B144 DISEASES ＆ AILMENTS 疾病与身体不适

A17] women, as the disease may harm the unborn baby 风疹；德国麻疹

chickenpox /'tfikmn,ppks/ [U] a disease caught esp by children that is marked by a slight fever and spots on the skin 水痘

whooping cough /'hu:piy 'kof/ [U] a disease caught esp by children in which the sufferer coughs noisily 百日咳

mumps /mamps/ [(the) U] an infectious disease, esp of children, with painful swellings in the neck 腮腺炎；耳下腺炎；痄腮

scarlet fever /'ska:lit 'fi:və/ [U] an infectious disease, esp of children, marked by red spots and a red painful throat 猩红热

yellow fever /'jeləu 'fi:və/ [U] an infectious and dangerous tropical disease which causes the skin to turn yellow 黄热病：He caught yellow fever in West Africa.他在西非得了黄热病.

diphtheria/dif'θləriə/ [U] a serious infectious disease of the throat 白喉

typhus/'taifəs/ [U] a serious disease marked by fever,great weakness, and purple spots on the body 斑疹伤寒

typhoid (fever) /'tarford ('fi:və)/ [U] a form of typhus which attacks the stomach 伤寒 para-typhoid a disease of the stomach similar to typhoid but milder 副伤寒

smallpox /'smo:l,ppks/ [U] a serious infectious disease with spots on the face which leave permanent marks （pockmarks） 天花：He had smallpox as a child and nearly died.他在童年时得过天花，几乎死了.

cholera /'kplərə/ [U] a very serious infectious disease causing sickness, repeated emptying of the stomach and bowels [→B147 DIAR-RHOEA］， and often death 霍乱：Cholera outbreaks are still common in India.在印度发生霍乱仍然是很常见的.

tetanus/'tetənəs/ [U] a disease caused by infec-tion in cuts and wounds in which the muscles become tight and hard 破伤风：He was given an injection against tetanus/an anti-tetanus injection.给他注射了一针抗破伤风的药.

lockjaw／＇lpk，d3o：／［U］ infml tetanus 破伤风（因引起牙关紧闭，故俗称lockjaw）

bubonic plague /bju:'bpnik 'pleig/ [U] a plague carried mainly by rats, spreading quickly and marked by fever and swellings under the arms and in the lower stomach 淋巴腺鼠疫：Many thousands of people died of bubonic plague in the Middle Ages.在中世纪时成千上万的人死于淋巴腺鼠疫.

AIDS, Aids /eidz/ [U] Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; a very serious disease caused by a virus [→A73] which breaks down the body's natural defences against infection 爱滋病；艾滋病；获得性免疫缺陷综合症

rabies /'reibi:z/ [U] a disease which passes to man from animal bites, causing madness and inability to drink 狂犬病；恐水症：You can get rabies from the bite of a mad dog.你被疯狗咬了就可能染上狂犬病．rabid［Wa5；B］ suffering from rabies 患狂犬病的；患恐水症的：Rabid dogs

must be shot.有狂犬病的狗必须射杀.

hydrophobia / haıdrə'fəubıə/ [U] med & tech rabies 狂犬病；恐水症

leprosy/'leprəsi/ [U] a disease which can be passed from one person to another and which slowly destroys the skin and the parts of the body underneath it 麻疯病 leper ［C］ a person who has leprosy 麻疯病人

B144 nouns，etc 名词等：disorders of the heart and blood 心脏病与血病

anaemia BrE,anemia AmE /ə'ni:miə/[U] the unhealthy condition of not having the proper number of red cells in the blood 贫血症：He has suffered from anaemia for years.他患贫血症已有多年了.an（a）emic［B］ having anaemia 患贫血症的；贫血的

blood pressure /'blad 'prefə/ [U] the force with which the blood pushes through the arteries 血压：His blood pressure is normal.他的血压正常.She is overweight and suffers fom high blood pressure.她超重并患有高血压.

blood clot /'blad 'klpt/[C] a thickened or half-solid mass or lump formed from the blood 血块；血凝块

thrombosis /θrpm'bəusis/ [U;C] med the condition of having a blood clot 血栓；栓塞；血栓形成

hemorrhage， also 又作 haemorrhage BrE ／＇hemərid3／1［U］any bleeding 出血；溢血2［C］ any escape of blood or bursting of a blood vessel 出血；溢血；血管破裂：He has had severalhemorrhages during the night.一夜之间他好几次出血．3［IØ］（of blood vessels） to burst（血管） 破裂：He hemorrhaged badly and died before we could get help to him.他因血管破裂而大量出血，我们还没有来得及替他治疗他就死了.

apoplexy /'æpə pleksi/ [U] 1 a hemorrhage of any tissue but esp in the brain 身体组织溢血；卒中；（尤指）脑溢血：He died of apoplexy.他死于脑溢血．2 a sudden serious stopping of the workings of the body due to a hemorrhage 中风 apoplectic 1 ［Wa5； B］ of or concerning apoplexy 中风的；卒中的；患中风病的2［C］aperson suffering from apoplexy 中风病人

heart disease ［U］ any disease of the heart 心脏病：He suffers from chronic heart disease.他患上慢性心脏病.

heart failure [U] the failure of the heart to work properly 心力衰竭：Her father died of heart failure.他父亲死于心力衰竭.（infml） Gosh, I nearly had heart failure when I heard the news！天哪，我听到这消息时，我的心几乎都不跳了！

heart attack [C] a sudden failure in the work-ing of the heart 心脏病发作：He has had two heart attacks and if he has another it could kill him.他已经两度心脏病发作了，要是再来一次，他可能会死掉.

