N19 BEING 存在

state of affairs [S] often emot a situation (def 1）事态；局势；情势：What a terrible state of affairs！事态多么糟呀！What can we do in a state of affairs like this？情势如此，我们有什么办法？

circumstance /'s3:kəm,stæns/ [C] a fact, detail,condition, or event concerned with and usu influencing another event, person, or course of action 对他人、他事有影响的情形；情况；事实；境况；细节；原委；因素：Weather is.acircumstance we must take into account when choosing where to go for our holidays.我们选择度假的地方，必须考虑天气情况.When it＇s aquestion of life or death, money isn't an im-portant circumstance.涉及生死问题时，钱就不是重要的因素了.You haven＇t mentioned one circumstance that might account for his behaviour.有个情况也许能说明他的行为，但你没有提到.The circumstances suggest a sexual crime.这些情况使人联想到那是一宗性犯罪.Thepolice want to consider each circumstance in turn.警察要对每种情况逐一考虑.

circumstances /'s3:kəm,stænsiz/ [P]1 the state of affairs,esp the sum of all conditions,facts, or events which are beyond one＇s control（无法控制的）状况；环境；总的事态：The circum-stances forced me to accept a very low price when I sold the house.我卖房子的时候，环境迫使我接受很低的价格.in／under no circum-stances never； regardless of events 无论如何不；决不：Under no circumstances will there be wage control while I head the government.只要我主持政府工作，就决不会有工资管制.in／underthe circumstances because of the conditions; because things are as they are 在这种情况下：Í wanted to leave quickly but under the circum-stances (my uncle had just died) I decided to stay another night.我本想快点离开，但在那种情况下（我伯父刚死），我决定再留一个晚上．2 thestate of a person's material affairs, esp with régard to the amount of money he has 境况；境遇（指经济方面）：What are his circumstances？ 他境况如何？He seems to be in easycircumstances since he had his pay increase. 增加工资以来他生活好像很优裕.The family livedin reduced circumstances after they lost their property.那一家人丧失财产后，境况就大不如前了.things ／Oız／ ［P］ infml circumstances 情况：I＇m afraid that as things are at the moment,I can＇t help you.在目前的情况下，我恐怕无法帮你

的忙.Hullo，John.How are things （with you）？ 喂，约翰，（你的）情况怎么样？

N19 nouns 名词：accidents and

disasters［C］意外事故与灾祸 [ALSO→M112]

accident/'æksədənt/ something, esp something unpleasant, undesirable, or damaging that happens unexpectedly or by chance 意外事故； 祸事：He was killed in a car accident.他在一次车祸中丧生.I had an accident in the kitchen

and broke all the glasses.我在厨房里闯了祸，把所有的玻璃杯都打碎了.by accident of by thechance，luck，or fortune of 靠运气（机遇）：By accident of birth he was rich.他运气好，生在有钱人家.accidental［B］ happening as an acci-dent；not intended 偶然的；无意中的：What happened was accidental; he didn't mean.to do it.事情是偶然发生的；他并非有意这样做.／-ly[adv]: She was accidentally hurt by a piece of glass from the broken window.她意外地被破窗子上的一块玻璃弄伤了.

mishap ／＇mis，hæp／ ［also 又作 U］ something that goes wrong； an often slight accident（轻微的）事故：The long journey passed without mishap.在长途汽车旅行中没有发生什么事故.

disaster ／dr＇za：stə／ ［also 又作 U］ （a） sudden great misfortune（突然发生的）灾难；祸患；大不幸：The loss of the ship was a disaster.那只船的沉没是一场灾难.The election results will bring political disaster.选举结果将在政治上带来灾难. disastrous ［B］ of or like a disaster； terrible 灾难性的；可怕的：His accident had a disastrous effect on the family.他出的事故给家庭造成了灾难性的影响.The furmers suffered adisastrous loss of crops, animals, and money because of the bad weather.因天气不好，农夫在庄稼、牲口和金钱方面都遭到惨重的损失.-ly［adv］catastrophe／kə＇tæstrəfi／ a terrible disaster 大祸；异常的灾祸；可怕的灾难：The loss of all thoseships was a catastrophe.损失了那么多艘船，这简直是一场大灾难.catastrophic［B］ of or like a catastrophe 灾难性的；极可怕的：The terrible weather caused catastrophic damage.恶劣的天气造成了灾难性的破坏．-ally［adv Wa4］

cataclysm/'kætəklızəm/ a terrible disaster,esp in nature 大灾难；灾祸（尤指自然灾祸）：Thefloods were a cataclysm from which the local people never recovered.洪水造成灾祸使当地人民再也没能恢复过来.cataclysmic［B］ of or likea cataclysm 灾难的-ally［adv Wa4］

calamity /kə'læməti/ a sudden terrible event causing great loss and suffering 灾难；大灾祸； 重大的不幸事件：It would be a calamity forthese people if the rains failed yet again.如果再不下雨，对这些人将是一场灾难.

holocaust /'hplə,korst/ the loss of many lives, esp by burning 大屠杀（尤指大量烧杀人畜）；浩劫：The factory fire turned into a holocaust when the wind changed direction.由于风向改变，工厂的火灾变成了一场大浩劫.

N20 nouns 名词：emergencies and trouble 紧急事故与纷乱

[ALSO→F91]

emergency /r'm3:d3ənsi/ [C] an unexpected and dangerous happening, situation, or threat 紧急情况；突然事件；非常时刻：Ring the bell in anemergency.发生紧急情况时请按铃.They wentout through the emergency exit.他们从太平门走出去.They lived on emergency rations.他们靠应急配给的食物生活.

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crisis /'kraisis/ [C] 1 a turning point in the course of anything; uncertain time or state of affairs; moment of great danger or difficulty 危机；危急存亡之际；决定性的时刻；紧要关头；转折点：That country has many governmental／ political crises.那个国家存在许多政府危机／政治危机.We must bring things to a crisis ifwe want a decision to be made.我们如要作出决定，就必须使事情到了非解决不可的时候．2 the turn-ing point in a serious illness, at which there is a sudden change for better or worse 疾病的转折点；病情的急转点；转变期：As soon as hereaches the crisis we'll know if he's going to live or die.他的病一到达转变期，我们将知道他是死还是活.[■N45]

trouble /'trabal/ [U] infml any emergency, crisis，etc 乱子；纠纷；风潮：We had some trouble in the city last night, but it's all right now.昨晚我们城里出了点乱子，现在没事了.

jam／d3æm／ also 又作 spot ／sppt／ ［C usu sing］ infml an emergency，usu for one person（常指个人的）困境：I＇m in a （bit of a） jam； can youhelp me？我的处境有点狼狈，你能帮帮忙吗？She＇sin a spot and needs help.她的处境不妙，需要帮助.

Possibility,chance,and

necessity

可能性、机会与必然性

N30 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：

possible and probable 可能的与或然的

[ALSO→N313]

possible/'ppsəbəl/1[B]that can exist,happen, or be done 可能（存在、发生或做到）的：Thereare only two possible causes of this.这里只有两种可能的原因．It isn＇t possible to divide a 5-inch stick into 3 parts each 2 inches long．不可能把一根五英寸的棍子分成三段，每段二英寸.P＇lldo everything possible to help you.我将尽我所能来帮助你.Pll do every possible thing I can. 我将会尽自己之所能.I＇ll help you if possible（＝if it is possible）.只要有可能我就会帮助你.Be askind to her as possible．尽可能地对她亲切些．2[B] that may or may not be, happen, or be expected 有可能是，也有可能不是的；有可能发生，也有可能不发生的：It is possible but not prob-able that I shall go there next week.下星期我可能到那里去，但不能肯定.There will be a possiblechange in the weather tomorrow.明天天气可能有变化．3［B］acceptable；suitable 可接受的；合适的：one of many possible answers 许多可接受的答案之一；A new dress would be a possible gift for Mary＇s birthday.玛丽生日，送她一件新衣服是合适的．4［the U］ that which can be or can be done 可能（性）：Politics has been called the art of the possible.政治被称为适于干这一行的人的艺术.Let＇s not talk about wild plans，but

N30 POSSIBILITY 可能性

concern ourselves only with the possible.我们别谈那些不着边际的计划吧，还是集中研究一下那些有可能性的事．5［C］a person who or thing that might be suitable 可能的人或物：He is a pos-sible for the cricket team.他有可能进入板球队.im-［neg］：It is impossible for us to go.我们不可能去.-bly［adv］possibility［U；C］that which is possible 可能性：It is beyond possibility that he can come！他根本没有可能来！What are thepossibilities； could he win？他赢的可能性有多大？im-［neg］

feasible /'fi:zəbəl/ [B] possible in some particu-lar way 可行的；行得通的：According to some scientists， it is feasible to travel to the stars.某些科学家认为，到星球上去旅行是可行的.That＇s afeasible plan！那是一项可行的计划！-bly［adv］ -ibility[U]

probable /'probəbal/ 1 [B] that may be expected to happen; that has a good chance of being true；likely 很可能发生的；很有可能的；像是确实的：It＇s possible that it will rain ifthe wind changes but with such a cloudless sky it doesn＇t seem probable.如果风向改变，天可能下雨，但眼下万里无云，看来就没有多大可能了.It＇sprobable that he won't return to England because he's been offered a good job in Scotland.他大概是不会回英格兰了，因为他在苏格兰已觅得一份好工作．2［C］a probable choice，winner，etc 很可能被选中（或获胜）的人（或事物）：Before Saturday＇s football team is chosen there will be a match between the probables and the possibles.为选出参加星期六球赛的足球队，先在很可能入选的队员与有可能入选的队员之间分两队进行一场比赛.im-［neg］-bly ［adv］ prob-ability 1 [U (of); U5] the degree of being probable 或然率：What is the probability of life／that there is life on other worlds？其它星球上存在生命的或然率有多大？2［C］ a．probableevent or result 很可能有的事；很可能的结果：Warbecame a probability. 战争是很可能发生的事.im-[neg]

likely/'laikli/[Wa2] 1 [F,F3, 5] probable;ex-pected 很可能的；预计可能发生的：Are we likelyto arrive in time？我们能及时赶到吗？Is it likelythat he'll arrive so late?-No, it's not very likely.他有可能那么晚才到吗？-不，不大可能.Itseems likely that they＇re out.他们很可能外出了. 2［B］ suitable to give results 合适的；很有可能成功的；有希望的：This is a likely plan！这是一项有可能成功的计划！He＇s the most likely of thepeople who＇ve asked for the job.在申请这份工作的人当中，他最有希望．3［adv］probably 或许；有可能地（esp in the phrs very likely， most likely 很可能）：They＇ll very likely come by car. 他们很可能坐汽车来.As likely as not（＝prob-ably） they＇ll come by car.他们很可能坐汽车来.They＇ll quite likely do that.他们很可能那样做. likelihood [U] the condition of being likely; something likely 可能性；可能发生的事物：Isthere any likelihood of him/his coming?-No， no likelihood at all.他可能来吗？-完全没有可能.

apt/æpt/[Wa2;F3] having the nature to do or probability of doing something；likely 有···倾向

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N31 POSSIBILITY 可能性

的；易于···的；可能会···的：This kind of shoe is apt to slip on wet ground.这种鞋在湿地上容易打滑.-ness［U］

N31 adverbs ＆ modals 副词和情态动词：possible 可能

perhaps /pə'hæps/ [adv Wa5]1 it may be; poss-ibly或许；也许；可能；大概：Perhaps I am wrong， but I think he is 41 years old．我或许不对，但我想他是四十一岁．2（in making polite requests） （用于客气地提出请求）：Perhaps you would begood enough to read this (= Would you be...?) 请费神念一念这份东西好吗？

maybe／＇meibi／［adv Wa5］ not fml perhaps 大概； 或许：Will they come？-Maybe not.他们会来吗？-大概不会.Maybe I＇m wrong，but I think he＇ll do it.也许我想得不对，但我认为他会干的.

may/mei/[IØ, 2]1 to be in some degree likely to 或许；可能；也许：He may come or he maynot.他或许来或许不来.This news is so strangethat you may not believe it.这消息非常奇怪，你也许不会相信.Wherever you may go you may find examples of his evil doings.不论走到哪里你都可能看到他干的坏事.Why hasn＇t he come？-He may have been hurt (= we still don't know whether he has or not）.他为什么没有来？-他也许受了伤（意即：我们尚不知道他有没有受伤）．2 to have permission to； be allowed to 可以：May I leave this with you？我可以把这个留在你这里吗？May I come in？-Yes，you may. 我可以进来吗？-可以，你进来吧.She may havevisitors in hospital, but they mayn't stay for more than a few minutes.她在医院里可以见客人，但他们只能逗留几分钟时间.I may say I findyour questions rather rude (= it is my opinion that they are rude）.可以说你提的问题相当唐突.3 （usu with the subject following the v）（主语常放在动词后）I／We hope very much that 祝；但愿：May there never be another world war！但愿永远不再发生世界大战！4 also 又作 mightalthough...do／does 尽管；不论：You may think you're very clever, but that doesn't give you the right to order me about (= although you think you＇re clever，that doesn＇t...）.尽管你认为自己很聪明，但这并不意味着你有权对我发号施令．5（in clauses）（用于从句）a （expressing purpose） can（表示目的）（以便···）能；（使···）可以：Sit here， so that I may see your face more clearly.坐在这里，好让我能更清楚地看到你的脸.b（withwords expressing hope， wish， or fear） will（与表示希望、祝愿或担心的词连用）能够；会：Thedoctor fears that she may not live much longer.医生担心她不会活得太久了.may well tobe very likely to（完全）能；满可以：His appear-ance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.他的样子变多了，你完全可能认不出他来.The team may well have won the football match, but I don't know because I wasn＇t there.那支球队很可能赢了那场足球赛，可我不知道，因为我没在场.may／might （just） aswell to have no strong reason not to 还是···的好：There＇s nothing to do， so I may as well go

to bed.没有事可做，我还是去睡觉吧！

might /mait/ [IØ, 2] 1 a to be in some small

degree likely to 也许（可能性较小）：He might

come or he might not.他也许来，也许不来.This

news is so strange that you might not believe

it.这消息真奇怪，你也许不相信.b to have been

in some degree likely to 有可能：Did you see

how that car nearly hit me? I might have been

killed（＝ but I wasn＇t）.你看到那辆车差一点撞到

我了吗？我当时很可能被撞死（＝但我没被撞死）．2

polite (in questions) to have permission to;be

allowed to 可以（用在问句中表示客气）：Might I

come in？-Yes，you may.我可以进来吗？-可

以．3（in clauses）（用于从句中）a（expressing

purpose）could（表示目的）可能：I wrote down

his telephone number, so that I might remem-

ber it.我把他的电话号码写下来，以便能记住它.b

(with words expressing hope, wish, or fear)

would（与表示希望、祝愿或担心的词连用）能：

The prisoner had hopes that he might be set

free．那个囚犯希望自己能获释．4（suggesting that

a person should do something, behave in a

certain way，etc） should（建议应做什么）应该：

You might at least say thank you when some-

one helps you.别人帮助你，你至少应该说声谢谢.

5 could have been expected to 本来可以（in the

phr might have ＋past p 本该···）：You might

have known she＇d refuse.你本该知道她会拒绝

的.I might have known he＇d do something

silly； he＇s been acting strangely all week.我本

该知道他会干傻事的，他整个星期的行为都很古怪．6

（in reported speech） may（defs 1,2,3,5）（在

间接引语中）可能：He told us that he might

come，but he might not.他告诉我们他可能来，但

我看他可能不能来.He asked whether he might

leave it with him.他问是否可以把它留在他那里.

