænjuəl／ also 又作 infml handbook /'hænd,buk/ a textbook intended to be useful esp when working directly with something 手册；指南：She was reading a gardening manual／ a handbook on gardening.她在看一本园艺手册.diary /'dapəri/1 a book in which a person writes what has happened during the day, what he or she thinks about people， etc 日记：They have kept diaries since they were children.他们从童年时代起就一直记日记．2 a record of dailyhappenings，meetings，etc（记日常事务、会议等的）日志：Put the date in your diary so that you don＇t forget.把这个日期记在你的日志上，以免遗忘.diarist esp fml ＆ lit a person who writes a diary 记日记的人；日记作家：Samuel Pepys wasa famous 17th-century diarist．塞缪尔·佩皮斯是十七世纪著名的日记作家.log /lpg/ 1 a daily written record of a ship's

speed， distance sailed in a day， position，etc航

海日志：The information was entered in the ship＇s log．情况被记入轮船的航海日志中．2 anywritten record of such a kind, of daily events, etc 记录；日志：He kept a log of everything that happened．他把发生的每一件事都记在日志上．3［T1］ to write （something） in a log 把···记入航海日志：He logged the time as 2200 hrs．他在航海日志上记下的时间是2200小时．logbook a bookused as a log 航海日志

G163 nouns，etc 名词等：books and their parts 书及其组成部分

book

书

binding／＇baindu／［C］ the cover of a book （书籍的）封皮：The binding of this book is broken. 这本书的封皮破了．bound ［Wa5；B often incomb］（of a book） fastened with covers（指书籍）装有封皮的；用···封皮包住的：It＇s a Biblebound in leather.这是一本皮面精装的《圣经》.That＇s rather a fine old leatherbound Bible.那是一本相当漂亮的用老式皮面装订的《圣经》.

blurb /bl3:b/ [C] infml a short description by the publisher of the contents of a book, printed on its paper cover or in advertise-ments（印在书籍封底、耳页或护封上的）内容简介；（广告上对该书内容所作的）简介：Who will writethe blurb for this dictionary？谁来为这本词典写封底简介呢？

introduction / intrə'dakfon/ [C] 1 a written explanation at the beginning of a book 导言；引言；序言2 a book which gives one a knowledge of the most important things, training, etc before going on to advanced studies 入门（书）； 初步

preface/'prefis/1 [C] an introduction to a book or speech（书籍或演讲的）序言；导言；开场白：Hewrote a preface to his book, explaining why he had written it.他为自己那本书写了一篇序言，说明写这本书的原因．2［C］（fig） infml an actionthat is intended to introduce something else more important 开端：She says she has

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nothing to wear at the party.-Hmm,that's probably a preface to asking for a new dress. 她说她没有合适的衣服可穿去参加聚会.-哼，大概这是开场白，她接着就会要求买新衣服了．3［T1］tobe an introduction to or come before (some-thing more important）导致；作为···的开端：Tell us about the arguments that prefaced the fight at the meeting.告诉我们是什么争论导致他们在会上动起武来.

foreword/'fo:w3:d/ [C] a preface,esp in which someone who knows the writer and his work says something about them（尤指由了解作者或作品的人所写）序；序言；前言：What does it say inhis foreword to the story／play？他在小说／剧本的前言中说了些什么？

prologue also 又作prolog AmE／＇prəulpg／［C］ 1 an introduction to a play, long poem,etc （剧、长诗等的）序幕；序诗；序言：She was readingthe Prologue to Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales'. 她正在阅读乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》的序言，2(fig) an act or event that leads up to, introduces, or causes another more important event（事件等的）开端；序幕；导因：Theirmarriage was the prologue to a life of happi-ness.他们的婚姻是幸福生活的开端.

contents /'kpntents/ [P] what is contained in the printed pages of a book，etc（书等的）内容： Look at the list of the contents/the contents list in the book.看一看书的目录.

chapter /'tfæptə/ [C] 1 one of the main divisions of a book or long article, usu having a number or title（书的）章；回：Chapter 5 is the best in the book.第五章是书中最精彩的一章.2(fig) a special period in history, someone's life，etc（历史或人生的）时期：Was the period of the Empire the finest chapter in British history？帝国时代是不是英国历史上最光辉的时期？There was a chapter in his life when every-thing seemed to go wrong.在他一生中，有一个时期似乎什么都不顺利.

instalment also又作 installment AmE／In＇sto：l-mənt/ [C] one part of a book, play, television programme, etc, which appears in regular parts until the story is completed （书、剧本、电视节目等分期连载／播的）一期；一集；一部分：Helistened to the second instalment last night.他昨晚听了第二集.

epilogue also 又作 epilog AmE／＇epəlpg／［C］ a part of a story, play, or poem, etc that is added after the end, usu to give (a little) more information.（小说、戏剧、诗等的）结尾部分；尾声；后记；跋

appendix /ə'pendiks/[C] a part at the end of a book, report,etc giving additional information 附录；补遗：The writer describes the house in appendix C.作者在附录C里描写了这所房子.

bibliography /,bıblı'pgrəfi/ 1 [C] a list of all writings used in the preparation of a book or article，etc，usu appearing at the end （书后或文后的）参考书目2［C］a list of writings which share some quality 书目：They made a bibli-ography of all the works published by Longman in the past 250 years．他们编了一份朗文公司在过去二百五十年里出版的所有书籍的书

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目．3 ［U］ the history or description of books or writing 文献学 bibliographical ［Wa5；B］ of， concerning, or like (what is done in) a bibli-ography（参考）书目的；文献学的

index/'indeks/1 [C] an alphabetical list at the back of a book, of names, subjects, etc mentioned in it and the pages where they can be found（书后的）索引：This lexicon has a large index．这本分类词典有详细的索引．2［C］anything like this 似索引之物：He keeps an index of his works on cards (= a card index) 他用卡片为自己的著作做了一个索引．3［T1］tomake an index for 为（书籍等）做索引：Can youindex this book？ 你能给这本书编一个索引吗？indexer [C] a person making an index or indexes编索引者

cross-reference /'krps'refərəns/ [C] a note directing the reader from one place in a book to another place in the same book 参见；对照； 互相参照条目：In this book cross-references are shown with an arrow（→）.本书用箭头（→）表示相互参照.cross-refer also 又作 cross-index [T1; IØ (from, to)] to direct (the reader) from one place in a book to another place in the same book 相互参照：In this book arrows are used to cross-refer from one word to another. 在本书中词与词之间的相互参照是用箭头来表示的.

G164 nouns 名词：kinds of printed books，etc 印刷书籍等的种类

hardback/'ha:dbæk/1 [C] a book with a strong cover or binding 硬皮书；精装本2［U］ the form of such a book 精装（often in the phr in hardback 精装）：Is this book availablein hardback?-Yes,there is a hardback edition ［■G180］．这书有精装本的吗？-有的，有精装版．

paperback /'peipə,bæk/1 [C] a book bound with a thin cardboard cover 平装书：That shop sells only paperbacks．那家书店只售平装书．2［U］ the form of such a book 平装 （often in the phr in paperback 平装）：Is this book avai-lable in paperback?-Yes, there is a paper-back edition.这书有平装本的吗？-有的，有平装版.

volume/'volju:m/1[C] a one of a set of books of the same kind or together forming a whole 卷：We have a set of Dickens＇ works in 24 volumes.我们有一套二十四卷的狄更斯作品集.bone of a set of connected reports, magazines, papers,etc, of the same kind put together in book form，often yearly（报告、报章、杂志等的） 合订本：Can I see the 1970 volume of the magazine？我能否看一下这份杂志的1970年合订本？2fml a book，esp a large one 书籍（尤指大部头的）：They published a thin volume of his poetry.他们出版了他的一本薄薄的诗集.Thelibrary was full of fine old volumes.该图书馆收藏了许多珍贵的古籍.

tome /təum/ [C] old use & humor a very large book大部头书；大本书：What＇s that tome you＇re reading？你在看的那本大部头是什么书呀？

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pamphlet/'pæmflit/[C] a small book with paper covers, printed on sheets of paper that are not bound together, which deals usu with some matter of public interest 小册子

booklet /'buklit/ [C] a small book, usu with a paper cover；a pamphlet（通常平装的）小书；小册子

leaflet /'li:flit/ [C] a small sheet, often folded, of printed matter, usu given free to the public 传单；活页

brochure /'brəufə/ [C] a booklet, esp one giving instructions or details of a service offered for money（尤指详细介绍收费服务项目等的）小册子：She picked up a holiday brochure／an advertising brochure.她拿了一本假期指南／广告小册子.

circular /'sз:kjulə/[C] a printed paper or notice or advertisement intended to be given to a large number of people to read 通告；通知；（供传阅的）广告：Did you see that circular from the government telling us about their attack on prices？你有没有看过政府发布的关于如何处理物价问题的通告？circularize， -ise ［T1］ to send circulars to （a group of people）发通知给（一群人）：We must cicularize the whole town if we want to win the next election.我们要想在下次选举中获胜，就得向全城发通告.