seizure/'si:3ə/ [C] a sudden attack of illness, esp a heart attack 病的突然发作（尤指心脏病）

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coronary thrombosis /'kprə,nəri θrpm'bəusis/ [U] a medical condition in which there is a blood clot in the blood vessel near the heart called the coronary artery 心脏冠状动脉血栓形成 coronary ［C］ infml such a thrombosis； a heart attack 心脏冠状动脉栓塞；心脏病发作：Ifyou lift those heavy things you'll get a coro-nary！假如你提起那些重东西，你的心脏病就会发作！

varicose veins /'væri,kəus veinz/ [P]a condition of having veins [→B36], usu in the legs, which are larger or more swollen than usual 静脉曲张（尤指腿部）：She suffers fromvaricose veins.她患静脉曲张病.

phlebitis /flr'baItis/ [U] an inflamed condition of the blood vessels 静脉炎

B145 nouns 名词：disorders of the

bones and teeth 骨病与牙病

rheumatism /'ru:mə,tızəm/ [U] any of various diseases causing pain and stiffness in the joints of the body 风湿病：He has suffered for years from rheumatism in the feet and hands. 他的双腿和双手得了风湿病已经有好几年了.She＇sa martyr to rheumatism.她长期遭受着风湿病的折磨.

rheumatics/ru:'mætiks/ [U] infml rheumatism 风湿病；风湿痛

rheumatic fever /ru:'mætik 'fivə/ [U] a serious infectious disease, esp in children, with fever, swelling of the joints, and possible damage to the heart 风湿热；风湿性热

lumbago /lAm'beigəu/ [U] pain in the lower back 腰痛；腰肌痛：He suffers from lumbago， and is often off work with it.他患有腰痛病，经常不能上班.

backache /'bæk,eık/ [U; C] (a) pain in the (usu lower）back；lumbago 背痛；腰痛

arthritis /a:'θratis/ [U] a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of the body 关节炎arthritic 1 [B] suffering from or concerning arthritis 患上关节炎的；关节炎的2［C］ anarthritic person 关节炎病人

rickets /'rikits/ [U] a disease of children in which the bones are very soft and may lose their proper shape, due to lack of proper food 小儿软骨病；佝偻病

caries／＇keəri：z／［U］ decayofthe bones 骨疡；骨疽dental caries /'dentəl 'keəri:z/ [U] tooth decay 龋齿；蛀牙

toothache ／＇tu：θ，eik／ ［U］ pain in a tooth 牙痛： He had severe toothache and went to see his dentist.他牙痛得厉害，去找牙科医生去了.

B146 nouns 名词： disorders of the muscles and nerves 肌肉与神经疾病

spasm /'spæzəm/ [U;C] tightening and hard-ening of the muscles which cannot be controlled 痉挛；抽搐：When she has an attack

B147 DISEASES ＆ AILMENTS 疾病与身体不适

of her illness, her whole body goes into spasm.她的病一发作，全身就抽搐.His bodyheaved in several violent spasms then lay still. 他的身子剧烈地抽搐了几下，接着便躺着不动了.

cramp/kræmp/[U; C] sudden tightening of the muscles, as in the legs during or after violent exercise 抽筋；痉挛：I got cramp while swim-ming，and had to shout for help.我游泳时腿抽筋了，不得不高声呼救.Some people get crampat night and it can be very painful.有些人会在夜里抽筋，那可能是非常痛的.

paralysis /pə'rælısıs/ [U] 1 a loss of feeling in and control of all or some of the muscles 麻痹； 瘫痪；中风：She had paralysis of the left arm and leg after her accident.意外发生后她的左臂和左腿都瘫痪了．2（fig）a loss or lack of ability to move， act， think，etc 无力量；无能力：Lazy people suffer from paralysis of the will.懒惰的人意志薄弱.Without electricity the country would be in a state of paralysis.要是没有了电， 这个国家就会陷入瘫痪状态.paralyse BrE，-yzeAmE ［T1］ to cause paralysis in 使瘫痪；使麻痹： Fear paralysed him.恐惧把他吓得不能动了.Heis paralysed below the waist from polio.他因患小儿麻痹症，腰部以下瘫痪了．paralytic1［Wa5；B] of or concerning paralysis; unable to move 麻痹的；瘫痪的；中风的；无力的2［C］a paralysedperson 中风病人；麻痹病患者

pālsy ／＇po：lzi／［U］ old use paralysis 麻痹；瘫痪；中风

poliomyelitis / pəulrəumaə'laıtıs/ [U] an acute disease, most common in very young people, with inflammation of the nerves and paralysis 小儿麻痹症 polio［U］abbrev

epilepsy /'epə,lepsi/[U] a disorder of the nervous system which causes fits and uncon-sciousness 癫痫 epileptic 1 ［Wa5；B］ suffering from or concerning epilepsy 患癫痫病的；癫痫（性）的2［C］a person suffering from epilepsy 癫痫病人

coma/'kəumə/ [C] a deep, unnatural state like sleep, usu caused by illness or an injury,esp to the brain（指因病、伤）昏迷：The man lay in a coma.这人躺在那里昏迷不醒.comatose ［B］being in a coma 昏迷的：He has been comatose ever since the accident.事故发生后他一直处于昏迷之中.