He said he feared that she might not live

much longer.他说他怕她活不了多久.（fml）He

said I might go if I wished.他说如果我愿意就可

以去．7may（def 4）尽管；不论：You might think

you're very clever, but that doesn't give you

the right to order me about.你尽可认为自己很

聪明，但这并不意味着你有权对我发号施令.might

well to be likely to 完全能；满可以：We lost the

football match, but we might well have won if

one of our players hadn＇t been hurt.我们输了

那场足球赛，要不是一个队员受了伤，我们是完全能

够赢的.might（just） as well may （just） as well

还是···的好：No one will eat this food； it might

just as well be thrown away.这食品不会有人吃

了，还是扔掉吧．8 becoming rare past t of may

（may 的过去时）：In former times the king

might do nothing without asking the permis-

sion of parliament (= was not allowed to do

anything）.从前国王不征求议会的同意就什么事也

不能做．9 pomp or humor （in questions） do／

does（用于提问，相当于助动词 do／does）：And

what might this mean (= what does this

mean）？这到底是什么意思？Who might you be

（＝who are you）？你（到底）是谁？

can／kæn／［IØ，2］1 to know how to 会；能：I can

swim well.我游泳游得不错.I couldn＇t／wasn＇t able to do that new job； it was too difficult.那份工作我干不了，太难了.Can you sing？-Of

978

course I can．你会唱歌吗？-当然会．2 to beable to 能够；可以：I can see you easily from here.从这里我很容易就可以看见你.This mancould heal all diseases.这个人什么病都能治.Let's go where we can practise our religion freely.我们去能自由信奉宗教的地方吧.I＇ll seewhat can be done.我看看能做些什么吧.She haseverything that money can buy.钱可以买到的， 她都有了.It can be expressed in different words.这可以用不同的词语来表示.This car canhold six people comfortably.这辆车可以舒舒服服地坐六个人．3 to be allowed to（by rules）（按规则）可以；准许：You can＇t pick the ball upin football.踢足球不允许用手拿起球.I can and Iwill dismiss the government,' said the angry king.国王愤怒地说：“我可以而且一定会解散政府.”4 to allow oneself to 允许（自己）：You can hardly blame him for doing that.你不可以责怪他那样做的.I can＇t take your coat without paying you for it.我不能要你的上衣而不付给你钱．5 to have permission to；may 许可；允许： The teacher said we could go to the shops for sweets.老师说我们可以去商店买糖果.（infml）Can we go to the shops for sweets, please, Miss？请问老师，我们能去商店买糖果吗？6（usedfor expressions of surprise in question form) （以问句的形式表示惊讶）：What（ever） can itpossibly be？那究竟能是什么呢？7 to have to；must 必须；不得不：If you don＇t be quiet you can leave the room.你如果不安静，就得离开这房间．8 （expressing doubt about a possibility） may；might（对可能性表示怀疑）会；可能：Whatcan the police want with me; I've done nothing wrong.警察叫我去会有什么事呢，我又没有做错事.Can he still be alive after all these years？这么多年了，他还会活着吗？9（with verbs expressingactions of the five senses and of the mind）（和表示感官的动词或表示思维的动词连用）：I can seeyou easily from here.我从这里很容易就能看到你.I couldn＇t understand him when he spoke very fast．他说话快的时候，我无法听得懂．10（withrequests）will（用于请求）可以：Can you hold on a minute，please？请等一下，好吗？（打电话用语）

could／kud／［IØ，2］1 past t of can （can 的过去时）：I can＇t sing now，but I could when I was young.我现在不能唱了，但年轻时是能唱的.Icouldn＇t get the tickets yesterday.我昨天弄不到票.（Compare 比较：Luckily，I was able to get the tickets yesterday．真走运，我昨天弄到票了．）2（used instead of can in reported speech）（用在间接引语中，代替 can）：I can＇t go.He said hecouldn＇t go．我去不了，他说他去不了．3（used，often with if, to say that something would or might be possible）（和if连用，表示某事有可能）：I could come tomorrow （if you like）.我明天可以来（如果你愿意的话）.（Compare 比较：I cancome tomorrow, which shows more desire to come“我明天能来”，即表示来的愿望更强烈）.Youcould earn more if you could work a little harder.如果你工作能再努力一点，钱就可以挣得多一点.The car won＇t start！-Couldn＇t you try pushing it？这车发动不起来！-你能不能推一推试试看？This could be your only chance to go.

N32 POSSIBILITY 可能性

这可能是你去的唯一机会了．4（with requests）would （more polite than can）（用于请求）请（比can 更婉转）：Could you please hold on a minute？请等一下好吗？（打电话用语）5(suggesting that a person should do some-thing, behave in a certain way, etc) should; ought to （have）（建议某人应做什么）应该：Youcould at least have met me at the station, couldn＇t you？你至少应该到车站来接我，是不是？6 (in clauses expressing purpose) might; would be able to（用在表示目的的从句中）可能：Iwrote down his telephone number so that I could remember it.我把他的电话号码写下来，以便能记住它.

N32 modals 情态动词：probable 可能

should /Jud/ [IØ, 2]1 (expressing what is likely) will probably（表示可能性）可能；该：The effect of the tax should be felt in higher prices.这项税收的后果可能会在物价上涨中反映出来.Weneedn't get ready yet; the guests shouldn't come for another hour.我们还用不着整装，客人可能要再过一个钟头才来．2（used for expressingwhat is possible but not likely, in conditional sentences about the future）（在将来时态条件句中，表示有可能之事，但不大会）：I don＇t think itwill happen, but if it should, what shall we do？我认为这事不会发生，但万一发生了，我们该怎么办呢？（fml）Should you be interested （＝If you should be interested), I have a book on the subject you might like to see.假如你感兴趣， 我有一本关于这个问题的书，你也许想看看.

ought/o:t/ [IØ, 3] will probably; can be naturally expected（to do something）大概会；总该（做什么事）：Prices ought to come down soon.物价大概会很快下跌.You ought to be hungry by now. 现在你该饿了吧.The car ought to go all rightnow.这辆车现在该好开了.What are you doinghere？ You ought to be in Bristol！你在这里做什么？你应该在布里斯托尔才是！

will／wil／［IØ，2］1 may likely （be）；is probably 可能；该是：The person you mentioned will be the father of the boy of the same name, is that right？ 你提到的那个人可能是男孩的父亲，他们同姓，是不是这样？This will be just what she wants．这可能正是她所要的东西．2 is／are provedor expected（to）证明会；惯于；总是：These things will happen. 这些事情总是要发生的.Oilwill float on water.油总是浮在水面上的.Ifpeople study, they will learn (= If people study，they learn）.人们只要学习，就能学到知识.3 is／are suited to； has／have the power to 适于； 能；行：This car will hold six people comfor-tably.这辆车可以舒舒服服地坐六个人.

would /wud/ [IØ, 2] (past of will & expressing less certainty， more politeness，etc）（will 的过去时，没有will肯定，但更为婉转）：The personyou mentioned would be the father, is that right？ 你提到的人大概是父亲，对不对？Thatwould be in 1976，I think．我想那大概是在1976年. If people studied， they would learn

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（but they don＇t）.人们只要学习，就会学到知识（但他们不学习）.

N33 adjectives 形容词：certain and sure 确信与肯定的

certain /'ss:tən/ 1 [B] established beyond all doubt or question；known 确定无疑的；已知的： There＇s no certain cure for this illness.治疗这种病没有万无一失的特效药.What will happen isnot yet certain.还不清楚会发生什么事.un-［neg］2 ［F］ having no doubt 确信的；有把握的：I＇mcertain she saw me yesterday.我肯定她昨天看见我了.He was too certain of her love to be deceived by such talk.他十分相信她爱自己，不会相信那些风言风语．un-［neg］3［B；F3,5］sure to happen 必然（发生）的：It＇s almost certain that the government will lose the next election.这届政府必然会在下次大选中垮台.It is certaindeath to go there！到那儿去必死无疑！4［F3,5a］（of people） sure（指人）一定的；肯定的：Be cer-tain to tell him，please.请一定告诉他.She＇s cer-tain to do well at that job.那件工作她一定会做得很好.make certain a to enquire 弄清楚；弄确实：Make certain （that） you know what time the train goes.弄清楚火车什么时候开.b to dosomething in order to be sure (of getting something）做某事以保证（获得某物）：We wentto the theatre early and made certain we all got seats／made certain of getting seats.为了保证大家都有座位，我们早早就上剧院去了．5［F］rareclever；practised；unfailing 灵敏的；训练有素的； 万无一失的：His ear for music was certain.他的耳朵对音乐非常灵敏．certainly ［adv］1 withoutdoubt 无疑地；一定地；确实地：He＇s certainl thebest king we＇ve ever had！他无疑是我们所有君王中最好的一位！2（as a polite or strong way ofanswering a question） yes； of course（客气或强调的回答）当然；当然可以：Will you help me？-Certainly I will.你能帮帮我吗？-当然可以.certainly not (as a strong way of answering) of course not（强调的回答）当然不行：Will youlend me your comb？-Certainly not.你把梳子借给我好吗？-当然不行．certainty 1［U］ thestate of being certain； freedom from doubt必然；确实；确定；肯定：I can＇t say with certainty what my plans are.我无法肯定地说我有什么计划．2［C］a clearly established fact 必然的事；毫无疑问的事：It＇s a certainty that the government will win the next election.下次选举，这届政府必然获胜. It is a certainty that this horse will win the race.毫无疑问，这匹马会赢.Are there anycertainties in life？生活中有没有必然的事？

sure／foə／［Wal］ 1［F］having no doubt 确信的； 有把握的：I think so，but I＇m not sure.我想是这样，但没有把握．2［F3］certain（to happen）一定的；必定（发生）的：He is sure to come.他一定来.It＇s sure to rain．天一定会下雨．3［B］ certainin effect；to be trusted 确实的；稳当的；可靠的；万全的：One thing is sure； he can＇t have gone far. 有一点是确实的，他不会走得太远.He made asure step out of the mud.他从泥泞中迈出稳当的一步.un-［neg］ make sure of something／that

a to find out for certain 查明；弄清楚；弄确实：Make sure of the time. 把时间弄清楚.b toarrange so 设法一定做到：Make sure that you get here.你一定要设法到这儿来.c esp old use tobelieve as certain 确信：He made sure itwas true．他确信那是真的．surely ［adv］ 1 as ex-pected；certainly 一定地；无疑地；有把握地：She＇ll surely win！ 她一定会赢！2［Wa5］（sug-gesting hope that something will happen）（推断将来）想必；一定：Surely he can do it.他想必能做这件事.Surely you don＇t expect me to do it？ 想必你不会指望我做这事吧？3［Wa5］esp AmEcertainly（def 2）当然；当然可以：Will you do it？ -Surely.你做不做？-当然做.sure of certain of having，being right about，etc 肯定有；确信： Are you sure of these things？你肯定有这些东西吗？sure of oneself confident in life 有自信心： She seems very sure of herself, but she isn't really.她好像很有自信心，实际上却没有.to besure it must be accepted（that）诚然；固然：To be sure, some people may disagree but that doesn＇t mean I＇m wrong.诚然有人会不同意，但这并不意味着我错了．ensure ［T1,5］ to makesure or certain 保证；担保：His help ensured our success/ensured that we were successful. 他的帮助保证了我们的成功.

confident /'konfədənt/ [B; F (of,5a)]sure(esp of one's own or someone's abilities, good intentions，etc）确信的；有信心的；有把握的；自信的（尤指确信自己或某人的能力、好意等）：She wasconfident （that） she would win.她确信自己会赢.He had a confident look on his face.他脸上的神色很自信.confidence［U］sure belief 信任；信心；把握：I have the fullest confidence in him.我对他充满信心.His confidence （in himself） will help him do well.他的自信心将有助于他把事情做好.diffident ［B（about）］not confident 缺乏自信的：She is very diffident about her abilities.她对自己的能力非常缺乏自信.diffidence［U］lack of confidence 缺乏自信definite /'defənit/ [B] 1 having very clear limits 明确的；界限清楚的：He set definite standards for his students.他给自己的学生规定了明确的标准．2 without any uncèrtainty or unclearness 确切的；清楚的：We demand a definite answer. 我们要求一个确切的答复．3 unquestionable；undoubted 毫无疑问的；肯定的：That book ofhis will be a definite success.他的那本书一定会成功．4 having or showing firmness of opinion and willingness to act quickly 果断的：They are very definite people. 他们都是很果断的人.in-[Ape]AI-[8əu]

positive／＇pozətiv／［B］ very definite； sure 确定的；肯定的；无疑的：Are you positive about what happened？-Yes，quite positive.对于所发生的事你能肯定吗？-能，非常肯定.-ly［adv］

express /ik'spres/ [Wa5; A] 1 (of a command, wish，etc）clearly stated（指命令、愿望等）明确表示的：It was her express wish that you should have her jewels after her death.你应该接受她身故后留下的珠宝，这是她明确表示的愿望．2（of anintention or purpose) special; clearly under-stood（指目的和用意）特殊的；明白的：I camehere with the express purpose of seeing you.我

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是怀着看望你的特殊目的到这儿来的．3（of a like-ness） exact 一模一样的：Everything the child does is an express copy of her elder sister's behaviour.这孩子的一举一动酷似她姐姐.

conclusive /kən'klu:srv/ [B] allowing a decision to be made； final and clear 结论性的；确定性的：He gave us conclusive proof that she mur-dered the man.他向我们提供了结论性证据：是她［n］ ssəu- ［Ape］ Á- ［8əu］ -u人

flat /flæt/[Wa5;B] complete; firm;with no more argument 断然的；干脆的；不由分说的（espin the phr a flat refusal 断然拒绝）：I＇m not coming and that＇s flat.我不会来的，就这么定了.He gave us a flat refusal to help.他断然拒绝帮助我们.-ly［adv］：He flatly refused to help.他断然拒绝给予帮助.

decided／dr＇saidid／［B］ definite；clear 明显的；明确的：There has been a decided improvement in his health／the weather.他的健康／天气已有了明显的好转.-ly［adv］：His health has decidedly improved.他的健康明显地好转了.

N34 adjective ＆ modal 形容词和情态动词：certain and sure 确信与肯定

bound/baund/ [F3] quite certain (to do some-thing）一定（做···）的；必定（会···）的：He＇s bound to come if we ask him.我们如果要求他来，他一定来.It isn＇t bound to happen just because you want it to.那事并不因为你要它发生，就一定会发生.You＇re bound to lose your money if you do that.你如果那样做，必定会赔钱.

must/mast/[I2] to be, do, etc, very probably or certainly 必然要；必定会；一定是：You mustknow the reason. 你必定知道原因.You mustlive near my friend, if you live in New Street. 如果你住在新街，一定是靠近我的朋友.I must lookfunny in this hat！我戴这顶帽子的样子一定很可笑！There must be some more tea in the pot. 壶里一定还有茶.I think they must have leftearly.我想他们必是早离开了.

N35 nouns 名词：luck，fortune，and

misfortune 运气、幸运与厄运 [ALSO→L154]

luck/lAk/[U]1 that which happens, either good or bad, to a person in the course of events by, or as if by， chance 运气：Luck was with us and we won easily.我们真走运，很容易就赢了.Whatluck did you have in your search？你在搜索中运气怎样？I can＇t find any work here so I＇ll try my luck in the city.我在这里找不到工作，所以要到城里去碰碰运气.I＇ve had bad luck all week.我整个星期都运气不佳．2 success as a result ofchance 走运；侥幸：I wish you luck.祝你走运.Ihave had no luck today.我今天不走运.What luck I met you！遇见你真是侥幸！be down onone's luck to have bad luck, esp to be without money 倒霉（尤指缺钱）： He＇s down on hisluck；we should help him.他倒了霉，我们应该帮助他.be in／out of luck to have／not have good

N36 POSSIBILITY 可能性

fortune 走运／倒霉：You＇re in luck； we have what you want！你真走运，你要的我们都有！I＇mquite out of luck today.我今天真倒霉.for luck to bring good fortune 祈求好运：I＇m giving you this ring for luck.我送你这只戒指，是祝你好运.worse luck unfortunately 不幸地：He reached the food before I did，worse luck.他比我先伸手取得食品，真倒霉.

chance /tfa:ns/ [U] the way in which things happen seemingly without any cause 偶然性；运气：Leave it to chance （＝ Don＇t plan； just wait and see what happens）.听天由命吧（意即：别筹划啦，就等着瞧吧）.Imet him by chance.我偶然遇见他.

fortune/'fo:tfən/ 1 [U] chance, esp as an im-portant influence on one＇s life； luck； fate 命运： It's never been his fortune to travel far from home.他命中注定不出远门.The car brokedown on a lonely road, but by good fortune another car came along and its driver offered to help.车在一条僻静的路上抛锚了，幸而来了另一辆车，车上的司机帮了忙.She had the goodfortune to be free from illness all her life.她命好，一辈子都没有生过病．2［C often pl］ whatevercomes by chance, good or bad; that which will happen to a person in the future 运气；命运（好或坏）；时运：Through all his changing fortunes he never lost courage.他的运气时好时坏，但他从不气馁.The fortunes of war bring death to many，while others escape unharmed.在战争中，命运给许多人带来死亡，而其他人却安然无恙地逃过来了.That old woman tells fortunes（＝ claims to tell about a person's future by examining his hand, studying a pack of cards, a glass ball，etc）.那个老妇给人算命.I had myfortune told last week．我上周算了个命．3［U］ success；good luck 成功；好运：Fortune smiled on him （＝ everything went wel for him）.幸运之神朝他微笑呢（意即：他事事走运）.Fortunefavours the brave (= brave people often succeed）.幸运之神喜欢眷顾勇敢的人.

misfortune/mis'fo:tfən/1 [U] bad luck, often of a serious nature 厄运；灾祸：His failure in busi-ness was due not to misfortune, but to his own mistakes.他生意上的失败不是由于厄运，而是由于他自己的错误．2［C］a very unfortunateaccident or event 不幸的事：She believed that the greatest of her misfortunes was that she'd never had any children.她认为自己最大的不幸是从未生过孩子.

mercy /'m3:si/ [C usu sing] not fml a fortunate happening 幸运；侥幸：It＇s a mercy we didn＇t know of her illness till afterwards, as we would have been so worried.我们一直到后来才知道她生病，真是幸运，不然我们会多么担心！

N36 nouns 名词： opportunities and chances 机会；机遇

opportunity /,ppə'tju:nəti/ [C (for, of), C3; U] a favourable moment or occasion (for doing something）机会；良机：What a wonderful opportunity！多好的机会啊！He had several

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good opportunities to go, but he never took them.他有过几次好机会能去，但他从没有利用过.(fml) May I take this opportunity to thank you all for coming？请允许我趁此机会感谢大家的光临.（fig）Opportunity knocks（at the door） only once.机不可失，时不再来.

chance /tfa:ns/ 1 [C (of), C3] not fml an opportunity 机遇；机会：Can I have a chance to try？能给我机会试一试吗？Give me anotherchance，please.请再给我一次机会.She had the chance to go，but she decided not to.她有机会去，但她决定不去．2［C；U：（of，5）］possibility or probability 可能性；或然性：What chance is there that she will come？她来的可能性有多大？Is there any chance that he can do it?-No; no chance （at all）.他有可能胜任吗？-（根本）没有可能.

