G282 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

particular person；rude（言辞）人身攻击的；嘲笑别人外表的；（说话）无礼的：making personalremarks about the size of his stomach 就他肚子的大小进行人身攻击 b（of people）（in thehabit of ） directing personal remarks； rude（指人）（惯于）进行人身攻击的；无礼的：You shouldtry to argue without becoming personal.你应努力做到争论时不进行人身攻击．5［Wa5］ techconcerning all possessions of a person except land 私有的；动产的：personal property 动产personally [adv] 1 [Wa5] directly and not through somebody acting for one 亲自：He is personally in charge of all the arrangements. 他亲自负责安排一切事宜．2［Wa5］ speaking foroneself only； as far as oneself is concerned 就个人而言：She said she didn＇t like it， but personally I thought it was very good.她说她不喜欢它，但我本人却认为它很好．3［Wa5］ as aperson; not considered for any qualities that are not personal 作为一个人：Personally she may be very charming, but will she be a good secretary？她人长得倒是很迷人，但她会当好秘书吗？4 in a private way 私下地：May I speak to you personally about this difficult matter？我可以私下和你谈谈这件棘手的事吗？5 as directedagainst oneself in a personal way 当作人身攻击： You must not take my remarks about your plan personally.你不可把我对你计划的批评看成是人身攻击.

subjective /səb'd3ektiv/ [B] 1 existing only in someone＇s mind 仅存在于内心的；主观的：subjective ideas， not scientificfacts 主观的想法，不是科学的事实2 giving the thoughts，ideas， etc of one person，not facts 表达个人思想的；主观臆断的：a subjective book 一本主观的书-ly[adv] subjectivity [U] the state of being subjective 主观性

private /'prarvit/ 1 [Wa5; A] often fml & emph personal； one＇s own； not shared with others 私人的；个人的：This piano is my private property； leave it alone.这架钢琴是我的私人财产，不许动.It's wrong to read other people's private letters without permission.擅自拆看他人的私信是不对的．2［Wa5；B］ not intended for everyone，but for a particular person or chosen group; not public不公开的：A well-known singer is giving a private performance at the party in our house tomorrow.一位名歌星明天将在我们家的聚会上作非公开的表演.You mustn＇t go in there；the door is marked ＇Private＇.你不能进那里去； 门上标着“闲人免进”呢．3［Wa5；A；（B）］inde-pendent; not connected with government, public service，etc 私立的；私营的：Treatment in government hospitals is free; but if you go to a private hospital you must pay.在公立医院医疗是免费的，但私立医院就要收费了．4［Wa5；A；(B)] unofficial; not connected with one's busi-ness, work, rank, etc, or with one's public life 非官方的；与工作无关的：The minister has goneon a private visit to America to see his sister. 部长已经以私人身分去美国探望妹妹了.He＇s sucha busy doctor that he has hardly any time for his private life.他是一位忙碌的医生，几乎无暇顾及个人生活.He has retired into private life（＝

has ceased to be a public official）.他已退休，过着平民生活．5［Wa5；A］ without rank or official position 无官职的；平民的：Private citizens aren't allowed to attend some of the meetings of the town council.市议会的某些会议不许平民参加．6［B］ quiet；hidden from view； sheltered 幽静的；隐蔽的：Is there some private corner in the club, where we can sit and talk by ourselves？俱乐部里有没有僻静的角落可让我们坐下来单独聊聊？7［B］（of a person）（liking to be） away from the society of others（指人）孤僻的； （爱）孤独的：Please go away； I wish to be private.请走开吧！我想自己一个人呆着.She＇s avery private person．她是个很孤僻的人．8［B］ secret; not generally (made) known or intended to be talked about 秘密的；保密的： Don't repeat what I've told you to anyone; it's private.别把我告诉你的话讲给任何人听，那是保密的.Only his wife shares in his private thoughts.只有他的妻子才知道他那些隐秘的思想.-ly［adv］：May I talk to you privately？我可以单独跟你谈谈吗？privacy［U］1 the state ofbeing away from the presence, notice, or activities of others 独处；不受干扰：Most people like privacy when they're dressingor undressing.大多数人在穿衣或脱衣时不喜欢有人在场.There＇s not much privacy in this build-ing; you can hear what a person in the next room is saying quite clearly.这座楼里没有多少不受干扰的地方，隔壁房间里说话的声音都听得很清楚.He worked in the privacy of his own room. 他单独在自己的房间里工作．2 secrecy；avoidanceof public notice 隐私；秘密：The greatest priv-acy is desirable over this unfortunate affair. 这件不幸的事要尽量保守秘密.

G282 reflexive pronouns 反身代词

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Person人称 | Gender性 | Singular单数 | Plural复数 |
| 1st第一人称 | - | myself我自己 | ourselves我们自己 |
| 2nd第二人称 | - | yourself你自己 | yourselves你们自己 |
| 3rd第三人称 | masculine阳性 | himself他自己 | themselves他（她、它）们自己 |
| feminine阴性 | herself她自己 |
| neuter中性 | itself它自己 |
| impersonal泛指的 | oneself任何人自己 | - |

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self /self/ 1 [U] one's own private interests, wishes，hopes，etc 私利；个人考虑：He did it without any thought of self (= without think-ing of himself）.他做这件事丝毫没有考虑到自己.2［C9 usu sing］ a person＇s character 本性；本质： He has changed from his former self (= from what he was like before）.他变得与过去大不相同了．self-［comb form］ 1 concerning oneself 自身；自己：She is very self-centred （＝She thinks only about herself）．她极为自私自利．2 done by or for oneself 靠自己的；为自己的：He is self-educated／a self-educated man.他是自学的／一位自学成材的人．3 working by oneself，itself，etc 自动的：The car has a self-starter （＝ a device that allows it to start itself）.这车有自动起动装置.

G283 pronouns ＆ adverbs 代词和副词：some-, any-, every-, and no-

someone／＇sam，wan／also 又作somebody／＇sam-,bpdi/1 a person, esp one who is not known or whom it is not necessary to name 某人；有人： Ask someone in the other room to go. 叫那间屋里的人去.Somebody told me you were coming; they said you were coming next week. 有人告诉我你要来；他们说你打算下周来．2 infmlan important person 重要人物：He is somebody in this town（＝he is important here）.他是本镇的重要人物.

something/'samθr/ a thing, esp one which is not known or which it is not necessary to name 某事，某物；东西：Can I have something to eat？我可以吃点什么吗？

somewhere/'sAmweə/ [Wa5] to or at a place, esp one which is not known or which it is not necessary to name 某处；某地：She lives some-where near here.她住在附近某处.

somehow/'sam,hau/ [Wa5] in some way,esp one which is not known or which it is not necessary to name 以某种方式（法）；不知怎么地：He did the work somehow; I don't know how. 他以某种办法干了这件工作，可我不知道他是怎么干的.Somehow he managed to do it.不知怎么地， 他设法把这件事做了.

anyone／＇eniwan／also 又作 anybody／＇eni，bodi／ a person， but no particular person 任何人：Ask anyone you like; they will all tell you the same thing.随便问什么人，他们都会给你同样的回答.Idon＇t know anybody in that town.在那个镇上我谁也不认识.She＇s not just anybody； she＇s an important woman.她绝非等闲人物，她是一个举足轻重的女人.

anything /'eni,θrn/ a thing, but it is not known or not important which thing 任何事：Is there anything İ can do to help？有什么事情要我帮忙吗？She didn＇t say anything.她什么也没说. （emph）She didn＇t say a single thing.她连一句话也没有说.

anywhere /'enrweə/ [Wa5] a place, but it is not known or not important which place 任何地方： Put the box down anywhere.把箱子随便找个地方放下吧.

G284 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

anyhow /'eni,hau/ [Wa5] usu infml in any way one wishes 以任何方式：Do the work anyhow， as long as it is done.随便用什么方法做这工作都行，只要能把它完成.

everyone／＇evriwan／also 又作 everybody ／＇evri-bodi/ each person; all the people (in a place, group，etc）每个人；人人；大家：She told every-one to come and they all said they would come.她叫大家都来，他们也都说要来.Is every-body here now？现在大家都到了吗？

everything ／＇evriθi／ each thing；all things 每件事；一切事物：I did everything myself.每件事都是我亲自做的.She left everything to him／for him to do.她把一切都留给他／他去做.

everywhere /'evriweə/ [Wa5] each place; all places 各地；各处：There was trouble every-where in the city.城里到处都有骚乱.

no one ／＇nəu wan／ also 又作 nobody／＇nəubpdi／ no person 没有人：There＇s nobody in the house except me.屋里除我之外别无他人.Don＇t tellanyone；（emph）tell no one.别对任何人讲；（强调）谁也不许告诉.I saw nobody at all，not asingle person.我谁也没看见，一个人也没见到.

nothing ／＇naθi／ no thing 无事；无物：I saw nothing interesting in the house.在这所房子里我见不到什么有趣的东西.She had nothing to doall day（long）.她整天没事做.

nowhere ／＇nəuweə／ ［Wa5］ no place 没有地方： He had nowhere to go.他没有地方可去.

G284 relative pronouns，etc 关系代词等

who /hu:/[pron] 1(in asking questions, refer-ring to a person o persons, usu as subject of a sentence） which person（在问句中）谁：Who is he？他是谁？Who told you that？谁告诉你那件事？2（in indirect speech）which person（在间接引语中）谁；哪个人：He told me who did it.他告诉我那件事是谁干的．3 also 又作（infml）that(used to help to describe a person or persons) （用于形容一个或多个人）：This is the manwho／that did the work.这就是做了那项工作的人.whom [pron] esp fml & old use (the form of who when it is the direct or indirect object of a sentence）（who 作宾语时的形式）：Whom did you talk to？你跟谁说话来着？To whom did yougive the book？ 你把书给了谁？This is the man to whom he spoke. 这就是跟他说话的那个人.whose ［pron］ of what person 谁的；哪个人的： Whose book is this？ 这是谁的书？The men whose names were called left the room.那些被叫到名字的人离开了房间．whoever ［pron］1 anyperson who 凡是···的人：Whoever told you that is a fool．谁告诉了你那件事，谁就是傻瓜．2 nomatter who 不管是谁：I＇ll find the person who did this，whoever he is！我将找出干这件事的人，不管他是谁！

USAGE［用法说明］Although whom is accepted by most people as moré grammatically correct than who as an object and after a preposition, in modern informal English who is commoner 尽管多数人认为在作宾语或在介词后作宾语时，用

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G284 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

whom 比who更合乎语法，但在现代非正式英语中用who 更为常见：（fmll Whom did you see? ) （infml）Who did you see？ 你看见了谁？（fml） With whom are you going? (infml) Who are you going with？你将和谁一起去？

what /wpt/1 [pron] (asking for a particular description or example of a type of thing）什么：What is his job？他做什么工作？What＇s the time？几点钟了？2 ［pron］ （used for having words said again, when not heard, or when the hearer is surprised）（对方讲话未听清或表示惊异时要求对方再说一遍）什么：What did yousay？你说什么？I got up at half-past four.-What？我四点半起床．-什么？3［pron］（asking about a purpose or use） 什么用处：What is money without health？没有健康的身体，钱又有什么用呢？What＇s this for？这是干什么用的？4［pron］ that one or the （small） amount 那一个； 那一点点；所···的：I gave her what I had.我把我仅有的都给了她．5［adv Wa5］ in what way；towhat degree 以什么方式；到什么程度：What doyou care about it？你关心它多少？6［Wa5；A］ (asking about the type of a particular thing or for a particular example） which 哪个；什么： What fool told you that？哪个蠢才告诉你那件事的？What time will you come？你什么时候来？7［Wa5；A］ how surprisingly good／bad，etc 多么； 何等：What a face he made when he took the medicine！他吃药时做的那副苦脸多难看！Whatlovely weather！天气多好啊！8［Wa5；A］those （ones） or the few／little 那些；那一点点；所···的： What money I have is yours.我所有的钱都是你的．whatever 1 ［pron］ anything at all 什么··· 就···什么；什么···都：She does whatever he asks her to do．他要她做什么，她就做什么．2［pron］anything（else） like that 诸如此类的东西；什么的：Do it and whatever else needs doing.做这件事和诸如此类需要做的事．3 ［pron］ no matterwhat 不管什么：Whatever happens now，I＇ll never forget you.不管现在发生什么事，我将永远不会忘记你．4［pron］（used to show surprise） what（常用来表示惊奇、吃惊）到底什么：What-ever will he do next？他下一步到底要干什么？5[Wa5;F](placed after a noun with any or no before it）at all（置于与no或any连用的名词之后）一点儿：Have you any interest whatever in the work？你对工作还有一点儿兴趣吗？

which／witf／1［pron］ what person or thing？哪一个；哪一件2［pron］also 又作 that the one（s） that ···的那个（些）；···的···：He lives in the house which／that is opposite ours.他住在我们对面的那所房子里.That is the house（which）I built.那就是我建造的房子.This is the house（which／that） I went into／into which I went.这就是我进去过的那幢房子．3［Wa5；A］ what（person or thing） of two or more 哪一个： Which house do you live in？你住在哪一所房子里？whichever 1［pron］ any one that 任何一个： Have whichever you want.你要哪个都行.Have two，whichever you want.拿两个吧，要哪两个都行．2［pron］ no matter which 不管哪个（些）： Whichever you want is yours.你要哪个就给你哪个．3［Wa5；A］ any （one） that 任何一个：Take whichever seat you like.喜欢哪个座位就坐哪个

座位吧．4［Wa5；A］ no matter which 不论哪个（些）：It has the same result， whichever way you do it.不管你怎么做，结果都一样.

USAGE［用法说明］Compare which and what 比较“which”和“what”：1 Which is used when a choice is to be made from a known set of things or people.“Which”用来表示从一组已知的人、物中作一选择：Which colour do youwant，red or blue？ 你要哪种颜色，红的还是蓝的？Which of these colours／Which of his daughters do you like best？ 这些颜色中哪种／他的女儿中哪个你最喜欢？What is used when thechoice is from an unknown set.“What”用来指从一组未知的人、物中作选择：What colour wasit？是什么颜色？What are you eating？你在吃什么？2 Which can be followed by of， but what cannot.“Which”后面可以接of，但“what”不可以：Which of the girls／books do you like？你喜欢哪个女孩／哪本书？（不可说＊What of thegirls/books...?)

where /wea/ 1 [adv Wa5] at/to what place, position，etc 哪里；何处：Where can he be？他会在哪儿呢？Where will all this trouble lead （＝ What result will it have）？所有这些乱子会有什么后果呢？2［conj］ at／to what place， position，etc 什么地方：I know where he is.我知道他在哪儿.There＇s no present where there＇s no money.没有钱（的地方）就没有礼物．3［conj］ at／to which（place）在／到···的（地方）：the house where we used to live 我们过去住的那所房子 4［conj］atwhich（point）／in which（position）在···的地步： He has reached the point where a change is needed．他已到了需要改变的地步了．5［conj］at／to any places at all 什么地方就···什么地方：Go where you like． 你愿意去哪儿就去哪儿．6［conj］ there where／to where 在···地方：Keep him where you can see him.把他留在你可以看得见的地方.Take him where it＇s quiet.把他带到安静的地方去吧．wherever1［adv Wa5］（used to show surprise，etc） where（表示惊异等时用）究竟在什么地方：Wherever did you get that idea？ 你究竟哪儿来的那个主意？2［adv Wa5］anywhere at all； any such place 任何地方：at home，at school，or wherever 在家里、在学校、或随便哪儿3［conj］at／to all places／any place 不管任何地方：Wherever you go，I go too.不论你去哪儿，我也去．4 ［conj］at／to any place at all 任何地方：Go wherever you like.你愿意去哪儿就去哪儿吧．whither ［adv Wa5］1 old use to where 去何处：Whither is he going？他去何方？2 rare to which place 去···地方：They go whither they will （＝ wherever they want）.他们去他们愿意去的地方．whence ［adv Wa5］ 1 old use from where 自何处：Whence came he？（＝Where did he come from？）他从何处来？2 rare from which place；from where（自）何处：They returned to the land（from）whence they came.他们回到他们来的那个地方．3 rare to the place from which到···（来）的地方：They returned whence they came.他们从何处来便回何处去.

why／wai／1［adv Wa5］ for what reason 为什么： Why did he go there again？他为什么又去那儿了？I don＇t know why he went.我不知道他为什么去了.Why not come with me？为什么不和我一

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起来呢？That is （the reason） why I am not coming．那就是我为什么不来的原因．2 ［interj］（used to express surprise， etc） well 咦（表示惊奇等）：Why，it＇s you！咦，是你呀！

how／hau／［adv Wa5；conj］ 1 in what way 怎样： How did she do it？她是怎么做的？Tell me howshe did it，告诉我她是怎么做的．2 to whatdegree 多少；多么：How hot is it？有多热？How many were there？有多少呢？Ask him how hot it was．问问他有多热．3 in what condition 情况；怎样；如何：How is he now； is he feeling better？ 他现在怎样，感觉好点儿了吗？4 for what reason；why 为什么：How is it （that） she can＇t come？ 为什么她不能来呢？5 what is your opinionabout（问某人看法）怎样：How do you find life in the country？你觉得农村生活怎么样？6 emph（用于加强语气）：How wonderful to see you！见到你太好了！however 1 ［adv Wa5］ also 又作more fml howsoever to what degree 无论到什么程度：However cold it is， she always goes swimming．不管天气多冷，她总去游泳．2［conj］inwhatever way 无论以什么方式，不管用什么方法：In one's own home one can act however one wishes.在自己家里可以随心所欲.when/wen/[→L259]

that／ðæt／［conj］ not fml 1 who or which（作限制性定语从句的主语，等于who或which）：It＇s Jeanthat makes the decisions here.这儿作决定的是琼.Did you see the letter that came today？今天来的那封信你看到了没有？He＇s the greatestman that ever lived！他是有史以来最伟大的人！2whom or which（作限制性定语从句宾语，等于whom 或 which）：He＇s not the man（that）he was！他已不是从前的他了！That＇s the man（that） I was talking about.那位就是我刚才谈到的那个人．3 in，on，for，or at which 在···的：the day（that）she arrived 在她来的那天；the speed （that）she drives at 在她开车的速度4（used to introduce some further information）（用以引导同位语从句）：（The fact） that you don＇t like her has nothing to do with it.你不喜欢她，这与此事无关.There is no proof that he killed her. 没有证据证明他杀害了她．5 lit（expressingdesire，etc）（引导表示愿望的从句）：Oh，that I could fly！啊！要是我能飞就好了！

USAGE［用法说明］（1）When the word before that is not the subject of the following clause, that is usu left out.“that”不做从句的主语时往往省略．（2）that is often used instead of who， but with any, only and superlatives, that is commoner.“that”常常被用来代替“who”，当有“any”，“only”或形容词最高级形式时，用“that”则更为常见：Any person that has the money can join the group.只要有那笔钱，任何人都可以加入该团体.He＇s the only man that can do it. 他是唯一能做这件事的人.She＇s the prettiest girlthat I＇ve ever seen.她是我所见过的最漂亮的女孩子.