B147 nouns 名词：disorders of the bowel，bladder，genitals and anus 肠、膀胱、生殖器与肛门等的疾病

constipation /,kpnstə'perfən/ [U] the condition of being unable to empty the bowel [→B35] frequently enough or effectively 便秘 consti-pated ［B］ suffering from constipation 患便秘的

piles /pailz/ [P] the swelling of a vein[■B36] or veins， esp at or near the anus［→B33］痔；痔疮hemorrhoids， also 又作 haemorrhoids BrE ／＇hemə，roidz／［P］med piles 痔；痔疮

diarrhoea BrE, diarrhea AmE / darə'riə/ [U] an illness in which the bowels [→B35] are

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B148 DISEASES ＆ AILMENTS 疾病与身体不适

emptied too often，in too liquid a form 腹泻： He had a bad attack of diarrhoea, probably caused by something he ate.他得了严重腹泻，也许是由他吃的什么东西引起的.

dysentery /'disən,təri/ [U] a painful disease of the bowels that causes them to be emptied more often than usual and to produce blood and mucus［→B60］痢疾：Dysentery is a common complaint in countries where food is not hygienically prepared.在食品处理不卫生的国家里，痢疾是一种常见的病.

cystitis /sis'taitis/ [U] a condition in which water must be passed often from the body, often with pain and difficulty 膀胱炎

incontinence /rn'kontənəns/ [U] the condition of being unable to control the bowel or blad-der [→B38], so that waste matter is passed from the body when one does not wish it 大便或小便失禁 incontinent ［B］ suffering from incontinence 大便或小便失禁的：The elderly patient was doubly incontinent (=incontinent of both bladder and bowel）.年纪大的病人大小便都不能自制（指膀胱与肠均不能自制）.

bedwetting /'bed,wetin/ [U] incontinence of urine， esp in young children，in bed at night 遗尿；尿床

venereal disease /və'nıərıəl dı'zi:z/ [U] any of several types of disease passed from one person to another during sexual intercourse ［■A16］性病；花柳病VD abbrev

gonorrhea， also 又作 gonorrhoea BrE /,gonə'rrə/ [U] a venereal disease causing infection and burning feelings in the repro-ductive organs 淋病

syphilis /'sifəlis/ [U] a serious venerèal disease which can also be passed on from parent to child 梅毒 syphilitic 1 ［Wa5；B］ having or related to syphilis 梅毒的；梅毒性的2［C］a person suffering from syphilis 梅毒病患者

B148 nouns，etc 名词等：disorders of the skin 皮肤病

spot/sppt/[C] a small area of swollen red skin on the body, often with poisonous matter inside（皮肤上的）红疹；红斑：He has a lot ofspots on his arms and legs-is it a rash？他胳膊和腿上有许多红斑-是皮疹吗？［→B126］

rash/ræf [C] a set of spots on the face and/or body（皮疹的）疹子；（脸上、身上）一片红疹：He has broken out in a rash.他身上突然长满了疹子.Children get various rashes in such illnesses as measles and chickenpox.小孩得了像麻疹和水痘这类病时，就会出现各种红疹.

shingles /'fıngəlz/ [U] a painful disease among adults in which a ring of red spots spreads round the body, esp the waist, due to the infection of certain nerves 带状疱疹（通常生于腰际）

acne /'ækni/ [U] a condition common among adolescents in which there are many pimples ［B126］on the face（脸上的）痤疮；粉刺；酒刺

itch /itf/1 [C] a sore feeling which makes a person or animal want to rub the skin 痒；发痒2 （fig） a strong desire 强烈欲望：He has an itch for power． 他有强烈的权力欲．3［the R］scabies 疥疮4［IØ］ to have an itch 发痒：If your skin itches，（don＇t） scratch（it）.如果你的皮肤发痒，搔一搔它（别搔它）.

scabies /'skerbr,i:z/ [U] a contagious skin disease caused by very small creatures which live under the skin 疥疮：Scabies causes a severe itch.疥疮会引起奇痒.

B149 nouns 名词：mental and nervous problems 精神病与神经病

allergy /'æləd3i/ [C] med a condition of being highly sensitive to certain things such as food, animals, medicine, etc, often resulting in rashes or difficulty in breathing 过敏性反应；过敏症：Hay fever is an allergy.花粉热是一种过敏症. allergic ［B （to）］ suffering from an allergy 过敏（反应）的；对···过敏的：He＇s allergic topenicillin.他对青霉素有过敏反应.

hay fever [U] an allergic condition affecting the nose and throat, caused by dust from any of various plants 花粉热；枯草热：She gets hay fever every year in early summer.她每年初夏都会得花粉热.

neurosis /nju'rəusis/ [C] trouble of the mind caused by disorders of the nervous system or a deep anxiety 神经（机能）病；精神神经病 neu-rotic 1 [B] suffering from a neurosis; easily made anxious，excited，etc 患神经（机能）病的； 神经过敏的2［C］a neurotic person 神经过敏病患者 -ally ［adv Wa4］

hysteria /his'tiəriə/ [U] 1 a disturbance of the nervous system with outbursts of often uncon-trollable emotion 癔病；歇斯底里 2 senseless， uncontrolled excitement（无意义的）不可抑制的兴奋：The young pop fans were in a state of hysteria when their star arrived.当他们所崇拜的明星到达时，年轻的歌迷们都会疯狂起来.hysterical [B] caused by or suffering from hysteria 歇斯底里症引起的；患歇斯底里症的：Hishysterical laughter frightened her.他那歇斯底里的大笑把她吓坏了.The child became hysterical with fear.这孩子因害怕而变得歇斯底里了.-ly[adv Wa4] hysterics [P] attack(s) of hysteria 歇斯底里症的发作：She went into hysterics when she heard the terrible news.当她听到这可怕的消息时，她的歇斯底里症便发作了.