prospect /'prospekt/1 [U9, esp of] a reasona-ble hope or possibility 指望；希望：There is no prospect of more money at the moment.目前没有指望得到更多的钱了．2［U9；S9］somethingexpected or probable 展望的事；可能发生的事：He doesn't like the prospect of leaving this town.他将来可能要离开这个城市，他并不喜欢这样的前景.prospects［P］chances（of success）（成功的）机会；前途；前程：What are his prospects in his new work？他在这项新工作中的前途怎样？

advantage /əd'va:ntid3/ [C;U] something which makes or may make someone or some other thing better, happier, luckier, etc than others， than before，etc优点；好处；利益；有利条件；有利因素：Are there any special advantages to／for us if we follow your plan？如果依从你的计划，对我们有什么特殊的好处吗？There is noadvantage in doing that.那样做一点好处都没有.I may get some advantage ifI go.我如果去，也许有点好处.dis-［neg］：Poor eyesight is a disad-vantage in life.视力不好是生活中的不利条件.advantageous [B] fml causing an advantage 有利的：It will be more advantageous to you if you go now.你现在去，对你更有利.dis-［neg］-ly [adv] have an advantage over to have a better chance of doing or getting something than 胜过；优于；比···取得优势：He had anadvantage over us； he had more money.他比我们占优势；他更有钱.take advantage of tomake good use of 充分利用（某事）：You should take advantage of the low prices and buy now.你应该趁现在价格低买进.

turn／t3：n／also 又作 shot／fot／［C］ a chance（to do something), esp after others have done it 时机（尤指别人做完以后得到的机会）：It＇s my turnnow！现在轮到我了！Can I have a shot？我能试试吗？

go /gəu/ [C] esp BrE infml a chance (to do something）（做某事的）机会：Can I have a go now，please？ 请给我一次机会吧！Is it my gonow？该我试了吗？

N37 adjectives 形容词：lucky and random 幸运的与任意的

lucky/'laki/[Wal;B] having, resulting from, or

bringing good luck 幸运的；侥幸的；由好运造成的；带来好运的：He＇s a lucky man！他是个幸运儿！It was lucky for me that I saw you when I did.那次能见到您，真幸运.-ily ［adv］：Luckily I saw him just when I needed him.我要找他的时候正好看见他，真幸运.

fortunate /'fo:tfənət/ [B] having or bringing good fortune；lucky 幸运的；侥幸的；吉利的；带来好运的：She＇s fortunate enough to have very good health.她身体非常好，真是幸运.He＇sfortunate in having a good wife.他有个好妻子， 真是幸运.It was fortunate for her that she met the doctor just when she needed him.正当她需要找医生的时候就遇到了医生，真是好运气.He＇sfortunate in business (= all his affairs succeed）.他做生意很走运.She won the tennis game by a fortunate stroke that put the ball just inside the line.她一击正好把球打在线内，这侥幸的一击使她赢了那场网球赛.un-［neg］-ly[adv]: Fortunately for me he was at home when I needed him.我真有运气，要找他的时候他正好在家.Fortunately she found the money she had lost.幸亏她把自己丢失的钱找回来了.

auspicious /o:'spifəs/ [B] fml 1 of good fortune; lucky 吉利的；吉祥的：This is an auspicious day for us！这是我们的吉日！2 giving，promising，or showing signs of future success 顺利的；兴盛的； 前途光明的；繁荣昌盛的：The opening of the rail-way was an auspicious event since it brought wealth to the town.那条铁路通车是件大喜事，因为它给这个城市带来了财富.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

opportune / ppə'tju:n/ [B] fortunate, because happening at the right time 时机好的；合时宜的；（时间）恰好的：Your coming here was really opportune！你来得真是时候！He waited for a more opportune moment to speak to her.他在等待一个更适宜的时间和她谈话.in-［neg］-ly[Ape]

random /'rændəm/ [A] unplanned; happening by chance ［→N35］随便的；随意的；任意的；偶然的：Don＇t ask random questions.不要胡乱地提随随便便的问题.They used random numbers， not numbers in a particuar order.他们使用随机的数字，不用按特定次序排列的数字.-ly［adv］-ness [U] at random by chance; in no special order 胡乱地；随便地；任意地：He spoke topeople at random.他不择对象逢人就说.

haphazard /,hæp'hæzəd/ [B] 1 emot & emph random 任意的；随便的；偶然的2 deprec withoutorganization 杂乱无章的；乱七八糟的：He worksin a very haphazard way.他以杂乱无章的方式工作.-ly［adv］

chance/tfa:ns/ [Wa5; A] happening quite acci-dentally 偶然的；碰巧的：We had a chance meeting about a month ago.大约一个月以前我们偶然会面.

N38 nouns 名词：dangers and threats 危险与威胁

[ALSO→F135]

danger /'deind3ə/1 [U] the possibility of harm or loss 危险：The sign says ＇Danger： Falling

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Rocks＇.牌上写着：“坠石危险！”This is a place where children can play without danger.这个地方儿童可以嬉戏而不会出危险.The man＇s lifehad been in danger, but now he was out of danger.那人曾经生命垂危，但后来脱险了.He isin (great, real, etc) danger of losing all his money if he continues to buy useless objects. 他如果继续购买无用的东西，就真会面临一文不名的危险．2［C］a case or cause of danger 危险物；危险的起因；威胁：What are the danges of smok-ing？抽烟有什么危害？This building is a danger to the public； it could fall down any time.这座楼房对公众是一个威胁；它随时都可能倒塌.

risk /risk/ esp emot 1 [S; U: (of, 5)] a danger (of); something that may have a (stated) bad result 危险；风险：There＇s some／a great／no／not much risk（of fire）.有些／有很大／没有／没有多大（失火的）危险.There＇s a certain risk that he may find out the truth.他可能会发现真相，这种危险确实存在．2［C］a danger（一种）危险：Fishermen face a lot of risks in their daily lives．渔民在日常生活中要面对多种危险．3［C9］（in insurance and insurance contracts）（用于保险及保险契约）a a（stated）danger（保险业承保的）···险：fire risk／war risk 火险／兵险 b someone or something that is a (stated) danger to the insurance company 保险对象（被保险的人或物）：I'm afraid she's a poor risk for life insurance; her health is so bad.她的身体很差，恐怕她不是好的人寿保险对象.at one＇s own risk agreeingto bear any loss or danger（损失或危险）由自己负责：＇Anyone swimming in this lake does so at his own risk＇（notice）.“任何人在此湖游泳，后果自负”（告示）.at owner＇s risk （of things kept for other people) with the owner agreeing to bear any loss or damage（为别人保管的物品）由物主承担损失：We send these goods at owner＇s risk.我们寄送这些货物，损失责任由物主自负.atrisk fml in danger 有危险：The disease is spreading, and all children under 5 are at risk.这种病正在蔓延；五岁以下的儿童都有危险.atthe risk of a with danger of 冒着···的危险：He saved my life at the risk oflosing his own. 他冒着生命危险救了我的命.At the risk of seemingrude，I must say...恕我冒昧进一言···b also 又作 at risk to with danger to 对···有危险：He saved my life at the risk of his own/at (great) risk to his own.他冒着生命危险救了我的命.run/take risks/a risk to do dangerous things; take chances／a chance 冒险：You have to take a lot of risks in myjob.干我这一行，就得冒许多风险.You＇re running a big risk in trusting him. 你信任他是极大的冒险.We＇ll just have to takethe risk that George may come home.乔治可能回家来，我们不得不冒这个危险.run／take therisk of doing something to do (something dangerous）冒（做什么危险事情的）险：I don＇twant to run the risk ofmeeting George.我不愿冒遇见乔治的危险.peril／＇perəl／esp poet 1 ［U］ （great） danger（严重

的）危险：She faced terrible peril in the forest that night. 那天晚上在森林里她面临极大的危险.They went in peril of their lives from wild animals.他们冒着可能被野兽咬死的危险出发.

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The city is in peril！这座城市大难临头了！2［C］a（great）danger 危险的事：He feared the perils of the sea.他害怕海上的风险.

jeopardy /'d3epədi/ [U] esp fml, lit & pomp danger 危险；危难（esp in the phr in jeopardy 处于危险中）：His foolish behaviour may put his whole future in jeopardy.他的愚蠢行为可能危及他的整个前途.He faced great jeopardy inthe city.他在城里遇到了很大的危险.

hazard ／＇hæzəd／ ［C；（U）］danger 危险；冒险：Life is full of hazards.人生充满了冒险.Ice on the roads is a hazard to drivers in cold countries in wintertime.在寒冷国家的冬季，路上结冰对开车的人是一种危险.

N39 verbs 动词：dangers and threats 危险与威胁

endanger/mn'demnd3ə/ [T1] to cause danger to 危害；危及；使遭危险：You will endanger yourhealth if you work so hard.你工作如此拼命，会危害健康的.

risk /risk/ esp emot 1 [T1] to place in danger 冒···的危险：You will risk your health if you work so hard.你工作如此拼命，会影响健康的.Heis always risking his money at cards！他总是冒输钱的危险赌牌！He risked his own life to savemine．他冒生命危险救了我．2［T1,4］ to take thechance of 冒险试试：He risks failure doing that. 他冒失败的危险干那件事.She risked losing hermoney at cards.她冒输钱的危险试试赌牌的运气.He risked his parents' anger by marrying her. 他冒着惹父母生气的危险娶了她.

imperil /Im'perəl/ [T1] esp poet to put (some-thing or someone） in danger 使（某事或某人） 陷入危险；危害：She imperilled his life.她使他的生命陷入危险之中.

jeopardize, -ise /'d3epədaiz/ [T1] esp fml,lit & pomp to endanger 危害；使受危险：His foolish behaviour may jeopardize his whole future.他的愚蠢行为可能会危害他的整个前途.

hazard /'hæzəd/ [T1] esp poet & emot to endanger 冒···的危险；危害：He hazarded his life to save the child.他冒着生命危险去抢救那个孩子.

chance/tfa:ns/[T1, 4; (V4)] to take a chance with；risk 冒···的险；冒险一试：You shouldn＇t chance all your money at once.你不该一下把所有的钱都掏出来孤注一掷.Pll chance anothergame of cards if you will.如果你想再玩牌，我愿再玩一盘碰碰运气.Let＇s chance getting wet and walk home.让我们冒被雨淋湿的危险走回家去吧.chance it infml to take a chance of success, though failure is possible； take a risk 碰碰运气； 试试看：She only had five minutes to get to the station but she wanted a book so she chanced it and went into a shop.她在五分钟之内就得赶到车站，但她想买一本书，于是冒险试试走进一家书店. I don＇t know if we can get it but let＇s chance it.我不知道我们是否能得到它，不过不妨试试看.

threaten /'Oretən/ [IØ; T1](of danger,etc) to

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seem to be about to happen （to）威胁；有···危险；（指危险等）像要发生：If danger threatens，call me.如果发生危险，打电话给我.Trouble wasthreatening the city.动乱威胁着这个城市.

N40 adjectives 形容词：dangerous［B］危险的

dangerous /'deind3ərəs/ able or likely to cause danger 危险的；引起危险的：He is a dangerousperson；keep away from him.他是个危险人物， 不要接近他.It＇s dangerous to smoke.抽烟是危险的.-ly［adv］

risky /'riski/ [Wa2] esp emot & not fml (esp of actions） dangerous（尤指行动）危险的；冒险的：Robbing banks is risky as well as wrong. 抢劫银行既不对又危险.riskily［adv］

perilous /'perələs/ esp emot, poet & lit danger-ous；risky 危险的；冒险的-ly［adv］

hazardous /'hæzədəs/ esp poet & emot dan-gerous 危险的；冒险的：They went on a hazard-ous journey in small boats down the River Zaire.他们乘坐小船顺着扎伊尔河作了一次危险的旅行.-ly［adv］

chancy /'tfa:nsi/ [Wal] infml dangerous; risky 危险的；冒险的：That＇s a chancy business and I＇m not doing it！那是件冒险的事情，我不干！

dicey ／＇daisi／ ［Wal］ sl risky and uncertain 冒险的；成败未卜的：Don＇t mention it to him， it＇s too dicey； he might be angry.别对他提这件事， 这太冒险了；他或许会恼火的.

N41 adjectives 形容词：threatening［B］威胁的、恐吓的

threatening /'θretənig/ suggesting a threat or danger 威胁的；恐吓的；预示有危险的：Hebehaved／spoke in a threatening way to her.他用威胁的态度对待她／对她说话.-ly ［adv］：Hebehaved threateningly.他的行为咄咄逼人.

forbidding/fə'bidi/ having a fierce,unfriend-ly，or dangerous look 样子可怕的；令人生畏的；险恶的：Because she has a forbidding manner she＇s slow in making friends.由于她的态度令人生畏，所以不易交上朋友.The travellers＇way wasblocked by a forbidding range of mountains. 旅行者的路被一条险峻的山脉挡住了.-ly［adv］

fateful /'feitfal/ esp lit (of a day, event, or decision) important (esp in a bad way) for the future（指日子、事件或决定）命运攸关的；决定命运的（尤指坏的方面）；事关重大的：I rememberthat fateful night when I met her.我还记得见到她的那个决定我命运的夜晚.-ly［adv］

ominous /'pmənəs/ being an omen[→L160], esp of something bad（尤指坏的方面）预兆的；不祥之兆的；不吉利的：Ominous black cloudsfilled the sky.可怕的乌云布满了天空.-ly［adv］：He spoke ominously about the future.谈到未来，他感到凶多吉少.

ill-omened /'ıl'əumənd/ esp lit & poet bringing

bad luck 不吉祥的：I don＇t want to see that ill-omened place again！我不想再看到那个不吉祥的地方！

N42 verbs 动词：being important ［usu nonassertive］ 重要

matter／＇mætə／［（it） IØ （to）］ to be important 重要；要紧；关系重大：It doesn＇t matter if I miss my train， because there＇s another later.如果我赶不上这趟火车也不要紧，因为还有下一趟.I don＇tthink anybody matters to her apart from herself.我看她除了自己以外，谁也不放在心里.Itdoesn't matter to me whether they come or not.他们来与不来对我都没关系.Nothingmatters now，＇he said sadly.“现在什么都无所谓了，”他悲伤地说.

signify /'signifai/ [IØ (to)] fml or emph to matter 要紧；有关系；有重要性：It doesn＇t signify to him whether you come or go.你是来还是走， 对他都没有关系.Nothing signifies since he died，＇ she said sadly.“他死了，什么都无关紧要了，”她悲伤地说.

weigh/wei/ [L9, esp with] esp emot or emph to matter 要紧；（对···）有重要性：Does it weigh with you at all what she does?-No; it doesn＇t weigh much with me.她做的事对你有重要性吗？-没有，没什么重要性.

N43 adjectives 形容词：important［B］重要的

important／Im＇po：tənt／1 which matters a lot 重要的；重大的；要紧的：It＇s important to find out what he is doing.弄清他在干什么很重要.It＇simportant that you know about this.要紧的是你对这件事情有所了解．2（of people） powerful；having influence（指人）有权力的；有影响的：Heis an important man in the church.他是一位有影响力的教会人士.un-［neg］ importance［U］ （the reason for） being important 重要；重要性： The importance of washing one's hands is to prevent infection.洗手的重要性在于预防传染病.

significant /sig'nıfikənt/ esp fml important and full of meaning 重要的；有意义的；意义深远的：These are very significant points which we must consider carefully.这几点意见很重要，我们应当仔细考虑.in-［neg］ -ly ［adv］ significance ［U；S］esp fml importance 重要；重要性：Is there any significance in what he said?-No; no significance at all.他所说的事重要吗？-不，一点儿也不重要.I find it of some significance that she did not come.她没有来，我觉得这有点耐人寻味.

weighty/'weiti/[Wal] having or seeming to have importance 重要的；显得重要的：He madea weighty speech to the party.他向该党发表了一次重要的演说.-iness ［U］

serious /'səriəs/1 of an important kind; needing or having great skill or thought 慎重的；严肃的：

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This subject has never been paid any serious attention.这个问题从来没有得到慎重的考虑.Heis a serious artist and this is a serious piece of art.他是一位认真的艺术家，这是他的一部严肃的艺术作品.Let＇s have a serious talk about your future．让我们就你的前途问题严肃地谈一次．2 not（to be） easily or lightly dealt with； not slight 严重的；重大的：Serious damage was done by the storm.风暴造成了严重的破坏.Serious crime isincreasing in the city.该市的重大犯罪活动在增加．3 not joking or funny； （intended） to be considered as sincere 认真的；当真的：Let＇s go for a walk.-In this storm? Are you serious? 我们出去散散步吧.-在这风雨交加的天气里？你不是开玩笑吧？You can＇t be serious！你是说着玩儿的吧！After a few jokes his speech turned serious．说了几个笑话后，他开始谈正经的事了．4(esp of a person's manner or character) thoughtful; solemn; not gay or light-hearted （尤指人的态度或性格）严肃的；庄重的：You lookvery serious today； is anything wrong？ 你今天的表情很严肃；是出事了吗？-ly［adv］-ness［U］：Imust tell you in all seriousness to be more careful with your money.我必须郑重地提醒你，用钱要更加谨慎.

grave/greiv/ [Wal] 1 important and needing attention， and （often） worrying 严重的；重大的； 须加注意及令人担忧的：This is grave news.这是重大新闻.The sick man＇s condition is grave.这个病人的情况严重.He has grave responsibil-ities．他负有重大责任．2 serious or solemn in manner（举止）严肃的；庄重的：His face wasgrave as he told them about the accident.他告诉他们那意外事故时，表情很严肃.He is as graveas a judge，I＇ve never seen him laugh. 他像法官一样严肃，我从没见他笑过.-ly［adv］：She isgravely ill.她病得很厉害.-ness［U］：The grave-ness of his face worried her.他脸上的严肃神情使她感到忧虑.gravity［U］fml graveness 严肃； 庄重；严重：He spoke with great gravity.他说话时态度非常严肃.

solemn/'spləm/1 (esp of persons) serious and not smiling（尤指人）严肃的；神情肃穆的：Helooked at her with a solemn expression.他带着严肃的表情看着她．2（esp of ceremonies，etc） done in a serious way（尤指仪式等）庄严的；隆重的：Burial of the dead is usually a solemn ceremony.葬礼通常是庄严的仪式.-ly［adv］-ness［U］ solemnity 1［U］ fml solemness 庄严； 庄重；严肃2［C usu pl］ a solemn ceremony 庄严的仪式

sober /'səubə/ [Wa2] quiet, serious, or morally good 冷静的；严肃的；稳重的；正经的：He leads asober life.他过着严肃的生活.She looked at him with a sober expression.她带着严肃的表情看着他.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］ sobriety ［U］ fml sober-ness严肃；稳重；冷静in-［neg］

intent /mn'tent/ [(on)] doing things with great seriousness 专心致志的；一心一意的；专注的：Hehad an intent look on his face.他的表情显得很专注.She was intent on her work and heard nothing.她专心于工作，什么也没听见.-ly ［adv］-ness[U]

basic/'beisik/ most important; on which every-

N44 POSSIBILITY 可能性

thing depends; from which everything else develops 最重要的；根本的；基本的：These pointsare basic; without them, the plan cannot work.这几点是最重要的，缺少了，计划就行不通.-ally [adv]

fundamental／，fandə＇mentəl／fml basic 基本的； 根本的：These are fundamental questions；we must think about them.这些都是基本问题，我们应当予以考虑.They want to make fundamental changes in the law.他们要对法律作些根本性的改变.fundamentals ［P］ the basic parts of or facts about something 基本原则；基本原理；基本规律：He does not understand the fundamen-tals of modern scientific work.他不懂现代科学工作的基本原则.