G285 determiners and

demonstratives，etc 限定词与指示词等

the/ðə;before vowels ði:/1[det](showing that

G285 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

something or someone has already been spoken or written about）（指明已提到过的人或物）：That is the man I saw yesterday.那位就是我昨天见到的那个人.Is that the book／girl youtold me about？那就是你跟我讲到的书／女孩吗？2(showing that something or someone is al-ready known to the speaker，hearer，etc）（指明已知的事物或人）：Put the books on the table.把这些书放在桌子上.Is this the book you want？-Yes；that＇s the book.这是你要的那本书吗？-对，就是那本书．3（used with things， places, people, etc because they are well-known）（指明众所周知的人或物）：I must go tothe bank and get some money.我必须去银行取点钱.The roads are full of cars todays.今天路上挤满了车辆．4（showing that something or someone is the only one of its kind）（表示独一无二的事物或人）：The sun went down.太阳落山了．5（showing that the speaker or writer means one particular thing）（表明所指的事物）： What is the name of that book？那本书的书名是什么？He sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in a little boat.他驾着小船横越大西洋.The Nile isa river in Africa．尼罗河是非洲的一条河流．6(used for particular sets of things, esp the parts of the body, houses, machines, in-struments，etc）（表明整套事物，尤指身体、房屋、机器、乐器等）：the head 头；the back of the car 汽车的后部；the side of the house 房屋的侧面；playing the piano 弹钢琴·7（esp with adj） all those of a stated kind（与形容词连用，指某一类人）：She helps the old and the poor.她帮助老人和穷人．8（showing a species(= a special kind of animal， plant，etc））（表明某一类，如动物或植物等）：The cat is an animal and the rose is a flower (= Cats are animals and roses are flowers）．猫是一种动物；玫瑰是一种花．9（show-ing the relation between one thing and another）（表明事物间的关系）：This car does 30miles to the gallon (= a measurement of petrol）．这辆车每加仑汽油可行驶三十英里．10（with compar） by a stated amount 以所述之量（与比较级连用）；越；愈：The more she has，themore she wants.她贪得无厌.The bigger the house is， the better he likes it.房子越大，他越喜欢．11（with superl）（与最高级连用）：This is the oldest house in the town. 这是城里最古老的房子.

this/õIs/1 [det] being the one of two or more people or things that is here, nearer in place, time，thought，etc 这（个）：You look in this box （here），and P＇ll look in that box （there）.你往（这边）这只箱子里看，我往（那边）那只箱子里看.Take these books to his room，please.请把这些书拿到他房间里去.Where is this place youwant to go to？ 你想去的这个地方在哪里？He isvery busy these days（＝nowadays）.他近来很忙. This time last year he was in China.去年这个时候他在中国．2 ［det］ being the one or amount stated， shown or understood 这（表示所提到的， 指出的或已知的事物）：I saw Mrs Jones thismorning （＝ before midday today）.我今天早晨看见了琼斯夫人.Have you heard this story？你听过这件事了吗？Who＇s this John Smith every-

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body is talking about？ 大家都在谈论的这位约翰·史密斯是谁？3 ［det］ infml（esp in teling stories） a certain（尤用于讲故事时）有个；某：Then this man came up to me and said...然后这个人朝我走过来说···；There were these twomen，John and Bill，and...从前有这么两个人约翰和比尔，还有··4［pron］ one of two or more people, things, kinds, or ideas that is nearer in place，time，thought，etc这（时、空、观念上较近的）：This is your book／my sister Jane.这是你的书／我妹妹简.Take this，not that.拿这个，别拿那个.Are these what you want？这些是你想要的吗？Who is this？-This is John Smith speak-ing．是谁啊？-是约翰·史密斯（在与你说话）．5[pron] a thing, idea, etc, that is understood, stated，going to be stated，etc 这（个）（指已明白、已说过或即将说等）：Who told you this？是谁把这件事告诉你的？Wait till you＇ve heard this！ 等着瞧吧，听完就知道了！What＇s this？这是什么？This is what you must do．．．这是你必须做的···6 [pron] (not used with people) the one or kind here（不用于人）这个；这种：Please take this （box）.请拿这个（箱子）.（Compare 比较：Please take this child．请把这个孩子带走．）7［adv Wa5］ infml so； this degree 这么；到这种程度：She's never been out this latebefore(=as late as this before）.她以前从未在外面待得这么晚.Cut off about this much thread (= as much thread as this）.剪掉大约这么长的一段线.likethis in such a way；in the way shown 像这样What's all this? What is the trouble, matter, etc，here？怎么了？出了什么事？

that /ðæt/1 [det] being the one of two or more people or things that is there, further away in place，time，thought，etc 那；那个：You look in that box (there), and I'll look in this one （here）.你去查看（那边）那个箱子，我查看（这边）这个箱子.Take those books to his room， please.请把那些书拿到他的房间里去.In thosedays(= at that time; then) he was very busy, but not now．那时他很忙，但现在不忙了．2［det］being the one or amount stated, shown, or understood 那（表示所提到的、指出的或已知的事物）：Have you really eaten all that chocolate we bought yesterday？你真的把我们昨天买的那些巧克力都吃光了吗？Who＇s that man she wastalking to？正和她谈话的那个男人是谁？3［pron］one of two or more people,things,kinds,or ideas that is further in place, time,thought, etc 那（时、空、观念上较远的）：That is yourbook／his sister Jane.那是你的书／他的妹妹简.Take that，not this.拿那个，别拿这个.Are those what she wants？那些就是她想要的吗？Who isthat？-That is John Smith.那是谁？--那是约翰·史密斯．4 ［pron］ a thing，idea，etc，that is understood，stated，etc 那；那个（表示已知或已提过的事物）：Who told you that？是谁告诉你那件事的？I＇d never heard that before.我以前从未听说过那件事.Who＇s that？-It＇s me.谁呀？-是我.That is what you should do.那是你应该做的．5［pron］（not used with people）（不用于人） a the one or kind there（那边）那个；（那边）那种：Please take that（box）.请拿那个（箱子）. （Compare 比较：Please take that child.请把那

个小孩带走.）Just look at that！瞧瞧那个吧！bthe one or kind 那个；那种：The best coal is that from Newcastle.最好的煤产于纽卡斯尔.Have you any more apples?-What,have you finished all those I gave you？还有苹果吗？-什么？我给你的那些都吃光了吗？6［adv Wa5］infml so； to such a degree 那样；到那种程度：1like him but not （all） that much.我喜欢他，但还不到那种程度．7［conj］ often more fml（used for introducing various kinds of clause）（引导各种从句）：It is true（that）he＇s French.对，他是法国人.I＇ll make certain（that）he comes.我会想法子让他一定来的.I believe（that）you wantto leave.我相信你要走了.He was so rude（that） she refused to speak to him.他太粗鲁，她不肯跟他说话.Bring it closer so （that） I can see it better.把它拿近一点儿，我好看得更清楚一些.I＇llgive it to you on condition (that) you don't break it.只要你不把它弄坏，我就给你.Thereason was （that） he was afraid.原因是他害怕了.after that after what had happened； then 在那以后；然后；后来 and all that and so on等等；诸如此类：He used to take drugs and all that when he was younger.他年轻时吸过毒，干过诸如此类的事.at that additionally； besides； as well 而且：It＇s an idea， and a good one at that！那倒是个主意，而且是个好主意.like that insuch a way 像那样：Do they always dance like that in France？他们在法国总是那样跳舞吗？thatis （to say） in other words； more correctly 换言之；那就是（说）；说得更准确点that＇s that that isthe end of the matter; that settles the matter 就那样吧；就那样决定了 with that，also 又作 atthat when he had done that；then 在那以后；接着就：He kissed her and with that he left.他吻了她，然后就走了.

G286 conjunctions ＆ adverbs 连接词和副词：and，etc和、与等

and/ænd/ [conj]1(used to show connection or addition, esp of words of the same type or sentences of the same importance) as well as; together with；with；also；besides 和；及；同；又； 并且；此外：He started to shout and sing.他开始又叫又唱.The boy and girl went for a walk.男孩和女孩去散步了.He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿．2 （used to express result or expla-nation）（表示结果或说明）就；于是；那么：Waterthe seeds and they will grow.给种子浇水，它们就生长.Work hard and you might pass the examination (= If you work hard, you might pass）.努力学习，你考试就可能及格.She was sickand took some medicine.她病了，于是吃了一点药.（Compare 比较：She took some medicine and was sick．她吃了一点药就呕吐了．）3（usedto join repeated words and suggest continuing time，action，state，etc）（连接重复的词语，表示时间、动作、状态等的持续）：We ran and ran.我们跑了又跑.We waited for hours and hours.我们等了好多好多个小时.It came nearer and nearer.它越来越近了．4（after come，go，try，etc）（用

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于 come，go，try 等词后再接不带 to的不定式）：Come and have tea with me.来和我一起喝茶吧.You＇ll go and see her.你去看看她.

then／ðen／［adv Wa5］1（and） the next thing 后来；然后；接着：He left and then he came back. 他走了，后来又回来了.He wrote some letters；then he dug the garden; then he cleaned the car.他写了几封信，接着在园子里掘地，然后又冲洗汽车．2 if that is so 如果是那样的话；那么：He＇shungry.-Then he should eat something.他饿了．-那么，他该吃点东西．3 in addition 此外；再者；还有：Í was there； then there were my mother and father and my brother.我当时在场， 另外还有我爸爸、妈妈和弟弟.

than/ðæn/ [conj] (used after the compar of an adj or adv）（用于形容词或副词的比较级后）比；较：He is bigger than she is／than her.他个子比她大.They work more quickly than we do／than us.他们干活比我们快.

USAGE［用法说明］In modern English ＇He is bigger than her' is commoner than 'He is bigger than she',which is generally considered formal，pompous，or old-fashioned.在当代英语中，“He is bigger than her”比“He is bigger than she”更普遍，一般认为后者是正式的、矫揉造作的或老式的.

so/səu/1 [conj] with the result or purpose that 因此；所以；为了；以便：I had broken my glasses，so I couldn＇t see what was happening.我打破了眼镜，所以看不见当时发生了什么事.I＇ve packedyou a little food so you won＇t get hungry.我给你包了一些吃的，免得你挨饿．2［conj］ therefore因此；所以：I had a headache， so I went to bed. 我头痛，所以就上床睡觉了．3［conj］（used at thebeginning of a sentence）（用于句首）a（with weak meaning）（表示微弱语气）：So here we are again.我们又回来啦.b（to express discovery） （表示发现）：So now I see what＇s happening！我现在明白是怎么回事了！c what if？；What does itmatter that？···又怎么样？···又何妨？：So，I made a mistake;what are you going to do about it? 我是犯了错误，那你准备拿它怎么办呢？4［Wa5；F］in agreement with the facts；true 符合事实的； 真的：Some things just aren＇t so.有些事就是不对头.If what you say is really so， I＇ll have to change my mind.如果你所言属实的话，那我就必须改变主意．5［F］（used in place of an adjective already stated）（用来代替已述的形容词）：Of allthe careless people no one is more so than Bill.在所有粗心的人当中，没有一个比比尔更粗心的了.He＇s clever-probably too much so for his own good.他很精明-也许精明过头了.justso not fml 1 as long as； if only 只要：Just so he gets his three meals a day he doesn't care what happens.只要一日三餐不缺，他什么都不在乎．2 arranged exactly and tidily 安排得正确整齐；井井有条：If everything is not just so， he＇ll be angry.如果一切不是井井有条，他会生气的.

thus/ðAs/[adv Wa5] esp fml & formerly in this way；because of this 这样；因此：Do it thus.这样做.We have plenty of money and workers； thus we can hope to do more next year.我们有大量的资金和工人，因此希望明年可以做得更多.

therefore /'ðeə,fo:/ [adv Wa5] for that reason

G287 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

因此；所以：He had gone；she therefore gave the money to me.他已经走了，因此她把那笔钱给了我.

accordingly/ə'ko:dngli/ [adv Wa5] usu fml therefore，esp by agreement 因此；所以：He was asked to go, and accordingly he left at once.要他去，所以他就马上走了.

consequently /'kpnsə,kwentli/ [adv Wa5] usu fml because of this; as a result of this; there-fore 由于；结果是；因此；所以：They cannot dothe work; consequently, we must find another company.他们干不了那工作，因此我们必须另找一家公司.in consequence very fml consequently 由于；结果；因此

hence／hens／［adv Wa5］ fml consequently 因此； 所以：This work will cost over fl million， which is more than we can afford;hence,we cannot do it at this time.这项工作要耗资一百万英镑以上，我们支付不起，因此现时不能做.

furthermore /'fз:ðə,mo:/ [adv Wa5] fml & emph additionally 此外；再者；而且：They cannot do it, and furthermore no one else appears to want to do it either.他们干不了，再说似乎也没有其他人愿意干.