phobia/'fəubrə/ [C] a strong, unnatural and usu unreasonable fear and dislike（病态的）恐惧；憎恶；恐怖症：She has a phobia about water and won＇t learn to swim.她害怕水，不愿学游泳.claustrophobia [U] the fear of being shut into a small space 幽闭恐怖症 claustrophobic [B] of, concerning or causing claustrophobia 幽闭恐怖症的；引起幽闭恐怖的

insomnia /m'spmnıə/ [U]med & tech inability to sleep 失眠；失眠症

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B150 nouns 名词：digestive disorders

［U］消化系统疾病 [ALSO→B119-20]

indigestion /,ındr'd3estfən/ pain in the stomach because of difficulty in dealing with （＝digesting） food 消化不良：He often gets indi-gestion after eating too much.他经常因吃得过多而消化不良.

dyspepsia／dr＇spepsiə／ med indigestion 消化不良症 dyspeptic ［B］ of， concerning， like or caused by dyspepsia 消化不良症的；消化不良症引起的-ally［adv Wa4］

heartburn ／＇ha：t，b3：n／ infml indigestion（由消化不良引起的）胃灼热

B151 nouns 名词：disorders of the head and balance 头部与平衡失调

headache /'hed,erk/ [C] a pain in the upper part of the head 头痛： God， I＇ve got a splitting headache； it＇s terrible.天哪，我头痛得厉害，真要命.

migraine/'mi:grein/ [U; C] a severe headache, usu only on one side of the head or face 偏头痛：She gets regular attacks of migraine.她得了周期性的偏头痛.

vertigo /'v3:ti,gəu/ [U] a disorder in which a person feels dizzy ［→＞B111］眩晕；头晕：He gets vertigo if he looks down from a high place.每当从高处往下看他就会感到头晕.

B152 nouns 名词： disorders of the liver ［U］肝病

jaundice/'d3o:ndis/ a disease caused by a stop-ping of the flow of bile [→B60], with a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes 黄疸病

hepatitis/ hepə'taitis/med inflammation of the liver 肝炎

B153 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：

poisoning 中毒

poison /'porzən/1 [U; C] a substance causing death or harm if swallowed or taken in by a living thing 毒药；毒物：I need some poison to kill these rats.我需要一些毒药来灭鼠.He putdown weed poison in the garden.他在花园里撒了除草剂.She gave her husband poison in his whisky.她在她丈夫的威士忌酒里下了毒.（fig）These ideas are a poison in our society and we must resist them.这些思想会毒害我们的社会，

B153 DISEASES ＆ AILMENTS 疾病与身体不适

我们必须抵制．2［T1］to give poison to or put poison on； infect 使中毒；毒杀；放毒于：Hepoisoned most of the rats.他把大多数老鼠毒死了.This river has been poisoned with indus-trial waste.这条河被工业废物污染了.Shesucceeded in poisoning her husband/by poi-soning his whisky.她毒死了她的丈夫／在他的威士忌酒里放了毒药.（fig）He has poisoned your mind against me.他毒害了你的心灵，让你来反对我.These bad experiences have poisoned her life.这些邪恶的生涯毒害了她的一生.poisoner［C］ a person using poison against others 放毒者；下毒者 poisonous ［B］1 acting as poison or equipped with poison 有毒的；有害的：The house was full of poisonous fumes.屋子里充满了有毒的气体.Be careful；that snake is poison-ous．当心，那条蛇是有毒的．2 causing great harm恶毒的；有恶意的：What a poisonous look！多么狠毒的目光！-ly［adv］

intoxicate/ın'tpksə,keit/ [T1 usu pass; (IØ)] (of alcohol) to cause loss of control of actions and feelings in （a person）使醉：The man drove his car while in an intoxicated state.这人在醉时驾车.（fig） He was intoxicated by the excitement in the city.他迷上了这城市的种种刺激.intoxi-cation [U] the condition of being intoxicated; alcoholic poisoning 醉；酒精中毒；极度兴奋：The man drove while in a state of intoxication and crashed his car.这人醉酒驾车，把车撞坏了.intoxicant [C; U] something, esp a liquid to drink，which intoxicates 麻醉品（尤指酒类饮料）

venom/'venəm/ [U] esp tech or lit liquid poison which certain snakes; insects and other creatures pass by biting and stinging （毒蛇等的）毒液 venomous［B］full of or using venom 有毒的：venomous snakes 毒蛇；（fig）venomous words 恶毒的言语-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

antidote /'ænti,dəut/ [C;U] medicine used against a poison or to stop a disease from having an effect 解毒药：Do you have an anti-dote to snakebite？你有蛇药吗？

antivenom /,æntr'venəm/ [U; C] med a medi-cine used against snake venom 抗蛇毒素；蛇药

poisoning /'poizəni/ [U] the condition of being poisoned 中毒： He died of poisoning.他中毒而死.