N44 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：necessary and essential 必需与必要

necessary /'nesə,səri/[B]1 [(to, for)] that must be had or obtained； needed 必需的；必要的： Food is necessary for life.食物是生命所必需的.This is the power necessary to a government. 这种权力是一个政府所必不可少的.He made thenecessary changes.他做了那些必要的改动.It＇snecessary for him to go. 他必须去.It＇s neces-sary that he （should） do it． 他必须做这件事．2[Wa5] that must be; that cannot be different or avoided; determined or fixed by the nature of things 不可避免的；必然的：Death is thenecessary end of life.死亡是生命不可避免的终点.un-［neg］-arily ［adv］ necessary evil fml something bad or unpleasant which,however, produces good results that could not be obtained in any other way 为得到好的结果不得不做的坏事或不愉快的事：I don＇t like work，butit＇s a necessary evil.我不喜欢工作，但那是没法躲避的．necessity 1［C esp pl］ something that one must have， esp in order to live（尤指生活上的）必需品：Where do they get the necessities of life？ 他们从何处得到生活的必需品？2［U］great need 急需；必需；必要：This is a matterof necessity；it must be done.这是一件必须办的事，一定得完成．3［U］lack of food，money，etc 贫困：The family is in a state of real necessity.这一家人确实已到了一贫如洗的境地.

essential /I'senfəl/ [B] 1 [(to, for)] esp emph necessary 必要的；必不可少的：We can live with-out clothes, but food and drink are essential to life／for the preservation of life.没有衣服穿我们还能生存下去，但是食物和水则是生活／维持生命不可缺少的东西．2 forming the central part of本质的；基本的：Her most essential quality is kindness．善良是她最基本的品质．3［C often pl］something which is essential 必需品；基本必要的东西：Food is one of the essentials of life.食物是生活必需品之一.in-，non-［neg］-ly［adv］

vital /'vaitəl/1 [B (to, for)] very necessary (for some purpose expressed or suggested);of the greatest importance 至关重要的；生死攸关的；极为必要的：If you＇re to avoid being discovered， it＇s vital that you should hide immediately.你

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要不想被人发现，就必须立即躲藏起来.This pointis vital to my argument.这一点对我的论据是极为重要的.Your support is vital for the success of my plan.你的支持对我的计划能否成功是至关重要的.I believe you＇re hiding one of the vital facts; without a knowledge of that, I can't help you.我相信你隐瞒了一个极重要的事实；不了解这一事实，我是无法帮助你的．2［B］full of lifeand force 充满活力的：Their leader＇s vital and cheerful manner filled his men with courage. 他们领导人的朝气和乐观态度使追随他的人充满了勇气．3［Wa5；A］necessary for life （in order to stay alive）生死攸关的；维持生命所必需的；生命的：The dead girl's body had lost all its vital heat. 死去的女孩身上一点生命的热气也没有了.He waslucky that the bullet hadn't entered a vital organ (= any organ, such as the heart, etc, without which life cannot continue）.幸亏子弹没击中他要害的器官.-ly［adv］

key/ki:/ [Wa5; A] very important; that is neces-sary for success 重要的；关键的：He is a very important man with a key position in the company.在公司里他是身居关键职位的重要人物.He is a key man in the company.他是公司的关键人物.We are in danger because the enemy hold all our key towns.我们处境危险，因为敌人占据着我们所有的主要城镇.

indispensable /,indis'pensəbəl/ [B (to)] com-pletely necessary; without which or whom nothing can be done 必不可少的；必需的；必要的：Books are indispensable things in our way of life.依照我们的方式生活，书本是必不可少的东西.He is indispensable to our work; we cannot do it without him.他是我们工作中不可缺少的人物；没有他我们便无法工作.

must/mast/ [C, usu sing] not fml something necessary; something that a person should see，hear，do，etc 必需的东西；必须看、听、做等的事：Don＇t miss seeing that film； it＇s a must.不要错过那部电影，它是不可不看的影片.

N45 adjectives 形容词：very important or necessary，etc［B］非常重要与必要的，等等

acute /ə'kju:t/ very serious and needing immediate action 很严重的；需要立即采取行动的：The problem is now acute and you must do something！问题现在很严重，你应当过问！-ly[adv]-ness [U]

pressing /'presi/ 1 demanding or needing attention，action， etc now 紧急的；迫切的；急需处理的：Pressing business matters prevented him from taking a holiday.急迫的公务使他不能休假．2 asking for something and urging it strongly 恳切的；再三恳求的：My friends gave me a pressing invitation.朋友们给我发来了恳切的邀请.They were so pressing that I couldn＇t refuse them.他们再三恳求，使我无法拒绝.

urgent /'3:d3ənt/ badly needing attention, action，etc now 紧迫的；紧急的；急需迅速处理的：He received an urgent telephone call to go

home.他接到紧急电话要他回家去.It＇s urgent；come quick！事情紧迫，快来！urgency ［U］ the state of being urgent 紧急；迫切性：In a matter of urgency telephone me immediately.有紧急事情就立即打电话给我.

crucial /'kru:fəl/ [(to, for)] very necessary; of deciding importance 极重要的；决定性的；关系重大的：He came at a crucial moment／at a crucial point in the talks.他在会谈的关键时刻来了.The answer to this question is crucial for the future of the human race.解答这个问题对人类的未来极为重要.-ly［adv］

imperative/mm'perətiv/ usu fml very necessary; urgent；which must be done 非常必要的；迫切的；紧急的；必须做的：It＇s imperative to drink in hot weather if you don＇t want to be ill.如果你不想在热天生病，就必须多喝水.

critical /'kritikəl/1 of, related to, or being the deciding\_moment (crisis [→N20]) in the course of anything 转折关头的；关键性的；决定性的；危急的：He reached a critical stage of the fever.他发烧已到了危险期.It was a criticalpoint in the fighting.这是战斗中的关键时刻.This is of critical importance！这是头等重要的事！It was a critical time in our history.这是我们历史上的关键时期．2 very serious or danger-ous 危急的；危险的：He was suffering from a critical illness. 他患急病.His condition is reported as being critical.据说他的病情很危险. 3 necessary 不可缺少的：Courage，honesty，and firmness are critical qualities that no poli-tician should lack.英勇、诚实和坚定是每一个政治家不可缺少的品质．4［Wa5］ tech（in science）of, being, or related to a fixed value as of pressure, temperature, etc at which a substance changes suddenly 临界（极限）的： Critical pressure is the smallest amount of pressure that can make a gas at critical temperature liquid.临界压力指的是能使气体在临界温度下变成液体的最小压力.Critical tempera-ture is the temperature above which a gas cannot become liquid even if the pressure changes.临界温度指的是超过这个温度，即使压力改变，气体也不会变成液体的温度.-ly［adv］：criti-cally ill 病得很重

drastic /'dræstik/ having a strong or serious effect 激烈的；猛烈的；强而有力的：The doctorstook drastic action to stop the disease from spreading.医生们采取了有效的措施来阻止疾病蔓延.If you don＇t help him， he may do some-thing drastic to get the money！你若不帮助他，他很可能会采用极端手段去弄钱！-ally［adv Wa4］

N46 adjectives 形容词：not very important［B］不太重要的

trivial ／＇trivəl／ of little worth or importance 琐碎的；毫无价值的；不重要的：It was a trivialoffence.这是一个轻微过失.Why do you getangry over such trivial matters？你为何因这样的小事而生气呢？He is rather a trivial young man.他是一个很不起眼的年轻人.-ly［adv］ trivi-ality［C］ something trivial 琐事；不重要的事物：

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N52 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

etc 一般地；普遍地；通常：Well，generally，I

agree，but not on this point.嗯，一般来说我没意

见，但这一点我不同意.He generally goes there

on Wednesdays.他通常是星期三到那里去.

Generally speaking/Speaking generally, I

agree.一般来说，我同意.

in general also 又作 as a whole generally；

under most conditions；in most cases 一般地；

大体上：People in general／as a whole don＇t do

things like that.一般来说，人们不会做那种事.

all in all also 又作 by and large also 又作 on

the whole when (something is) considered

fully 总的来说；大体上讲：Well，all in all，I think

he＇s right.哦，总的来说，我认为他是对的.By and

large，your idea is a good one.总的来说，你的想

法很好.On the whole，he is a good worker.总

的来说，他是个优秀的工人.

altogether /o:ltə'geðə/ [Wa5] 1 considering all

things；on the whole 总而言之；总的来说：It was

raining， but altogether it was a good trip.虽然

一直下雨，但总的来说这是一次愉快的旅行．2

completely；thoroughly 完全地；彻底地：It is not

altogether bad.这并非不可救药.This is an

altogether different state of affairs.这是一种截

然不同的情况.It was altogether the best trip of

my life！这不折不扣是我一生中最愉快的旅行！3

everyone or everything included 一共；总共；合

共：Iwenty-one people were there altogether，

counting us.算上我们，在场总共有二十一人.

in all with everything or everyone included 总

共；合计：Twenty-one people were there in all.

那里总共有二十一人.

for the most part with most things understood

or most people considered 就绝大部分而言；多

半：I think that for the most part he＇s right.我

认为他基本上是对的.People for the most part

agreed with him.绝大部分人同意他的意见.

N52 adjectives 形容词：relative and

conditional［B］相对的与有条件的

relative/'relətrv/ 1 [Wa5] compared to each

other or to something else 相对的；比较的：

What are the relative costs of building in

stone and in brick？用石头建房和用砖头建房，两

者相比较造价如何？After his troubles，he＇s now

living in relative comfort.他度过了那些麻烦日子

之后，现在过得比较舒适了.His good health is

only relative; he's better than he was, but not

well yet.说他身体好只是相对而言，他现在比过去

好些，但还未痊愈．Is truth absolute［■N50］，or

relative？真理是绝对的还是相对的？2［to］fml

connected（with）； on the subject （of）相关的；

有关的；和···有关联的：What are the facts rela-

tive to this question？与这问题有关的事实有哪

些？-ly［adv］-tivity［U］

dependent/dr'pendənt/ [(up)on] depending on

certain things happening 由···决定的；根据···而

定的：Well，this is all dependent on whether he

says yes＇or＇no＇.嗯，这全得看他是回答“是”还是

“否”.

most places, at most times, for most people, conditional /kən'difənəl/ [(up)on] depending

She only talks about the trivialities of life.她只谈生活琐事.

trifling /'trarflny/ of slight importance; of little value 无关重要的；毫无价值的；微不足道的：It wasa trifling matter／sum of money；forget it.这是件微不足道的事／这点钱微不足道，算了吧.-ly［adv］petty／＇peti／usu deprec not important 不重要的；

微不足道的：＇Don＇t ask me to think about such petty matters！＇he said angrily.他生气地说：“别让我去为这种小事费脑筋.”-tiness［U］

mere /miə/ [Wa5; A] no more or better than and therefore not important 只不过的；仅仅的： She is a mere child; she doesn't understand. 她只不过是个小孩子，她不明白．-ly［adv Wa5］：Heis merely here to help；nothing more.他只是来这儿帮帮忙，仅此而已.

General, usual, unusual, etc

一般的、平常的、不平常的等等

N50 adjectives 形容词：absolute and general 绝对的与一般的

absolute/'æbsə,lu:t/ [Wa5; B] 1 not depending on or measured by comparison with other things 绝对的：Is there such a thing as absolute truth？有绝对真理这种东西吗？2 without anyconditions 无条件的：I have made you an absolute promise that I will help you.我已无条件地答应要帮助你．3 not allowing any doubt；completely certain 无疑的；确实的：The police have absolute proof that he was the murderer. 警察有确凿证据证明他就是凶手.-ly［adv］

overall /'əuvəro:l/ [Wa5; A; È] 1 including everything 包括一切的；全部的：What are theoverall measurements of the room？这个房间的总尺寸（指长、宽、高）是多少？The fish measured5 feet 3 inches overall．这条鱼总长五英尺三英寸．2［adv］ on the whole；generally 总体上；总的来说：Overall，prices are still rising.总的来说，价格还在上涨.

general /'d3enərəl/ 1 [A;(B)] not detailed; describing the main thing（s）only 大概的；大体的；一般的；总的：Give me a general idea of the work.给我讲讲这项工作的梗概.The school＇sgeneral timetable does not include German, but a special timetable will be made for you. 学校的总课程表里不包括德语，但是我们会给你们订出一个特别的课程表的．2［Wa5：A；（B）］notlimited to one thing，place，etc 一般的；普通的； 普遍的：There is a general increase in crops during good weather.天气好的时候，农作物普遍增产.

N51 adverbials 副词语：generally 一般地

generally /'d3enərəli/ [adv] for most things, in

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N53 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

upon certain conditions and therefore not absolute or necessarily always so 附条件的； 视···而定的：His agreement is conditional on your help.他同意与否取决于你的帮助.Thesethings are conditional; they depend on many other things.这些事情都是有条件的，是受许多别的事情制约的.-ly［adv］

contingent /kən'tınd3ənt/ [(up)on] fml depen-dent；conditional 视···条件而定的：The payment of the money is contingent upon your good behaviour.付不付钱要看你是否表现好.

N53 adjectives 形容词：general and

common一般与普通的

general /'d3enərəl/ [B] concerning or hap-pening to everyone or in most places 一般的； 普遍的：These difficulties are general among people of his age； everyone has them.这些困难在他这样岁数的人当中相当普遍，人人都遇到这些困难.The price of food is a matter of general anxiety.食品价格是人们普遍担忧的问题.Thegeneral opinion is that he is a good chairman. 人们普遍认为他是一位好主席.She is a generalfavourite.人人都喜欢她.At first only a few people wanted to go, but now interest has become general.起初只有少数人想去，但现在人们普遍都有了兴趣.-ly［adv］

common /'komən/ [B] happening or found everywhere or in many places 普通的；平常的； 常常发生的；到处可见的：These birds are verycommon here.这种鸟在这儿很常见.It is quitecommon for people to do things like that.对一般人来说，做这类事情是很平常的.un-［neg］-ly[Ape]

prevalent/'prevələnt/[B (among, in)] usu fml existing commonly, generally,or widely (in some place or at some time）（在某个时间或地方）广泛流行的；普遍的：The habit of travellingby aeroplane is becoming more prevalent each year.乘飞机旅行的习惯现在一年比一年普遍了.Eye diseases are prevalent in some tropical countries.眼病在一些热带国家很流行.-ly［adv］-lence [U]

prevailing /pri'veil/[Wa5; A]1(of a wind) that blows over an area most of the time（指风在某个地区经常性）盛行的；常吹的：The prevail-ing winds on this coast are from the west and often bring rain.这个海岸最常刮的风是西风，而且时常带来雨水．2 most common or general （insome place or at some time）（于某时或某地）流行的；盛行的；最普遍的：He wore his hair in theprevailing fashion.他蓄着流行的发型.

widespread /'waidspred/[B] found, placed,etc in many places 流传广的；普遍的：Such ideas are very widespread.这种思想流传很广.

sweeping /'swi:pi/ [B] general; not particular and lacking in useful details or enough thought and care 笼统的；泛泛的；总的；概括的：Her sweeping statements about life show that she is still very young.她对人生的空泛议论说明她还很年轻.