G287 conjunctions ＆ adverbs， etc 连接词和副词等：but，etc 但是、可是等

but /bat/ [conj] (used to make a contrasting statement）（表示转折）但是；可是；然而：She isrich but he is poor. 她有钱但他却很穷.He ispoor but （he is） honest.他穷但是诚实.She is rich but he is not. 她有钱可他没钱.He wantedto go，but she didn＇t.他想去，可她却不想.all but very nearly 几乎；差点；近乎：The work is all but finished.工作差不多完成了.but for without 要是没有；要不是：She would have died but forhim (= He saved her life; without his helpshe would have died）.要不是他，她早就死了.noth-ing but only；nothing other than 只是；仅仅；不外：That child causes nothing but trouble.那孩子只会惹麻烦.

although /o:l'ðəu/ [conj] (used at the beginning of a clause）but（用于从句之首）虽然；尽管；纵使：Although I don't want to (come), I'll come/ P'll come, although I don't want to (come) (= I don＇t want to come，but I＇ll come）.虽然我不想来，但我会来的／我会来的，虽然我并不想来.

though /ðəu/[conj] infml 1(used at the end of a clause）but（用于从句末）不过；可是；然而：Heis poor；he is honest though.他穷是穷，可是很诚实.I＇ve never eaten this kind of food before；I like it though.我以前从未吃过这种食品，可是我很爱吃．2 although 虽然；尽管；即使：I＇ll go，though I don＇t want to. 我会去的，尽管我并不想去.Though it＇s expensive，I＇ll buy it.尽管它很贵，但我还是要买.

even if／though ［conj］ emph although 尽管；即使；纵然：I want him to go even ifhe doesn＇t （want to go）！即使他不想去，我也要他去！

in spite of ［prep］ in opposition to 虽然；尽管··· 仍；不顾：In spite of the fact that they are poor， they are honest/In spite of being poor, they are

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G288 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

honest(= They are poor but they are honest). 他们虽穷但诚实.

despite ／dr＇spait／ ［prep］ fml in spite of 虽然；尽管···仍；不顾：Despite being poor， they are honest.他们虽然穷，却诚实.We＇ll go，despite the rain（＝ We＇ll go， even if it is raining）.尽管下雨，我们还是会去的.

however／hau＇evə／［conj］fml but 然而；可是；不过：He is poor； however he is honest／he is， however，honest／he is honest，however.他穷， 可是诚实.I have never eaten this kind of food before；I like it，however.我以前从未吃过这种食品，可是我爱吃.I have no wish to go；however， I shall go.我虽然不想去，不过我会去的.

nevertheless /,nevəðə'les/ [conj; adv Wa5] often emph however 然而；可是；不过：He is poor; nevertheless he is honest/he is, neverthe-less，honest／he is honest，nevertheless.他虽穷， 可是诚实.

nonetheless /,npnðə'les/ [adv Wa5] 1 no less （than others） 仍然；依然：He is nonetheless honest for being poor． 他虽穷却依然诚实．2nevertheless 然而；不过；可是：You may tell me not to come， but I＇ll come nonetheless！你也许叫我不要来，不过我还是要来的！

even so [adv Wa5] however; although that is true 然而；尽管如此：He is poor but even so heis honest.他穷，尽管如此他依然诚实.He doesnot want me to go， but even so I＇m going！他不想我去，尽管如此，我还是要去！Her book hasmany faults； even so， it is worth reading.她的书有不少缺点，不过仍值得一读.

still／stil／［adv Wa5］ often emot 1 even so 仍然； （尽管如此）还是：We knew he was unlikely to win, but it's still unfair that he didn't get a higher mark.我们知道他不大可能赢，但他没有得到较高的分数仍然是不公平的．2 however 然而；可是；不过：It＇s a very unpleasant affair； still， we can＇t change it.这是一件很不愉快的事情，可是我们也无法改变它.He＇s poor；still，he＇s honest！他穷可是诚实.

G288 conjunctions 连接词：if，etc 如果、要是等

if／If／1（showing a condition）（表示条件）如果；要是；假如：（future）If he goes， I＇ll go with him （将来）如果他去，我会和他一起去.（past）If hehad gone，I would have gone with him.（过去） 要是他去了，我会和他一起去的.（possibility） Ifhewere to go, I would go with him/If he went,I would go with him.（可能性）假如他去的话，我就和他一起去．2（for politeness） please（表示客气）请：If you（would be so good as to） give me the money, I'll buy the books (= Please give me the money and I＇ll buy the books）.如果您（肯）给我钱，我就买这些书．3（for generalstatements）when（ever）（一般性陈述）在...的时候；每当：If the shops are closed， you can＇t buy anything．商店关门，你就什么也买不到了．4（withnegative， showing surprise）（与否定词连用，表示惊讶）：Well，if it isn＇t my old friend Bill！呀，想不到原来是我的老朋友比尔！5 although 虽然；尽

管：He＇s friendly， if a little too talkative （＝ although he talks too much）. 虽然他话多一点， 但他很友善．as if 1 also 亦作 as though in away that suggests 好像；像是：She talks as iflthough she knows all about everything.她谈起来，好像什么都知道.He isn＇t careful；it＇s as ifhe doesn＇t want to do well.他很粗心，好像他不想干好似的．2 infml but not 才不；可不：Shehasn't asked you to her party.-As if I cared! （＝ But I don＇t care）他没有邀请你去参加她的聚会.-我才不在乎哩！if only（showing a strong wish）（表示强烈的愿望）要是：If only he hadhelped us, we wouldn't be in these difficulties now！-Ah yes；if only！要是他帮了我们的话，我们现在就不会这么困难了！-是啊，要是那样多好啊！only if（showing a special condition）（表示特定条件）只要：I＇ll come only if you really need me.只要你真的需要我，我就来.

whether／＇weðə／［conj］ 1 if．．．（or not）是否；是··· 还是不是：He asked me whether she was coming（or not）.他问我她来不来.He wondered whether to come （or not）.他不知道要不要来.Itwas uncertain whether he would come (or not）.他来不来不一定.The decision whether to see her （or not） was mine alone.见不见他由我自己决定.I worry about whether I hurt her feelings．我担心是否伤了她的心．2 a no matterif...（or）...不管···（还是）·..： I shall go， whether you come with me or stay at home.不管你跟我来还是留在家里，我都要去.b（no one knows） if itcan be...（or）...（谁都不知道）是···还是···（esp in the phrs whether by accident or design (= through luck or on purpose）不知是巧合还是故意安排）：Whether by accident or design they met.不知是凑巧还是故意安排的，他们相遇了.Whether through choice or obedienc I don't know but he certainly did all the work very well.是出于自愿还是奉命我不晓得，不过他把所有的工作都做得很好.

unless／ən＇les／［conj］ if...not 除非···否则；如果不： I won't go unless you go too (= If you do not go，I won＇t go）.除非你也去，否则我不会去的.Unless he's a fool, he will doit (= He will do it，if he is not a fool）.他会做这件事的，如果他不是傻瓜的话.

ospo /lizned,es/ 6uisoddns (that) /ə'sju:mi (ðæt)/ (in proposing possibilities） if（提出可能性）如果； 假如： Suppos-ing he wants tocome，what will you do？如果他要来，你怎么办？Assuming that he wants to get to London today， he must leave now.如果他想在今天到达伦敦，他就必须现在动身.

on condition (that) (in stating conditions clearly）if（明确表示条件）如果；在···的条件下：I＇llcome on condition that the work is done immediately.如果工作马上做完，我就会来.

G289 conjunctions ＆ prepositions，etc 连接词和介词等：giving reasons 表示原因、理由

because／br＇koz／［conj］ for the reason that 因为： I did it because she asked me to（do it）.我做

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了那件事，因为她要我这样做.Because she askedme to do it， Idid it.因为她要我做那件事，所以我就做了.Why did you go？-Because I wanted to.你为什么去了？-因为我想去.Just becausehe says nothing, it doesn't mean he's happy. 他什么都不说并不意味着他高兴.

USAGE［用法说明］After ＇the reason is＇，a clause beginning with that is preferred 在“the reason is”之后，最好用“that”开头的从句：Thereason (why) we're going is that my mother is ill (= We're going because my mother is ill). 我们去的原因是我母亲病了.

since/sins/[conj] (in giving a reason as a result of some thing） because（表示因某事所致）既然；鉴于；因为：Since you ask，I will tell you why. 既然你问起来了，我就告诉你为什么.I＇ll tell youwhy，since you ask.我告诉你为什么，既然你问起来了.Since you＇re tired， I＇ll do the work.既然你累了，这工作就由我来做吧.

as/æz/[conj] (esp in giving a reason when it is obvious or thought to be obvious） because（尤用于原因已很明显或认为很明显时）由于；因为：Asit＇s sunny， I＇ll go for a walk.由于天气晴朗，我就出去散散步.As she didn＇t come， we left with-out her.因为她没来，我们不等她就动身了.

because of ［prep］ by reason of 由于；因为： Because of her kindness to them the children like her very much (= The children like her very much because she is kind to them）.由于她待孩子们很好，所以他们都很喜欢她、Because ofhis long illness, he cannot work very hard now.因为他长期生病，所以现在工作不能太辛苦.

on account of [prep] sometimes more fml because of 因为；由于：On account of the rise in prices， we must also charge more.因为价格上涨，我们收费也得高些.He couldn＇t come，onaccount of being busy.他不能来，因为很忙.

due to ［prep］ directly caused by 由于；起因是： The trouble was all due to his bad behaviour. 麻烦完全是由于他行为不端而引起的.She can＇tcome due to illness.她因病不能前来.Due to bad weather，all the buses were late.由于天气恶劣，公共汽车全都误点了.

owing to [prep] (at the beginning of phrases) due to（用于短语之首）由于；因为：She can＇tcome， owing to illness.她因病不能前来.Owing to bad weather， all the buses were late.由于关气恶劣，公共汽车全都误点了.

through /θru:/[prep] emph because of;due to 由于；因为：It all happened through his care-lessness！这一切都是他粗心大意造成的！

from／from／［prep］ as a result of 由于；因为：He died from drinking too much for too long.他死于长期酗酒.

sake／serk／［C］ 1 for the sake of also 又作 for someone's/something's sake a for the good or advantage of 为···的缘故；为···（利益、好处）着想：If you won＇t do it for your own sake（＝to help yourself), then do it for my sake (= to please me）.如果你不愿意为自己（着想）去做，那么就看在我的份上吧.For both our sakes，pleasedo as I ask.为我们两人着想，请照我的要求去做吧.b for the purpose of 为了···目的：Please listen: I'm not talking just for talking's sake

G291 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

or for the sake of hearing myself！请听着，我并非只是为说话而说话，或者是为了听自己说话而说话！Just for argument＇s sake， let＇s suppose... 仅仅为了辩论起见，让我们假定···2 for God＇s／Christ's/goodness/pity('s) sake infml (used to give force to an urgent request or some-times an expression of annoyance）看在神／基督／ 老天爷份上，请可怜可怜（用于强调急切的请求，或用于表示厌烦）：For goodness sake， stop argu-ing！看在老天爷份上，不要再争论了！What doyou want from me，for God＇s sake？老天啊，你要我怎么样呢？

G290 intensifiers，etc 强化词等

certainly／＇s3：tnli／［adv］without doubt 一定；当然；无疑地：The team will certainly lose if he doesn＇t play.如果他不参加比赛，这个队一定会输.Can I come？-Certainly（you can）.我可以来吗？-当然可以.

definitely/'defənitli/ [adv] without any possible doubt 无疑地；肯定地：The team will definitely lose if he doesn＇t play.如果他不参加比赛，这个队肯定会输.Can I come？-You definitely must／Definitely！我可以来吗？-你一定得来／一定要来！

of course usu emph［adv Wa5］1 certainly 当然； 一定：Can I come？-Of course（you can）.我可以来吗？-当然可以.Of course he＇s the bestman for the job！他当然是担任这项工作的最佳人选！2 naturally 自然：I told them，of course， that I could not do it.我自然告诉了他们，我不能做这件事.He came too，of course.他当然也来了.

indeed /in'di:d/ [adv Wa5] usu fml & emph, esp formerly (said in answer to a speaker who has suggested the answer） certainly（用于答话时表示同意对方的意见）的确；不错；当然：Wereyou pleased？-Indeed I was（pleased）！你当时高兴吗？-当然高兴！Lovely weather，isn＇t it？-It is indeed （lovely weather）.天气好极了， 是吗？-的确不错.

G291 interjections，etc 感叹词等：

greetings and farewells 招呼语与告别语

hello，also 又作 hallo，hullo／hə＇ləu／BrE infml 1（used for greeting）（用于打招呼）嗨；哈啰；你好：Hello，everybody！各位好！He didn＇t say hullo to me． 他没跟我打招呼．2（showingsurprise）（表示惊讶）哟；啊：Hallo，what＇s this？ 哟，这是什么？3 （the word used for startinga telephone conversation）（打电话或接电话时招呼语）喂：Hello，is Mrs Brown there？喂，布朗太太在吗？Hello，who is speaking，please？喂，请问您是谁啊？

hi／har／also 又作 hi there infml，esp AmE hello 嗨；你好：Hi，everybody！各位好！

how do you do fml hello (a phrase used to someone you have just met for the first time, in later meetings，say＇How are you？＇）您好（和

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G292 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

别人初次见面时打招呼用语，日后再次会面时用“How are you?”): My name is John Smith; how do you do?-How do you do? I'm David Green.我叫约翰·史密斯，您好.--您好.我是大卫·格林.

how are you 1 (a phrase used when meeting someone you already know） 你好（见到认识的人时所用的招呼语）2（a question about some-one＇s health）你身体怎样？（询问对方的健康情况）

goodbye /gud'bai/1 (used for leaving people) （用于和别人分别时）再见：Goodbye，everybody！ 再见，诸位！She said goodbye to them.她向他们告别．2 ［C］ an act or occasion of saying goodbye 告别；告别的话：When all the goodbyes had been said，she felt very sad.道别之后，她十分难过.＇bye infml goodbye 再见：＇Bye，every-body！各位再见！

farewell ／＇feə＇wel／ lit ＆ old use 1 goodbye 再见； 再会：Farewell， my friends； it is time to depart. 再见，朋友们，该告别了．2［C］an act or occasionof saying farewell 告别；告别的时刻：They said their farewells.他们告别了.

cheerio ／tfiərr＇əu／ BrE infml goodbye 再见： Cheerio，everybody！各位再见！He said cheerio and left.他道别之后就走了.

cheers／tfiəz／ esp BrE infml 1 cheerio 再见 2 (said before starting an esp alcoholic drink with friends）（和友人祝酒时用）干杯：Cheers！干杯！3 thank you 谢谢：＇That＇s just what I want． Cheers!' she said when I gave her the present. 我给她礼物时，她说：“这正是我想要的，谢谢！”

ta-ta／tæ＇ta：／interj infml， esp BrE goodbye 再见

G292 adverbs 副词：yes and no 是与不

yes /jes/ (used to show agreement,willingness, etc）（用于表示同意、愿意等）是；对；行：Are yougoing？-Yes／Yes，I am.你去吗？--是的／是，我去.She said yes.她说行.yes-man［C］ deprec infml a person who always agrees with his employer，superior，etc 唯唯诺诺的人；唯命是听的人；应声虫

aye ／ar／ esp ScotE， N EngE ＆ formerly yes 是； 对；行：Can he do it？-Aye，he can.他能做这件事吗？--是，他能.aye-aye （used on ships when obeying orders）（水手表示遵命时用语）是：Movethose boxes！-Aye-aye，sir！ 把那些箱子搬开！-是，长官！

uh-huh ／ə＇hə／ infml yes 是：Are you going？-

Uh-huh.你去吗？-是的.

no/nəu/ (used to show disagreement, unwilling-ness，etc）（用于表示不同意、不愿意等）不：Areyou going？-No／No，I＇m not.你去吗？-不／ 不，我不去.She said no.她说不.

nay／nei／ esp N EngE ＆ formerly no 不

G293 interjections in general 一般的感叹词

ah/a:/1(used to show surprise,interest,etc) （用于表示惊讶、感兴趣等）啊：Ah，so that＇s whathe wants！啊，原来他要的是那个！2（used whenspeaking slowly and thinking as one speaks) （用于一边想一边慢慢地说话时）嗯：I think that-ah-he should tell them to-ah-come here.我想---嗯-他应该告诉他们-嗯--到这儿来．ah-hah emph ah（def1）啊；啊哈：Ah-hah，now I understand what he wants！啊哈， 现在我明白他想要什么了！

ahem /ə'hem/ (usual spelling for a sound made when clearing the throat, disagreeing, giving a quiet warning，etc）（为清喉咙、表示不同意或要求听者安静等而发的咳嗽声）啊哼：Ahem，excuseme，please.啊哼，对不起.

bah /ba:/ (used to show anger about, dislike for，etc something said，etc）（用于对别人的话表示愤怒、不悦等）呸：Bah！What a fool he is！呸！他真是个笨蛋！

eh/ei/ (used to show surprise, doubt,or to ask for agreement）（用于表示惊讶、疑问或征求同意等）呃；嗯：What do you think about it，eh？呃， 这件事你是怎么想的？

oh／əu／ （used to show surprise，fear，etc）（用于表示惊讶、害怕等）噢；哦：I＇m going too.-Oh，are you？我也去.--哦，是吗？He＇s coming.-Oh，no！他要来了.-噢，糟了！

ouch ／autf／ also 又作 ow／au／ （used to express sudden pain）（用于表示突然的疼痛）哎唷：Ouch，that hurt！哎唷，好痛呀！Ow，don＇t do that！哎唷，别那样做！

phew /fju:/ (used to show strong feeling, surprise， dislike，etc）（用于表示强烈的感情、惊讶、不满等）啐；唷：Phew，it＇s hot，isn＇t it？唷，真热啊，是吗？

ugh ／Ag／ （used to suggest disgust）（用于表示厌恶）啊；嘿；咄：Ugh，what a horrible thing to do！ 咄，做这样的事多可怕啊！

H

Substances, materials, objects, and equipment

物质、材料、物件与设备

Substances and materials generally

物质与材料（总称）

H1 nouns 名词：substances and

materials 物质与材料

substance/'sAbstəns/ 1 [C] what things are

formed out of（构成物体的）物质；东西：Whatkind of substance is that?-It's a kind of wood.那是什么物质？-是一种木头.Solid sub-stances are different from liquid substances. 固态物质有别于液态物质．2［U］（fig）strength，importance，wealth，etc 强度；重要性；财产：He likes a drink with substance in it.他喜欢喝有劲的酒.He is a man of substance.他是一个资产雄厚的人．3（fig）truth 真实性：There is no sub-stance in what he says about her.他讲的有关她的话一点也不可信.