əq1 [n] /Gruzicd, pviq,/ 6uiuosiod poolq condition of having poisoned blood 血中毒：He got blood poisoning from cutting his hand on a dirty knife.由于被一把脏的刀割破了手，他得了血中毒.

food poisoning [U] the condition of being poisoned or made ill by eating food which has gone bad 食物中毒：There were several cases of pauun 8unpə adoəd wouf 8uuosiod poof meat that had not been properly sealed.由于吃了没有密封好的肉类罐头而引起食物中毒的事件，已经发生了好几次.

toxin ／＇tpksin／［C；U］ tech poison 毒素；毒质： These substances are toxins.这些物质是有毒性的.toxic［B］ tech poisonous 有毒的；有毒性的： These are toxic substances.这些是有毒的物质.

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B160 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

Medicine and general medical care

医疗与护理

B160 verbs，etc 动词等：caring for people 看护；护理

look after [v prep T1] to be responsible for and take care of 对···负责；关心；照料；照顾：Nurse，would you look after this patient，please？护士， 请你照顾一下这个病人行吗？He has looked afterhis aged and ailing [→B111] mother for years. 他照料年迈多病的母亲已有好几年了.Don＇t worry-I＇ll look after you.不要担心，我会照料你的.

take care of ［T1］ 1 to help while ill 照料；照顾： Lie still in bed； we＇ll take care of you.好好躺在床上，我们会照顾你的.She＇s good at takingcare of people．她善于照顾别人．2 to attend to照顾；处理：You do that，and I＇ll take care of these other matters.你做那件事，我来处理其他的事情.

care for ［v prep T1］ fml to look after 照料；看护： He has cared for her throughout her long illness.在她长期生病的期间，他一直在照料她.

tend／tend／［T1］ to take care of very carefully 仔细照料；仔细照看：She tended him day andnight for a fortnight, until he began to recover.有两个星期她日夜守护着他，直到他开始康复.Tending an invalid can be very tiring.护理一个病人是非常累的.

attend /ə'tend/[T1 usu pass] to go to be with and care for （esp an ill person）为（病人）看病： She is attended by Dr Smith.她由史密斯医生照管.Who is attending the patients now？现在谁在替这些病人看病？

nurse/n3:s/1 [T1] to tend; to look after as a nurse would 护理（病人、伤患等）；看护：Shenursed him back to health.她护理他，使他恢复健康．2［IØ］to spend time as a nurse 做护理工作：She＇s been nursing for a year now.一年以来，她一直在做护理工作.

neglect/ni'glekt/1 [T1] to take no care of or pay no attention to 疏忽； 忽略：She neglects her children badly．她很不关心她的孩子．2［T3］tofail to do 忽略；遗忘：He neglected to give them back the money．他忘了把钱还给他们．3［U］thecondition of being neglected 疏忽；忽略；遗漏： The children live in a state of neglect.这些孩子的生活无人照管.negligent ［B］ not careful enough 不够注意的；疏忽的；随便的：She＇s verynegligent in her work; she's a negligent worker.她工作很马虎，是一个粗心的工人.-ly[adv] negligence [U] the state of being negli-gent疏忽；不注意；粗心大意

B161 verbs 动词：examining and curing people 检验及治疗

[ALSO→B164, B178 FOR RELATED NOUNS]

examine/ig'zæmin/[T1] to study, in order to

make a diagnosis(=to decide the nature of a disease，etc）检查；诊察（诊断病情）：The doctor examined his patient.医生给病人作检查.

diagnose /,daıəg'nəuz/ [T1 (as)] med & tech to decide the nature of (a disease, etc) by study-ing the symptoms (= signs on the body or in the activities of the patient） 诊断：The doctor diagnosed her illness as anaemia［■B144］．医生诊断她的病是贫血症.

treat/tri:t/ [T1] to try to cure by medical means 治疗：The doctors hope to treat his illness successfully.医生希望能治好他的病.She is beingtreated with a new drug.她正在接受一种新药的治疗.Which doctor is treating her？哪位医生在给她治疗？

cure/kjuə/ [T1] 1 to bring back to good health 治好；医愈：The doctor hopes to cure her of the disease quite quickly. 医生希望很快就能治好她的病.He＇s cured now； he should be back to normal health in a few weeks.现在他的病已经痊愈，几周之后他就会恢复健康．2 to treatsuccessfully 治愈；治好（疾病）：The doctor cured the disease.医生治好了这种病.We cancure some types of cancer.我们能够治好几种癌症.

heal/hi:l/1[IØ] (of wounds, etc) to get better; return to normal（尤指伤口）治愈；愈合：The wound is healing nicely.这伤口愈合得很好.The cut in her hand has healed completely, with-out leaving a scar.她手上的刀伤已完全愈合，没有留下伤疤．2［T1］emot to cure 治愈：He hashealed her; she is her old healthy self again. 他把她治好了，她又像过去那样的健康了.Thismedicine will help heal the wound.这种药对治好这种创伤很有帮助.

dose /dəus/[T1] to give a (heavy) dose esp of medicine 给···服药：He dosed himself with medicines to stop the cold from getting worse. 他服药以防止感冒恶化.

set/set/1[T1] to put (a broken limb or bone) in a fixed position with material round it which prevents movement and allows healing 使（断肢或断骨）复位；接合：His leg was set at thehospital．他的断腿已在医院里接上了．2［IØ］（ofbones and limbs) to have the parts join firmly together again（肢体或骨）接合：His leg has set beautifully.他的腿接合得很好.

bandage /'bændid3/ [Wv5; T1 (up)] to put a bandage［→B175］on 扎上绷带：The nurse bandaged（up）his wounds.护士用绷带包扎好他的伤口.He had a bandaged hand； he had burnt himself badly.他的一只手烧伤得很厉害，包扎着绷带.He bandaged her arm as well as he could with a piece of cloth.他尽力地用一块布把她的手臂包扎好.

dress /dres/ [T1] to clean, bandage, etc(a wound or injury） 敷裹；包札（伤口、伤处）：Nurse,dress that man's wounded arm, please. 护士，请将那人受伤的手臂包扎好.