N54 adjectives 形容词：particular and specific 特殊的与具体的

particular /pə'tikjulə/ 1 [Wa5; A] worthy of notice；speical；unusual 特别的；特殊的；值得注意的：I＇m in a particular hurry today.我今天特别匆忙.There was nothing in the letter of particular importance.信中没有谈到什么特别重要的事情．2［Wa5；A；（B）］single and different from others； of a certain sort 特定的；独特的；特指的；个别的：I don＇t like this particular hat， but the others are quite nice.我就是不喜欢这一顶帽子，其它的还是很不错的．3［B（about，over）］a careful and exact 细致的；准确的：Give me a full and particular description of what hap-pened.把所发生的事情给我作个详尽细致的描述.b showing (too) much care or interest in small matters（过于）讲究的；苛求的；挑剔的：He is veryparticular about having his breakfast at exactly 8 o＇clock．他八点准时吃早饭，对此他特别在意．chard to please 难以取悦的：He is very particu-lar about his food.他对食物非常挑剔.inparticular especially 特别；尤其：I noticed his eyes in particular, because they were very large. 我特别注意到他那双眼睛，因为很大.-ly［adv］

local /'ləukal/ [B] belonging to a particular place 当地的；本地的；局部的：These difficulties are not just local, they are widespread[→N53］．这些困难不仅是局部的，而且也普遍存在．Heis one of the local men，not a visitor.他是本地人，不是游客.-ly［adv］

individual /,ındə'vıd3uəl/ [Wa5;A] 1 (often with each）＇ single； particular； separate（常与each 连用）单独的；特别的；个别的：Each individ-ual leaf on the tree is different.树上每一片叶子都不相同．2 suitable for each person or thing alone 为一个人或一件事设计的；个人的；特殊的；单独的：Individual attention must be paid to every fault in the material.对于材料中每一个错误都必须分别予以重视．3 （of manner，style，ways of doing things) particular to the person, thing, etc concerned and different from others（指态度、风格、做事的方式）独特的；个人（或个别事物）特有的：She has her own individ-ual style of doing things, and an individual walk／way of walking.她做事有自己独特的风格，连走路的样子都与众不同.-ly［adv］

specific /spr'sifik/ 1 [B] detailed and exact; clear in meaning； careful in explanation 详细而精确的；详尽的；明确的；具体的：Be specific inyour examination answers.考试的答案要力求明确具体.He gave us a specific statement of the case．他把该案的情况给我们作了详细的说明．2[Wa5; A] particular; certain; fixed, deter-mined， or named 特定的；特有的：He uses aspecific tool for each job.做每一种不同的工作他都用一种特定的工具.-ally［adv］

N55 adjectives 形容词：special and unique［B］特殊的与唯一的

special ／＇spefəl／1 ［Wa5］ of a particular kind 特

988

殊的；特别的：Do you have a special reason for the request？你的请求有特殊理由吗？There is aspecial train to Liverpool for the football match.为了这场足球赛，有趟专车开去利物浦.This is a special case deserving special treat-ment．这是一个应给予特别对待的特殊个案．2particularly great or fine 不寻常的；难得的；非同一般的：Tonight is a special occasion， and we have something very special for dinner.今晚很难得，晚饭我们准备了很不寻常的菜肴.He is aspecial friend of mine.他是我一个非同一般的朋友.There was no special difficulty.没有什么了不得的困难.-ly［adv］

rare ／reə／ ［Wal］ 1 unusual； uncommon 不寻常的； 罕见的；稀有的；罕有的；珍奇的：This is a rareevent.这是罕见的事件.She collects rare books. 她收藏珍本.It＇s very rare for him to be late.他很少迟到．-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］ 2 infml esp ScotE unusually good 极好的：The party was rare fun. 这个聚会使人开心极了．3（esp of air） thin； light（尤指空气）稀薄的：He found the rare air of themountains difficult to breathe.他发现山间空气稀薄，使人呼吸困难.rare old infml esp BrEunusually good or extreme 极好的：She has having a rare old time at the party, wasn't she？她在聚会上玩得痛快极了，是不是？

unique /ju:'ni:k/1 [Wa5] being a single one of its type唯一的；独一无二的2infml unusual不寻常的：I am in a rather unique position， as my job is different from anyone else＇s.我所处的地位很特殊，因为我的工作与任何人的都不一样.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

N56 adjectives 形容词：usual and

habitual 平常的与习惯（性）的

usual /'ju:3uəl/ [B] that is expected; that hap-pens most of the time 通常的；平常的；惯常的：We will meet at usual time.我们将在平时约定的时间见面.We paid the usual amount.我们付的款与平日一样.Is it usual to have milk withmeals？-Wine would be more usual.吃饭时通常喝牛奶吗？-喝酒更为常见.-ly［adv］as usualas is common or has happened before 照例；照常：像往常一样：As usual，he arrived last.他照例是最后一个到达.

normal /'no:məl/ [B] 1 according to what is expected 正常的；正规的：Normal working hours are from 9 to 5．正常的工作时间是从九点到五点.The normal order of words is subject-verb.词语的正常次序是主语--动词.What are normal temperatures during No-vember？十一月份的正常气温是多少？It＇sperfectly normal to get angry with your mother sometimes.人们有时生自己母亲的气，这是完全正常的.Rainfall has been about／below normal this July. 今年七月份的降雨量基本上是正常／低于以往的．2（of a person） developing in the expected way; without any disorder in mind or body（指人）发育正常的：He is a normal child in every way.他是个各方面都发育正常的孩子.-ly[adv]

N57 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

habitual /hə'bıtfuəl/ [Wa5] 1 [A] happening all the time 经常的；惯常的：She gave her habitual greeting．她像往常一样打了个招呼．2［A；（B）］（done）by habit 习惯性的；惯常做的：He＇s ahabitual liar.他是个说谎成性的人.His lying ishabitual.他说谎已成习惯.-ly ［adv］：He is habitually late.他习以为常地迟到.

customary/'kastəməri/ [B] established by or according to custom； usual；habitual 惯例的；通常的；习惯的：He sat in his customary place on the bus going to work.他乘公共汽车上班时，总是坐在老地方. It is customary to give people gifts on their birthday.人们生日时向他们赠送礼物是一种习俗.

N57 adjectives，etc 形容词等：standard and average 标准的与平均的

standard /'stændəd/ 1 [B] of the usual kind; not rare or special 平常的；一般的；普通的：These nails come in three standard sizes.这些钉子有三种普通规格.On this car，a three-litreengine is standard.这种汽车一般都安装容量为三公升的引擎.We have a standard way of acting in these cases.在这类情况下我们有通常公认的做法．2［A］ generally recognized as excellent， correct，or acceptable 公认的；权威的；标准的： It's one of the standard books on the subject. 这本书是论述这一学科的权威著作之一.This is thestandard spelling／pronunciation.这是标准拼法／ 发音.non-［neg］：That kind of English is non-standard.这种英语不是标准英语.

stock/stpk/[Wa5; A] 1 commonly used,esp without meaning 常用的；平凡的（尤指无意义的）：stock phrases 陈腐的词组2 kept in stock［ J157], esp because of a standard or average type 库存的；常备的：stock sizes 常备的尺寸

regular /'regjulə/ 1 [B] a happening often with the same length of time between the occa-sions 规则的：the regular tick（＝noise） of the clock 时钟规则的滴答声 b happening，coming， doing something, again and again at the same times each day，week，etc 有规律的；经常的；定期的：He has very regular habits.他的生活很有规律.She is a regular customer here.她是这里的老主顾.They work regular hours.他们在正常时间上班.c happening every time 定时的；固定的：regular attendance at church 按时上教堂做礼拜 d not varying 一定的；不变的；恒定的：The chairs were placed (at) regular distances apart.椅子按相同的间隔距离摆放.Drive at aregular speed.按一定的不变时速行车.ir-［neg］-ly [adv]-ity [U;C] 2 [B] proper; according to rule or custom 合乎规定的；正式的；正规的：Heknows a lot about the law but he's not a regular lawyer.他熟悉法律，但不是一名正式的律师.Sign here，just to make things regular.请在这里签字，这不过是照章办事．3［B］apprec evenlyshaped 整齐的；匀称的：Her nose is very regular. 她的鼻子长得很端正．4［Wa5；A］ infml com-plete；thorough 彻底的；完全的：His wife is a regular slave; she always has to bring him tea

989

N58 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

in bed.他的妻子是个十足的奴隶；她总是得把茶给他端到床上来．5［Wa5；B］esp AmE ordinary 普通的：Do you want the regular size or this big one？你是要普通尺寸的还是这个大号的？

routine /ru:'ti:n/ 1 [B](esp of work) ordinary and regular （尤指工作）日常的：routine activi-ties 日常活动2［U］ a regular way of doing things 日常工作；例行工作：one＇s usual daily routine一个人的日常工作

average/'ævərid3/ [Wa5; B] neither more nor less in any way, better or worse, too much or too little， too good or too bad，etc 普通的；一般的；平均的：He is an average man； there＇s nothing special about him.他是一个普普通通的人，没有什么特殊的地方.She had averagesuccess in life.她的生活一般还算顺利.Hisheight is average.他身高一般.-ness［U］

N58 adjectives 形容词：ordinary，familiar， and common 平常的、熟悉的、普通的

ordinary /'o:dənəri/ [B] 1 not unusual; common 平常的；普通的；寻常的：He says he＇s just anordinary man, living in an ordinary house, with ordinary hopes and fears.他说自己只是个凡夫俗子，住在一幢普通的房子里，怀着常人都有的希望和恐惧．2 if nothing unusual happens 通常的：In the ordinary way， he is back by five.一般情况下，他不迟于五点就可回到家里.

familiar/fə'mılrə/1 [B (to)] of or like what one knows in ordinary life; generally known, seen, or experienced 熟悉的；熟知的；常见的；常经历到的：It was a familiar sight.这是一种常见的景象.un- [neg] 2 [F with] having a thorough knowl-edge（of）通晓的；熟知的：I am familiar with that book／tool.我读过那本书／熟悉那种工具.It isa story with which everyone is familiar.这是一个家喻户晓的故事．un-［neg］3［B］without tight control； informal；easy 随便的；无拘束的：He wrote in a familiar style.他写东西的风格很随便.4［B］ too friendly for the occasion 过于亲密的； 过分亲昵的：The man＇s unpleasant familiar behaviour angered the girl.那男子的举止过于放肆，令人生厌，把那女孩惹怒了.

everyday /'evrr'dei/ [Wa5; A] belonging to ordinary life 日常生活的：She just talks about everyday matters，nothing interesting.她只谈些关于日常生活的琐事，没有什么意思.

commonplace /'kpmən,pleis/ [B] sometimes deprec found everywhere or in most places, and therefore not interesting or special 平凡的；屡见不鲜的；平平淡淡的：Such events arecommonplace here. 这类事情在这儿屡见不鲜.She has a rather commonplace face, don't you think？你不觉得她相貌平平吗？

common-or-garden [A] infml ordinary and well-known and therefore not very interesting 平凡的；一般的；普通的：We just have the usualcommon-or-garden furniture here.我们这儿只有平常用的普通家具.It＇s just anothercommon-or-garden matter， nothing big.这不过又是一件普普通通的事，没什么大不了的.

plain /plem/ [Wal; B] having no unusual, special，or very interesting qualities 简单的；朴素的；平凡的：He sat down to a meal of veryplain food.他坐下吃了一顿家常便饭.

humdrum/'ham,dram/ [B] too ordinary;with-out variety or change 太平凡的；单调的；乏味的：She says she leads a humdrum existence here, never doing anything interesting.她说她在这里过着单调的生活，从来没做什么有意思的事情.

N59 adjectives 形容词：easy 容易的、轻松的

easy /'i:zi/ [Wal;B, B3] 1 not causing trouble, hardship，etc 容易的；不费力的：This is an easy book to read.这是一本容易看懂的书.John iseasy to please (= it is not difficult to please him）.取悦约翰并不难.He is an easy man to getto know.他是一位很易相处的人.He is easy toget to know．他很平易近人．2 comfortable and without worry or anxiety 舒适的；安逸的：He has stopped working now and leads a very easy life.他现在已不工作了，过着安逸的生活.-ily[adv] easy on the ear/eye infml nice to listen to／look at 悦耳的／悦目的：My new secretary can't spell, but she's certainly easy on the eye. 我的新秘书拼写很糟，但她确实长得好看.by easystages (on a journey) only short distances at a time（指旅行）途中停停歇歇地；一程一程从容不迫地：We came home by easy stages， stopping several nights on the way.我们一程一程从容不迫地回家，途中有好几个晚上停下来过夜.

simple /'sımpəl/ [Wa1, 3; B,B3] esp infml easy 简单的；简明的；简易的：I＇ll explain（it）in simple language.我会用简单明了的语言作解释.She saysthat doing these calculations is simple/that these calculations are simple.她说计算这些东西很简单.It＇s simple；look， I＇ll show you how！ 这很简单，瞧，我来告诉你怎样做！-ply［adv］-ness[U]-plicity [U;C]

straightforward / streit'fo:wəd/ [B] 1 expressed or understood in a direct way, without diffi-culties 易懂的；直截了当的：This is a straightfor-ward calculation．这是一个明确易懂的计算．2honest；without hidden meanings 诚实坦率的： He gave her a straightforward answer.他给了她一个坦诚的答复.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N60 adjectives 形容词：not easy［B］不容易的

difficult ／＇difr，kəlt／ 1 ［also 又作 B3］ not easy； hard to do，make， understand，etc不容易的；难的；困难的；难做的；深奥的：English is difficult／adifficult language to learn.英语难学／是一种难学的语言.This poem is difficult to understand. 这首诗很难懂.It was very difficult to put the tent up because of the wind.由于有风，很难把帐篷支起来．2（of people） unfriendly and always quarrelling； not easily pleased（指人）难对付的；

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难以共处的：She is a difficult child.她是个难对付的孩子.Don＇t be so difficult！请不要那么别扭！difficulty 1 [U] the quality of being difficult; trouble 困难：She had difficulty （in） under-standing him. 她很难理解他.He spoke with difficulty.他说话吞吞吐吐.She did it without much／any difficulty.她完成那件事没费多大劲／她毫不费劲就做完这件事．2［C often pl］ somethingdifficult；a trouble 难事；难题：I＇m in a bit ofa difficulty at the moment.目前我遇到一点困难.Stop raising difficulties；the plan will work！不要出难题了，这个计划会行得通的！

hard／ha：d／［Wal］ 1 ［also 又作 B3］ difficult（to do or understand） 难做的；难懂的：There were some hard questions on the examination paper.试卷中有不少难题.It＇s hard to knowwhat he＇s really thinking.很难知道他真正在想什么．2 full of difficulty and trouble 艰难的；难以忍受的：It＇s a hard life！生活是艰苦的！He gaveme a hard time (= hurt me in body or mind, as in having teeth pulled out or being ques-tioned closely）.他没让我好受（意即：他使我的身心痛苦，有如拔牙或寻根究底地盘问）．3［（on）］（ofpeople, punishments, etc) not gentle (to); showing no kindness（to）（指人、惩罚等）严厉的；苛刻的：You＇re a hard woman.你是个冷酷的女人.She was very hard on me （＝ unkind to me）．她对我非常苛刻．4a forceful 有力的；猛烈的：Give him a hard push！使劲推他一下！bneeding or using force of body or mind 费力的；费心思的：This is hard work．这是费劲的事．5unpleasant to the senses, esp because too bright or too loud 刺耳的；刺眼的：Her hard voice could be heard across the room.她那刺耳的嗓音在房间的另一端都能听得见.She paintsher face with hard colours.她的脸上浓妆艳抹，色彩刺眼.-ness ［U］ be hard on to wear （something） out easily or quickly 易磨损：Chil-dren are very hard on their shoes.孩子穿鞋容易破.do（something） the hard way to learn by experience, not by teaching; to act alone and with difficulty 通过实践学会做（某事）；单独地经历艰难困苦做（某事）play hard to get to pre-tend lack of interest in something/someone so that the person concerned will persuade one 假装不感兴趣的样子而使相关的人来劝说自己 take(some/a few) hard knocks to have difficul-ties 承受挫折／困难 take a hard look （at） toexamine in order to make improvements to some old thing，plan，etc（仔细地）研究故有事物、计划等以求改进 drive a hard bargain to befirm in making an agreement most profitable to oneself 讨论或交涉时极力争取对自己最有利的条件

stiff／stif／［Wal］ usu not fml 1 difficult to do 困难的；难做的；费劲的：This is a stiffjob！这是件费劲的工作！2 too much to accept； unusual in degree 极度的；极点的；过分的：It＇s a bit stiff toexpect us to go out again at this time of night! 想要让我们晚上这个时候再出去未免太过分了一点！The cost is stiff.花费太大了.-ness［U］

tough／taf／［Wal］usu infml difficult 困难的；费力的：This is a tough calculation.这是项费力的计算.-ness［U］

N61 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

arduous /'a:djuəs/ esp lit, fml &pomp need-ing much effort； difficult 艰巨的；艰苦的：It was an arduous climb.这是一次艰巨的攀登.Hedoes not enjoy arduous work. 他不喜欢做艰苦的工作.-ly［adv］

awkward ／＇o：kwəd／ causing difficulty 难处理的； 难办的；棘手的：The piece of wood was an awk-ward shape and he couldn＇t cut it properly.木头形状古怪，他无法把它砍得齐整.That＇s an awk-ward question; I'm not sure how to answer it. 那是个棘手的问题，我没有把握该怎样回答.That＇san awkward time; I don't know if I am free to come then.这个时间很不方便，我说不准到时我是否有空来.It＇s a bit awkward for me to come at that time.这时候要我来有点使人为难.This is anawkward part of the work； do it carefully. 整个工作的这个部分很棘手，做时要很小心.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

N61 adjectives 形容词：simple and

elementary［B］简单的与基本的

simple /'simpəl/ [Wal, 3] having only a few parts and therefore not difficult to understand or needing much care，etc 简单的：Many forms of life are very simple.许多生命形态都很简单.His system for doing this is much simpler than theirs， and easier to use.他做这事的方法比他们的简单得多，而且用起来也比较容易.-ply[adv]-ness [U]-plicity [U; C]

primitive /'prımətiv/ 1 simple; roughly made or done； not greatly developed or improved 简单粗糙的；未开化的；不发达的：Small seashellshave sometimes been used as a primitive kind of money．有时小贝壳会被当作简单的货币来用．2deprec old-fashioned and inconvenient 旧式而不方便的：Life in this village is too primitive for me; if you want any water you have to pump it up from a well.这村里的生活对我来说太不方便了，要用点水还得从井里打上来．3 of orbelonging to the earliest stage of develop-ment，esp of life or of man 原始的；早期的：Primitive man made himself primitive tools from sharp stones and animal bones.原始人类用锋利的石头和兽骨来制作原始工具.What wasthe primitive form of that language？那种语言的原始形式是什么样的？-ly［adv］-ness［U］

early /'3:li/ [Wal] belonging to the first and therefore simplest stages of anything 早期的： This is an early example of his art.这是他早期艺术作品的样本.Early man lived a primitive life.早期人类过着原始生活.

elementary /,elə'mentəri/1 esp fml (of a ques-tion） simple and easy to answer（指问题）简单易答的；浅显的：2 concerned with the begin-nings， esp of education and study 初级的；初等的：He finished his elementary education at the age of 11．他十一岁接受完初等教育．Theseare elementary exercises for the piano.这些是初级的钢琴练习曲.