G165 nouns， etc 名词等：reference books 参考书

reference book /'refərəns buk/ [C] a book that provides a large amount of information, usu of a particular kind 参考书；工具书：Dictiona-ries and encyclopedias are reference books.词典和百科全书都是参考书.

work of reference ［C］ fml a reference book 参考书

dictionary /'dıkfənəri/ [C] a book that gives a list of words in ABC (= alphabetical) order, with their meanings and pronunciations 词典； 字典：He looked up the word in his dictionary. 他在词典里查了这个单词.He bought a French-English dictionary.他买了一本法英词典？Can I buy a dictionary of place names here？我能在这里买到地名词典吗？

thesaurus /θr'so:rəs/ [C] a book containing lists of words put together in groups according to likenesses in their meanings but not usu. in ABC order or given definitions 分类词汇编（通常不按字母顺序排列，也不给定义）；同义词词典：Roget's Thesaurus is a well-known reference book.罗杰特主编的分类词汇编是一本著名的参考书.

lexicon /'leksikən/ {C] esp fml a dictionary or similar book dealing with words 词典；字典；词汇集：He bought a Greek-English lexicon.他买了一本希英分类词典.This book is called TheLexicon of Contemporary English' because it gives a lot of information about English words and is a combination of dictionary and thesaurus.本书叫《英语多功能分类词典》，因为它

提供了有关英语词汇的大量知识，而且把词典和分类词汇编结合起来．［→G234］

encyclopedia， -paedia ／ın，saıklə＇pi：diə／also 又作 old use cyclopaedia ／ sarklə＇pi：diə／ ［C］ a book or a set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch，in ABC order 百科辞典；百科全书；专科全书：A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.词典解释词义，而百科全书则说明事实.

directory /dar'rektəri/ [C] a book or list of names, facts,etc, usu arranged in ABC order 人名住址簿；姓名住址录；手册；指南：The tele-phone directory gives people's names, ad-dresses，and telephone numbers.电话簿提供人名、地址和电话号码.

catalogue，also 又作 catalog AmE ／＇kætlog／ 1 [C] a list of places, names,goods,etc, usu in book form, with information about them put in a special order so that they can be found easily 目录；目录册：Can I have a catalogueof goods for sale，please？请给我一份销售商品的目录，行吗？This book wasn＇t in the library cata-logue，but I found it on the shelves.图书馆目录里没有这本书，但是我在书架上找到了．2［T1］tomake a catalogue of (a list of goods, places, names，etc）为···编目录：Can you catalogue the furniture you sell and send me a copy？你能否把你们出售的家具编个目录寄给我一份呢？3［T1］to enter (a book, place, name, etc) into a cata-logue 把···编入目录

atlas／＇ætləs／［C］a book of maps 地图册：The teacher asked a pupil to give out the atlases. 老师请一名学生分发地图册.

gazetteer /,gæzə'tıə/ [C] a list of names of places, printed as a dictionary, or as a list at the end of an atlas 地名词典；地名表

album /'ælbəm/ [C] a book in which photo-graphs， stamps， etc can be kept 照相簿；邮票簿： He has four albums full of stamps.他有四本集满邮票的集邮册.Can I look at your photograph aibum？我能看看你的照相簿吗？

G166 nouns 名词：literature and verse 文学与诗歌

literature /'litərətfə/ 1 [U] a written works which are of artistic value 文学；文学作品： English literature is world famous.英国文学举世闻名.b these books as a subject for study 文学（作为学科）2［U］ written works which are not scientific（非科学的）著作；文献：He prefers literature to science.他喜欢非科学的作品而不大喜欢科学的著作．3［U9］ a set of works writtenin a certain country or at a certain time, espas a subject for study 一个国家的文学；某一时代的文学：He studies 19th century American litera-ture．他研究十九世纪美国文学．4［C9；U9］a setof works on a particular subject（某一学科的） 文献；专著：There is a large body of scientific literature which no one person can read.科学文献浩如烟海，任何个人都看不过来.There is a

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developing literature of social work.社会福利工作的文献越来越多．5［U］infml printedmaterial，esp giving information 印刷品（尤指提供信息者）：The postman put a pile of literature through the door, but it was all advertise-ments.邮递员从门外塞进一大堆印刷品，都是广告.prose/prəuz/[U] written language in its usual form （as different from poetry）散文：News-papers are written in prose.报上的文章都是用散文体写的.He isn＇t a poet； he＇s a prose writer. 他不是诗人而是散文作家.She writes a very clearsimple prose.她写的散文简洁明快.

poetry／＇pəuitri／1［U］ the art of the poet 诗歌艺术：Poetry is a difficult art.诗是一门深奥的艺术.2［U］ poems in general 诗（总称）；诗歌：She bought a book of poetry／a poetry book.她买了一本诗集.Ilike Dryden＇s poetry.我喜欢德莱顿的诗．3［U］（fig） a quality of beauty， grace，and deep feeling 诗意；诗情：This dancer has poetry in her movements.这位舞蹈者的动作富有诗意.

verse /v3:s/ [U] writing arranged in regular lines, with a pattern of repeated beats (as in music) and (usu) words of matching sound at the end of some lines; language in the form of poetry（有韵的）诗；韵文：Not all verse is great poetry.并非所有押韵的文字都是伟大的诗篇.Itwas a book of prose and verse.这是一本散文和韵文集.He made a verse translation of the ＇Aeneid＇.他用韵文翻译了罗马史诗《埃涅伊德》.

rhyme ／raim／ also 又作 old use ＆ poet rime /rarm/ [U] (the use of) words or lines of poetry or verse that end with the same sound 押韵的字或行；韵脚；（写诗）押韵；用韵；叶韵

blank verse ［U］ verse without rhyme 无韵诗： Much of Shakespeare's writing is in blank verse.莎士比亚的许多著作都是用无韵诗写的.

G167 nouns，etc 名词等：novels，poems， and fiction 小说、诗歌与虚构故事

novel/'npvəl/1 [C] a long written story,usu in prose and printed as a book, dealing with invented people and events 长篇小说：War and Peace＇is a great Russian novel.《战争与和平》是一部伟大的俄罗斯长篇小说．2［the R］theart of writing novels； novels generally 小说写作技巧；小说（总称）：He studies the novel in the 19th century．他研究十九世纪的小说．

novelette/,npvə'let/ [C] a short novel; a long short story， often of a light kind（常指内容轻松的）中篇小说

novella /nəu'velə/ [C] a story between the length of a novel and a short story 中篇小说

short story 1 [C] a story in written form, too short to be a novel or novelette,usu one of a number in a book 短篇小说：He writes short stories．他写短篇小说．2 ［the R］ the art of writing short stories； short stories generally 短篇小说写作技巧；（总称）短篇小说

poem /'pəuim/ [C] a piece of writing, arranged in patterns of lines and sounds, expressing in imaginative language some deep thought, feeling，or human experience 诗；韵文

G167 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

anthology /æn'0pləd3i/ [C] a collection of poems or of other writings, often on the same subject, chosen from different books or writers, usu considered the best or very good examples of their kind（诗文的）选集 anthol-ogist [C] a person who makes or has made an anthology 选集的编者

classic /'klæsik/ [C] a work of literature,esp if written long ago or in a special way which is considered very good 名著；杰作；经典著作：Most of Shakespeare's plays are now classics of the theatre／theatre classics.莎士比亚剧作中的大部分现已成为戏剧的经典著作.the classics[P] the literature of ancient Greece and Rome 古希腊和古罗马的文学 classical［B］1often cap of, concerning, or like the literature, ideas，etc of ancient Greece and Rome（似）古希腊和古罗马的文学或思想的；古典派的；古典文学的2（of music） serious（指音乐）古典的： Beethoven wrote classical music.贝多芬曾谱写古典音乐．-ly［adv Wa4］

history/'histəri/[C] a (written) account of (any part of） history 历史：He wrote a short history of the last war.他写了一本有关上次战争的简史.