material /mə'təriəl/ [U; C] any substance, usu solid,from which something is or may be made 材料（通常为固体）：Rubber is a widely-used material.橡胶是一种应用很广的材料.Whenbuilding materials cost more the price of houses increases.建筑材料贵了，房价就涨.

matter /'mætə/ [U] the material which makes up the world and everything in space which can be seen or touched（组成宇宙间一切可见到、可感觉到的物体的）物质；物体

stuff/staf/[U] infml & genl usu solid substance; material（常指固态的）物质；材料；东西：Whatkind of stuff is that？-It＇s like paper.那是什么东西？-好像是纸.This isn＇t good stuff to work with.这种材料不好加工.Can I have moreof that stuff over there，please？那边的东西我可以再要点吗？

resources/rr'so:siz/ [P] 1 materials, etc which a person, country, etc has, esp in a natural state 资源：Scotland has great （natural） re-sources-oil， water， trees， coal，and so on.苏格兰拥有丰富的（自然）资源-石油、水、森林、煤等等．2 wealth；possessions 财富；财产：What resources does he have？他有什么财产？

H2 nouns 名词：nature and composition 特性与成分

nature /'neitfə/ [U; C] the qualities which make something or someone different from others 特性；性质：What is the nature of the new chemical？这种新化学药品的特性是什么？Thenatures of these chemicals are very different （from each other）.这些化学药品的性质（彼此）很不相同.

composition / kompə'zifən/ [U] the way in which something is formed 成分；组成（情况）： He was studying the composition of the local rock.他那时正在研究当地岩石的成分.What isthe composition of your team？你们队的组织情况怎样？

H3 adjectives 形容词：simple， compound，and complex ［B］单一的、化合的与复合的

simple /'sımpəl/ [Wal, 3] (of a single whole) consisting of only one or a few parts 单一的；简单的：This is a simple substance； it is not made out of other substances simpler than itself.这是一种单一物质；它并不是由比其本身更单纯的其他物质构成的.-ply ［adv］-plicity，-pleness [U]

complex /kəm'pleks/ [Wa5] (of a single whole) consisting of many closely related or con-nected parts 复合的（由许多密切关连的部分合成的）：This is a complex substance； it is made up of many simple substances.这是一种复合物； 它是由多种单质构成的.There is a complexnetwork of roads connecting Glasgow and Edinburgh.一个纵横交错的道路网把格拉斯哥和爱丁堡联结在一起.-ity，-ness［U］

compound /'kompaund/ [Wa5] (of a single whole) consisting of two or more separable parts，substances，etc 化合的（由两个或以上可分开的部分或物质组成的）：This is a compoundsubstance; it is made up of at least two sub-stances simpler than itself.这是一种化合物，它是由至少两种比其本身结构简单的单质构成的.

composite /kpm'pəzit/ [Wa5] (of something whole) made up of several parts, each of

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H4 SUBSTANCES ＆ MATERIALS 物质与材料

which is complete in itself 混合成的（由多个各自完整的部分组成的）：The material is a com-posite substance formed of several other ma-terials，each of which is itselfcomplex.这种材料是一种混合物，它是由多种本身为复合物的物质构成的.-ness［U］

H4 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：

elements and constituents［C］元素与成分

element /'eləmənt/ any of more than 100 simple substances that consist of atoms of only one kind and that, alone or in combi-nation， make up all substances 元素：Both hy-drogen and oxygen are elements of water, which is formed when they combine, and so water is not itself an element.氢和氧都是水所含的元素，它们结合时就形成了水，因此水本身并不是一种元素.

constituent ／kən＇stitjuənt／［also 又作 Wa5；A］ (being) one of the parts that make up a whole 构成成分；构造；组成；构成的；组成的：What arethe constituents of this material？这种材料是由什么构成的？What are its constituent materi-als？构成它的是什么材料？

component／kəm＇pəunənt／［also 又作 Wa5；A］ esp tech (being) any of the parts that make up a whole （esp of a machine or system）（尤指机器或系统的）部件；构件；组成的；构成（全物）的：Have you got all the components you need to make the machine？组装这部机器所需的全部部件你都有了吗？The component pieces were all provided.所有的部件都已提供了.

base /beis/ [C] a substance which can combine with an acid［■H73］to form a salt 盐基；硷（可与酸结合形成盐的物质）

ingredient /in'gri:diən/ (esp of food) one of the parts of a mixture（尤指食物的）成分；配料；（混合物的）组成部分：What ingredients do you use？你们使用哪些配料？There are several in-gredients in this plan.这份计划由几部分组成.

factor/'fæktə/ one of the forces, conditions, influences, etc that act with others to cause a result 因素：The speed of their work is a factor we must not forget.他们的工作速度是我们不可忽视的一个因素.

feature /'fi:tfə/ an important, or special, etc, part of anthing 特点；特征：One of the features of the new car is its safet.这种新汽车的特点之一是安全可靠.Which features in the new car interest you most？新车的哪些性能使你最感兴趣？item/'artəm/ one thing among a set or on a list （一组事物或一清单上的一）条；项；条款；项目：Number the items from 1 to 10．把这些项目自一至十编上号码.Which item do we take first？我们先进行哪一项？That book is a costly item.那本书是一项不小的开支． itemize，-ise ［T1］ toexpress (a set of things) one by one as items 逐条（项）列举；分项列出：Please itemize evry-thing you bought.请把你买的东西逐项列出.

detail n： ／＇di：teil／，v：／dr＇tel／ ［also 又作 U］ a

small part, component,fact, item, etc of something larger 细节；细目；详情；整体中的一小部分：He worked well and took care of all the details: when we should go, what we should take with us， what we could eat， and so on.他工作做得很好，照顾到所有的细节：我们什么时候动身，应该随身带什么，能吃什么等等.Some of thedetails in the picture were not as well painted as others.这张画中的某些细部画得不如其他部分好.There is a lot of detail in that picture.那张画中有许多细微部分.The detail in the film wasgood.那部影片中的细节刻画得甚好.He told uswhat happened in detail（＝fully）.他对我们详细地讲述了发生的事.Don＇t go into detail（s）；just tell me the main points.不必细说，只讲要点就行了．detail［T1］to describe fully 详尽地描述： He detailed everything that happened.他详细地讲述了发生的每一件事.

H5 nouns 名词：atoms and molecules ［C］原子与分子

atom/'ætəm/ 1 the smallest piece of an ele-ment that still has the same qualities and can combine with other elements to form mole-cules 原子：Two hydrogen atoms combine with one atom of oxygen to produce a water mol-ecule．两个氢原子与一个氧原子合成一个水分子．2infml a very small bit 少许：There＇s not an atom of truth in that statement.那个声明毫无真实性可言.

nucleus /'nju:klrəs/ the central part of an atom 原子核；核子

molecule /'mplikju:l/ the smallest part of any substance that can be separated from the substance without losing its own chemical form and qualities 分子

particle /'pa:tikal/ a piece of matter smaller than，and part of， an atom 粒子

electron/r'lektron/ a particle with a negative charge of electricity, going round the nucleus of an atom 电子［→H201-2］

H6 nouns 名词：chemicals and minerals ［C］化学物质与矿物

chemical/'kemrkəl/any substance used or pro-duced by chemistry; any of the substances classed as elements or the compounds formed from them 化学物质；化学制剂；化学药品：Oxygenis the chemical most necessary to human life. 氧是人类生命不可或缺的化学物质.What chem-icals do you need to make that kind of gas? 生产那种气体需要哪些化学物质？He works in achemical factory.他在一家化工厂工作.

mineral /'minərəl/ any of various esp solid sub-stances that are formed naturally in the earth (such as stone, coal, salt, oil, etc), esp as ob-tained from the ground for man＇s use 矿物： Some countries are richer in minerals than

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others.有些国家矿产比其它国家丰富.The min-eral resources [→H1] of that country are very great.那个国家的矿产资源很丰富.

compound /'kompaund/ something consist-ing of a combination of two or more parts, substances, etc, esp a chemical substance con-sisting of at least two different elements com-bined in such a way that it usu has properties different from those of the elements from which it is made 化合物

composite /'kpmpəzit/ something consisting of several parts, each of which is complete in itself 混合物：These rocks are mineral com-posites.这些岩石是多种矿物的混合体.

amalgam /ə'mælgəm/ 1 fml a mixture or com-bination 合成物；混合物2 ［also 又作 U］ tech amixture of metals [→H67, 68] one of which is mercury 汞合金；汞齐：Fill the tooth with amalgam，not gold.用汞合金补牙，别用黄金.

H7 nouns，etc 名词等：solids，liquids， and gases 固体、液体与气体

solid /'splid/ [C] asubstance that cannot easily change its shape and at lower temperatures does not usu flow 固体：Metals are solids，but when heated to a high temperature become liquids.金属是固体，但加热到高温时会变成液体.

liquid /'likwid/ [C; U] a substance that flows more or less easily 液体：Water and oil are both liquids.水和油都是液体.

fluid /'flú:id/ [C; U] 1 a liquid, esp when it flows 流体2 any substance that flows，esp easily 流质gas/gæs/1 [U;C] a substance like air, which is

not solid or liquid 气体：There are several kinds of gas in air.空气中有几种气体.Air con-tains various gases．空气含有各种气体．2［U］a substance of this type which is burnt in the home to supply heat of warmth and cooking and （formerly）for light 煤气；瓦斯：Streets in Britain used to be lit by gas.过去英国的街道是靠煤气灯照明的.

bubble /'babəl/1 [C]a thin ball of liquid con-taining air 泡；气泡：The child was enjoying himself making and bursting soap bubbles.孩子在吹肥皂泡玩.Bubbles rose on the surface of the boiling liquid．沸腾液体的表面浮起了气泡．2［IØ（up）］ to send up bubbles 冒泡：The hot liquid began to bubble （up）.热的液体开始沸腾了.

H8 adjectives 形容词：relating to

materials，etc，generally［B］与材料等有关的（总称）

material/mə'təriəl/ [Wa5] 1 of or concerning matter or substance 物质的：Is the material world opposed to the world of the mind and spirit？ 物质世界是与精神世界相对立的吗？Thestorm did a great deal of material damage (=

H8 SUBSTANCES ＆ MATERIALS 物质与材料

to buildings and such）.这场暴风雨造成了很大的物质损失（如房屋等）．2 of the body rather thanthe mind or soul 肉体的；身体的：She was toopoor to satisfy her children's material needs （＝food，clothing，etc）.她太穷，无法满足孩子们物质生活需要（如衣、食等）.

elemental /,elə'mentəl/ [Wa5] 1 of or concern-ing natural forces， such as wind，rain，etc 自然力的2 simple in form，like an element 元素的； 基本的

mineral /'minərəl/[Wa5] of,connected with, containing, or having the nature of minerals; belonging to the class of minerals 矿物的；含矿物的：Salt is a mineral substance.盐是一种矿物质.Many African countries have great mineral wealth.许多非洲国家有丰富的矿藏.

chemical/'kemikal/[Wa5] of, connected with, used in， or made by chemistry 化学的；化学上用的；用化学方法制成的：A chemical change takesplace in paper when it burns.纸燃烧时就发生化学变化.

molecular\_/mə'lekjulə/ [Wa5] tech of, con-nected with, or produced by a molecule [→H5］分子的；由分子组成的；由分子产生的

atomic /ə'tpmik/ [Wa5] 1 of or concerning an atom or atoms 原子的2 working on or moving by atomic power 以原子能为动力的：This is anatomic ship． 这是一艘核动力船．3 possessingatom bombs 拥有原子弹的：The USA is anatomic power.美国是核子大国.

nuclear /'nju:klə/ [Wa5] 1 of, concerning, or being a nucleus［→H5］核子的；原子核的2 of， concerning, or using the nucleus of an atom, atomic energy，or the atom bomb 原子核的；用原子核的；核动力的；用核能的；原子弹的；用原子弹的：They built a nuclear power station.他们建造了一座核电站.She is afraid of nuclear war. 她害怕核战争.He is a nuclear scientist.他是一位核子科学家.

solid /'splid/[Wa2]1 (of substances) not chang-ing form easily at lower temperatures; not liquid or gaseous 固体的；固态的：Wood is a solid substance．木头是一种固体物质．2 of thesame material throughout；not hollow 实心的； 无空隙的：The wall was made of solid wood.这面墙是用坚实的木头筑成的．3（fig）infml with-out a break 无间断的；连续的：He waited forthem for two solid hours but they didn't come．他足足等了他们两小时，但他们没有来．4（fig）dependable or sensible 可靠的；结实的；明智的：He is a very solid businessman.他是一位非常可靠的商人.That is a good solid piece ofwork.那真是件结实牢靠的产品.solidity［U］thequality or state of being firm, not hollow,well made，dependable or in agreement 坚固性；可靠性；充实；坚实：I don＇t think much of the solidity of this report／this wall.我不太相信这份报告的可靠性／这墙的坚固性．solidify［T1；IØ］ to（cause to） become solid，hard，or firm（使）凝固；（使）变坚固；（使）变一致：Cold should so-lidify the mixture.低温可使这一混合剂凝固.Opinion on the question had begun to solid-ify.关于这一问题的意见已开始趋于一致.solidi-fication［U］the act of solidifying 凝固；一致

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liquid /'likwid/ (of substances) flowing or moving easily； not solid or gaseous 液体的；液态的：Water is a liquid substance.水是一种液态物质．liquefy ［T1；IØ］ to （cause to） become liquid（使）液化 liquefaction［U］

fluid/'flund/ 1 having the quality of flowing, like liquids，air， gas，etc； not solid 流质的；流动的2（fig）unsettled；not fixed 不固定的；易改变的：We have only just begun to plan the work and our ideas on the subject are still fluid.我们刚刚开始计划这项工作，对这一问题的意见尚未确定.-ity［U］

viscous /'viskəs/(of liquids) thick orsticky;not flowing easily（指液体）粘的；粘稠的；粘性的-ness [U]viscosity[U]tech

gaseous ／＇gæsrəs／ of or like gas 气体的；似气体的

gassy／＇gæsi／［Wal］full of（a）gas 充满气体的：I like natural fruit juice, but not gassy drinks. 我喜欢天然果汁，不喜欢带气的饮料.

H9 nouns 名词：oil，jelly，and glue ［U；C］ 油、冻子与胶

oil/oil/any of several types of fatty liquid(from animals, plants, or under the ground), some used for making machines run easily, and others for cooking and burning，etc（动植物、矿物）油；用于机器的润滑油；食油；燃油：He putoil on all the moving parts of the machine, to make them turn more smoothly.他给机器的各个转动部件上润滑油，使它们运转更平滑.There aremany oils in use today.今天人们使用的润滑油有很多种.

grease／gri：s／1 any thick substance like oil 油脂；油膏；润滑油脂；油腻状物：Put some grease onthe wheels, so they don't make that noise when they move.给轮子上点润滑油，这样它们在转动时就不会发出那种噪音了.He puts grease onhis hair （＝ to make it shiny）.他在头发上抹了油.2 animal fat when soft after having been melted 动物脂：Candles are made out of grease.蜡烛是用动物脂做的.There was a lot ofgrease on the plates.这些盘子上有很多油.

paste /perst/any soft wet mixture of powder and liquid that is easily shaped or spread 糊； 膏；糊状物：This is where they mix the paste for toothpaste.这就是他们把膏糊调配起来制造牙膏的地方.

jelly /'d3eli/ any clear, almost soft substance which shakes or yields when touched 冻子；果子冻；啫喱：She likes eating cakes and jellies.她喜欢吃糕点和果子冻.He shook like a jelly； hewas very frightened.他害怕极了，浑身直哆嗦.

gelatin(e) /'d3elətiin/ a substance, used esp in cooking, which has no colour or taste and is obtained from bones, etc, which melts in hot water and becomes jelly when cold 明胶；动物胶；骨胶

gum /gam/ 1 any of several kinds of sticky substance obtained from the stems of some trees and bushes 树胶；树脂 2 a sticky sub-

stance used for sticking things together 胶水； 胶浆

glue/glu:/a sticky substance which is obtained from animal bones or fish and is used for joining things together 胶；（由动物的骨或鱼类熬制而成的）胶水

H10 verbs 动词：oiling，greasing，and gluing 加油、涂油脂、用胶粘

oil /ol/ [T1] 1 to put oil on or in to make parts work or run more easily 加润滑油：He oiled the machine．他给机器加了润滑油．2 to rub oil onor into 上油；涂油：She oiled the table to preserve the wood.她给桌子涂上油以保护木头.

grease／gri：s／ ［T1］ to put grease on 涂油脂于： Grease the tin with butter before baking the cake.烤点心前先在烤盘上涂些黄油.The swim-mers greased their bodies to keep warm in the cold water.游泳的人往身上涂油以在冷水中保暖.

lubricate /'lu:brikeit/ [T1] to make (a machine, etc) work better by putting oil or grease on moving parts 加润滑油：The car needs lubri-cating.这辆汽车需要加润滑油了.lubrication［U］ the act oflubricating 注润滑油：Regular lubrication keeps a car in good running con-dition.定期注润滑油可使汽车保持良好运转状态.lubricant [C;U] an oil used in lubricating; any substance that lubricates 润滑油；润滑剂

paste/perst/[X9] to stick or fasten with paste （用浆糊）粘贴：Please paste these sheets of paper together.请把这些纸粘在一起.

gum /gam/ [X9] to stick (something some-where） with gum（用胶水）粘贴：The actor gummed on a false beard.这位男演员贴上了假胡须.She gummed the picture into her book. 她把这张画贴在她的书里了.Gum the envelopedown properly before posting it.寄信之前要把信封粘好.

glue ／glu：／［T1］ to join with glue 用胶粘：He glued the pieces of wood together.他把这些木片粘在一起了.