N62 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

N62 adjectives 形容词：not simple and elementary［B］非简单的与非基本的

complex/kpm'pleks/ having many esp different parts (and therefore difficult to understand) 复杂的（因而难懂的）：This is a complexmachine；take care with it.这是一台复杂的机器，务必小心使用.These ideas are complex；I must study them carefully.这些看法很复杂，我得仔细研究一下．complexity 1［U］ the state of being complex 复杂（性）：I was surprised by the complexity of the matter.这件事如此复杂我真想不到．2［C］anything complex 复杂的事物：I don＇t understand all these complexities.我不理解所有这些复杂的事情.

complicated /'komplə,keitid/ usu deprec (too) complex 错综复杂的：What a complicated machine；I can＇t possibly use it！ 多么复杂的一台机器啊！我简直不会使用它！Don＇t ask mesuch complicated questions！请不要问我这样复杂的问题！

elaborate /r'læbəreit/ full of detai;carefully worked out and with a large number of parts 详尽的；复杂的；精心制作的：It is an elaboratemachine.这是一台精细的机器.The curtainshad an elaborate pattern of flowers.这些窗帘印有精心设计的花卉图案.She gave us an elabo-rate description of her new house.她给我们详尽地描述了她的新房子.-ly［adv］

intricate /'intrikit/ containing many detailed parts which make it difficut to understand 错综复杂的；难理解的：It is an intricate idea andwould need a lot of intricate work.这是一种复杂的想法，需要做许多难度很大的工作.-ly［adv］intricacy 1 ［U］ the state of being intricate 复杂；纷乱2［C often pl］anything intricate 错综复杂的事物：He doesn＇t understand the intrica-cies of the subject.他不理解这问题的复杂内容.

involved/ın'vplvd/1 having related parts which are difficult to understand；complicated 复杂难懂的：The reasons are very involved，but the fact is that I can＇t buy the house after all.原因是极为复杂的，不过事实是我终究不能买这所房子．2(of people) closely concerned in relationships and activities with other,esp in a personal or sexual relationship（指人）卷入的；陷入的；涉及到的：He＇s not a very involved person； he seems to have no interests and no friends.他不是一个社交很广的人；他似乎没有什么爱好和朋友.He＇s deeply involved and feels he must marry her because everyone expects it.他与她关系很深了，感到必须娶她，因为所有人都这样期望.

sophisticated /sə'fisti,keitid/ 1 complicated; complex 复杂的；精巧的：sophisticated machin-ery／arguments 复杂的机器／争论 2 having orshowing a knowledge of social life and behav-iour 世故的；老练的：The child is quite sophisti-cated for his age.这孩子少年老成.She wears very sophisticated clothes.她穿着很考究. sophistication 1 [U] the state of being so-phisticated 复杂（性）2［C］an example of this 复杂的事物

advanced /əd'va:nst/ 1 far on in development

高深的；高级的；进步的：He is spending a year inadvanced studies.他正花一年时间进行高等学术研究．2 modern in ideas，way of living，etc（思想、生活方式等）先进的；现代（化）的：Mostpeople find her advanced ideas difficult to accept.大多数人认为她的前卫思想难于接受.

fancy /'fænsi/ [Wal] infml deprec too compli-cated；unusual 很复杂的；异常的：I＇m tired of all his fancy ideas; I wish he would forget them. 我对他那些想入非非的念头感到厌烦，但愿他能忘掉它们.

N63 verbs 动词：generalizing， specifying，etc 概括、指明等

generalize,-ise/'d3enərəlaiz/ [T1; IØ] to make (things) as general as possible; to talk gen-erally（about）使一般化；概括；笼统地谈论：He generalizes too much. 他说得太笼统了.generalization,-isation [U;C] the or an act, result，etc of generalizing 一般化；概括

particularize, -ise\_/pə'tıkjulə,raız/ [T1; IØ] to give the details of （something） one by one 详细列举；逐一列举：There were various causes， which I need not particularize now.原因有多种，但现在我没有必要一一列举.particulariza-tion,-isation [U;C] the or an act, result, etc of particularizing 列举；详述

localize /'ləukəlaiz/ [T1]to make or keep some-thing local 使限于局部：The doctors tried to localize the disease.医生们尽力把这种病控制住，使它不再扩散.

specify/'spesifar/ [T1, 6a, b] to be specific[→N54] about; to give exact details of (some-thing）指定；指明；详细说明；具体说明：Can youspecify exactly what you need？你能否具体说清楚你需要什么？specification ［U；C］ the act， result, etc of specifying; something specified 详细说明；具体指明；详细说明书

normalize,-ise /'no:məlaiz/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) be normal; (of relations between coun-tries) to come back to a normal or friendly state 使正常；（指国家间的关系）正常化；使正常化：The enemies were slow to normalize their relations after the war.战后敌对国家没有很快实现关系正常化.normalization，-isation［U］ the act of normalizing 正常化

standardize,-ise /'stændədaiz/ [Wv5; T1] to make (something, or a number of things) standard 使合标准；使统一；使标准化：Englishspelling was standardized many years ago.英语拼法在许多年前已经有统一的标准了.standard-ization, -isation [U] the act of standardizing 标准化；统一

regulate /'regju,leit/ [T1] 1 to fix or control; bring order or method to 控制；管制；使有条理：He tried to regulate his habits.他尽力试图控制自己的生活习惯.Can you regulate the pressure of the tyres？ 你能否调整一下轮胎的压力？Theyare a well-regulated family.他们是一个协调得很好的家庭．2 to make （a machine， esp a clock or watch）work correctly 校准；调节（机器，尤指钟

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或表）：Your watch is always slow； it needs to be regulated.你的表总是慢，需要把它调准.regu-lation ［U］ the act of regulating 控制；调整

regularize, -ise /'regjulə,raiz/ [T1] to make lawful and official (a state of affairs that has already gone on for some time）使合法化：They had been living together for years and at last regularized the position and got married.他们同居了多年，最后才结婚，使关系合法化.regular-ization，-isation ［U］ the act of regularizing 合法化

simplify /'simplifai/ [T1; IØ] to make (some-thing） simple or simpler 简化；使简易：We must simplify the work; it is too difficult at the moment.我们应当简化一下这项工作；目前的太费劲了．simplification 1 ［U］ the act of simplify-ing简化（指行动）2［C］an example or result of this 简化（的实例或结果）3［C］anything simpli-fied简化的事物

complicate/'kpmplə,keit/ [T1] often deprec to make （too） complex 使复杂： Don＇t complicate life for me！不要把我的生活搞复杂了！compli-cation 1 [U] the state of being complicated; the action of making something complicated 复杂化2［C often pl］anything complicated 复杂的事情：Why must there always be complica-tions； why can＇t things be simple？为什么总是有种种复杂的事；为什么事情就不能简单点？

elaborate/r'læbə,reit/ [IØ (on); T1] to add more detail to （something） 对···作详细说明： Just tell us the facts and don't elaborate (on them）.告诉我们事情真相就行了，不用作详细说明.elaboration [U]1 the action of making some-thing elaborate 详尽阐述2 fuller description of something 详尽的描述：Your idea needs elabo-ration.你的想法需要详尽的说明.

N64 verbs ＆ adjectives 动词和形容词：accustoming，familiarizing，etc 习惯、熟悉等

accustom/ə'kastəm/[T1 (to)] to make used to 使习惯：He had to accustom himself to the cold weather of his new country.他必须适应新到国家的寒冷天气.I am accustomed to sleepingout of doors.我习惯在户外睡觉.

familiarize with, -ise [v prep D1] to inform about； cause to know well 使熟悉；使了解：He familiarized himself with the town.他要使自己熟悉这个城镇.I＇d like to familiarize you with what is happening here.我想让你了解一下这里正在发生的事情.

acquaint with [v prep D1] to make (someone) familiar with（something）使（某人）熟悉；使了解；把···告知：Let me acquaint you with the facts.让我告诉你事实真相.I have acquaintedmyself with the subject.我已经了解这个题目.beacquainted (with) 1 often fml to have knowl-edge of 知道；了解：I am acquainted with the facts already．我已了解事实真相．2 to knowsocially 与···相识；结识（某人）：We are ac-quainted；we met at a party last year.我们认识，

N65 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

去年我们在一次聚会上见过面.

be familiar with often fml to know (well)(how to do， use， etc） 熟悉；通晓：Are you familiar with this work／machine？ 你熟悉这种工作／机器吗？

be used to to be familiar with; to have a lot of experience of 习惯于：He is used to these things／to looking after himself.他习惯于这些事情／自己照料自己.

be accustomed to fml to be used to 习惯于： He is, I assure you, fully accustomed to such things/quite accustomed to caring for himself. 我向你保证，他完全习惯于这一类事情／自己照料自2

get used/accustomed to usu not fml to become used／accustomed to 变得习惯于：You must try to get used to the work.你应尽量适应这项工作.He got accustomed to looking after himself.他已习惯于自己照料自己.

N65 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：limiting，

restricting，and controlling 限定、限制与控制

limit/'limit/1 [T1 (to)] to keep below or at a certain point 限定；限制：We must limit our spending.我们应当限制我们的开支.We mustlimit ourselves to an hourlto one cake each. 我们必须限定时间为一小时／每人一块饼．2［C oftenin comb] the point below or at which some-thing must or should be kept 限度；限制；极限： This is thelimit of our spending; we mustn't spend any more.我们的开支以此为限，不可再多花.Is there a speed limit on this road？-Yes； 40 mph．这条路上行车有时速限制吗？-有的，每小时四十英里．3 ［the R］ infml something or someone that causes anger, cannot be accepted，etc 使人无法容忍的人或事：Oh，he isthe limit；what an annoying child！唉呀，他真叫人受不了，多讨厌的孩子！limitation 1 ［U］ theact of limiting 限制：They were talking about the limitation of dangerous weapons.他们在谈论有关限制危险性武器的问题．2［C］ anythingwhich limits 起限制作用的东西：His bad eyesight is a limitation; there are certain things he can＇t do because of it.他的视力不好是个限制因素，有些事情他不能做就是由于这个原因.Aren＇tthere any limitations on his spending money? 他花钱没有任何限制吗？

restrict/rI'strikt/[T1 (to)] to keep within limits; keep （to a certain limit）限制；限定；约束：He restricted himself to (smoking) two cigarettes a day.他规定自己一天只抽两支烟.These lawsare intended to restrict the sale of alcohol.这些法律旨在限制酒的销售.The trees restrict theview from this house：树木挡住了屋外的景色.restriction 1［U］ the act of restricting 限制；约束：They talked about the restriction of the money supply, so that people could not spend so much.他们讨论了限制提供资金的问题，这样人们就不能花这么多钱了．2［C often pl］ anythingwhich restricts 限制；约束；有限制作用的事物：Are

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N66 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

there any restrictions here on what we can do？我们在这里的行动有什么限制吗？restrictive［B］（for the purpose of） restricting 限制（性） 的；约束（性）的：Their government is very re-strictive about money leaving the country.他们的政府严格限制资金外流.

control /kən'trəul/ 1 [T1] to limit esp by using the law or force（尤指使用法律或武力）限制；控制：It is necessary to control the numbers of people coming to these cities; there are too many people there already.必须控制流入这些城市的人数，那里人已经太多了．2［U（over）］ thepower or ability to control 控制权；控制力：He has control over the whole factory.他能控制整个工厂.She has no control over her children at all.她一点也管不住自己的孩子.The car wentout of control (=no one could drive it prop-erly） and hit a wall.汽车失去了控制，撞在一堵墙上． controls ［P］ 1 the apparatus for control-ling，driving，etc a vehicle，machine，etc（车辆、机器等的）操纵装置：She sat at the controls （ofthe plane）．她坐在（飞机的）操纵装置前．2［（on）］laws，restrictions，etc 法律；限制；管制（措施）： The government has placed/imposed controls on money going out of the country.政府已对资金外流实行了管制.

check/tfek/1 [T1] esp emot to stop or hold back 制止；阻止；抑制：The doctors worked hard to check (the spread of) the dangerous dis-ease．医生们努力防止这种危险疾病（蔓延）．2［C(on)] an act of stopping, limiting, or controlling 制止；限制；控制： We must keep a （close） check on the way he spends our money.我们应当（严格）控制他花我们的钱的方式.The new medicineacted as a check on the (spread of) disease. 新药起了控制疾病（蔓延）的作用.

curb／k3：b／1［T1］ esp emot to limit or control 抑制；控制：I wish he would curb his temper （＝ try not to be so angry）.我希望他能控制自己的脾气．2 ［C］ a thing which curbs something 抑制； 限制物：They have put／placed a curb on how much money we can spend.他们对我们能花多少钱已作出限制.

moderate /'mpdə,reit/ [Wv4; T1] to limit (something) so as to be less violent, strong, powerful，unacceptable，etc 使缓和；节制；减轻： Try to moderate your anger/demands/desires. 尽量抑制你的怒火／要求／欲望.moderaton ［U］the act of moderating 节制；缓和

temper /'tempə/ [T1] to moderate or make softer， more pleasant， etc 使缓和；减轻：She tempered her demands and he was able to accept most of them.她放宽了自己的要求，因此他大部分都能接受.

restrain /ri'strein/ [T1] often fml to prevent or stop (someone from doing something), esp forcefully 抑制；制止；阻止（某人做某事）：If youtry to go， you will be restrained.如果你想走，你会遭到制止的.Restrain yourself；you are getting to angry．请克制一下自己，你动气了．restraint 1[U] the condition of restraining or being restrained 克制；约束；阻止：He showed no restraint in what he did.他对自己的所作所为毫无约束的表示．2［C］something that restrains 约

束力；管束；起约束作用的事物：If you change thislaw,you will take away all the restraints on thieves.如果你改变这条法律，就等于取消对小偷的约束.

stunt/stant/ [Wv5; T1] to stop (something or someone） in growth 阻碍（某人的）成长；阻碍（某事物的）发展：If a child smokes cigarettes，it can stunt his growth.小孩抽烟会妨碍发育.Thevalley was full of stunted trees.山谷里全是些矮小的树.

N66 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

modifying， qualifying，etc修改、限制等

[ALSO→I20]

modify/'mpdifai/ [T1] 1 to change (something, such as a plan, an opinion, a condition, or the form or quality of something） esp slightly（尤指轻微的）修改；更改：These plans must bemodified if they＇re to be used successfully.这些计划若要成功施行就必须进行修改.Nothing yousay in his favour will make me modify my bad opinion of him.不管你为他说什么好话都改变不了我对他的恶劣印象．2 to make（something，such as a claim or condition) less hard to accept or bear 缓和；减轻：The two govern-ments will never reach an agreement unless one or the other modifies its demands.除非这两国政府中有一方降低要求，否则双方永远达不成协议．modification 1［U］ the act of modifying 修改：These plans need modification.这些计划需要修改．2 ［C］ an example or result of modifying 改进；修改（指事例或结果）：With thenew modifications the car is better than ever. 这种汽车有了新的改进，比原来好多了.

qualify /'kwolifar/ [T1] to limit (esp the mean-ing of something stated）（尤指对所说内容的含义加以）限制；修饰：Qualify that statement；it＇s too strong.把那些话修改一下；语气太强硬了.Adjectives qualify nouns.形容词修饰名词. qualification 1［U］ the act of qualifying 限制； 修饰：Your remark needs qualification； it is too strong．你的话需加斟酌，语气太强硬了．2［C］an example or result of qualifying 限制；修饰（的事例或结果）：He has made somequalifiations to what he said.他对自己说的话作了些修正.

amend /ə'mend/ 1 [T1; IØ] lit to (cause to) become better；improve（使）变好；改善；改进： You should try to amend your way of living. 你应尝试改一改你的生活方式．2［T1］ to makechanges in the words of （a rule or law） 修正； 修改；修订（规则、法律）：They amended the lawto meet modern needs.他们修订了法律以适应现代的要求．amendment1［U］the act of amend-． ing 修正；修改；改善；改进：This law badly needsamendment．这条法律急需修订．2［C］anexample or result of this 修订；修改；改善；改进（指事例或结果）：The new amendments to the law were badly needed.急需对该法律作出新的修订.