chronicle /'kronikəl/ esp lit 1 [C] a story of usu real events over a period of time, written or told in the order in which they happened 年代记；编年史2［T1］to write about （something）as a chronicle 把...编入年代史记载：He chronicled the events carefully.他把这些事件仔细地按年代记载下来.chronicler［C］ a person writing or keeping a chronicle 年代史编者

biography /baı'pgrəfi/1 [C] a written story of a person＇s life 传记：Boswell＇s famous biography of Dr Johnson is still widely read.鲍斯威尔撰写的著名传记《约翰逊博上传》至今仍有许多读者.2 ［U］ this branch of literature 传记文学：I like poetry better than biography.我喜欢诗甚于喜欢传记文学.biographer［C］the writer of one or more biographies 传记作者 biographic（al） ［Wa5；B］ of biography 传记的；传记体的-（al）ly [adv Wa4]

autobiography/o:təbar'pgrəfi/ 1 [C] a book written by oneself about one＇s own life 自传2 ［U］ such books or the writing of such books 自传文学 autobiographic（al）［B］ of or concern-ing the facts of one's own life, esp as written in a book 自传的；自传体的

memoirs /'memwa:z/ [P] a written account of a person's life, esp as he or she remembers it in old age 回忆录：The general retired from the army and wrote his memoirs.将军从部队退役后就写回忆录.

fiction /'fikfən/ [U] stories, novels, etc that are about things which have not happened but come from the imagination of writers（虚构的） 故事；小说 fictional ［Wa5；B］ of， concerning， or like fiction 虚构的；小说的-ly［adv］［■N12］

nonfiction /npn'fikfən/ [U] literature other than poetry，plays［■＞K76］，stories，and novels 非小说类文学作品（诗、戏剧、小说等以外的文学作品）：Most libraries divide books into Fiction and Nonfiction.大多数图书馆把书籍分成小说和非小说两大类.

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G168 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

G168 nouns 名词： serials and

bestsellers［C］连载小说与畅销书

serial /'səriəl/ 1 a written or broadcast story appearing in parts at fixed times 连载小说；连播剧：＇The Archers＇ is a British radio serial that has been heard every day for many years.《弓箭手们》是一部英国电台连播剧，多年来每天都可以收听到.His new book will appear in serial form in a magazine.他的新书将在杂志上用连载方式发表．2 tech （used in libraries） （a book， magazine, etc printed as one of) a continuing set with a single name and numbered 1,2,3, etc（图书馆用语，指书刊、杂志等的）一套丛书（以同一名称加上1,2,3···等编号）；（丛书中的）一集；一卷；一期

series /'sıəri:z/ a group of books printed by one company in the same style and often under a single name 丛书：They produced a series of books on animals of the world.他们出版了一套关于世界上各种动物的丛书.

bestseller/,best'selə/ something, esp a book, whose sales are among the highest of its class 畅销商品；（尤指）畅销书：His latest book is abestseller.他的新作是一本畅销书.

G169 nouns，etc 名词等：verses and rhymes 诗与韵

verse/v3:s/[C]1 a set of lines of poetry which forms one part of a poem, and usu has a pattern that is repeated in the other parts 诗节；诗句：Today I learned three verses of a poem at school.今天我在学校学了一首诗的三节.2 a set of such lines forming the words to which the tune of a song is sung 歌词 3 tech a line of poetry 诗行：In this poem，each verse has five beats.在这首诗里，每一行有五个节拍.

stanza /'stænzə/ [C] a group of lines in a repeating pattern forming a division of a poem；fml a verse of poetry（诗的）节；章；段： The poem has four stanzas.这首诗有四个诗节.

canto /'kæntəu/ [C] one of the main divisions of a long poem 长诗中的篇章：Read Canto 5 ofthe poem.朗读这首诗的第五章.

rhyme ／ramm／also 又作 old use ＆ poet rime /rarm/1[C] not fml a verse or verses,esp for children 押韵诗；歌谣（尤指儿歌）：Learn thisrhyme．学会这首歌谣．2［C］a word or line that ends with the same sound as another 韵脚；韵3［Iø］ to be like this 押韵：＇Day＇ and ＇say＇ rhyme（with each other）.“day”和“say”两个词（相互）押韵.The lines don＇t rhyme.这些诗行不押韵．4［T1］ to put together （two words that end with the same sound, or a word with another that does this） 使押韵：You can rhyme 'duty' with 'beauty', but you can't rhyme 'box' and＇sacks＇.你可以用“duty”与“beauty”押韵， 但“box”不能和“sacks”押韵.

G170 nouns 名词：kinds of poems［C］诗

歌的种类

nursery rhyme /'n3:səri ,raım/ a short usu well-known song or poem for small children 儿歌； 童谣

couplet/'kaplit/ a pair of lines of writing, one following the other, that are of equal length and end in the same sound 两行诗；对句（两行长度相同、尾韵相谐的诗句）

limerick /'lmərik/ a type of short, usu humor-ous poem with five lines 五行打油诗

lyric /'lirik/ a poem, usu short and full of feel-ing，usu intended for singing 抒情诗

sonnet /'spnit/ a 14-line poem with any of several fixed formal patterns of rhyme [ G166,169］十四行诗；商籁体

ballad/'bæled/1 a short story told in the form of a poem 歌谣 2 a simple song 小调；小曲3apopular love song 流行的情歌：Bing Crosby sang some of the most popular ballads of the 1930s and 1940s．宾·克罗斯比唱过一些二十世纪三十年代和四十年代最流行的情歌.

epic /'epik/ a long poem (or book,film,etc) telling the story of the deeds of gods,great men，or the early history of a nation（描写神、伟人和一个民族早期史的）长诗（书、影片等）；史诗：The 'Ramayana' is an epic of ancient India, and the 'Odyssey' is an epic of ancient Greece.《罗摩衍那》是古印度的一首史诗，而《奥德赛》则是一首古希腊史诗.（fig）His book abouthis travels in the desert is an epic. 他的沙漠游记是一部史诗般的作品.He produced a cinemaepic with thousands of actors.他摄制了一部有数千名演员参加演出的电影史诗.

ode／əud／a type of usu long poem 赋；颂歌

elegy /'eləd3i/ a type of poem or song written to show sorrow for the dead or for something lost 挽歌；挽诗：He wrote an elegy on the death of his friend.他写了一首悼念亡友的挽诗.Gray＇sElegy in a Country Churchyard' is one of the most famous poems in the English language. 格雷的《乡村教堂墓地的挽歌》是最著名的英语诗歌之一.

G171 adjectives 形容词：relating to literature and poetry ［B］关于文学与诗歌的

literary /'litərəri/ 1 [Wa5] of or concerning literature 文学的 2 producing literature；being a writer 从事写作的：He is a literary man.他是一位作家．3 studying literature 研究文学的：Heis a literary man．他是一位文人．4（of words）of or suitable to the written language, not the language of conversation（指词）书面语的

poetic /pəu'etik/1 [Wa5] of, like, or connected with poets or poetry 诗人的；诗的；韵文的；诗意的：What fine poetic style／language！这诗的风格／ 语言多么优美啊！Shakespeare＇s plays are writ-ten in poetic form.莎士比亚的戏剧是以诗的形式

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写成的．2 apprec beautiful and imaginative； expressing great feeling 富有诗意的；具有想象力的；抒情的：The dancer moved with poetic grace.舞蹈者的动作如诗一般的优美.-ally ［advWa4]

poetical／pəu＇etikəl／1 poetic 诗的；韵的2［Wa5］ written in the form of poems 以诗的形式写成的：He has the complete poetical wcrks of Words-worth.他有华滋华斯的诗歌全集.-ly［adv］

lyrical ／＇lirikal／ also 又作 old use lyric ／＇lirik／1 [Wa5] of or related to lyrics; of or intended for singing 抒情诗的；适于歌唱的；吟唱的2expressing strong personal feelings, of the kind written about in lyrics 抒情的 3 very happy 非常高兴的：She was quite lyrical about her new house.她非常喜欢她的新房子.-ly［advWa4]

epic/'epik/[Wa5] (of stories,events,etc) full of brave actions and excitement, like an epic （指故事、事件等）英勇的；壮丽的；史诗般的：Thisis the tale of an epic fight of a small ship against six larger enemy ships.这个故事记叙了一艘小船抗击敌人六艘大船的英勇战斗.