H11 verbs 动词：stcking and adhering 粘、贴

stick/stik/1[Iø (to, together)] (of one thing) to become fixed (to another thing) with glue [ H9］ or any substance like it 粘贴；粘合：The paper stuck to the wall. 纸贴在墙上了.The paper is sticking；it won＇t come off. 这纸贴住了，它不会脱落.The papers stick together.这些文件贴在一起了．2［X9］ to cause to becomefixed like this 使粘住；贴上：Stick the papers to the wall.把这些文件贴在墙上.Stick the stampon the letter.把邮票贴在信上.

adhere ／əd＇hıə／ ［IØ］ esp fml to stick firmly 粘附； 粘合：This surface will adhere to that one；it adheres well.这一面会粘在那一面上的，它粘得很牢.

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cohere/kəu'hrə/ [IØ] 1 to stick together; be united 粘结起来；凝聚；团结一致：The party mustcohere if it＇s to win the next election.这个党要想在下届选举中获胜，就必须团结起来．2［Wv6］tobe reasonably and naturally connected, esp in thought（尤指思想上的）一致协调；前后一贯：Dohis religious and political beliefs cohere？他的宗教信仰和政治信仰一致吗？cohesion［U］1 theact or state of sticking together tightly 粘合（性）；凝聚（性）；一致（性）：The social and politi-cal cohesion of this country is the result of history.这个国家在社会和政治方面的一致性是历史的产物.We need more moral cohesion if we＇re to defeat the enemy.我们需要精神上更加团结，才能打败敌人．2（in science） the forcewhich holds parts of a substance or body together（粘合的）内聚力 cohesive 1 producing cohesion 凝聚的；粘合的；内聚的：cohesive forces in society 社会的内聚力 2 tech tending tocohere 有内聚力的：Is water cohesive by nature or not？水是否具有内聚性？-ly［adv］-ness［U］

H12 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to oil，grease，glue，etc［B］有关油、油脂、胶粘物等

oily/'oili/[Wal] of, concerning, like,or covered in oil 油的；似油的；涂有油的：The water lookedoily.这水看上去像油似的.His hands were oilyafter working on the engine of his car.在修理汽车发动机后，他的双手油乎乎的.（fig）The manhad an oily manner/smile, and so I didn't trust him.这个人一副油腔滑调的样子／笑容，所以我不信任他.-liness ［U］

oleaginous /,əulr'æd3ənəs/ [Wa5] fml oily; like oil 油质的；似油的；油腻的：The liquid wasoleaginous.这种液体是油质的.

gelatinous /d3ə'lætənəs/ [Wa5] of, concerning, or like gelatin 凝胶的；骨胶的；含凝胶的；似凝胶的：He used a gelatinous material.他用了一种凝胶状的材料.

greasy/'gri:si/[Wal] 1 covered with or contain-ing grease 含油脂的；涂上油脂的；油腻的：I don＇tlike greasy food or washing greasy plates.我不喜欢油腻的食物，也不喜欢洗油腻的盘子.He hasrather greasy hair．他的头发油乎乎的．2 slippery 滑的：The roads are greasy after the rain.下雨以后道路很滑.-sily［adv］-siness［U］

sticky /'stiki/ [Wal] 1 tending to stick to some-thing 粘的：This paper is sticky； is there glue on it？这纸有粘性，它上面有胶水吗？2（fig）diffi-cult 难办的：This is a sticky matter.这是一件棘手的事.

gluey／＇glu：i／［Wa1］ 1 sticky like glue 粘的；胶粘的2 covered with glue 涂胶的；带胶的

adhesive /əd'hirsiv/ 1 [Wa5] able to stick or cause sticking 粘的；有粘性的2［C］an adhesive substance， such as a sticky liquid （glue） 胶粘剂；胶水［→H66］

H13 SUBSTANCES ＆ MATERIALS 物质与材料

H13 nouns 名词：rubbish and waste ［U］ 垃圾与废物

rubbish/'rabif/1 things which have been, will be, or should be thrown away; anything use-less 垃圾；废物：Get rid of that rubbish.把那些垃圾清除掉.Put the rubbish in the rubbish bin (= a special box, etc, for rubbish before it is taken away）．把垃圾倒入垃圾箱．2（fig）deprec stupid and useless ideas，words，etc 废话；无聊的念头：What rubbish；I don＇t believe it！真是废话，我不相信！She talks rubbish all the time.她老是废话连篇.

garbage /'ga:bid3/ esp AmE 1 waste material; rubbish 垃圾；废物：The street is covered with old cans and other kinds of garbage.街上到处都是破罐头盒和各种各样的垃圾．2（fig）deprecrubbish 废话：He＇s talking a load of garbage； you can see how he doesn't know anything about the subject.他正在讲一大堆废话，可见他对这个问题是多么无知.

refuse /'refju:s/ things which have been used and have been, can be, or will be thrown away 垃圾；废物：When is your refuse collected？你们的垃圾什么时候收走？People collect the refusetwice a week here.这里每周收两次垃圾.

waste／weist／ ［also 又作 C often pl］ used，dam-aged， or unwanted matter 废物；废料；废渣；粪便：A lot of poisonous waste comes／wastes come from that chemical factory.那个化工厂排出大量有毒的废料.Waste from the body passesout from the bowels.粪便经过肠道排出体外.

scrap /skræp/ material which cannot be used for its original purpose but which may have some value（或可作其它用途的）废品；废物：Sellthat car for scrap/for its scrap value (= as metal to be used again）.把那辆汽车当废铁卖了吧.He did his writing on scrap paper first.他先在废纸上写初稿.

trash/træf/ esp emot rubbish; something which is considered of low quality，value，etc 垃圾；糟粕；废物：Put the trash in that box.把废物扔在盒子里.＇That book is just trash，＇she said.她说： “那本书毫无价值.”

litter ／＇litə／ ［also 又作 S9］ useless things，esp when thrown away, lying where they should not be，etc 到处乱丢的废物；垃圾：The streetsused to be nice and clean but now they're full of litterlnow they are a litter of broken bottles and bits of paper.这些街道过去非常干净，但现在到处都是垃圾／现在到处都是破瓶子、碎纸片.

lumber /'lambə/ esp BrE useless or unwanted articles, such as furniture, stored away some-where 存放起来的废物、破烂物（如旧家具等）

junk /d3agk/ infml 1 useless things; things no longer wanted 废弃的旧物；无用的东西：Whatwill you pay him for all this old junk？这堆破烂东西你会给他多少钱？2 deprec material ofpoor quality 破烂货；次货；劣质物品：His latestbook is junk.他最近的那本书很差劲.

salvage /'sælvid3/ useful or valuable property saved from being destroyed 抢救出来的财物： They held a sale of salvage from the wrecked

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ship.他们拍卖从沉船上抢救出来的财物.The chil-dren saved old metal milk bottle tops as salvage.孩子们积存旧牛奶瓶的金属盖，废物利用.

H14 nouns 名词：sediment and debris

［U］沉积物与废石堆

sediment ／＇sedəmənt／ ［also 又作 S］ esp. tech solid material that settles to the bottom of a liquid 沉积物；沉淀物：There was （a） brown sediment in thebottom of the cup.杯底有棕色的沉淀物．［→H63］

sludge／slad3／1 thick sediment or mud 淤泥 2 tech the product of the treatment of sewage ［→D42］污水处理后的沉积物3 dirty waste oil inan engine 发动机中的油垢

residue ／＇rezədju：／ ［also 又作 S］ what is left of anything after some of it, usu the more important part，has been taken away 残留物；渣滓：There was a residue of liquid at the bot-tom of the bottle.瓶子底部还残留着一点儿液体.residual ［Wa5； B］ being a residue 残留的： After the heavy rains residual water took a long time to go away.大雨之后，积水很长时间才排走.-ly［adv］

rubble/'rAbəl/broken stones, bricks, pieces of walls，etc 碎砖石；残壁：After the war many cities were full of rubble/of the rubble of buildings.战后许多城市到处都是断砖残瓦／颓垣断壁.

debris/'debri:/ Fr 1 the remains of something broken to pieces or destroyed； ruins（破坏物的）碎片；瓦砾堆；废墟：After the bombing there was a lot of debris everywhere.在轰炸之后，到处瓦砾成堆．2 esp tech heaps of pieces of rock 废石堆

detritus/dr'traitəs/ tech 1 heavier matter which sinks or falls down to the bottom, as from sewage when it is being treated chemically 沉淀物（例如污水化学处理过程中较重而沉积的物质）2 substances rubbed away from rock by the wind or by water，such as sand（风化作用形成的）岩屑；风化土砾

effluent ／＇efluənt／ ［also 又作 C］esp tech a stream of usu dirty water flowing from a factory，sewage system，waste pipes，etc（工厂、污水系统等排出的）污水；废水：Industrial effluentoften causes a problem to people＇s health.工业废水常常危害人体健康.

H15 verbs 动词：getting rid of and scrapping things［T1］青除与废弃

[ALSO→D89]

get rid of to put, take,or send away (something or someone that one no longer wants） 清除；摆脱；丢弃；除去（不需要的东西或人）：Please get ridof all these old papers.请把这些旧文件全部清理掉.

dispose of [v prep] genl to get rid of (some-

thing or someone），esp officially（尤指正式地） 处理；除去；清除：They dispose of the city＇s waste in the sea.他们把城市的垃圾倾入大海.

discard/dis'ka:d/ to put away (something one does not need） 抛弃；丢掉：He discarded his clothes and jumped into the water.他脱掉衣服， 跳进水里.You can＇t just discard people like old clothes！你不能把人像旧衣服一样弃置不顾.

scrap /skræp/ esp emph 1 to get rid of as no longer useful or wanted； discard 废弃；抛弃： The weather was bad so they scrapped the plan to go camping.由于天气恶劣，他们放弃了去野营的计划．2 to make into scrap 把···作为废料处理；拆毁：They scrapped all battleships built before 1942．他们把1942年前建造的主力舰都拆掉了.

junk/d3ank/ infml & emph to get rid of as worthless 丢弃；废弃：Let＇s junk this old plan and think of a new one.让我们放弃原来的计划，另想个新的吧.

dismantle /dis'mæntl/ tech to take (esp a machine） to pieces 拆卸（尤指机器）：He dis-mantled one engine and used its parts to mend the other engines.他拆卸了一台发动机，用它的零件来修理别的发动机.

cast/ka:st/ to let fall or allow to come off, esp as part of a natural action（尤指自然地）脱落； 蜕（皮）：The snake cast its skin.那条蛇蜕了皮.The horse cast a shoe.马掉了一只马掌.

moult BrE, molt AmE /məult/ [IØ; (T1)] (of animals and birds) to lose hair, feathers,etc, at certain times so that new hair, feathers,etc, can grow（兽类及鸟类）脱毛；换羽

shed ／fed／1 to cast or moult 脱落；蜕（皮）；换（羽）：The snake shed its skin.那条蛇蜕了皮. The dog is shedding hair everywhere.那条狗到处脱毛.The trees are shedding their leaves.这些树正在落叶．2 to give out 发出；放射：Thatlamp sheds a good light.那盏灯发出明亮的光.

H16 verbs 动词：covering and littering

［T1］覆盖与乱丢乱放

cover/'kavə/1 to be or lie on the surface of; spread over （something） 覆盖；铺上：Dust covered all the furniture.所有的家具都蒙上了尘土.The road was covered with sand.这条路铺上了砂子.Cats are covered with fur.猫身上长着毛.He is covered in spots；I think he＇s ill.他浑身都是斑点；我想他是病了．2 to place or spreadsomething upon, over, or in front of (some-thing） in order to protect，hide，etc 遮盖；遮蔽： The noise was so loud that she covered her ears with her hands.噪音很大，她用双手捂住了耳朵.Mother covered the table with a cloth.母亲在桌子上铺了一块台布.He covered over theletter with a book so that she couldn't see it. 他用一本书把信盖上，不让她看见.

litter /'litə/ to cover or make untidy with litter ［H13］乱丢（废物）；使凌乱：Old paper littered the room.废纸扔得满屋都是.Stop littering the place with those old papers！别在这个地方乱丢旧文件了！

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H19 SUBSTANCES ＆ MATERIALS 物质与材料

陷于（麻烦）；牵连；涉及：Don＇t involve me in

your fights，please.请别把我卷入你们的斗殴中去.

involvement 1 [U] the condition of being

involved 卷入；牵涉 2 ［C］ something which

involves one 牵连：No more involvements，

please；I have enough to do.请别再牵扯我了，我

要干的事已够多的了.

implicate /'impli,keit/1 [usu pass] to invoIve,

esp in something bad 使牵连（尤指坏事中）：Í

didn＇t want to get implicated.我不想被牵连进

去．2 to show that （someone else） is alsoto

blame 表示（某人）也应受责备：The prisoners

implicated two other people in the crime.这些

犯人供出另外两个人与这宗罪案有牵连.impli-

cation [U] the condition of being implicated

牵连

H18 verbs 动词：excluding［T1］排除

exclude /ik'sklu:d/ 1 to keep out (from some-

where）拒绝接纳；（从···）排除：The meeting was

secret and everyone except the committee

members was excluded.会议是秘密的，除委员会

成员外一概不得参加.They excluded children

from（joining） the club.他们不让小孩子参加这

个俱乐部．2 not to cover among the rest 不包括：

You're all guilty; I can exclude no one from

blame.你们都有罪过，没有一个能免受谴责.There

were 30 people in the hotel, excluding the

hotel workers.除旅馆服务人员外，旅馆里当时有三

十个人．3 to shut out from the mind （a reason

or possibility）不考虑；排除（理由或可能性）：We

can exclude the possibility that he did it.我们

可以排除他做那事的可能性.

except/ik'sept/ to exclude (someone or some-

thing) from something, esp for a particular

reason 把···除外；不包括···在内：I except him

from my complaint; he worked well, although

the others didn＇t.他不在我抱怨之列，尽管别人干

得不好，他却干得挺好.

keep out [v adv] to prevent (something or

someone） from entering 使在外；阻止···进入：

This notice should keep unwelcome visitors

out.这通告应该可以阻止闲人进入.The notice

read：＇Keep out！＇告示写道：“请勿入内！”These

windows are very good; they keep the cold air

out and the warm air in.这些窗户很好，可以保

暖御寒.