B162 verbs 动词：reducing pain 减少痛苦

soothe／su：ð／［T1］1 to reduce the pain of 减少痛

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苦；缓和（痛苦、疼痛等）：The cold water soothed the pain of the burn．冷水缓和了烧伤处的疼痛．2to comfort 安慰；抚慰：She soothed the upset child.她抚慰那个心里难过的孩子.

deaden /'dedən/ [T1] to cause to lose force, feeling，etc 缓和；减弱：The sedative deadened the pain.止痛药止了痛.

lessen /'lesən/ [IØ; T1] to become or make less 变少；减少：The pain lessened during the night. 在夜间疼痛减轻了.The treatment lessened his discomfort considerably.治疗大大地减轻了他的不舒服.

alleviate /ə'li:vi,eit/ [T1] tech to make (pain, suffering，anger，etc）less 减轻（病苦、怒气等）： The medicine alleviates his pain but does not cure his illness.这种药能减轻他的痛苦，但并不能治愈他的病.alleviation ［U］

ease／i：z／1［IØ］（as of pain） to become less （痛苦）减轻：The pain eased a little in the morn-ing．在早上痛苦减轻了一点．2［T1］to cause（pain）to become less 使（痛苦）减轻；缓和：The doctor helped to ease her pain before she died.医生在她临终前帮她减轻一些痛苦.

assuage /ə'sweid3/ [T1] lit & fml to make （pain， suffering，desire，thirst，etc） less 减轻（痛苦）；缓和（欲望）；解（渴）：Nothing could assuage the pain.没有东西可以减轻这痛苦.

allay/ə'lei/[T1] fml to make (pain,fear,anger, doubt，etc） less 减轻（痛苦）；消除（恐惧）；平抚（愤怒）；解除（怀疑）：This medicine will allay the pain.这种药能止痛.Her friendly manner allayed his fears.她的友好态度减少了他的恐惧.

B163 verbs 动词：getting better after illness 病后康复

recover/rr'kAvə/ [IØ] to return to a usual state of health，strength，ability，etc 恢复（健康、力量、能力等）；痊愈；复原：He is very ill andunlikely to recover.他的病很重，不大可能会康复了.She has recovered from her bad cold and can go out tomorrow.她的重感冒已经痊愈，明天就能外出.

recuperate/rr'kju:pə,reit/ [IØ] tech to recover after an illness or accident（在病后或事故后）恢复（健康、元气等）；康复：He was very seriously ill, and he is still recuperating (from the illness）.他患过重病，现在他仍处于康复时期.Sheneeds time to recuperate.她需要时间康复.

get well／better ［IØ］ infml to recover 恢复健康； 好起来：He＇s getting well again；don＇t worry.不要担心，他的病又得到好转了.She＇s getting betterevery day and will soon be on her feet again. 她一天天的好起来，不久就可恢复健康.Get wellsoon，darling！亲爱的，快点好吧！I hope he gets better quickly.我希望他赶快好转.

convalesce /,kpnvə'les/ [IØ] to spend time getting well after an illness 渐渐复原；养病：He went to the mountains to convalesce in the pure air.他到山区去，在洁净的空气里养病.convalescent [B] in the process of convalesc-ing恢复期的

B164 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

pull through [v adv] infml1[IØ] to live on after a bad illness or accident 恢复；痊愈：Don＇t worry；he＇ll pull through.不必担心，他会恢复过来的．2［T1］to help live on 使恢复健康：Thedoctors will pull him through.医生会使他恢复健康的.

B164 nouns 名词： things which help people get better 帮助病人恢复健康

cure/kjuə/ [C] a means of (possibly) bringing someone back to good health 治疗；医治（手段、方法）：The cure isn＇t certain， but it often works very.well.这种治疗不一定有把握，但往往能起很好的作用.There is， I＇m afraid， no （known） cure for this condition.对这种病情恐怕现在还没有（已知的）治疗方法.He tried various cures， but none worked.他试过各种疗法，但是没有一种奏效.

remedy/'remədi/ [C] old use & more genl a cure 药物；治疗法；医疗：Is there any remedy for this disease／trouble？有没有治疗这种病的药？We have tried all the remedies, but none work(s). 我们试过所有的疗法，但是没有一种有效.remedial[Wa5; B] for the purpose of curing,helping, improving，etc 治疗的；补救的；辅助的：remedial care 医药护理；remedial language lessons 语言辅助课-ly［adv］

treatment/'tri:tmənt/ [C; U] way of treating or trying to cure anyone 治疗；治疗法：We are trying a new treatment for this disease.我们正在试验一种对付这种病的新疗法.The treatmentwas a great success.治疗十分成功.She is still undergoing treatment for her condition.为了把病治好，她仍在接受治疗.

care／keə／［U］ general treatment and nursing 治疗；护理：The patientis receiving intensive care at the moment； he isvery ill.病人的病情严重， 目前正加强护理.The standard of care in these hospitals is very high.这些医院的护理水平很高.

aftercare /'a:ftə,keə/ [U] special treatment given after the main treatment for a disease or condition or after an operation（病后或手术后的）调养：Aftercare is very important in cases like these.像这类病症，病后调理是十分重要的.