G172 nouns 名词：persons who write ［C］ 作者

[ALSO→K83]

writer /'raitə/ a person who writes for a job or who has written a particular thing 作者；作家： He is a writer, but can't make enough money to live from his books.他是一位作家，但靠写书挣来的钱不足以维持生活.The writer of thisarticle has some strange ideas.这篇文章的作者有些古怪的想法.

scriptwriter /'skript,raitə/ a writer of plays or other material to be spoken on radio or tele-vision or in a film 剧作家；广播剧作家；广播稿编撰者；电影、电视剧本写作者

scribe /skraib/ 1 a person employed to copy things in writing, esp in times before the in-vention of printing（尤指印刷术未发明前受雇抄写出版物的）抄写员：This is a beautiful manu-script，the work of a skilful scribe.这是一本漂亮的手稿，是一位熟练的抄写员抄的．2 humor awriter 作家

scribbler ／＇skrıbələ／ derog ＆ humor a writer 作家；蹩脚文人

author/'o:θə/1 the writer of a book,newspaper article，play，poem，etc 著者；作者2 the person who begins or thinks of anything, esp an idea or play 创始者；发起人；首先想出某种主意的人-ess[fem]

novelist /'npvəlist/ a person who writes a novel or novels 小说家

poet /'pəuit/ 1 a person who writes (good) poems 诗人-ess［fem］2（fig）apprec an artist， musician, etc who shows great feeling and imagination in his or her work（指其作品表现丰富的感情和想象力的）艺术家；音乐家

bard ／ba：d／ lit ＆ poet a poet 诗人：Shakespeare is sometimes called the Bard of Avon.莎士比亚有时被称为阿芬河畔之诗人.

G173 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

composer /kəm'pəuzə/ a person who writes music 作曲家：Beethoven is one of the greatest composers who ever lived.贝多芬是有史以来最伟大的作曲家之一．［■K39］

editor /'editə/ a person who edits [→>G142],esp a newspaper or books 编者；编辑：He is the sports editor of The Times.他是《泰晤士报》的体育编辑.The author did not like the way his editor changed things in the book.那位作者不喜欢编辑那样修改他的书.

G173 verbs 动词：printing and copying

印刷与复制

print /print/1 [T1] to press (a mark) onto a soft surface 印；盖（印）；刻记号：The mark of a man＇s shoe is clearly printed in this mud.在这片泥地上清楚印着一个男人的鞋印．2［T1；IØ］topress letters or pictures onto (paper) by using inked shapes 印刷（书、画等）：This machine can print 60 sheets／pages a minute．这台机器一分钟能印六十张／页.Why has the machinestopped printing？这部机器为什么停止印刷了呢？3[T1] to press (letters or pictures) onto paper by using inked shapes 印：The bottom line on this page hasn＇t been properly printed. 这一页的末行没有印好．4［T1；IØ］ to make （a book，magazine,etc) by means of pressing letters or pictures onto paper 印制：This firm prints a lot of educational books.这家公司印制许多教育书籍.Our company doesn＇t print any longer；it only sells books.我们公司不再从事印刷了，只出售书籍．5［T1］ to cause （something） to appear in or be produced as a book, newspaper, etc 出版；刊行；刊登：Are you going to have your poems printed？你是否打算把你的诗拿去出版了？All today's newspapers print the minister's speechin full.今天所有的报纸都全文刊登了部长的讲话．6［IØ］to produce a copy by printing 印： This metal plate is too worn to print.这块金属印版磨损得太厉害，不能再印了．7［T1］to make orcopy (a photograph) on paper sensitive to light, from a specially treated sheet of photo-graphic film 晒印（相片等）8［L9］to be produced as a copy by printing 复印：The photograph didn＇t print well．照片印得不清楚．9 [Wv5 (with); T1] to ornament (cloth or wall-paper) with a coloured pattern pressed or rubbed on the surface 印花样于（布或壁纸上）[→G141]

compose/kəm'pəuz/[T1] tech to form (words, sentences，pages，etc） ready for printing 排字； 排版

set/set/ [T1 (up)] to arrange ((in) metal letters) for printing 排（字）：Today most books are set （up）by machine.今日大多数的书籍都用机器排版.

copy/'kppi/[D1 (for); T1] to make a written, printed, photographed, etc copy of (some-thing）抄写；誊写；影印；复制：Please copy this letter for me／copy me this letter.请替我把这封信抄一下.He copied the letter by hand.信是他手抄的.

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G174 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

印刷：Who does the printing for this office？谁

给这个办公室印东西？There are a few mistakes

in the printing．有几个印刷上的错误．2 the art of

printing 印刷术：The invention of printing

made it possible for many people to be

educated.印刷术的发明使许多人能够受教育.

binding/'baindny/ the act or action of binding

装订

publishing /'pablifig/ the business or profes-

sion of publishing books, newspapers, records,

etc 出版业

G176 nouns 名词：persons who print

and publish，etc［C］从事印刷与出版等的

人

printer /'printə/1 a person employed in the

trade of printing 印刷工人；排字工人2 an owner

of a printing business 印刷商

typesetter /'taip,setə/ a person who ar-

ranges or sets metal letters for printing 排字工

人

compositor /kəm'ppzitə/ a person who ar-

ranges words， news， pages， etc for printing 排

字工人

typographer /tar'ppgrəfə/ a person who plans

the appearance of printed work 印刷工人；版面

设计员

publisher /'pablifə/ a person whose business is

to publish [→G174]books,newspapers,etc,or

to make and sell records or music 出版者；发行

人

bookseller /'buk,selə/ a person whose business

it is to sell books （in a shop） 书商：He is one of

the biggest booksellers in the country.他是全国

最大的书商.

librarian /lar'breəriən/a person who is in charge

of or helps to run a library 图书馆长；图书馆员

G177 nouns 名词：businesses，etc

relating to books，etc 与书籍有关的业务

等

press /pres/1 [C usu cap] a business for print-

ing or publishing books， magazines，etc 印刷厂；

出版社：Edinburgh University Press published

his book．爱丁堡大学出版社出版了他的书．2［C］

a printing press 印刷机：Stop the presses！ Some

late news has come in.暂停印刷！刚接到一些新

消息．3［（the）U］ printing 印刷：Can you have

your report ready for the press by next week?

下星期前你能把你的报道写好付印吗？The book is

in (the) press now; it will shortly be pub-

lished.那本书正在印刷，很快就会出版.

printing press [C] a machine that prints

books，newspapers，etc 印刷机

printer /'printə/ [C] a machine for making

copies， esp one for making photographs 印刷

机；晒片机；印相机

printing／＇printu／1 the act or action of printing bookshop ／＇buk，fop／ also 又作 bookseller

bind／baind／［T1］ to put a cover on （a book）装订（书）：Who bound those books？那些书是谁装订的？binder also 又作 bookbinder ［C］ a person whose work it is to bind books，etc 装订工人

G174 verbs 动词：publishing 出版

publish/'pablrf/1[T1; IØ] (of a kind of business firm)to choose, arrange, have printed,and offer for sale to the public some kind of writ-ten work in the form of a book, magazine, newspaper，etc，or records，etc，出版：This firm publishes educational books.这家公司出版教育书籍.Many newspapers are published daily.许多报纸都是每日出版的.The firm prints andpublishes music．这家公司印刷并出版乐谱．2［T1］to sell the works of （a writer） in this way 发行： This firm has published many well-known writers．这家公司发行了许多名作家的著作．3［T1；IØ] (of a writer) to have (one's work) printed and put on sale（作者）使（自己的书）出版发行：She has only been writing for 18 months but already she has published a book.她从事写作才十八个月就已经出版了一本书.I＇ve finished thework but I'm not going to publish till I find a good publisher.我已经脱稿了，但我要找到一个好出版商才出版．4［T1；IØ］（of a newspaper or magazine） to print （something written）（指报纸或杂志）刊登；发表：It＇s a good story，but wecan't publish(it); too many people would be offended.故事写得不错，但我们不能登，否则会触怒许多人的． 5［T1 often pass］ to make known generally；give public notice of 公布；颁布：The death of the ruler was kept secret; the news wasn＇t published for several days.统治者去世的消息一直秘而不宣，好几天后才公布.

bring out ［v adv T1］ to publish； produce 出版； 生产：They are bringing out a new book on that subject.他们即将出版一本关于那个问题的新书.

put out [v adv T1] sometimes deprec to publish; produce， esp in large numbers 出版（尤指大量地）：He puts out a lot of books every year.他每年都出版大量的书.They put out some verystrange books.他们出版了一些非常奇特的书.

get out ［v adv T1］ loose to publish； produce 出版；生产：He got the book out very quickly.他很快就出版了那本书.

issue /'ifu:/ [T1] to bring out (esp something printed） for the notice of the public 颁布；发行； 发出：The government have issued a number of booklets explaining their plans.政府发行了一些小册子来解释其计划.He issued a generalinvitation.他向每个人都发了邀请书.They planto issue a new stamp soon.他们计划不久发行一枚新邮票.