H19 nouns 名词：including and

excluding 包括与排除

inclusion/ın'klu:3ən/1 [U] the act of including

or state of being included 包括在内：With the

inclusion of a few more words, the list will be

complete．再添几个字，这名单就完整了．2［C］

something that is included 包括在内的东西：We

ought to have that as an inclusion in the

dictionary.我们词典里应该包括那个.

involve /mn'vplv/ to cause (someone) to be exclusion /ik'sklu:3ən/ [U (from)] the act of included in or troubled by something 包括；使

excluding 排除在外；被拒绝加入：His exclusion

H17 verbs 动词：including and

containing［T1］包括与包含 [ALSO→D81]

include/m'klu:d/1 to have as a part or mem-ber; containing in addition to other parts or members 包括；算人：The price includes postal charges.价格包括邮费在内.When I say twohours，that includes time for eating.我说两小时，是把吃饭的时间也算在内了.There were sixpeople，including three women.共有六人，包括三名妇女.All of us went including me／me in-cluded．所有的人都去了，包括我在内．2 to put inwith something else 加在···上：I included eggs on the list of things to buy.我在购物单上加上了鸡蛋.

cover /'kavə/ to include, esp in planning, dis-cussion，etc（尤指计划、讨论等）包括；涉及：Wecovered everything at the last meetingwe don＇t need another meeting.上次会议我们讨论了所有的问题，用不着再开会了.Can we cover allthe points before three o＇clock？在三点钟以前我们可以讨论完所有要点吗？

count ／kaunt／ usu not fml to include 包括： There are five people here, (not) counting me. （不）包括我，这儿有五个人.count in［v adv］ toinclude in a group 把···算在内：Count me in； I＇m coming too！把我也算在内，我也来！countout ［v adv］ not to include in a group 不把···算在内：Count me out；I＇m not doing it！ 别把我算进去，我不干那件事！

contain／kən＇tein／ to have within itself 包含；容纳：This bottle contains two glasses of beer.这个瓶子可装两杯啤酒.This book contains im-portant information.这本书里有很重要的资料.How much does this packet contain？这个小包可装多少？Orange juice contains things which help keep you healthy.橙汁里含有有益于健康的东西.content ［U］ what is contained in some-thing: esp the main ideas, facts, etc in a book, article，etc 内容：The content of the book is very good but I don＇t like the pictures.这本书的内容很好，但我不喜欢它的图画.contents ［P］the things contained in something 里面装的东西；所包含的东西：The police were interested in the contents of the murdered woman's bag／stomach.警方对被杀害妇女的提包／胃里的东西很感兴趣.Look at the contents page of the book.请看书的目录.

hold／həuld／［Wv6］ to be able to contain 可容纳； 装：How much water does the pan hold？这锅可装多少水？The car can hold four adults.这辆车可坐四个成人.（fig） Life holds manysurprises.生活中颇多出人意料的事.

havé in [Wv6] not fml 1 [v prep D1] (of a container） to keep within （itself）（指容器）装有：What does the box have in it？ 盒子里有什么？2［v adv］ also 又作 have got in to keep a supply of （something） 备有：Does she have enough sugar in (=inthe house,shop,etc)? 她备有足够的糖吗？

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H20 SUBSTANCES ＆ MATERIALS 物质与材料

from the tennis club hurt him very much.网球俱乐部拒绝他加入使他很伤心.to the exclusionof so asto leave out (all other members of a group） 排除···： He studied history at the uni-versity, to the exclusion of all other subjects. 他在大学专攻历史，别的课程都没有修读.

H20 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to including and excluding ［B］有关包括与排除

inclusive /In'klu:siv/1 [B] containing or includ-ing everything （or many things）包括一切的： £10 is an inclusive charge;there is no more to pay.十英镑已包括一切费用在内，不需要另外付钱了．2［Wa5；E］ including all the numbers or dates（日期、数字等）首尾都包括在内的：He willbe here Wednesday to Friday inclusive.他将从星期三到星期五在这儿，首尾两天包括在内．3[Wa5; E (of)] (of a price or charge) including other costs that are often paid separately（价钱或费用）包括（通常另付的费用）在内的：Therent is £20 inclusive of heat．租金二十英镑包括暖气在内．The rent is £20 inclusive （of every-thing）.租金包括一切在内共为二十英镑.-ly［adv］all-inclusive /'o:lmn'klu:siv/ [Wa5] including

everything 包括一切的：They had an all-inclusive tour of Hong Kong.这次他们的香港之游是由人包办一切的.The rent is all-inclusive.租金包括一切费用.

comprehensive / komprr'hensiv/ including much or all of something 包含众多内容的；包括全部的；全面的；综合的：The teacher gave acomprehensive description of the subject.教师详尽地介绍了这个问题.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

exclusive /ik'sklu:siv/1 [Wa5;A] not shared with others 专用的；独占的：This bathroom is for the President＇s exclusive use.这间浴室供总统专用.He gave the newspaper an exclusive story.他向这家报纸提供了一篇独家报道.Hebought the exclusive rights (= for example, to make a film from a book）．他买下了专利权．2[B] a that excludes unsuitable people and charges a lot of money 不普遍的（拒绝不合资格的人、收取高昂费用的）：an exclusive school／club／hotel／shop 高级学校／俱乐部／旅馆／商店 b（of a person） not willing to make friends（指人）孤傲的；孤僻的3［C］a newspaper story at first given to or printed by only one news-paper 独家新闻 4［C9］ a product on sale only in the stated shop 专卖商品：It is a G and Wexclusive.这是G和W商店的专卖品.

except／rk＇sept／ ［prep］ not including 除···之外； 不包括···：Everyone came except her.除她外大家都来了.Except for her，everyone came.除她之外，大家都来了.He is quite happy，except that she isn＇t here with him.他很快乐，唯一不开心的，是她没有能来和他在一起.

but／bat／［prep］except 除···之外；不包括···：Every-body went but me.除我之外别人都去了.

H21 verbs 动词：being made up of things ［Wv6；T1］由···构成

be made (up)/(out) of usu not fml to have as the parts or material 由···制成；构成：What is that made of？-It is made of wood.那是用什么做的？-是用木头做的.Water molecules［＝H5] are made up (out) of two atoms of hydro-gen [→H74] and one atom of oxygen [→H74]. 水分子是由两个氢原子和一个氧原子构成的.Thepopulation of the city is made up equally of Indians and Chinese.这个城市的人口由印度人和中国人构成，他们人数相等.

consist of [v prep T1] often fml to be made up of 由···组成；由··构成：The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 联合王国由大不列颠和北爱尔兰组成.Dinnerconsisted of bread and cheese.正餐有面包和干酪.

comprise/kəm'praiz/ [T1] usu fml to consist of； include； be made up of 由···组成；包括：The United Kingdom comprises England,Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.联合王国包括英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰.

be composed of genl & sometimes fml to be made up of 由···组成：The United Kingdom is composed of four countries which united at various times in history.联合王国是由在不同历史时期合并起来的四个国家组成的.What is thismaterial composed of？这种材料是由什么构成的？

H22 verbs 动词：making up something ［Wv6；T1］构成某物

make up [v adv] to be or form by some fact, law，etc 构成：Indians and Chinese make up the largest part of the city＇s population.印度人和中国人占这城市人口的大多数.

comprise/kəm'praiz/ loose to make up;form 组成；构成：The population of the United States is comprised of people from many different parts of the world.美国的人口由来自世界各地的人组成.Fifteen separate republics comprised the former Soviet Union.前苏联原是由十五个不同的加盟共和国组成的.

constitute/'kpnstətju:t/fml & precise to make up；form 构成；组成：Seven days constitute a week.一星期有七天.Fifteen separate republics constituted the former Soviet Union.前苏联原是由十五个不同的加盟共和国组成的.

H23 verbs 动词：putting things in other things［T1］把一物放入它物里

put in [v adv] to move, place, etc (something) inside another thing 放入：Take that box and put all the books in.把那个盒子拿去，将所有的书都放在里面.Put in as many as you can.你能装多少进去就装多少进去.

get in [v adv]1 genl infml & emph to (manage

542

to） put in（设法）放入：The box was pretty full but we managed to get the books in.盒子已经很满了，但我们还是硬把这些书塞了进去．2 tocollect or buy a supply of 收获；购入：The farmers are getting the crops in.农民在收庄稼. We should get some wine in for the party.我们该为聚会买些酒.

insert /mn's3:t/ [T1 (in(to))] often fml to put （something） inside something else 插入；嵌进： He inserted a key in the lock.他把钥匙插进锁里.Insert the word you left out.把你漏掉的词补上.After we inserted the advertisement （in the newspaper) several people came to buy the car.我们（在报纸上）登了广告之后，有好几个人来买汽车． insertion 1 ［U］ the act or action of inserting 插入；嵌进2［C］something inserted， esp an advertisement in a newspaper 插页；插入物（尤指报刊中的广告）

H24 verbs 动词：taking things out of other things［T1］把某物从它物里取出

take out [v adv] to move, lift, carry, etc, (some-thing） out of something else 取出；拿出：This box is full of books; please take them all out. 盒子里装满了书，请将它们全都拿出来.

get out [v adv] genl, infml & emph 1 to （manage to） take out（设法）拿出：This box is full of books； get them all out now， please.盒子里装满了书，现在请把它们全都拿出来.Getthose people out （of here）！让那些人全都（从这儿）出去！2 to produce 生产：We＇ll get the goods out by next month.到下个月我们就可以完成这批产品了.

have out [v adv] loose to take or.get out,esp when ordered，planned，etc（尤指按照命令、计划等）把···弄出去：Can you have these people out（of the houses） next week？你可以叫这些人下星期（从这房子里）搬出去吗？

remove／rr＇mu：v／esp fml to take out 拿走；除去； 取出：He removed the books from the box.他从盒子里取出书本.Please remove everything from the house.请把所有的东西从屋子里搬出去.extract/ik'strækt/ esp fml & tech to take (di-

rectly） out， esp by force， with care，etc（用力而又小心地）抽取；拔出：The dentist extracted two of her teeth.牙医给她拔了两颗牙.Can you ex-tract the necessary information from these reports by this time next week？到下周这个时候你能把所需的资料从这些报告里摘录出来吗？Hecarefully extracted the paper from the pile.他从一堆文件里小心地把这一份抽了出来.

abstract /æb'strækt/ tech to remove, esp by separation （of one thing） from others 分离出； 提炼出；离析出：Salt can be abstracted from sea water.盐可从海水中提取出来.

H25 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

surrounding and enveloping ［T1］围与包

surround /sə'raund/to (move in order to) be

H25 SUBSTANCES ＆ MATERIALS 物质与材料

on all sides of 围绕；包围：A wall surrounds the house and garden.一堵墙围着房子和花园.Thehouse and garden are surrounded by trees.房子和花园四周有树木围绕.The police surroundedthe house.警察包围了这幢房子.

encircle /In's3:kəl/ to surround, esp in a circling movement 团团包围；环绕：The attacking army encircled the camp.进攻部队团团围住了这座兵营.encirclement ［U］ the act or result of encircling 包围

circle ／＇s3：kəl／ to put a circle round 环绕；圈住： He circled the numbers on the page.他把页码圈了出来.

wrap /ræp/ to put round or cover by putting round， esp using cloth or paper（尤指用布或纸） 包；裹；卷；环绕：She wrapped her coat round the child，to keep him warm.她用外衣把孩子裹了起来，使他温暖.She wrapped the child in her warm cout.她把孩子裹在她温暖的大衣里.Thebread comes wrapped in paper.面包送来时是用纸包着的.Wrap up these books in brown paper，please.请用牛皮纸把这些书包起来.wrap-per [C] a piece of paper used to wrap, esp a book（尤指书的）封套；包装纸 wrapping ［U；(C)] any material put round things, esp for posting（尤指邮寄物品时的）包装材料；包装纸

envelop /in'veləp/ to wrap up or cover com-pletely 包；裹；封；包围；遮掩：The building was soon enveloped in flames.这座建筑物很快就被大火吞没了.The clouds enveloped the moun-tain.乌云笼罩了山峦.Why must we envelop this subject in mystery？为什么我们要把这个问题弄得神秘莫测呢？envelopment ［U］ the act of enveloping 包；封；包围；掩蔽

frame /freim/ 1 to surround with a solid protecting edge； put a border round 给···加上框架；给···四周加上边：I＇m having this picture framed， so that I can hang it on the wall.我正请人给这张画镶上框子，这样就可以把它挂在墙上了.The copier framed each page with a beau-tiful pattern drawn with a fine pen.誊写人在每一页的四周用细笔描上美丽的图案．2 to act as asetting or background to 衬托：A large hat framed the girl＇s pretty face.一顶大帽子衬托出女孩漂亮的脸庞．3（fig） to give shape to（words， sentences，ideas， etc）；express 措辞；设计；表达： Unless a law is very carefully framed, some-one will find a way to avoid obeying it.法律必须措辞严谨，否则有人会找到漏洞而钻空子.Anexaminer must frame his questions clearly.考官拟试题必须清楚明确．4（fig）to build；make 建造：Forts were framed for defence against land or sea forces, but are useless against an air attack.建筑要塞是为了抵御陆海军入侵，但对抵御空袭却毫无作用.

enclose／m＇kləuz／1 to put a wall，etc round（筑墙等）围起；圈起：He enclosed the land and made it into two farms.他把这块地圈了起来，划分为两个农场．2 to put （something） inside something else, esp additional papers in a letter（尤指随函）附上；附寄：I enclose two tickets along with this letter.我随信附上两张票子．enclosure 1［U］ the act of enclosing 围起； 圈起；封入；附上2［C］a place surrounded by a

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H26 SUBSTANCES ＆ MATERIALS 物质与材料

wall，etc 四周有围墙的场地3［C］ something put in an envelope， sent with a letter，etc（信函中） 附件；封入物

muffle/'mafəl/ [(up)] to wrap up very fully so as to keep warmth or sound from getting out （为使保暖或不发出声音而）裹住；蒙住：The chil-dren were well muffled up against the cold.孩子们给严严实实地裹住，以防受冷.Their voicessounded muffled.他们的声音听起来闷声闷气的.

H26 vers，etc 动词等：gathering and collecting 聚集与收集

gather/'gæðə/1 [T1; IØ (round)] to (cause to) come together（使）聚集；（使）聚拢：Gather round and I＇ll tell you a story.围过来我给你们讲个故事.A crowd gathered to see what had happened.人们聚拢起来，看发生了什么事.There＇s a storm gathering.一场暴风雨正在形成.He gathered all his courage before going in.他鼓足了勇气才进去.His speech gathered a largecrowd．他的演讲吸引了一大群人．2［T1］to obtain（information or qualities） bit by bit 逐步获得（资料、特性）；逐渐增加；收集：He travels aboutthe world gathering facts about little-known countries.他周游世界，收集那些鲜为人知的国家的情况.As we came onto the open road we gath-ered speed.我们来到开阔的道路上后，逐渐加快了速度．3［T1（in）］ to collect or pick （flowers， crops，several objects，etc）采集（花）；收（庄稼）； 收集：Gather your toys up.把你的玩具收起来.The farmers are gathering in the corn.农民们正在收玉米．4［Wv5；T1］ to draw into small folds usu by making small stitches with a long thread, then pulling the thread up so that the material is pushed together 打折；缝衣褶：a gathered skirt the waist）（腰部打折的）褶裙 gathering 1 ［C］ a （usu large） group of people gathered together for any purpose 集会2［S］an act of gathering 集合；收集：His work is a kind of gathering together of all the information on the subject.他的工作是收集所有关于这个问题的资料.

collect/kə'lekt/1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) gather together 收集；采集；使集合；聚集：Collect thebooks and put them in a pile on my desk.将书收拾起来，叠在我的书桌上.A crowd of peoplecollected to cheer the new King.一群人聚集起来向新国王欢呼．I collected £50 for homeless people in London.我为伦敦无家可归的人募集了五十英镑．2［T1］ to gather （objects） as a sport or hobby，for study，etc（为运动、爱好、研究）收集：John collects foreign coins.约翰收集各种外国硬币.Paul collects stamps and shells.保罗收集各种邮票和贝壳．3［T1］ to call for and takeaway（someone or something）带走；接走：I called at the station to collect my grand-mother.我到火车站去接祖母.I＇ve just been toJohn's to collect the table I bought from him. 我刚到约翰家去拿我向他买的桌子．4［T1］toregain [→D87] control of (oneself, one's thoughts，senses，etc）集中（思想）；镇定下来：

Once she'd collected herself she behaved as

though nothing had happened.一旦镇定下来，

她的举止就好像什么也未发生过似的.I tried to

collect my thoughts but was too excited.我想

集中思想，但实在太兴奋了．5［T1；IØ］ to obtain

payment of （money） 收款：The government

could save money by improving the way it

collects taxes.政府可以通过改进税收方法来节省

开支.I haven＇t paid yet；when are you going to

collect？我尚未付款；你何时来收呢？collection 1

［U］ the act of collecting 收集；采集2［C］the

emptying of a postbox by a postman（邮递员从

信箱、邮筒）收取信件：What time＇s the next col-

lection？下一次收信在什么时候？There are six

collections a day from this postbox.这个邮筒每

天收信六次．3［C］a group of objects collected

as a hobby，for study，etc（一批）收藏品；（一批）

采集的东西：Janet has a very good collection of

foreign coins．珍妮特收藏了好多外国硬币．4［C］

a sum of money collected, esp at a religious

service（尤指宗教场合）募捐来的款项：What does

the church do with the money it gets from

collections？教堂如何使用募捐来的款项呢？5［C］

the gathering of such money 募捐：When the

time came for the collection the priest asked

the people to be generous.到了募捐时间，牧师请

人们慷慨解囊．6［C usu sing］ a pile of material，

paper, dust, dirt, etc, often unwanted and

unplanned 堆积物：There was a collection of

dust in the corner.角落里堆积着尘土.The car

broke down because of a collection of dirt in

its engine.汽车坏了，因为发动机中积了许多油污.

collective [Wa5; B] 1 formed by collection;

considered as a whole 集体的：We must turn

our collective mistakes to our advantage.我们

必须从集体的错误中吸取教训，变坏事为好事．2 of

or related to a number of people or groups of

people considered or acting as one 共同的：It

is the collective opinion of the governments of

Western Europe that peace is always better

than war.西欧政府的共同看法是和平总比战争好.