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N67 adjectives 形容词：special and

remarkable 特殊的与显著的

special／＇spefəl／ ［B］not usual or ordinary 特殊的；特别的：Ihave a special difficulty；can I tell you about it？我有个特殊困难，能对你说一说吗？[Ape]■

especial /I'spefəl/ [A] fml, emph & old use special 特别的；特殊的：We have an especial need of help at this time.我们现时特别需要帮助.-ly［adv］

extraordinary /ik'stro:dənəri/1[B] very special, strange，etc 特别的；奇特的：What an extraordi-nary hat！多奇特的一顶帽子啊！2［B］more thanwhat is ordinary 非常的；非凡的：She was a girl of extraordinary beauty.她是一位美丽绝顶的少女．3［Wa5；A］（of arrangements） as wel as the ordinary one（s）（指安排）破例的；特别的；非惯例的：The committee meets regularly on Fridays, but there will be an extraordinary meeting next Wednesday.委员会通常在星期五开会，但是下星期三将召开一次特别会议.-rily［adv］

signal /'sıgnəl/ [A] lit, fml & pomp very special and usu good 非凡的；显著的（一般为褒义）：It isa signal honour to have you visit us！你们到我们这里来参观真是我们莫大的荣幸！-ly［adv］

remarkable /rT'ma:kəbal/ [B (for)] worth speaking of； unusual 值得注意的；不平常的：amost remarkable sunset 极其壮观的日落景色；She is remarkable for her sweet temper.脾气温和是她的显著特点.-bly［adv］

N68 adjectives 形容词：strange and peculiar 奇怪与异常的

strange/stremd3/[Wa1]1[B] hard to accept or understand；surprising 不可理解的；令人惊奇的； 奇怪的：It＇s strange you＇ve never met him.你从未见过他，真令人吃惊.What a strange idea！多么奇怪的念头！2［B］ not known or experienced before 陌生的；不熟悉的：The street he stood in was strange to him.他站立的那条街是他所不熟悉的.He stood in a strange street.他站在一条陌生的街道上．3［F to］ not experienced（in） or accustomed to 没有经验的；不习惯的：She isstrange to her new duties, but she'll soon learn.她不熟悉她的新职务，不过她很快会学会的.4［A］ old use foreign 外地的；异乡的；外国的：Hewas a traveller in a strange country.他是身处异乡的旅行者.

odd／pd／1 ［Wal； B］ strange；unusual 奇怪的；古怪的：He is rather an odd person.他是个相当古怪的人．2［Wa5；A］ not part of a pair or set 单只的；不成对的：Whose is this odd shoe？这只鞋是谁的？3［Wa5；A］ not regular；occasional 临时的；不定期的；偶尔的：He does odd jobs in hisodd moments.他利用零散的时间干点零活.（espBrE) Life would be very dull without the odd adventure now and then.生活若不经常有点额外的刺激，就会非常枯燥.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

peculiar /pr'kju:lə/ 1 [B] strange; unusual (esp in a troubling or displeasing way）奇怪的；异常

N68 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

的；怪异的（尤指令人不快的）：What a peculiarthing to say.怎么说这种怪话.This food has apeculiar taste．这食物有种怪味．2［B］rather mad 古怪的：He was always rather peculiar， and now he＇s become quite mad.他过去一向很古怪，现在已发展到精神有点不正常了．3［F］infmlrather ill 有点不舒服的：I＇m feeling rather peculiar； I think I＇ll go and lie down.我感到有点不舒服；我想我得去躺一躺．4［B］ esp old usespecial；particular 特有的；特殊的：I think you＇ll find this letter of peculiar interest.我想你会发现这封信特别有趣．5［F to］ fml belonging only（to a particular person， place， time，etc）特有的；独有的；独特的：It is a way of speakingpeculiar to people in this part of the country. 那种说话方式是这国家这一地区人民所特有的.-ly[adv]

queer／kwiə／［Wal；B］1 not fml strange 奇怪的； 不寻常的：What a queer story！真是个奇怪的故事！It＇s queer， but I＇m sure he knew all about what happened.真奇怪，不过我肯定他对所发生的事情一清二楚．2 infml not well 不舒服的：I＇mfeeling queer：I think I＇ll go home.我感到不舒服，我想我还是回家去．3infml mad精神失常（espin the phr queer in the head 头脑失常）：He has been a bit queer for years.他神经有点不正常已好几年了.There are a lot of queer people there.那里有许多精神不正常的人.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

funny/'fani/[Wal;B] not fml strange; unex-pected； hard to explain 奇怪的；意想不到的；难以解释的：What can that funny noise be？那奇怪的声音会是什么呢？It＇s a funny thing，but I putthe book here five minutes ago and now I can＇t find it.这真是怪事，五分钟前我把书放在这儿，现在却找不着了.He＇s a funny sort of person；I don＇t understand him at all.他是个怪人，我根本不理解他.-nily ［adv］：Funnily enough，I knew what he meant although he didn't speak English.真够奇怪的，他虽然没有讲英语，可是我明白他的意思.

curious /'kjuərrəs/ [B] strange and interesting 稀奇古怪的；奇妙的：It is a curious fact that hehas plenty of money but never works.这事真奇怪，他从不工作但却很有钱.How curious of herto do that！真奇怪，她居然做那样的事！What acurious thing to do！做这么奇怪的事！-ly［adv］ -ness[U]

suspicious /sə'spifəs/ [B] 1 having or causing one to suspect [→G96] that someone or something is not right, safe, etc; doubtful or strange 可疑的；奇怪的：He looks very suspi-cious to me, standing there outside the house in the dark.他站在房子外面的黑暗处，我觉得他形迹很可疑．2［（of，about）］ feeling suspicion， doubt, etc because sométhing is strange,etc 疑心的；感到怀疑的：I＇m suspicious of her， what does she want？我对她感到怀疑，她究竟要什么？-ly［adv］：He＇s behaving very suspiciously.他的行为很可疑.

fishy/'fifi/[Wal; B] sl suspicious; strange; peculiar 可疑的；奇怪的；奇特的：This is a fishybusiness； I don＇t like it！这事靠不住，我不喜欢！-shily [adv]-shiness

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N69 GENERAL ＆ USUAL 一般的与平常的

quaint/kweint/[Wal; B] interesting and pleas-ing because strange， unusual， or old （因奇特或老式而）令人喜欢的；离奇的；古怪而有趣的：Whata quaint old building！一座多么奇特的古老建筑物啊！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

deviant /'di:viənt/ [B] different from an ac-cepted standard; moving away from the usual 偏离正道的；不正常的：Deviant children needhelp.行为异常的孩子要给予帮助.Deviant behav-iour may be against the law.越轨行为可能触犯法律.

N70 nouns 名词：special and strange 特

殊的与奇怪的

speciality，／，spefi＇æləti／ also 又作 esp AmE

specialty /'spefəlti/ [C] 1 a special field of

work or study 专业；专门研究；专长；特长：Her

speciality is ancient Greek poetry. 她的专业是

古希腊诗歌．2［（of）］a particularly fine or best

product 特产；特制品：Fish baked in pastry is

the specialty of this restaurant.鱼肉馅饼是这家

餐馆的特色食品.

oddity／＇pdəti／［C］something odd 奇怪的东西；怪

事：That kind of flower is certainly an oddity

in this country.那种花在这个国家里肯定是稀奇的

东西.

peculiarity/pi,kju:lr'ærəti/1 [U] the quality of

being peculiar 独特性；特质；特色：Peculiarity of

dress may make people laugh at you.穿着奇装

异服可能使人家笑话你．2［C］something which is

peculiar 奇异的东西；特有的东西；特征；怪癖：Bad

driving is said to be a peculiarity of women.

据说驾车技术糟糕是女人的特点.We have got

used to his peculiarities of behaviour.我们对他

那些异常的举止已经习惯了.

curiosity /,kjuərı'psəti/ [C] someone or some-

thing curious 奇特的人或事物；珍奇的物品：Her

strange way of dressing made her a bit of a

curiosity.她那奇特的打扮使她显得有点怪.The

little old town is full of curiosities.古老的小镇

到处都是奇特的事物.

eccentricity/,eksen'trisiti/1 [U (of)] the qual-

ity of being eccentric 古怪；怪僻：They laughed

at the eccentricity of the mad queen's behav-

iour．他们嘲笑那疯皇后离奇古怪的行为．2［C］an

example of eccentric behaviour 古怪的举止：

They laughed at the mad queen's eccentrici-

ties.他们嘲笑疯皇后种种离奇古怪的行为.

idiosyncrasy / ıdıə'sınkrəsi/ [C] 1 a peculiarity

of one person（人的）癖性；特性：Liking wild

flowers in his garden is his personal idiosyn-

crasy．喜爱他花园里的野花是他的个人癖好．2

infml a peculiar act 特有的行为：One of their

idiosyncrasies was when they camped out in

the garden.他们的怪癖之一就是在花园里露宿.

N71 nouns 名词： persons and things

which are very strange and unnatural

［C］非常奇怪和异常的人与物

freak/fri:k/1 a living creature of unnatural form

畸形的人（或动物）：One of the new lambs is a

freak；it was born with two tails.有一只刚出生

的羊羔是畸形的，它生下来就有两条尾巴.At the

N69 adjectives 形容词：very strange and unnatural 非常奇怪的与反常的

welrd／wiəd／［Wal； B］ 1 strange； unnatural 奇怪的；反常的：She watched all the weird happen-ings in a film about the dead coming to life. 她在一部有关死者复活的电影中看到了形形色色的怪事．2 infml unusual and not sensible or acceptable 古怪的；离奇的；不可思议的：She hassome weird ideas. 她有一些令人不可思议的想法.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

eerie /'rəri/ [Wa2; B] causing fear because strange 怪诞可怕的；阴森可怖的：It＇s eerie towalk through a dark forest at night.夜里穿过黑暗的森林会令人毛骨悚然.-rily ［adv］-riness[U]

uncanny /An'kæni/ [Wa2; B] mysterious; not natural or usual 神秘的；不可思议的；非自然的；不寻常的：It seemed uncanny to hear her voice from the other side of the world.听到她从地球的另一边传来的声音，似乎不可思议.-nily［adv］-niness[U]

fantastic ／fæn＇tæstik／［B］ very strange 奇异的； 稀奇古怪的：The painter drew fantastic shapes. 那画家画出一些奇异的形体.What fantastic ideashe has！他的想法真是稀奇古怪！-ally［adv；Wa4］eccentric /ik'sentrik/ [B] (of a person or his behaviour) peculiar; unusual; rather strange （指人或其举止）古怪的；异常的：If you go to thepalace in tennis shoes, they will think you are eccentric.你要是穿着网球鞋到宫殿里去，人家会认为你是怪人．-ally ［adv；Wa4］

idiosyncratic / Idrəusin'krætrk/ [B](of some-thing about, or done by, one person) very peculiar and unusual（指人或他做的事）异常的；独特的；怪癖的：His behaviour has been very idiosyncratic lately.最近他的举止有些异常.-ally [adv; Wa4]

monstrous/'monstrəs/[B] like a monster [→N71]; very unusual, esp in a frightening way; frighteningly large or bad 像怪物的；庞大的；畸形的；穷凶极恶的；可怕的：What a monstrouscreature！多么庞大的一只怪物！It＇s monstrous to expect us to do this！要我们去做这种事简直太可怕了！-ly［adv］

freak/fri:k/[Wa5; A] (esp of things) unnatural; very unusual（尤指事物）反常的；奇特的：Thecountry's been having freak weather; it's been very hot during the winter.这国家的天气近来反常，冬天一直很热.

freakish /'fri:kif/ [B] (esp of persons) unusual; unreasonable； strange（尤指人）反常的；不讲道理的；奇特的：Her behaviour＇s becoming so freakish that I wonder whether she isn't mad. 她的行为变得如此反常，以致我怀疑她是否疯了.-ly[adv]

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circus there's a freak with 8 fingers on each hand；you have to pay to see him.马戏团有一个怪人，他每只手上长了八个指头；去看他须付钱．2infml a person with rather strange habits or ideas 具有反常习惯或念头的人 3 a peculiarhappening 异常事件；反常的事情：By somestrange freak, a little snow fell in Egypt a few years ago.由于某种奇怪的反常现象，几年前埃及竟下了点雪．4 a sudden strange wish or change of mind 异想天开；突发的怪念头：Her idea ofhaving a garden with nothing but blue flowers in it was a freak of fancy.她想要一个除了蓝花之外什么都没有的花园，这个想法纯属异想天开．5[C9] sl a person who takes a special interest in the stated thing 狂热爱好者；···迷：He is a film freak.他是个电影迷.

monster /'onstə/1 an animal, plant, or thing of unusually great size or strange form（动物、植物或事物等）庞然大物；怪物： That dog＇s a realmonster；I＇ve never seen such a big one.那条狗真是个庞然大物，我从来没见过这么大的狗.Some modern aircraft are monsters compared with those of 50 years ago．和五十年前的飞机相比，现代有些飞机真是庞然大物．2 a creature，imaginary or real, that is unnatural in shape, size, or qualities, and usu with an appearance so ugly as to be frightening 怪物；妖怪：He read about sea monsters.他读过有关水怪的故事.Shedreamt that terrible monsters with flaming eyes and sharp teeth were chasing her through the wood.她梦见许多火眼尖牙的可怕怪物在森林里追她．3［（of）］ derog a person whose evil qualities or actions are such as to raise strong feelings of dislike，hatred，fear，etc 邪恶的人； 残忍的人；恶魔：The judge told the murderer that he was a monster, not fit to be called a human being.法官对那个杀人犯说，他简直是个恶魔，不配称做人.History tells us of rulers in ancient times who were monsters of cruelty.历史告诉我们，古代有些统治者是残忍的恶魔．4［A］unusually large （in size or number）巨大的；数量奇多的：Have you ever seen such monster vegetables as those growing here？你见过像这里种的那些巨大的蔬菜吗？The police were quiteunable to control the monster crowds.警察几乎没法控制那巨大的人群.

monstrosity /mpn'strpsəti/emot a terrible mon-ster; something very deviant [→N69]; some-thing very ugly or silly＿可怕的怪物；异常的东西；畸形物；其丑无比的东西：His plan is a monstros-ity！他的计划太庞大了！She bought a monstros-ity ofa hat.她买了一顶其丑无比的帽子.

deviant /'di:viənt/ a person or thing that is different or moves away from an accepted standard 反常的人或物；偏离正道的人：Sexualdeviants often have difficulties with the law. 性变态者往往难于守法.The Hope of theDeviant＇is the title of a book.《变态者的希望》是一本书的书名.

mutant /'mju:tənt/ a living thing which has a quality not the same as any of its parents' qualities but produced by a change in the material of all its cells（a mutation）（生物）突变体；突变型生物

N80 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

pervert /'pз:v3:t/ a person whose sexual behav-iour is different from (what is considered) natural 性变态者

N72 nouns 名词：unusual beings［C］不寻常的人

giant/'d3arənt/1 a man who is much bigger than is usual 比常人高大得多的人；巨人2（infairy stories) a very big, strong creature in the form of a man, but often unfriendly to human beings and very cruel and stupid （指童话中身材巨大、常不友好、残暴愚蠢的）巨人3 a person ofgreat ability 伟人；天才；卓越人物：Shakespeare is a giant among writers.莎士比亚是文坛巨匠.

titan /'taitən/ esp poet a giant, esp if very powerful（尤指力大无比的）巨人

dwarf /dwo:f/ 1 a person, animal or plant of much less than the usual size 矮小的人或物；侏儒：Their second son is a dwarf.他们的第二个儿子是个矮子.She has several dwarf rose bushes．她有几棵矮小的玫瑰．2 any of varioussmall imaginary manlike creatures in fairy stories（神话故事中的）矮人；小妖：She likes thestory of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.她喜欢白雪公主和七个小矮人的故事.

pygmy, pigmy /'pigmi/1 a member of a race of very short people 矮小种族的成员2 any personor animal of much less than usual height 矮小的人或动物；矮人；侏儒3 a person of no impor-tance,esp with regard to skill or brain power 智力低的人；微不足道的人：He considers himselfa great singer, but he's a pygmy when com-pared with real musicians.他自认为是个伟大的歌手，但是和真正的音乐家相比，他是微不足道的.