G175 nouns．名词：printing and publishing［U］印刷与出版

494

／＇buk，selə／［C］ a shop that sells books 书店： You can get this book at your local book-shoplat any good bookseller／bookseller＇s.这本书你在本地书店／在任何一家好的书店都可以买到.

bookstall /'buk,sto:l/ [C] a table or small shop open at the front, where books, magazines, etc are shown for sale, esp on railway stations 书亭；书摊

library /'larbrəri/ [C] 1 a building or part of a building which contains books that may be borrowed by the public (public library) or by members of a special group （公共）图书馆：Is that a library book or is it your own？那本书是图书馆的还是你自己的？2 a collection of books藏书：He has built up quite a library over the years．多年来他收藏了不少书．3 a room or otherplace where books are kept and may be looked at, usually with tables at which to study 藏书室；图书阅览室：He was in the library，notthe living room．他在书房，不在起居室．4 a seriesof books looking alike, usu on related subjects 丛书；文库

G178 nouns 名词： elements in printing 印刷设施

G180 READING ＆ WRITING 读与写

period of time 著作权；版权：Have you kept the copyright to your books or did you sell them to a firm？你作品的版权是你自己保留还是卖给了一家公司？

rights/raits/ [P] permission to copy and use a piece of work, esp a book, in various usu stated ways 版权；准许复制并使用作品权：Howmuch did he get for (selling) the film rights on his new book？他把自己那本新书的电影摄制权卖掉，一共得了多少钱？

royalty/'roiəlti/ [C] 1 part of the price of a book, etc paid to the writer on each copy sold 版税；上演税：Royalties are also paid to the writer of a play or piece of music, when it is performed.剧本或音乐作品演出时还得向作者付上演税．He receives royalties／a royalty of 5％on his book．他那本书收到了百分之五的版税．2 ashare of the profits, as of an oil well or a mine or a new machine, paid in this way to an owner or inventor（付给土地所有者的）矿区使用费；（付给发明者的）专利权使用费

G180 nouns 名词：publications and editions 出版物与版本

typography /tar'pogrəfi/ [U] 1 the work of preparing and setting matter for printing 排版2 the arrangement, style, and appearanceof printed matter 版面 typographic（al）［Wa5，B］ of， related to， or caused by typography 排字上的；排版所造成的-（al）ly［adv Wa4］

type/taip/1 [U] raised letters of metal or wood used with ink for printing 铅字；活字2［C］any one of these（任何一个）铅字 3［U］ printed words 印刷文字

fount／faunt／also 又作 esp AmE font／font／［C］ a set of letters (type) of one size, used by a printer 字体、大小都一样的一套活字

typeface/'taip,feis/ [C] the size and style of the letters used in printing 铅字面；铅字的字体：How many different typefaces are used in this book？这本书中使用了几种不同的字体？

artwork /'a:t,w3:k/ [U] the matter in a book, etc which has been prepared by an artist 书刊上的图画

graphics/'græfiks/ [P] (the way of producing) the style of a book，page，etc 书籍的式样；装帧； 版面设计（绘制法）

G179 nouns 名词： authorship and copyright作者与版权

authorship /'o:θə Sip/ [U] the identity of the author ［→G172］ of a book， play， poem，etc 作者身分；原作者：The book＇s authorship is not known.书的作者不明.Authorship is sometimes hard to prove.原作者是谁有时很难验证.

copyright /'kopr,rait/ [C; U] the right in law to be the only producer, seller, or broadcaster of a book, play, film, record, etc, for a fixed

publication /,pablr'keifən/ 1 [C] something published such as a book, magazine, or article 出版物：This part of the shop contains only scientific publications.书店的这一部分只售科技出版物．2［U］ the act or action of offering books etc for sale to the public 发行；出版

edition /r'difən/ [C] 1 one printing of a book, newspaper， magazine， etc 版（次）：It＇s an edition of 20,000 this time．这一版印两万册．2the form in which a book is printed 版本：We are preparing a new edition (of that book) with many changes.我们准备重版（那本书），有不少地方作了改动.

issue /'ifu:/ [C] something, esp printed, brought out in a new form 新印刷品；新发行物；期：Have you seen the latest issue of that magazine？你看过那本杂志的最新一期吗？There's a new issue of Christmas stamps every year.每年都有新发行的圣诞邮票.

copy/'kppi/[C] one of the total of magazines, books, newspapers, etc printed at one time, on one day，etc（书刊的）一册；一本；（报纸的）一份：Can I get a copy of that book here？我在这里能买到一本那种书吗？Buy me two copies oftoday＇s local newspaper.给我买两份今天的本地报纸.

impression /rm'prefən/[C] a number of copies of a book published at one time 印次；印数： This is the third impression of that book in one year.这是那本书一年内的第三次印刷.

printing /'prmtig/ [C] an act of printing;a number of copies of a book； impression 印次； （书等的一次）印数：This is the third printing of the book.这是该书的第三次印刷.

imprint/'imprint/[C] the name of a publisher, etc at the beginning of a book 书前所印的出版者名称等

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G190 COMMUNICATION ＆ INFORMATION 通讯与信息

Communication and

information

通讯与信息

G190 verbs 动词：communicating and

keeping in touch 通讯与联络

[ALSO→G155 LETTERS]

communicate /kə'mju:nəkeit/ [IØ (with, to-gether)] fml to share or exchange opinions, news，information，etc 通消息；联络；交换意见； 通讯；交流：Has the Minister of Foreign Affairs communicated with the American President yet？外交部长和美国总统联络了没有？

write/rait/[D1; T1; IØ] to produce and send (a letter） to （someone）写信给（某人）：He writes her a letter every day.他每天给她写一封信.Hewrites to her every day (BrE)/He writes her every day （esp AmE）.他每天给她写信.I wish he would write more often.我真希望他勤一点来信.Write soon，please！请快来信！

correspond /korə'sppnd/ [IØ] to exchange letters regularly 通信：Janet and Bob corre-sponded for many years before they met.珍妮特和鲍勃通信多年后才见面.correspondent ［C］aperson with whom another person exchanges letters regularly 经常通信的人

get in touch (with) infml to communicate (with (someone)) by any, often stated, means （和某人）取得联络：Can you get in touch withhim soon by letter／telephone／radio？你能写信／ 打电话／用无线电很快与他取得联络吗？How canwe get in touch？我们怎么联络？

keep in touch (with) infml to continue to communicate (with (someone)) by any, often stated，means（与某人）保持联络：We keep in touch （with each other） by letter.我们写信（互相）保持联络.