attention /ə'tenfən/ [U] the act of attending someone， esp a person who is not well 照料；照顾（尤指身体不好的人）：He will need a lot ofcare and attention if he is to get better.如果他要好起来，还需要大量的护理与照料.

recovery/rr'kavəri/ [U; S] the process or result of recovering from an illness， etc 复原；痊愈： Full recovery may not be possible, but we can expect a partialrecovery.完全康复也许不可能， 但是我们可指望部分复原.He damaged his eyesin the car crash, and recovery of sight in one eye is not certain.在撞车事故中他的眼睛受了损伤，其中一只眼睛的视力能否恢复是个疑问.Shemade a remarkable recovery from the illness. 她的病已有了显著的起色.

recuperation /rı,kju:pə'reıfən/ [U] the process of recuperating 恢复；复原

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B165 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

convalescence/,konvə'lesəns/ [U] the process of convalescing 康复过程；恢复期

B165 nouns 名词：processes which help people get better 恢复健康

healing/'hi:ln/ [U] 1 the process of returning to health 治愈（伤病等）；康复：Healing is often slow in cases where the patient has lost a lot of blood．失血过多的病人往往要很久才能痊愈．2an activity which heals or tries to heal 治愈；医治：He is engaged in healing by means of a Chinese method using needles.他正在使用中国的针刺疗法进行治疗.

therapy/'θerəpi/[U] tech treatment helping in a cure 治疗；疗法：Exercise is the best therapy in this case.运动是这种病最好的疗法.

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| occupationaltherapy工作疗法radiotherapy放射疗法physiotherapy物理疗法psychotherapy心理疗法 | treatment of illnessof body or mind byuseful activities用有效的活动治疗身体或精神上的疾病treatment by controlledradiation用控制的放射线进行治疗treatment by heat,light, electricity,exercise, and othernatural forces用热、光、电、运动等自然能力进行治疗treatment of disordersof the mind by meansof action on the minditself, using psychology[→G6] rather thandrugs, operations etc用心理学而不用药物等治疗精神上的疾病 |

B166 nouns 名词：people who care and cure［C］医护人员

doctor／＇dpktə／ ［also 又作 N］ a person who has been trained in the use of medical science 医生：Send for a doctor，quickly； there＇s been an accident！出事故了，快，去请医生！Thedoctor prescribed tablets for her blood condition.医生为她的血液病开了药片.It.takesat least six years to train a doctor.培养一个医生至少需要六年时间.Thank you，Doctor.谢谢你，医生.

physician／fə＇zifən／1 old use a doctor 医生：He is physician to the Royal Family.他是王室的御医.The prince was attended by his personal physician．那位王子由他的私人医生诊治．2 techa doctor who can practise medicine but not

surgery 内科医生

specialist/'spefəlist/ a doctor who has made a special study of a particular branch of medi-cine 专科医生；专家：Her doctor sent her to see a heart specialist.医生叫她到一位心脏病专家那里去治疗.

consultant /kən'saltənt/ 1 a doctor who can give special advice on certain medical diffi-culties in addition to that given by an ordi-nary doctor 会诊医生；顾问医生：Severalfamous consultants have given their opinions and they all agree.几个著名的会诊医生已经说了他们的看法，他们都一致同意．2 esp BrE asenior hospital doctor（医院里的）高级医生

general practitioner /'d3enərəl præk'tıfənə/ a doctor who is not a specialist in any particu-lar branch of medicine and treats illnesses, etc generally 全科医生（即非专科医生）：General practitioners and specialists are complementary in the medical profession.全科医生和专科医生在医务方面是相互补充的.GPabbrev

family doctor a general practitioner who is normally called in by a family for any of its medical problems 家庭医生：He has been a family doctor as well as a consultant, so he knows all the problems.他当过家庭医生和会诊医生，所以他熟悉一切疑难病症.

surgeon /'s3:d3ən/ a doctor who practises surgery［■B168］外科医生：The surgeon took out his patient＇s appendix［■B35］．外科医生切除了病人的阑尾.

dentist /'dentist/ a person who has been trained to look after people's teeth and gums 牙医：I must go to the dentist； I＇ve got terrible toothache.我的牙痛极了，我得去找牙医.

dental surgeon a dentist trained in surgery useful to dental care 牙医

veterinary surgeon /'vetəri,nəri 's3:d3ən/ BrE, veterinarian / vetərə'neəriən/ AmE a trained animal doctor 兽医 vet abbrev

quack/kwæk/1 a person dishonestly claiming to have special (esp medical) knowledge and practising a skill he does not have 冒充内行的人；（尤指）江湖医生；庸医：I don＇t want to betreated by a quack; I want a proper doctor! 我不要江湖医生来看病，我要的是一个正式的医生！2 derog a doctor whom one dislikes or does not respect 庸医：Don＇t let that quack near me！别让那个庸医靠近我！

healer／＇hi：lə／ any person who can heal 医治者； 大夫：She went to an old village healer to get a cure for backache.她到村里去找一个老大夫治疗背痛.

faith healer /'feiθ 'hi:lə/ a person healing or claiming to heal by means of religious faith （靠祈祷等治病的）宗教医生

medical practitioner /'medrkəl præk'tıfənə/a person trained and skilled in any branch of medicine 开业医生

nurse ／n3：s／ ［also 又作 N］ a person， usu a woman and often in a hospital, who helps doctors by caring for their patients in practi-cal ways during ordinary daily activity and