3 shared by all members of a group 集体所有

的：collective ownership 集体所有（制）-ly［adv］：

We must work for peace collectively.我们必须

共同为和平而努力．collective ［GC］1 a group；a

body of people considered as a whole 集体；全

体人员：The workers＇ collective won＇t like the

new industrial plan.全体工人都不会喜欢新的工

业计划．2 a business or firm owned and con-

trolled by the people who work in it 集体事业；

集体企业；合作社collector 1［C］a person em-

ployed to collect taxes， tickets， debts，etc 收税

人；收票人；收款员；收债人等：a tax-collector 税务

员 2 a person who collects stamps， coins， fur-

niture，etc，for pleasure or interest 收藏家；收

集者；采集者：a stamp-collector 集邮者

assemble /ə'sembal/ 1 [T1; IØ] often fml to

(cause to) come, move, put, gather, etc,to-gether（使）聚集；集合；调集：The people as-sembled in the city centre.人们在市中心集合.Assemble the men here．把人们集合到这里来．2［T1］ to make by putting parts together 装配： They assembled the little car without anyone else＇s help.他们不用任何人帮助就把小汽车装配好

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了．assembly 1［U］ the act of assembling 集合； 聚集2［C］anything，group，etc，assembled 装配物；集会；与会者；会众

mass /mæs/ [Wv5;T1;IØ] to gather together in large numbers 聚集；群集：Crowds massed along the road where the Queen would pass. 人群聚集在女王要经过的路旁.Massed bandsplayed music in the park.多个乐队联合组成的庞大乐队在公园里演奏音乐.Dark clouds massedand we expected rain.乌云密布，我们想大概要下雨了.

amass /ə'mæs/ [T1] to gather or collect (money,goods, power, etc) in great amounts 积聚（金钱、货物、权力等）；积累：He amassed afortune in gold before he died.他死前积聚了大量黄金.

congregate/'kongrigeit/[IØ] to come together 聚集；集合：The people congregated in the centre of the town. 人们聚集在城镇的中心.congregation 1 ［U］ the act of congregating 聚集；集合2［C］ any group which congregates， esp for religious purposes regularly 人群；（尤指）参加宗教仪式的会众

convene/kən'vi:n/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) come together for a meeting 开会；集会；召开；召集（会议等）：The King convened his parliament.国王召开了国会.The meeting will be convened next week.会议将在下周召开.When do we convene？我们什么时候开会？convener，convenor ［C］ a person who convenes a meeting, group, etc, esp regularly 会议召集人

round up [v adv T1] not fml to collect together from various places 使聚拢在一起：Round up the men；we have work to do.把人们都集合起来，我们有活要干.He was busy rounding uphis cattle.他在忙着把牛赶在一起.round-up ［C］ an act or occasion of rounding up 聚拢： a roundup of the cattle 把牛赶在一起；a cattle roundup 牛群

herd/h3id/[T1; L9] to gather or move in a herd ［→A40］ esp forcefully 把···赶在一起：They herded the animals towards the river.他们把牲口往河边赶.The soldiers herded their prisoners into an old building.士兵们把俘虏赶进了一座旧楼里.

pool /pu:l/ [T1] to put (esp money, possessions, equipment, etc) together so that all the people who do this can get a result 集中（金钱、物资、装备等）共同使用；合伙经营；合资；联营：They pooled their resources (=everything they had）and began working together.他们集合了自己的资产，合伙干了起来.

Objects generally

物件（总称）

H30 nouns 名词：things and objects［C］ 东西与物件

thing /θr/ genl & usu not fml 1 whatever has a

H31 OBJECTS 物件

shape and can be seen， touched， etc 东西： What＇s that black thing lying over there？躺在那儿的那个黑色东西是什么？Get all these thingsoff the table，please！请把这些东西全部从桌上搬走！2 whatever can be felt，thought，etc 事情； 事物：I＇ve just thought of another thing that he didn＇t talk about！我刚想到另一件他没谈过的事.Fear is a terrible thing．恐惧是极糟糕的事．3[(the) S] a particular act, kind of behaviour, idea，difficulty，etc 行为、思想、困难等：The best/worst thing she ever did was to buy that house！她所做过的最好／坏的事就是买了那幢房子.The thing to do now is have something to eat. 现在要做的事就是弄点东西吃.The thing is（＝thedifficulty is） I don＇t know where to go.麻烦的是我不知道该往哪里去.Living in the country isa good thing to do.在乡下生活是件美事.

object /'pbd3ikt/1 esp fml & tech a thing,esp as seen， touched， etc 物件：What＇s that black object lying over there？放在那边的黑色物件是什么？2 ［of］ something or someone that pro-duces interest or an emotional effect（感兴趣或流露感情的）对象：She is his latest object ofinterest.近来他对她感兴趣.The old buildings are objects of wonder among the local people. 这些古建筑是当地人心目中的名胜.

article /'a:tikəl/ a particular or separate thing or object， esp one of a group 物件；物品：I am wearing several articles of clothing.我穿着好几件衣服.

H31 nouns 名词：pieces of things［C］东西的片、块等

piece/pi:s/1 a part (of anything solid) which is separated, broken, or marked off from a larger or whole body 块；片：He owns a piece of land near here. 他在这儿附近有一块地.Shetore off a small piece of paper.她撕下一小片纸. Would you like a piece of cake?-Yes, a small piece，please.想吃块蛋糕吗？-好，要一小块．2 A single object that is an example ofa kind or class， or that forms part of a set（同类事物中的一）张、件等；（一套中的一）件：Can Ihave another piece of paper， please？请再给我一张纸好吗？This is a nice piece of furniture. 这件家具很不错．The coffee set has 14 pieces．这套咖啡用具有十四件．3 one of many parts madeto be fitted together 部分；部件：Í bought this table in pieces， but one piece is missing. 这桌子我买来时没有装嵌的，但现在少了一个组件．4[usu sing or in comb] one object or person forming part of a set（一套中的）件；（一组中的）人：They play in an eighty-piece band.他们在八十人的乐队中演奏．5 a usual size or weight inwhich something is made or sold （按固定尺寸或重量制造或销售的）件：This kind of board issold only in pieces 1 metre by 1.5．这种板只以每块1x1.5米的规格出售．6［C9 usu sing］ a smallamount 少量；项；则：That＇s a good piece of news.那是一则好消息.Let me give you a pieceof advice．让我给你一个忠告．7［C9 usu sing］an

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H32 OBJECTS 物件

example of something made or done, esp of a stated quality 具有所说品质的样品：This watchis a fine piece of work.这手表做工精细.in onepiece infml 1 （of a thing） undamaged 完好的； 完整的：Fortunately the cup I dropped is still in one piece．幸好我掉在地上的杯子完好无损．2(of a person) unharmed, esp after an accident （指人在意外事故后）未受伤；安然无恙 piece bypiece one by one； one part at a time 逐一地；依次地：He made it carefully，piece by piece.他小心翼翼地逐件做.

lump/lAmp/a piece of matter, etc, without a definitive shape（无一定形状的）块：He picked up a lump of earth.他拣起了一块土.He had alump on his head where someone had hit him.他头上被人打过那处肿起了一块.The wetsugar was full of lumps.受潮的糖都结成块.

chunk/tfank/1 a short, thick piece or lump that is bigger than pieces into which something is usually cut（厚）块：When I asked for some more meat， she gave me a really big chunk.我向她再要些肉，她却给了我好大一块．2a fairlylarge amount 相当大的量（或部分）：Havingspent a large chunk of his life in prison for political crimes he had no reason to support the government.他被判为政治犯，在狱中度过了大半生，他没有理由会支持政府.

slice /slars/ a thin, flat piece cut from some-thing（薄）片：Have another slice of meat／ bread.再吃一片肉／面包吧.She cut the bread inthin／thick slices.她把面包切成薄／厚片.

shred /fred/1 [often pl] a small, narrow piece torn or roughly cut off 碎片；细条：He tore the letter to shreds in his anger.他一怒之下把信撕碎．2［S］esp emot a small piece or bit 一点儿； 些微：There is not a shred of truth in his state-ment！他的供词里没有一点儿实话！in shredsbadly torn；ruined by tearing 破碎；破破烂烂

H32 nouns 名词：parts of things［C］东西的部分

part/pa:/1 something which is smaller than a whole，a large object，etc 部分：The house has two parts， one newer than the other.那房子分两部分，其中一部分比另一部分较新.He lives inthe older part of the house.他住在那所房子里较旧的部分．2 a piece into which something is divided 局部；部分：The story was told in four parts.这故事共分四个部分讲述.A penny is ahundredth part of a pound.一便士是一英镑的百分之一．partial［Wa5；B］of，for， or concern-ing a part 部分的-ly［adv］

section /'sekfən/ a part of a larger object,place, group, etc, that is (regarded as) more or less separate 一段；一部分：The bookcase comes apart into sections.书橱可拆成几个部分.Helives in the richest section of the city.他住在市里最富裕的地区.She plays in the brass section of the band.她在乐队的铜管乐器组演奏.Signalscontrol each section of railway track.铁路的每一段都由各种信号控制.This is the section of theorganization that deals with record-keeping.

这里是该机构负责保管记录的部门.sectional［Wa5；B］of，for，or concerning a section 地区的；部分的-ly［adv］

compartment /kəm'pa:tmənt/ [C] one of several parts of a structure, esp a seating area in a railway carriage 隔间；（尤指客运火车车厢内的）分隔间；车室：Your seat is in Compartment 4，sir．先生，你的座位在四号车室．He put thebook in the glove compartment of the car (=the little area where passengers can keep gloves，books，etc）.他把书放在汽车的手套格里.

segment/'segmənt/ 1 any of the parts into which something may be cut or divided 部分； 片断；分节；段；片：The runner went fastest in the middle segment of the course.赛跑的人在赛程的中段跑得最快．2 any of the natural equalparts of some fruits， such as an orange（见425 页彩图）瓣（橙等水果自然地分开的小块）：They ate a dish of orange segments.他们吃了一碟剥成一瓣瓣的橙．segmental［Wa5；B］of orconcerning a segment of something 部分的

fraction/'frækfən/ (esp in mathematics,etc) a paprt into which something is or can be divided；a small part of a whole（尤指数学中的） 分数；一小部分：This work can be done at afracton of the present cost if we take more care.要是我们再精打细算些，那么只需要用现在成本的一小部分，便能完成这件工作．［ALSO→J3］fractional [Wa5; B] of or conerning a frac-tion分数的；部分的-ly［adv］

fragment /'frægmənt/ a small piece that is broken off a larger piece or whole 碎片；断片； 碎块：When the bomb went off，fragments flew in all directions.炸弹爆炸时，弹片四处横飞.Onlya fragment of the ancient book remains now. 那古书现在只剩下一点儿残卷了.fragmentary［Wa5；B］ of or concerning a fragment 碎片的； 断片的

layer /'leiə/ something that lies or is placed, spread, etc between or on top of something else；a thickness of material 层；涂层：The cake had a layer of chocolate in it.蛋糕中间有一层巧克力.How many layers of clothing are you wearing？你穿着几件衣服？

stratum ／＇stra：təm／ a layer of rock or earth 岩层；地层：The earth＇s surface is made up of rock strata.地壳是由层层岩石构成的.

seam /si:m/ a layer of one kind of mineral,esp coal，between masses of other rocks 矿层；（尤指）煤层

H33 nouns，etc 名词等：small pieces or parts of things ［C（of）］东西的小块或部分

bit/bit/ usu infml a piece or quantity of some-thing，esp if small 少许；一点儿：He ate every bit of food on the table.他把桌上的食物吃得一干二净.That＇s a nice bit of wood. 那是块好木头.She made her notes on a bit of paper.她在一小片纸上记笔记.to bits to small pieces 成碎片：The bridge was blown to bits by the explosion. 桥被炸得粉碎.

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grain /grem/ 1 one piece from a substance which is made up of small，hard pieces 颗粒；小硬粒：Grains of sand had got into his shoes.他的鞋里掉进砂子了．2（fig）the smallest possible bit or amount 一点儿；微量：It is a false state-ment with a few grains of truth in it.那是一份假供词，里面只有一点儿实话.If you had a grainof common sense you'd put your coat on before going out in the rain.假如你稍微有一点常识的话，雨天外出你就会穿上雨衣.

particle /'pa:tikal/ 1 a piece (of something that is made up of very small pieces）微粒；粒子： Dust particles floated in the sunlight.尘埃在阳光里漂浮着．2 a very small， or the smallest， quantity （of something）微量：Particles of food were left on the plate.盘子里剩下一些食物的碎屑.（fig）There isn＇t a particle of truth in what he said.他所说的没有丝毫的真话.

scrap /skræp/ a small piece, esp if not very im-portant or greatly needed 碎片；零屑：Have you a scrap of paper I could write on？你有一小片能让我写点东西的纸吗？Any scraps of news／food？有点零星消息／零碎吃的吗？I only heardsome scraps of their conversation.他们的谈话我只听到只言片语.

chip /tfip/1 a small piece knocked or cut off wood，glass，stone，etc（木头、玻璃、石头等的） 碎屑；破片；屑片：Some wood chips were lying on the floor．地板上撒着一些碎木片．2 the placewhere such a piece has been knocked or cut off（碎、裂的）凹口；缺口：There＇s a chip on this cup．杯子有个缺口．3［T1］ to knock or cut such a piece from 在···上弄个缺口：Someone has chipped this cup.有人把这个杯子弄了个缺口.

pinch /pintf/ a small amount, esp that can be taken between finger and thumb 一捏；一撮： Can you put a pinch of salt in the soup？ 你在汤里放一撮盐行吗？

drop /drpp/1 a very small rounded amount of liquid usu coming from above or lying on a surface一滴：Drops of rain （＝raindrops）began to fall.开始掉雨点儿了.She put two drops ofred liquid in the warm water.她在温水里滴进两滴红色的液体．2usu infml a small amount 少量；微量：Can I have a drop more winela drop more to drink，please？能再给我一点酒喝吗？

pellet/'pelit/ a small rounded mass of any soft material made by or as if by rubbing some-thing between the fingers 小球；丸：The little boy threw a mud pellet at the window.那个小男孩朝窗子掷了个小泥丸儿.

flake/flerk/ 1 a small light piece of something 小薄片：flakes of pastry／snow 酥饼片／雪花2［IØ （off）］ to come off in flakes 一片片地掉下：The paint on the wall is flaking （off）.墙上的油漆正在剥落.flaky［Wal；B］full of flakes 薄片状的； 成片形的：flaky pastry薄片酥饼；千层酥

H34 nouns 名词：larger or special masses of things［C（of）］大块的或特殊形状的东西

mass/mæs/1 a usu large quantity of matter in

H35 OBJECTS 物件

one place 大块；大团；大堆：The ship cut itsway slowly through a mass oflmasses ofice.轮船缓缓地破冰行进．2 a large number （of things orpersons）大量（东西或人）：His story is a mass of lies.他的叙述谎言连篇.The garden was amass of flowers. 花园里是一片花海.She atemasses of ice cream.她吃了大量的冰淇淋.Masses of people waited to see him.成群的人等着要见他.

pile /pail/ 1 a mass of things, one (piece or object） on top of the other， esp if tidy（尤指整齐的）堆；叠：Put the books in a pile in the corner．把书堆在那个角落里．2 infml a lot 大量：He has piles of money.他有很多钱.

mound/maund/1 a pile of earth or a small hill, esp if made by a person， animal，etc 土堆（尤指是人或动物等堆成的）；土丘 2 a large pile ofanything（东西的）垛或堆

heap/hi:p/1 a mass of things, one on top of the other，esp if not tidy（尤指不太整齐的）堆：The books lay in a heap on the floor.书杂乱地堆在地板上．2 infml a lot 大量；许多：She＇s had aheap of trouble. 她有许多麻烦事.We haveheaps of time to get there.我们有足够的时间可以赶到那里：

bunch /bantf/ 1 a number of things (usu small and of the same kind) fastened, held, or grow-ing together at one point（通常是小的、同种的东西）一束；一把：He bought her a bunch offlowers．他为她买了一束花．2 infmil often humor or deprec a group 一群；一伙：They＇re a nice bunch of youngsters.他们是一群好少年.He isn't much good, and he's the best of the bunch！他不怎么强，可是在那群人里他是最好的了！

cluster/'klastə/ a number of things of the same kind growing or being close together in a group 一丛；一串；一团：Stars in the sky can often be seen in clusters.天上的星星望上去常常是一群一群的.

stack/stæk/ a large heap or pile made neatly and carefully（仔细堆叠起来的、整齐的）一堆；一垛：a stack of wood／books／hay 一堆木头／书／干草[→E142]

H35 verbs 动词：making masses of things 把东西堆成堆、垛

pile /parl/1 [X9,esp u] to put (one thing) on top of another，to form a pile 把（东西）堆成堆； 堆叠：He piled the books （up）in a corner.他把书堆放在墙脚边.He piled the books on top ofeach other．他把书一本一本地叠起来．2［T1；L9，esp in， out］ to move in a mass or in masses 蜂拥而行；成堆地移动：Right，the cars are here； pile everything in and then pile in！对，汽车来了，先把东西都塞进去，然后人再挤上去！Theypiled out （of the cars）.他们一拥而下（车）.The earth slowly piled up.土逐渐堆积了起来.

heap/hi:p/1 [D1 on/with; X9, esp up] to put in a heap； form or become a heap 堆积起；堆成一堆：He heaped the plate with food.他把食品装

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H36 OBJECTS 物件

了满满一盘子.He heaped food on the plate.他把食品装了满满一盘子．2［X9；L9，esp up］ tocollect or gain in large amounts 聚集：The earth slowly heaped up.土逐渐地聚集成堆了.

lump together [v adv T1] (esp fig) to put to-gether in a large amount 把···归并在一起；把··· 混为一谈：They lumped all the people together without considering their different needs.他们不顾人们的不同需要，而把他们都混为一谈了.

bank up [v adv IØ; T1] to (cause to) become a large heap or bank（使）堆积起来：The clouds were banking up over the hills.群山上空渐渐浓云密布.Bank up the fire，please （＝ Put more coal，wood，etc on it to burn more slowly）.请把火封起来.

stack／stæk／［T1 （up）］ to put in a stack 把···堆积起来：He stacked the books against the wall. 他把书靠墙堆了起来.