G191 nouns 名词： communication， post， and mail 通讯与邮政

communication /kə,mju:nə'kerfən/ 1 [U] the act or action of communicating 通讯；联络：All communication with France was stopped when the enemy gained control of the sea.敌人控制了海路之后，与法国的一切联系都被切断了.Radio and television are important means of communication.无线电和电视是通讯联络的重要媒介．2［U］the exchange of information，news， ideas，or opinions 交换意见；沟通思想：We must improve communication between workers and employers.我们必须加强工人与雇主之间的沟通.Speech and writing are man's most important methods of communication.说话与书写是人类交流思想最重要的方法．3 ［C］ usu fml somethingcommunicated 信息；消息：We have received communications from many people about this.我们从许多人那里得到了有关这件事的消息.

post /pəust/esp BrE 1 [U] the official system

for carrying letters, parcels, etc from the sender to the receiver 邮政；邮政制度：He sent the parcel by post.他通过邮政局把包裹寄走了.My letter to him was a week in the post (= was not delivered for a week）.我写给他的信一个星期才寄到．2［S］a single official collection or delivery of letters, parcels, etc by this means （一批）邮件；邮件的一次收进（或发送）：Has the morning post arrived？早上的邮件到了没有？Have I missed the（last）post？我误了（末次）邮班吗？3［U］also 又作 mail letters， parcels，etc 信件、包裹等：Has any post come for us this morning？今天早上有我们的邮件吗？4[S9] all the letters, parcels, etc dealt with by the postal services 邮件（总称）：There＇s always a very large post at Christmas.圣诞节期间总有大批邮件.The post at Christmas is always very large．圣诞节期间邮件数量总是很大的．5［the R］an official place, box, etc where stamped letters are left for sending 邮政局；邮筒；信箱： I've just taken her birthday card to the post. 我刚把给她的生日贺卡付邮.by return of post bythe next post 回信请交来人带回／回程邮班寄回postal [Wa5; A] of, concerning, or used by the service which carries letters, etc from one place to another 邮政的；邮政局的：the postal service 邮政服务 postage ［U］ the amount of money to be paid when posting anything 邮资； 邮费：What is the postage on this letter to France？这封寄往法国的信的邮费是多少？

mail /meil/ esp AmE 1 [U9] the postal system organized by a government 邮政：Airmail is much quicker than sea mail.航空邮寄要比海路邮寄快得多．2［U］letters and anything else sent or received by post, esp those travelling or arriving together 邮件：He collects his mail from the post office.他在邮局取邮件.

correspondence /,kprə'spondəns/ [U] 1 the exchange of information，news，etc by letter 通信：I was in correspondence with her for many years but then she moved and I lost her address.我曾与她通信多年，但后来她搬了家，我就失去她的地址了．2 the letters exchangedbetween people 来往的信件：The library bought all Queen Victoria's correspondence with her daughters.该图书馆买下了维多利亚女王与她的女儿们往来的所有信件.

address /ə'dres/ [C] 1 the number of the build-ing,name of the street and town, etc where a person works or （esp） lives 地址；住址：Shall I give you my home address or my business address？我应给你家里的地址还是我办公的地址？2 such information written down, as on an envelope or parcel（写在信件、包裹等上的）地址：I can＇t read the address on this letter.我看不明白这封信上的地址.

printed matter/papers [U/P] printed articles (such as official advertisements) that can be sent by post at a special cheap rate 印刷品

G192 verbs 动词：post and mail 邮寄

post /pəust/ BrE 1 [T1 (off)] to take or put (a

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letter,parcel, etc) to a post office or into a collection box for sending 投寄；邮寄：I must post (off) all my Christmas cards this week. 这个星期我必须把所有的圣诞贺卡都寄出去.Pleasepost this letter for me as I'm too busy to go out．我太忙出不去，请替我寄掉这封信．2［D1］tosend by post 邮寄：Did you post me the book？ 你把书寄给我了吗？to keep someone posted(about) tocontinue to give someone all the latest news about something 不断向某人传递关于某事的最新消息：I want to know how she＇sgetting on after her illness, so keep me posted. 我想知道她病后的情况，故请随时函告.

mail ／meil／ ［D1 （to）； T1］ AmE to post 邮寄：He mailed the letters.他把信寄了.

remit/rr'mit/ [D1 (to); T1] to send (esp money) esp by post 汇寄：He remitted the money to her.他把钱汇给了她.He remitted her the money．他给她汇钱了．remittance 1 ［U］ the sending of money 汇寄；汇款2［C］the amount of money sent 汇出之款额：He has stopped the monthly remittances.他已不再每月汇款.

address /ə'dres/ [T1] to write on (an envelope, parcel, etc) the address of a person, firm, etc （在信封、包裹等上）写地址：He addressed all theletters himself.他亲自在所有的信上写地址.

label /'leibl/1 [T1] to put a a label [→G155]on 贴标签于；用签条标明：He labelled the box andsent it．他在箱子上贴好标签并把它寄走了．2［X1，7,9］（fig） to call or describe 把···叫做，把···列为：She labelled him （as）a thief.她称他是小偷.

send /send/ [D1; T1; V3, 4] genl & infml to cause (a letter, etc) to go or be taken (some-where）寄；发（信）：I sent all the mail yester-day.昨天我把信全发了.

dispatch,despatch/dr'spætf/ [T1] fml to send （letters，messengers，etc）发出（信件等）；派出（送信人）：Despatch someone at once with the news！立即派人把消息送去！

register /'red3istə/ [Wv5; T1] to send (a letter, etc) by registered post, a service in which the person receiving the letter, etc must sign to show that he or she has done so 以挂号邮件寄出：You pay more if you register the letter／send the letter registered.寄挂号信要多花钱.It＇s a registered letter；sign here，please.这是挂号信， 请在这儿签名.

deliver /dr'lrvə/ [T1] to hand over (letters, etc) to the person(s) to whom they are addressed 投递；送（信等）：The postman delivers the mail every morning.邮差每天早上送信.

G193 nouns 名词： relating to the post and mail 与邮政有关的

post office 1 [C often cap] a building,office, shop, etc which deals with the post, tele-phones, and other government business for a particular area 邮政局2 ［the GC］ the organ-ization which deals with post 邮政组织

letterbox/'letə,bpks/[C] esp BrE 1 a box in which letters can be placed(posted,mailed)

for collecting by the Post Office and sending on（投寄邮件用的）邮箱；邮筒2 the opening inthe door of a house through which a postman, etc can drop letters, etc, often with a small box fixed to it inside the door（见656．页彩图）门上的投信口（后面常有小箱）；信箱

pillar-box /'pılə,bpks/ [C] (esp in Britain)a round hollow iron box about 5 feet high standing in the street, with a hole in it for people to post letters 邮筒：In Britain， pillar-boxes are painted red.在英国邮筒是漆成红色的.

postbox /'pəust,boks/ [C] 1 an official metal box, often set into a wall, into which letters are put for sending by post（金属）信箱；邮箱2 BrE a pillarbox 邮筒

mailbox /'meil,bpks/ [C] esp AmE 1 an iron box in a public place for posting letters in 邮箱；邮筒2 a place where one＇s mail is left near the house； a letterbox separate from the door 住宅旁边私人用的信箱

postman /'pəustmən/ [C] esp BrE a man em-ployed to collect and deliver letters, parcels, etc邮递员；邮差

mailman /'meil,mæn/ [C] esp AmE a postman 邮递员，邮差

postbag/'pəust,bæg/ [C] BrE the bag carried by a postman 邮袋（邮差用）

mailbag /'meil,bæg/ [C] 1 a bag made of strong cloth for carrying mail in trains，ships，etc（装运邮件的）邮袋2AmE a mailman＇s bag（邮差使用的）邮袋

G194 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：

information and news 情报与消息

information /,infə'meifən/ [U] (something which gives） knowledge 情报；消息；资料；知识： That's a bit of useful information; I must remember it.这点消息很有用，我得记住它.

data /'deitə/ [GU] often tech information; necessary facts 数据；资料：The data are／is all ready for examination.资料齐备，可供查阅.

particulars /pə'tıkjuləz/ [P] the necessary in-formation esp about a person 详细情况；细节： Can you give me his particulars: name, ad-dress， colour of hair and so on？ 你能告诉我他的姓名、住址、头发颜色等详细情况吗？

news/nju:z/ [U] 1 what is reported, esp about a recent event or events；new information 消息： We received news of the election results.我们收到了选举结果的消息.She heard the bad newson the radio.她从收音机里听到了这个坏消息.Our latest news of (= about) our son was a letter a month ago.我们一个月前收到的那封信，就是我们得到的有关我们儿子的最后一次消息.Thisis an important piece of news.这个消息很重要. 2 [the] any of the regular reports of recent events broadcast on radio and television 新闻： She listened to the 7 o'clock news on radio. 她收听了七点钟的新闻广播.newsy ［Wal；B］infml filled with news of a not very serious