Size,importance,and

availability

尺寸、重要性与可得性

N80 nouns 名词：size and quantity 尺寸与数量

[ALSO→J65]

size/saiz/1[U] the largeness or smallness (of something）尺寸；大小：What size is the box？这个盒子的尺寸是多少？What size （of） shoes doyou take（＝ wear）？你穿多大的鞋？It is not a matter of weight；it＇s a question of size.这不是重量问题，而是体积大小的问题．2［C］an exampleor measurement of this 型号；规格：What sizes of shoes do you have in the shop？你们店里有什么型号的鞋子？He wears a size 8 shoe．他穿八号鞋子.

quantity /'kwontəti/[U;C] esp fml (a state-ment of) how much (of something) is there, is wanted，etc 数量：This is a question of quan-

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N81 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

tity，not quality.这是个数量问题，不是质量问题.What quantity of salt do you need？你需要多少盐？They gave him large quantities of food.他.们给了他大量食品.

amount/ə'maunt/ [C] not usu fml 1 a quantity 数量：Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge．建这座桥花了大量的钱．2 total quan-tity or sum 总数；总额：He could only pay half the amount he owed.他只能付所欠总数的一半.

handful/'hænd,ful/1 [C (of)] an amount that can be held in one hand 一握之量；一把：Hegave them each a handful of money.他给他们每人一把钱．2［C（of）］ a small number or amount 少数；少量；一小撮：They have only ahandful of people to help them.他们只有少数人来帮他们．3［C］a large amount 一大把：Whenhe was ill his hair came out in handfuls.他生病时，头发大把大把地脱落.He threw wholehandfuls of money in the air！他将整把整把的钱抛向空中！4［S］ infml something that causes a lot of difficulties 造成很多麻烦的事：Having four small children in the house is quite a handful！家里有四个小孩是很麻烦的事！

volume /'volju:m/ [U; C] esp tech an amount produced esp by some kind of (industial) activity（尤指某种［工业］活动形成的）量；数量：The volume of passenger travel on the rail-ways is increasing.火车的客运量在增加.Great volumes of smoke came out of the hole.大量的烟从洞里冒出.

mass/mæs/1 [C] a quantity or heap of matter 块；堆；团：The ship cut its way slowly through masses of ice.那条船破开大块大块的浮冰慢慢向前行驶．2［C］ a large number （of persons or things）众多；大量；大宗：His story is a mass of lies.他所说的事充斥着谎言.Her garden is amass of flowers.她的花园里有许许多多的花.

bulk/bAlk/1 [U] emph size, shape, mass,or quantity 大小；形状；大块；大量：Great bulk does not always mean great weight.体积大并不一定意味着重量大．2 ［C usu sing］ an unusuallylarge，fat，or shapeless body 肥胖的躯体：The elephant lowered its great bulk by kneeling.大象屈膝跪下，把它那庞大的身躯低了下来．3［the R（of）］ the main or greater part 大部分；主要部分： The bulk of the work has already been done. 大部分工作已经完成.

fit/fit/ [S9] the size, shape, etc by which some-thing fits or does not fit 适合；贴合；合身：These shoes are a good fit；I＇ll buy them.这些鞋子正合穿，我就买了吧.

N81 adjectives 形容词：big大的

big/big/ [Wal] 1[B] of more than average size, weight，force，importance，etc 大的；重大的；重要的：＇How big is it？＇ ＇No bigger than a pin.＇ “它有多大？”“小如针.”It＇s a big elephant／a big mouse.这是只大象／大老鼠.That child is big for his age.论年龄那孩子的个子算大的了.The bigquestion is what to do next.重要的问题是下一步怎么办.He is a big-boned person.他是个骨架粗大的人.Don＇t cry； you＇re a big boylgirl now.

别哭啦，你现在是个大孩子了.The big momenthas come at last！重要的时刻终于来到了！2［A］(esp of people) doing a great deal of some activity（尤指人）（活动）量大的：He is a bigeaterla big spender.他的食量很大／是个挥霍无度的人．3［F；（B）］esp AmE sl very popular 受欢迎的：Frank Sinatra is very big in Las Vegas. 弗兰克·西纳特拉在拉斯维加斯很受欢迎.-ness[U]

large/la:d3/ [Wal; B] 1 more than usual in size, number， or amount（体积、数量、分量）大的；巨大的：He was a large man.他是个身材高大的人.2 having much room or space（面积、空间）大的；宽敞的：How large the room is！这房间多大呀！-ness［U］

great/greit/1 [Wa1; A; (B)] large in amount or degree 大量的；巨大的：Take great care.请格外小心.It was a great loss to us all.这对我们大家是个巨大的损失.He has a great deal too muchmoney／power.他的钱太多／权太大.We have great hopes for her future.我们对她的前途抱着极大希望．2［Wa5；A］（often before another adjof size） big（常用于另一表示大小的形容词之前）大的：That great （big） tree takes away all the light．那棵大树把光线全都挡住了．3［Wal；A］often apprec (of people) unusually active of the type（指人）非常活跃的；十足的：She is agreat talker and he is great listener.她非常健谈，而他很耐心听．4［Wal；B］ usu apprec ofexcellent quality or ability 伟大的；著名的：He likes reading about the great men of the past. 他喜欢阅读有关古代伟人的书.He was a greatking／artist．他是一个伟大的国王／艺术家．5［Wal；A］ apprec important 重要的：This is a great occasion！这是个盛大的场合！6［Wal；B；Wa5 as interj］ infml splendid； very enjoyable 美妙的；很惬意的：What a great idea！多好的主意啊！I＇ve got the use of a car.-Great！我弄来一辆汽车．-好极了！7［Wa5；A］（used in names to mark something important of its type）（用在专有名词前）大的；巨大的：The Great Wall ofChina 中国的长城；the Great Fire of London （1666）伦敦大火（1666年）-ness［U］

grand /grænd/1 [Wal; B] (large and) splendid in appearance 壮丽的；盛大的：There＇s a grand view of the mountains.可以看到群山的壮丽景色．2 ［Wa1； B］ （of people） important or （esp） thinking oneself so（指人）高大的；（尤指）高傲的；神气活现的：The king＇s court was full of nobles and grand ladies.皇宫里全是贵族和高傲的贵妇.She＇s too grand to talk to us.她很高傲，不愿和我们说话．3［Wal；B］ infml verypleasant；delightful 很愉快的；惬意的：That was a grand party．那是一次很愉快的聚会．4［Wa5；A］ complete 全部的；总的（esp in the phr the grand total 总计） 5［Wa5；A］ （used in certain titles）（用作某些称号）：the Grand Duchy of Lancaster 兰开斯特大公领地

N82 adjectives 形容词：very big［B］很大的

vast/va:st/[Wal] very large and wide; great in size or amount； spreading a great distance 广

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大的；大量的；巨大的；辽阔的；广袤的；浩瀚的：Thevast plains of this country spread for hun-dreds of miles.这个国家辽阔的平原延伸几百英里远.He is very valuable to his employer be-cause of his vast experience in the business.他对他的雇主很有用，因为他在商业上有丰富的经验.The group of actors was brought from New York to London at vast expense.这些演员是用巨款从纽约请到伦敦来的.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

huge／hju：d3／［Wal］ 1 very big in size 巨大的：He lived in a huge house.他住在一所很大的房子里.2 infml very big in the mind＇s view 极大的；十分的：The party was a huge success.这次聚会十分成功.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

immense／I＇mens／usu apprec very large 极大的； 广大的：There has been an immense improve-ment in his health.他的健康状况有了很大好转.-ly［adv］-sity［U；C］great size 广大；巨大：They were lost in the immensity/immensities of space.他们消失在广阔的空间里.

enormous ／r＇no：məs／ very large indeed 巨大的； 极大的；庞大的：It was an enormous house／ meal／amount of money.这是一幢巨大的房子／一顿极为丰盛的饭菜／一笔巨款.There is an enor-mous difference between the two countries.两国间存在着极大的差异.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］-mity[U9]

colossal/kə'lpsəl/ very large in size or quantity 巨大的；大量的：It was a colossal building／a colossal rate of interest.这是一座庞大的建筑物／非常高的利率.-ly［adv］

gigantic /d3ar'gæntik/ unusually large in amount or size 巨大的；庞大的；特大的：He madegigantic efforts to save them.他作了极大的努力去拯救他们．-ally［adv Wa4］

titanic／tar＇tænik／very large and strong 巨大的； 强大的；力大无比的：The titanic forces of theearth can be seen when volcanoes erupt (= explode into activity）.火山爆发时，可以看到地球的无比威力．-ally［adv Wa4］

terrific /tə'rifik/ infml 1 very great in size or degree 极大的；非常的；极度的：He drove at aterrific speed．他以极高的速度开车．2 very good；enjoyable； admirable 极好的；极妙的；令人愉快的；了不起的：It was a terrific play／book／party. 这个剧／这本书／这次聚会非常好．-ally ［adv Wa4］

prodigious /prə'dıd3əs/ wonderful esp because of size， amount， or quality；very great 惊人的； 奇妙的；非常的；巨大的：He never forgetsanything； his memory is prodigious.他从不忘记任何事情，他的记忆力是惊人的.He made aprodigious effort.他作了惊人的努力.-ly［adv］

gargantuan ／ga：＇gæntfuən／ esp lit very big 巨大的；庞大的：He ate a gargantuan meal.他那一顿饭吃了很多很多.

N83 adjectives 形容词：very big in special ways 在特殊方面很大的

gross /grəus/ [Wal; B] unpleasantly large and fat，etc肥大的；臃肿的；过胖的；粗大的：In his oldage he became gross through/from over-eating

N83 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

（＝eating too much）.他在老年由于吃得过多而变得肥胖臃肿.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

massive /'mæsiv/ [B] 1 of great size; strong and heavy 庞大的；粗大的；重而结实的2（esp of thehead） large and solid-seeming（尤指头部）大而结实的 3（of qualities and actions） great； powerful（指特性与行动）巨大的；有力的：Wemust make massive efforts to improve things. 我们必须作巨大的努力来改善局面.The govern-ment has massive support from the people.政府得到人民的有力支持.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

voluminous /və'lu:mənəs/ [B] 1 (of containers) very large； able to hold a lot（指容器）很大的； 大容量的：She had a voluminous shopping bag. 她有一个很大的购物袋．2（of a（part of a） gar-ment) very loose and full; using much cloth （指衣服）宽大的：She wore a voluminous skirt. 她穿一条宽大的裙子．3 often deprec producingor containing much writing 多产的；写作多的；长篇的；多而滥的：He is a voluminous writer and has produced a voluminous report.他是个多产的作家，写了一篇长长的报道.-ly［adv］

bulky /'balki/ [Wa2; B] 1 having bulk [→N80] esp if large of its kind or rather fat 庞大的；（尤指在同类中）巨大的；肥大的：The elephant is abulky animal．象是庞大的动物．2 having great size or mass in comparison with weight 体积庞大的；笨重的：He was wearing some kind of a bulky woollen garment to keep warm.他穿着一种笨重的毛线衣来保暖.

large-scale /'la:d3'skeil/ [Wa5; B] happening in large quantities to many people over a wide area，etc 大规模的：There has been a large-scale change in what people eat in that country in the last ten years.在最近十年里，该国人民在食物构成方面有了很大变化.

king-size /'kuj,saız/ [Wa5; A] not fml (esp of things being sold）very large（尤指卖出之物）特大的；特长的：He bought a king-size box of chocolates for her.他给她买了一盒特大包装的巧克力.

jumbo ／＇d3Ambəu／ also 又作 jumbo-sized /'d3ambəu ,saizd/ [Wa5; A] infml larger than others of the same kind 特大（号）的；较同类为大的：a jumbo pack of washing powder 特大包装的洗衣粉；a jumbo jet巨型喷气式飞机

big-time/'brg'tarm/ [Wa5; B] not fml relating to the top rank (esp in sport or theamusement business）（尤用于体育和娱乐业）第一流的；最高等级的：Don＇t worry；you＇re big-time now.别发愁， 你们现在属第一流的.

mammoth /'mæməθ/ [Wa5; A] esp emot & emph of large size 盛大的；巨大的：It was amammoth performance, with hundreds of actors.这是一次有数百名演员参加的盛大演出.Itneeds a mammoth effort to move that heavy table.搬动那张沉重的桌子需要很大的力气.

giant /'d3arənt/ [Wa5; A] not fml & often ap-prec（of） large size 巨大的；庞大的：They have built a giant factory just outside the town.他们就在城外建了一座巨大的工厂.

astronomic(al) /æstrə'npmik(al)/ [Wa5; B] emph very large；too large to count 非常大的；庞大的（数字）；天文数字的：They are asking

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really astronomic prices for these things now. 现在他们对这些东西要价确实太高了.The dis-tance is astronomic； don＇t ask me how far！距离远极了；别问我有多远！-ally［adv Wa4］

N84 adjectives 形容词：quite big，etc 相当大的，等等

substantial /səb'stænfal/[B] 1 big enough to be satisfactory 大的；大量的；充足的；很多的：Hegave us substantial help.他给了我们很多帮助.It was a substantial supply of food.这次食品供应很充足．2 considerable；important 相当大的；重大的：He wants to make substantial changes. 他想作相当大的改变．3 solid；strongly made 结实的；坚固的：It is a substantial desk.这是一张坚固的桌子．4 concerning the important part or meaning 有重要价值的；内容充实的：Thesubstantial truth of his report is hidden by his untidy methods of presenting his ideas.他那杂乱无章的表达方式掩盖了他报告中的重要事实真相.-ly［adv］：He helped them substantially.他给了他们十分重要的帮助.

sizeable，sizable ／＇sarzəbəl／［B］ quite large 相当大的；大的：She bought a sizeable house outside Birmingham.她在伯明翰市郊买了一幢相当大的房子.It＇s a sizable garden； he can grow all the vegetables he needs in it.这是一个相当大的菜园，他可以在园里种植他需要的各种蔬菜.

considerable /kən'sıdərəbəl/ [B] esp euph （quite） large （相当）大的；（相当）多的：His father left him a considerable amount of money.他父亲留给他一笔相当可观的钱.-bly［advWa3］：He helped them considerably．他帮了他们许多忙.

fair／feə／［Wa5；A］ not fml（quite） large（相当） 大的；（相当）多的：How far is it to the town？-Oh，it＇s a fair distance.到城里有多远？---哦， 相当远.Is it big？-Yes， it＇s a fair size.大吗？-大，相当大.-ly［adv］：Is it big？-Yes， it＇s fairly big.大吗？--大，相当大.

N85 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not big 不大的

small/smo:l/ 1 [Wal; B] little in size,weight, force，importance，etc；not large 小的；轻的；少的；不重要的：He was a small man， only five feet tall.他是个小个子，只有五英尺高.It＇s a bookwritten for small children.这本书是为年龄较小的孩子写的.The girl is small for her age.按年龄说，这女孩的个子不算高.There was only a smallnumber of people there.那儿只有数量不多的人.It＇s the smallest shoe size in the shop.这是本店现有的最小号的鞋.The space is big enoughonly for the smallest of cars.这块空地只够停一辆最小的车．2［Wa5；A］ doing only a limited amount of business or activity（规模）小的；小型的：He is a small businessman （＝owns a small business）.他是个小商人.There are many small

farmers in the area．这个地区有许多小农场主．3[A] (esp with nouns marked [U])very little; slight（尤跟属于［U］的名词连用）很少的；轻微的：They had small hope of success.他们成功的希望很小.She took small interest in politics.她对政治的兴趣不大．-ness［U］ 4 ［adv］ in a smallmanner 很小地；小型地：He writes so small I can＇t read it.他写得这么小，我看不清.in asmall way modestly；not grandly 朴素地；小规模地：He was in business in a small way at home.他在家里做小买卖.

little ／＇ltl／1 ［Wal； A； （B）］small 小的：There was a little door in the wall.墙上有一扇小门.Two little insects were on the glass.玻璃上有两只小昆虫．2［Wa5；A］short短的；矮的；短暂的：I sawher a little while ago． 我刚才见到她．3［B］ young 幼小的：My little girl （＝daughter） is t00 little to ride a bicycle.我的小女儿太小，骑不了自行车．4［Wal；B］ not important 不重要的；琐碎的：He often forgets the little people who voted him into power.他常忘记那些投票选他上台的小人物．5 ［adv］to only a small degree 一点儿；很少：It is a little known fact that...鲜为人知的是·-·6 ［adv］ esp poet ＆ pomp （with verbs of feeling and knowing） not at all （和感知动词连用）毫不；完全不：They little thought that the truth would be discovered.他们根本没想到真相会被发现.He little cares／Little does he care whether we live or die！他一点也不关心我们的死活！7［adv］ rarely 很少；少有地（esp in the phr very little 很少）：I go there very little now.我现在很少去那儿．［→N97］

N86 adjectives，etc 形容词等：very small 很小的

tiny／＇tami／［Wal；B］ very small indeed 极小的； 微小的：There＇s a tiny insect on your hand； look！你手上有一只小昆虫；瞧！This is the tiniestcar I＇ve ever seen.这是我见过的最小的汽车.-iness[U]

wee/wi:/[Wal;B] esp ScotE often affec (very) small 小的；很小的：He＇s just a wee boy； he＇s only five.他只是个很小的孩子，只有五岁.

teeny／＇ti：ni／also 又作teeny-weeny／＇ti：ni＇wi：ni／ also 又作 teensy-weensy／＇ti：nzi＇wi：nzi／［Wal； B] infml (used esp when speaking to children) very small（用于对儿童说话时）非常小的：Wouldyou like a teeny bit more to eat？你还想再吃那么一小点吗？

minute/'mamju:t/ [Wa2; B]1 very small, in size or degree 极小的；微小的；细微的：His writing＇sso minute that it＇s difficult to read.他写的字小得简直难以辨认．2 giving attention to thesmallest points； very careful and exact 详细的； 细致的；仔细而准确的：The teacher wrote aminute report on the pupil's work and behav-iour.教师写了一份有关学生的学习和表现的详细报告.-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

miniature /'minıətfə/ i [Wa5; A] (of something copied or represented）very small（指复制品等）小型的：The child was playing on the floor

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