H36 nouns 名词：the main parts of things ［（the）S（of）］东西的主要部分

bulk／balk／ the main or greater part 主要部分；大部分：The bulk of the work has now been done.大部分工作业已完成.

gist/d3ist/the general meaning, esp of a long statement; the main points (as of an argu-ment）要义；要领；要点（如争论中的）：I haven＇ttime to read this report; can you give me the gist of it？我还没有来得及看这份报告，你把要点给我说一下好吗？

essence/'esəns/ the central part of something 本质；精髓：Freedom of speech is the essence of our way of life＇， said the politician.那位政治家说：“言论自由是我们生活方式的精髓所在.”

H37 nouns 名词：shares and portions

［C］份额与部分 [ALSO→D105-6]

share/feə/a part of something, esp when (to be） given to a particular person 份儿；份额： What is my share of the money？我的那份钱是多少？We all take equal shares.我们都拿相等的份额.

portion/'po:fən/ often fml a share of something that is divided among two or more people 一部分；一份：We each got equal portions of fish. 我们每个人都分到同样多的鱼.A portion of theblame must be borne by the driver.司机须承担部分责任.

H38 nouns 名词： solid shapes， esp of stone and metal ［C］固体（尤指石头与金属）的形状

block/blpk/1 a solid mass or piece of wood, stone，etc 一块（木头或石头等）：The floor was made of blocks of wood．地板是由木块拼成的．2a quantity of things considered as a single whole 一批；一排；一宗：a block of seats in the

theatre 剧院里的一排座位；a block of shares ina business 某公司的大宗股份

brick／brik／ 1 ［also 又作 U］（a hard piece of） baked clay used for building 砖；砖块：He used yellow bricks for the walls.他用黄色砖砌墙.It＇s a red-brick house. 那是一幢红砖房子.Thecolour is brick-red.那颜色是砖红色的.The house is made of brick． 那房子是用砖砌的．2anything like this 砖形物 brickwork ［U］ any piece of building work in which bricks are used; bricks used together in the form of a wall or ornament 砖砌的结构；砖墙；砖砌的装饰物 brick up ［v adv T1］ to close （something， esp a door, window, etc) with a wall of bricks 砌砖封住（门、窗等）：They bricked up theentrance to the dangerous old mine.他们砌砖封闭了有危险的老矿坑入口处.

bar /ba:/ 1 a piece of solid material that is longer than it is wide 棒；棒状物：The iron was shaped into bars. 铁被加工成了铁棒.Can Ihave a bar of soap／chocolate？给我一条肥皂／一块巧克力好吗？The gold bars weighed a lot.金条很重．2 a length of wood or stiff metal across a door, gate, or window to keep it firmly closed（门、窗的）闩；横木

ingot /'igət/ a lump\_of metal in a regular shape，often brick-shaped 铸块；锭子：gold ingots 金锭

bolt /bəult/ a usu rounded metal bar, esp one that slides across to fasten a door or window （见656页彩图）（门、窗的）插销；（金属的）门闩；窗闩

H39 nouns， etc 名词等：solid shapes， esp of wood［C］固体（尤指木材）的形状

beam/bi:m/[→D26] a large heavy piece of wood, usu squared, esp one of the main pieces used to support a building or to go from one side of a wooden ship to the other 梁；桁；（木船的）横梁：Great beams held up the roof.大梁支撑着屋顶.

board /bo:d/1 a long thin flat piece of cut wood （长而薄的）木板：He cut the wood into boards. 他把木头锯成了木板．2［often in comb］ a flatsurface with patterns, used for playing a （stated）game on（上面有图案作游戏用的）板；（棋）盘：I want to play chess ［→K136］ but I can＇t find the board.我想下棋，可是找不到棋盘.I＇m looking for the chessboard．我在找棋盘．3 [often in comb] a flat piece of hard material used for putting a （stated） food on 案板：Put the bread on the（bread）board for cutting. 把面包放到案板上切开．4also 又作notice board aflat piece of hard material fastened to a wall in a public place to pin notices on 布告板；布告栏：Put this notice up on the board.把这个通知贴在布告栏里．board up［v adv T1］ to close up（esp a door， window， etc） with boards 把（尤指门、窗）用木板钉上：They boarded up all thewindows when they left the house.他们离开屋子时，把所有的窗户都用木板钉上了.

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-board /-bo:d/[comb form] 1 material of the stated type formed as a thin flat sheet 用所说材料制成的板：It was a box made of cardboard. 那是一只纸板箱.The room had a hardboardfloor．那房间铺着纤维板的地板．2 a board usedfor the stated purpose 作所说用途的板：Hepulled up the floorboards.他把地板掀开了.

plank /plænk/ a long usu heavy piece of board, 5 to 15 cm thick and at least 18 cm wide 板条；厚板（5-15厘米厚，至少18厘米宽）

sleeper/'sli:pə/ BrE, tie /tar/ AmE one of the large heavy pieces usu of wood that is used to support railway lines（铁路）枕木

bat /bæt/ a special piece of wood, etc used esp for hitting a ball in such games as baseball and cricket（见887页及888页彩图）（棒球运动所用的）球棒；（板球运动所用的）球板：She hit theball with her bat.她用球棒击球.He bought a new cricket bat.他新买了一根板球用的球板.

H40 nouns 名词： solid shapes，esp for supporting things ［C］（尤指支撑物件的） 固体形状

[ALSO→D26]

rafter /'ra:ftə/ one of the sloping beams that serves or helps to support a roof （见D21插图）（支撑屋顶的）椽：He was up among therafters of the house, looking for birds' nests. 他爬到房椽上去掏鸟窝了.

prop/prop/ 1 something firm placed to hold something very heavy that is pressing down or out 支柱；撑材：The coal miners used wooden props to hold up the roofofthe tunnel.煤矿工人用木柱来支撑巷道的顶部．2（fig）a person onwhom someone or something depends for support， strength， courage，etc 后盾；靠山： Some people say that the government needs the army as its prop.有些人说政府需要靠军队做后盾.

strut /strat/ a piece of wood or metal that is placed at an angle to support something（斜撑的）支柱；支杆；撑杆（木或金属制成）：Struts wereused to hold the wall in position.用了些支柱来支撑着那面墙，使它不倒.

girder /'g3:də/ a strong beam, usu of iron or steel,which supports the smaller beams in a floor or roof or forms the base of one part of a bridge（通常由铁或钢制的）大梁；主梁；桁

support /sə'po:t/ genl any of these when con-sidered as supporting or holding something else up or in position 支撑物；支承物：We need supports to keep the wall from falling down. 我们需用支柱来顶住那面墙，以免倒塌.

H41 nouns，etc 名词等：pipes and tubes

［C］各种管材 [ALSO→D42]

pipe /paip/ [often in comb] a long, hollow rounded object suitable for carrying liquid or

H42 OBJECTS 物件

gas，often underground 管子；导管；输送管：The workmen have dug up the road and are laying water pipes.工人们挖开了路面，正在铺设水管.

tube /tju:b/ a usu thin pipe of metal, glass, rubber,etc used esp for carrying or holding liquid（通常较细的）管子（尤指输送液体用的）

roll／rəul／something looking like a tube 管状的卷形物：He had a big roll of paper in his hand. 他手里拿着一大卷纸.Two rolls of cloth，please.劳驾，我要两匹布．［→H47］

hose /həuz/ 1 a piece of pipe which can be moved and bent to direct water onto fires,a garden，etc（救火或花园洒水等用的）软管2［T1(down)] to use a hose, esp for washing (some-thing）用水管冲洗（某物）：hosing the car down 用水管冲洗汽车；to hose the yard out 用水管冲洗院子；to hose the garden 用水管浇花园

cylinder /'sılındə/ 1 a long round hollow or solid body 圆筒；圆柱体 2 an object or con-tainer shaped like this， esp a metal tube 圆柱形的容器；（尤指）金属管

duct/dakt/1 any kind of pipe in the ground for carrying liquid or other substances, or electric power lines 管道（电缆管道或输送液体等的管道）；导管；输送管2 a pipe for carrying air into，out of，or inside a building，ship，etc（建筑物、轮船内的）通气管道；通风管 3 a pipelike part inplants which carries water，air，etc（植物的）导管 4 a pipelike part of the body which carries liquid，esp from glands （动物的）导管：tear ducts 泪管

H42 nouns 名词：poles and shafts［C］杆

子与柱子 [ALSO→D26]

pole /pəul/ [often in comb] a long straight rounded object, usu of wood or metal, usu quite thin, used as a support, to guide a flat-bottomed boat, to join two animals to a cart or carriage，etc 杆；撑柱；（船的）篙子；（马车的）辕杆：The hut was made of poles covered with grass mats.茅屋是用柱子和草席搭成的.Therewas a flag at the top of the pole (= a flag-pole）.旗杆顶端有一面旗.

stick ／strk／1 a usu thin piece of wood 细木棍（棒）；枝条：He picked up sticks to make a fire. 他捡柴枝来生火．2 such a thing used to help aperson walk 手杖：The man had a bad leg and walked with a stick/and used a walking stick. 那人一条腿有毛病，走路时要用拐杖.

rod /rpd/1 a long thin pole or bar of any stiff material such as wood， metal，or plastic 杆；竿； 细棒（用金属、木头、塑料等制成）2 a stick usedfor beating people 笞鞭

post /pəust/1 [often in comb] a strong thick upright pole or bar made of wood, metal etc that is fied into the ground or some other base，esp to support or mark something 桩；柱： The fence was made of wire and metal posts. 篱笆是用铁丝和金属柱子架的．2［usu in comb］ amain support 支柱：a bedpost 床柱；a four-poster bed一张四柱的床；a doorpost.门柱

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H43 OBJECTS 物件

stake /steik/ a length of wood with a point at one end, that can be driven into something, esp the ground 木桩

spit /spit/a thin pointed rod for sticking meat onto and turning for cooking over a fire（烤肉用的）铁叉；炙叉

spar /spa:/ a pole to which the sails of certain kinds of ship can be fixed; a pole fixed across a mast（船上的）帆桁；帆桅；樯

mast／ma：st／ a high， usu large pole 高大的杆 a on a ship to which ropes, sails, etc, are fixed （见940页彩图）船桅；桅杆 b also 又作 flag-pole on which a flag can be hung 旗杆 c（usu of metal and very high) by means of which radio and television signals can be sent（发射无线电及电视信号的）天线塔

shaft/ja:ft/1 the long thin, usu wooden part of a weapon such as an arrow or spear 杆（箭杆；矛杆）：He made the shafts of the arrows as straight as possible． 他把箭杆尽可能地弄直．2one of usu two poles by which a horse, etc, is tied so as to pull a cart，etc 车辕；车杠：The horse stood between the shafts of the carriage. 马站在车辕中间．3 the main part of a pillar 柱身；柱体4 a bar which turns or around which a belt or wheel turns to pass power through a machine 轴；传动轴 5 the long handle of certain tools, such as an axe, golf club, etc （斧、高尔夫球棒等的）长柄；长把：He broke theshaft ofhis axe.他折断了斧柄.

haft /haift/ tech the pole which is used as the handle of an axe or of some long-handled weapons（见H232插图）（斧或长柄兵器的）柄；把crook/kruk/ a long stick or tool with a bent or

curved end 弯柄杖：The shepherd ［■E143］ carried a crook.牧羊人拿着一把弯柄的牧羊杖.

staff/sta:f/1 a large long stick used when walk-: ing, climbing, etc, or as a weapon held in both hands（走路、爬山时用作支持或用作武器的）杖；棍；棒 2a smaller stick used as a sign of a person＇s position or authority［→C100］权杖

pointer /'pointə/ 1 a long stick used to point with 指示棒2 a hand on a clock，etc， serving to show the time，a number，etc（时钟等的）指针3 [(to)] (fig) something that suggests something else 启示；线索：His words were a pointer to his feelings.言为心声.

cane /kein/ a thin stick made from a piece of cane [→H72] used esp to beat people or to help a person in walking 笞杖；手杖：The teacher was holding a cane.老师手里拿着一根教鞭.

wand/wpnd/ a thin stick carried in the hand, esp used for magic，tricks，etc 杖；（尤指魔术师的）魔杖：The magician waved his wand， and a rabbit appeared.魔术师魔杖一挥，一只兔子就变出来了.

H43 nouns 名词：plates and sheets ［C］ 薄板与薄片

plate /pleit/ [often in comb] a flat thin, usu large piece of metal, glass, etc, for use in

building, in parts of machinery, as a protec-tion，etc（金属、玻璃等的）薄板：When the engine exploded, the ship's steel plates burst apart.引擎爆炸把船的钢板都炸开了.

sheet／ji：t／a very thin plate 薄片（板）：He broke two sheets of glass and bent one of the metal sheets.他打碎了两片玻璃，并弄弯了一块金属片.

pane /pein/ a sheet, esp of glass in a window, etc 一块（尤指窗玻璃）：He broke a pane ofglass／a window pane.他打碎了一块窗玻璃.

slab/slæb/ a large thick piece or sheet, esp of stone 厚板，（尤指）厚石板：The floor of the old building was made of great slabs of stone.那所古建筑的地板是用大块厚石板铺成的.

H44 nouns，etc 名词等：bands and tapes 箍条与带子

band/bænd/[C] 1 a thin flat narrow piece of material,esp for fastening things together,or for putting round something to strengthen it （捆扎用的）带子；箍：The large wooden box had iron bands round it.那只大木箱外面有铁箍箍着.He kept the cards together with a rubber band．他用橡皮筋把卡片扎在一起．2［often incomb] a thin flat narrow piece of material forming part of an article of clothing 领口；腰带；裤带等：neck-band 领口，waistband 束腰带3a line of a different colour or pattern that stands out against the background on which it is painted or fixed 条纹：There were bands of white round the black box.黑盒子周围有几条白色的条纹.

tape/teip/1 [U] narrow material used for tying parcels，etc 带子；线带：Use some sticky tape.用点粘合胶带吧．2［C］a piece of this or some-thing like it 一段带子；带状物

ribbon /'ribən/ 1 [C;U] (a piece of) silk or other cloth woven in a long narrow band and used for tying things，for ornament，etc（一段） 缎带；丝带：He bought her a box of chocolutes with （a）red ribbon.他给她买了一盒系着红丝带的巧克力．She used a black typewriter［→G152］ ribbon.她用了一盘黑色的打字机色带.He worethe ribbon of the Victoria Cross on his chest. 他胸前佩带着维多利亚十字勋章的绶带．2［C］along irregular narrow band 带状物；条状物：The old torn curtains were hanging in ribbons.破旧的窗帘烂成一条一条地挂着.（fig）There was aribbon of mist along the river bank. 河岸边缭绕着一缕雾霭.

belt/belt/[C] a usu large long piece of leather, rubber, or other such material in the form of a band, used esp to drive a machine or for carrying materials（用皮革、橡胶等制的）带子；皮带；（尤指）传动带；传送带

strap /stræp/ 1 [C] a long piece of leather, cloth, or metal, usu with a purpose such as tying or holding（见L229插图）（皮、布、金属） 带（通常用于捆扎）：The boxes were tied with straps．这些箱子有带子捆着．2［T1（up，in）］ tofasten with a strap 用带子固定：The driver of

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