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kind 琐碎消息多的：She wrote him a newsyletter.她给他写了一封信，里面尽是琐碎新闻.newsworthy [B] important and interesting enough to be reported as news 有新闻价值的； 有报道价值的-thiness［U］news agency ［C］a company or organization supplying news and information to newspapers, radio, and tele-vision 通讯社

bulletin /'bulətin/ [C] 1 a short public usu official notice 告示；公告；公报：Here is the latest bulletin on the King＇s health.这是关于国王健康状况的最新公告．2 a short news reportintended to be made public without delay 新闻简报：He read the news bulletins.他看了新闻简报.

rumour BrE, rumor AmE /'ru:mə/1 [U] what people are telling each other 谣言；谣传；传闻： Don＇t listen to rumour.别相信谣言.Rumour has it (= I have heard) that you are leaving us；is it true？传闻你要离开我们，这是真的吗？2[C] a story that people are telling each other, that may or may not be true 谣言；传说：Never listen to rumours.千万不要听信谣言.It＇s just an idle rumour rumour with no truth in it）.那不过是无稽之谈.I＇ve heard rumours that you are leaving us；is it true？我听说你要离开我们，是真的吗？3［T1 usu pass］ to pass as arumour 谣传；传闻：It is rumoured that you are leaving us；is it true？谣传你要离开我们了，是真的吗？

gossip/'gosəp/1 [U] talk about the details of other people's actions and private lives,which may not be correct 议论别人；闲话；流言蜚语：It＇sjust gossip；don＇t believe it.那不过是闲扯，不要相信．2［U］ writing in newspapers， magazines， etc about the lives of well-known people 报刊上关于名人生活琐事的文字；花边新闻（esp in thephr gossip column ［→G159］漫谈栏）3［C］a person who likes telling gossip 爱说短道长的人； 喜闲谈的人；饶舌者：She＇s an old gossip； don＇tbelieve anything she tells you.她是个长舌老太婆，她给你说什么都别相信．4［IØ］to talk or writegossip 说（别人的）闲话：She enjoys gossipping. 她很喜欢说别人的闲话.

talk /to:k/ [U] infml often deprec gossip; any-thing that people say 闲扯；闲聊：Don＇t believe what they say；it＇s just talk.别信他们的话，那不过是说说而已.

chat ／tfæt／ also 又作 chitchat ／＇tfit，tfaet／［U］ infml gossip 闲聊：Don＇t believe a word of it； it＇s just（chit） chat.你一句话也不要相信，那不过是闲聊罢了.

G195 nouns 名词：messages 口信

message /'mesid3/ [C] 1 a spoken or written piece of information passed from one person to another 口信；消息：They brought her a message to return home at once/that she should return home at once.他们给她带来口信，要她马上回家．2 the important or central idea 中心思想；要旨：What is the message of this book？这本书的中心思想是什么？3 teachings of

moral or social value 关于道德或伦理价值的教导：Christ brought the message that God loved the world.基督带来上帝爱世人的信息.get themessage sl to understand what is wanted or meant 理解；明白

word／w3：d／［U］ infml a message or news 口信； 消息：Send us word of what you do.带个口信来告诉我们你在干什么.We have had no wordfrom him for weeks.我们有好几个星期没有收到他的信了.Word came through at last （that he was well）.消息终于传来了（说他身体很好）.

communication /kə,mju:nə'keıfən/ [C] some-thing communicated； fml a message 信息；情报； 口信：This communication is secret， so no one but you must see it.这份情报是保密的，所以除你之外谁也不准看.

dispatch, despatch/dr'spætf/ usu fml1[U]the action of sending 派遣；发出：After the dispatch of the messenger we waited.差遣了送信人之后，我们就等着．2［C］ a message carried by a government official, or sent to a newspaper by one of its writers 公文；（新闻）电讯：He sent/carried a dispatch from Rome to London. 他从罗马把电讯发／公文带到伦敦．3［U］speedand effectiveness 迅速有效：He did the job with great dispatch.他工作做得又快又好.

G196 nouns 名词：signals and signs 信号与记号

signal/'signəl/ [C] 1 a sound or action intended to warn， command， or give a message 信号；暗号：A red lamp is often used as a danger signal.红灯常用作危险的信号.AmericanIndians sometimes used to send smoke signals.美洲印第安人过去有时放烟作为信号.Shemade a signal with her arm for a left turn.她伸出手臂示意要向左转.When I look at mywatch，it＇s a signal（for us） to leave.我看一下表，即示意（我们）该走了．2［usu sing］ an actionwhich causes something else to happen （引起另一事件发生的）行动：His scolding was a signalfor the girl to start crying.他的责骂使小女孩哭起来．3 a sound， image， or message sent by waves，as in radio or television（电台、电视台等的）讯号；呼号；图像：We live too far from thecity to get a strong television signal.我们住得离城太远，收不到清晰的电视图像.

sign /sain/ [C] 1 a standard mark; something which is seen and represents a known mean-ing 记号；符号：Crowns， stars， stripes， etc are signs of military rank.王冠、星、条纹等都是军衔的标志．The number-5 begins with the sign -， the minus sign．“-5”以负号“-”开头．Written music uses lots of signs， like b and ＃.乐谱中要用好多符号，如“b”和“＃”．2 a motion ofthebody intended to express a meaning； signal 手势；信号：Don＇t ring the bell yet； wait until I give the sign.先别打铃，等我给你个信号.She puther finger to her lips as a sign to be quiet.她把手指放到嘴唇上，表示要安静．3 a board or othernotice giving information, warning, directions,

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G198 COMMUNICATION ＆ INFORMATION 通讯与信息

etc标志；告示（用以通告、警告或指示方向等）：Payattention to the traffic／road signs.注意交通标志／路标.Can＇t you read that sign？ It says ＇No smoking＇.你难道看不懂那个告示吗？上面写着“禁止吸烟”.You＇ll have no trouble driving to the office；just follow the signs to Harlow.你开车前往公司不会有任何困难；顺着指向哈洛的路标开去就行.He＇s got a job as a sign painter.他找到的那份工作是画招牌的．4（fig）something thatshows a quality or the presence or coming of something else 迹象；预兆：All the signs are that business will get better.所有迹象都表明生意将会好转.Swollen ankles can be a sign of heart disease.脚踝浮肿是心脏病的征候.Therewas no sign of rain， not a cloud in the sky.天上一朵云彩也没有，毫无要下雨的迹象.Your workshows signs of improvement.你的工作有改进的迹象.a sign of the times something that is typical of the way things are just now 时代的特征；时尚：Nearly empty churches on Sunday are a sign of the times.礼拜天教堂里空荡荡的现象正是时代的特征.

token /'təukən/ [C (of)] 1 an outward sign; something that represents some fact,event, feeling, etc; a small part representing some-thing greater 象征；符号；标记；表示物：All thefamily wore black as a token of their grief.全家都戴孝以示哀痛.We gave the Queen flowersas a token of our admiration and love.我们向女王献花，以表达我们的崇敬和爱戴.He made atoken payment （of £5）．他象征性地付了点钱（五英镑）.The workers went on a token strike.工人们举行了象征性罢工．2 something that servesas a reminder 纪念品：My husband gave me a ring as a token of our first meeting.我丈夫送给我一枚戒指，作为我们第一次会面的纪念品.

symbol /'simbəl/ [C] 1 a sign, shape, or object which represents a person， idea， value，etc象征；表征：În the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil.在这张画里，树象征着生命，蛇象征着邪恶．2 a letter orfigure which expresses a sound, number,or chemical substance 记号；符号：＇H2O＇is the symbol for water．水的符号是“H2O”．symbolic [B]of, concerning, having, like, or serving as a symbol 象征（性）的：His act was purely symbolic.他的举动纯粹是象征性的.She likessymbolic art.她喜欢象征主义的艺术.-ally ［advWa4] symbolize,-ise [T1] 1 to be a symbol of 象征；代表：The picture symbolizes peace.这幅画象征着和平．2 to have，make，etc a symbol for 以符号表示；以象征表示：How can wesymbolize our feelings？我们怎样才能以象征表达出自己的感情呢？symbolization，-isation1［U］ the act or result of symbolizing 象征手法2［C］ an example of this 象征（实例）symbolism［U］ the use of symbols esp in art to represent ideas象征或符号的使用；（特指文艺方面的）象征主义

gesture/'d3estfə/1[C] a movement, usu of the hands， to express a certain meaning（表示特定含义的）手势；示意动作：He made an angrygesture．他作出了愤怒的手势．2［U］suchmovements in general 动作表情：English

people do not use as much gesture as Italians. 英国人不像意大利人那样常用动作表情．3［C］ anaction which is done to show one's feelings, either friendly or unfriendly 表示感情的举动；姿态：We went to the party as a gesture of friend-liness, although we did not feel very sociable at the time.虽然我们那时不太愿意参加社交活动，但我们还是去参加了聚会，以示友好.

G197 verbs 动词：signals and signs 信号与记号

signal／＇signal／1［IØ（to，for）］ to give a signal 发信号；做信号：The general signalled to his officers for the attack to begin.将军向军官们发出了开始进攻的信号.She was signalling wildly，waving her arms．她挥动手臂，拼命做信号．2［V3(to);D5(to); T1, 3, 5] to express, warn, or tell by a signal or signals 给···发信号；用信号通知：The policeman signalled (to) the traffic to move forward slowly.警察向车辆发出向前慢行信号.The thief signalled （his friend） that the police were coming.小偷用暗号通知（同伙）说警察来了.The whistle signalied the start of the race．哨声表示赛跑开始了．3［T1］ to be a sign of标志；标记：The defeat of 1066 signalled the end of Saxon rule in England．1066 年的败仗标志着撒克逊人在英国统治的结束.

sign/sarn/ [V3 (to, for); L9] to make a motion as a sign to （someone）；signal 打手势；发信号： The policeman signed （to／for） me to stop.警察打手势要我停下来.

gesture／＇d3estfə／ ［L9］ to make a gesture 打手势；用动作示意：He gestured towards the chil-dren who were already asleep as he described the tiring journey.他向孩子们打手势，但他们在他讲那次累人的旅行时已经睡着了.

gesticulate /d3e'stikjuleit/ [IØ] to make move-ments of the hands and body to express some-thing，esp while speaking（尤指说话时）用姿势或手势示意 gesticulation 1 ［U］ the act of gesticulating 用姿势或手势示意的动作2［C］anexample of this 用姿势或手势示意动作的事例：We didn't understand the man's shouts and gesticulations.我们不明白那个人的叫喊和手势是什么意思.

G198 nouns 名词：persons taking

messages，signalling，etc［C］传递信件、信号等的人

messenger /'mesənd3ə/ a person who takes a message to someone from someone 送信人；信差

signaller BrE, signaler AmE /'signələ/ a person who sends （and receives） signals 信号员

courier /'kuriə/ 1 a person who carries a special，official，or urgent message 特别信使；急件递送人2 old use a messenger 信差；送信人3a person who goes with a group of travellers

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G199 COMMUNICATION ＆ INFORMATION 通讯与信息

and arranges things （hotels，etc） for them 旅游团的服务员

herald /'herəld/ 1 (formerly) a person who carried messages from a ruler and gave important news to the people 传令官；报信者2 (fig) a sign of something about to come, happen，etc 预兆：A red sky is a herald of good weather.红霞满天是天气晴朗的预兆.

runner /'ranə/ a person, esp in an army, who runs with messages from one person or place to another 信使；（尤指）传令兵

G199 verbs 动词：meaning 意指；表示

mean/mi:n/[Wv6] 1 [T1, 5a, 6a] to represent (a meaning）意指；意思是；表示···的意思：Whatdoes this French word mean？这个法语词是什么意思？The red light means ＇Stop＇.红灯表示“停止”.The sign means that cars cannot enter. 这牌子表示汽车不得进入.It doesn＇t mean whatyou thought（it meant）.那不是你以为的那个意思．2［T1,3,5a； V3；D1］ to intend （to say）； have in mind as or for a purpose 意欲；意为；打算：She said Tuesday， but she meant Wednesday.她说星期二，但她的意思是指星期三.Imean to go tomorrow.我打算明天走.He means that he wants your help.他的意思是说需要你帮忙.We didn＇t mean you to go out alone.我们的本意是不想让你一个人出去.We meant it as apresent for you.我们的意思是把它作为礼物送给你.Although he seems angry with his son， he means him nothing but good/means (him) no harm.虽然他好像生他儿子的气，但本意是为他好／但毫无恶意.He is very angry and he means trouble （＝his purpose is to cause trouble）.他很恼怒，存心想找麻烦．3［T1,6a］ to be deter-mined about／to act on 决定按···行动：I mean what I say.我讲的话是算数的.I said I wouldchange things，and I meant it.我说过我要改变情况，我不是开玩笑的．4［T1（for），3 usu pass］ tointend （to be） because of abilities， fate，etc 注定：He is not meant for a soldier and will always be unhappy in the army.他生来就不是当兵的料，在部队里永远也不会快乐的.His parentsmeant him for a priest.他的双亲要他当牧师.Hebelieves he is meant to be a great man.他相信他注定要成为伟人．5［T1,4,5a］ to be a sign of预兆；是···的迹象；暗指：The dark clouds mean rain.乌云预示着要下雨.That expression means that he＇s angry. 那种表情意味着他生气了.Hisexpression means trouble.他的表情意味着要找麻烦.Missing the train means waiting for an hour（＝one will have to wait one hour）.误了这趟火车就是说要再等一个小时．6［T1 （to）］ to be ofimportance 有价值；有重要性：Does success in examinations really mean anything when considering ability for a job？在考虑一个人能否干一个职位时，考试成绩是否真的很重要？Itdoesn't mean a thing to her that we are all waiting because she＇s late.因为她迟到我们都得等着，可是她对此却满不在乎.I thought he wasmy friend, but all his expressions of interest meant nothing.我以为他是我的朋友，可他所有关

切的表示其实都不是那么一回事.mean businessnot fml to intend seriously to act 是认真的；算数的 mean mischief to have evil intentions 有恶意；有坏心眼儿 mean well to do or say whatis intended to help， but often doesn＇t 有好心（但常帮倒忙）mean well by someone to intend to do what is best for someone 打算为某人尽力而为 be meant to esp BrE to have to； to be supposed to 必须，应当：You＇re meant to take your shoes off when you enter a Hindu temple.进入印度教寺庙时必须脱鞋.

signify /'signə,fai/1 [T1, 5] often fml to be a sign of； represent；mean 表示；意味；象征：What does this strange mark signify？这个奇怪的记号表示什么呢？A fever usually signifies a disorder in the body．发烧通常表示身体有病．2［T1，IØ］tomake known （esp an opinion） by an action 用动作示意：Will those in favour of the sugges-tion please signify (their agreement) by raising their hands？赞成这项建议的请举手（表示同意）.

G200 nouns，etc 名词等：meaning，sense and nonsense 意义、含义与废话

[ALSO→G237]

meaning /'mi:nn/ [U; C] 1 the idea which one must（try to） understand 意义；含义：This sentence has no meaning.这个句子没有意义.This sentence has two different meanings.这个句子有两种不同的含义．2 a sense of impor-tance（重要）意义：He says that his life has lost its meaning since his wife died.他说自从妻子死后，他活着已没有什么意义.

significance /sig'nifəkəns/ [U; S] often fml meaning； value； importance 意义；价值；重要（性）：This is an industry of great significance to the country.这是一项对国家有重大意义的工业.It is a familiar story but with a new signifi-cance.这是一个家喻户晓但又寓有新意的故事.Don't read significance into (= try to find it in）every careless remark I make.别以为我每句随便说说的话里都有什么含意.

sense／sens／1 ［U］ esp emot meaning 意义；意思： There＇s no sense in what he says！他的话一点意思也没有！2［C］a meaning，esp one of several 意义；含义：This word has at least three senses in which it can be used.这个词至少可以用来表示三种意思．3［U］good thinking 判断力；见识；常识：He showed some sense at last， and didn＇t leave his job．他最终总算有点头脑，没有离职．4［U］ something that is not foolish 道理；有道理的话（事）：Talk sense！要讲道理！

nonsense /'npnsens/ 1 [U;(BrE) S] speech or writing with no meaning 无意义的话；废话：She left out three words when she copied the sentence and the result was（a）nonsense.她抄这个句子时漏掉了三个词，结果句子变得毫无意义．2[U] speech, writing, thinking, etc,that goes against good sense 荒唐话；胡说；荒谬的文章；荒谬的想法：A lot of the government＇s new ideas are nonsense.政府的许多新主意都是荒谬的.Ican't go out dressed like this.-Nonsense!/

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