82

during operations 护士：She has been a nurse for 20 years．她当护士已有二十年了．She haspassed her exams and is now a qualified nurse.她已考试及格，现在是一位合格的护士了.Thank you，Nurse.谢谢你，护士！

male nurse a man working as a nurse 男护士： Male nurses are particularly important in caring for men in mental hospitals.在精神病医院里护理男病人，男护士特别重要.

sister／＇sistə／［also 又作 N］ （the title of） a nurse in charge of a hospital ward（管理一病房的）护士长：Thank you， Sister； you have done a good job here.谢谢你，护士长，你在这里做得很出色.

matron／＇meitrən／ ［also 又作 N］ （the title of）a woman in charge of a hospital who has control over the work of all the nurses and those who work there, but not over doctors （管理全院护理人员的）主任护士长：The Matronis on her daily round of the wards.主任护士长在进行每天的病房巡视.Thank you，Matron.谢谢你，主任护士长.

midwife /'mid,warf/ a woman, usu a nurse, who has been trained to help other women in childbirth 助产士：The midwife delivered a healthy baby boy.这助产士接生了一个健康的男婴孩.

therapist/'θerəpist/ a person trained in any kind of therapy（物理、精神等）治疗学家

orderly/'o:dəli/ an attendant in a hospital, usu a man and without special professional train-ing（指医院的）护理员；勤杂工；卫生员：Can youget an orderly to take this patient out？ 你能不能叫一个护理员把这位病人带出去？He is a hospi-tal orderly.他是个医院里的卫生员.

B167 nouns 名词：people who need to be treated［C］需要治疗的人

patient /'perfənt/ 1 a person receiving medical treatment from a doctor or in a hospital 病人： All the patients in the doctor's waiting room looked ill.在医生候诊室里的所有病人都面带病容.Nurse，please help this patient to undress.护士，请帮助这位病人脱衣服．2 one of the group ofpeople who go to a particular doctor when they need medical treatment 到同一医生那里去看病的人：Send a copy of this letter to all my patients.请将这封信的副本分寄给所有到我这里来看病的人.

outpatient/'aut,perfənt/ a sick person who goes to a hospital for treatment while continuing to live at home 门诊病人：He has been attending the hospital as an outpatient for some months.他在医院的门诊部看病已经有好几个月了.She was asked to attend at the Outpatients' Department at 10 am．她接到通知要上午十时到门诊部去看病.

case/keis/1 an instance of a disease, injury,etc needing medical treatment 病症；病例：We have discovered three cases of smallpox[■B143］in the city．我们已经在这城市里发现了三个天花病例.The woman is a bad case of arthritis

B168 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

［→B145］．这女人是一个严重的关节炎病人．2amedical or surgical patient 内科病人；外科病人： We have several new cases to handle tonight. 今晚我们有几个新来的病人要处理.He＇s a hospi-tal case， I＇m afraid.恐怕他是个该住院的病人.Nurse, move this case to another ward[→B180］．护士，把这病人移到另一个病房去．

casualty /'kæ3uəlti/ a person hurt in an acci-dent or killed or wounded in battle（在事故中受伤的）伤者；（战斗中的）伤亡者：There were 20serious casualties in the train crash.在火车撞车事故中有二十人受重伤．They treat 30casualties a night in that hospital.在那所医院里他们一晚要治疗三十位受伤的人.The casualtiesin the battle on both sides were very heavy.在这次战斗中双方死伤人数都很多.（fig）He was acasualty of the last election; he lost his seat in Parliament.他在上次选举中失利，失去了国会中的席位.Your plan is the first casualty of the new economies，I＇m afraid.恐怕你的计划将是新经济的第一个牺牲品.

invalid /'ınvəli:d/ a person made weak by illness 病弱者；病人：After that illness he was an invalid for the rest of his life.那场病后他成了终身病人.She has an old invalid mother to look after.她有一个年老多病的母亲要照料.invalidchair also 又作 wheelchair a wheeled chair for invalids to sit in（有轮子的）病人用椅；轮椅

convalescent / konvə'lesənt/ a person who is convalescing［→B163］恢复期病人；病愈后复原中的人

sufferer/'sAfərə/ a person who is suffering,or often suffers， from an illness 患病者：She has been a sufferer from arthritis for many years. 许多年来她一直是关节炎患者.

victim /'viktim/ a person who suffers the results of illness, actions, or happenings which he did not cause 受害者；牺牲者；遭难者：Several peoplefell ill， victims of food poisoning.好几个人病倒了，都是因为食物中毒.The accident victimswere taken to hospital.在事故中受伤的人都被送往医院.He was the victim of ill-treatment as a child.他童年时受到了虐待.fall victim to tosuffer because of （an illness or action） 蒙受（某种疾病或行动）之害；成为···牺牲品：He fellvictim to polio［→B146］．他是小儿麻痹症的受害者.She fell victim to a desire for new clothes， and soon had no money left.她买新衣服成癖，很快就弄得一点钱都没有了.

B168 nouns 名词： kinds of medical work

［U］各类医务工作

medicine/'medsən/1 the science and practice of treating and understanding disease and other bodily disorders 医学：He is studying medicine at the university.他正在大学里攻读医学．2 the part of that science which uses medicines but not the part which uses surgery in treating patients 内科：He is qualified in both medicine and surgery.他内、外科都能胜任. surgery/'s3:d3əri/1 the science and practice of

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B169 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

treating injuries and diseases by operations on the body 外科：He has specialized in heart surgery．他专门研究心脏外科．2 the activity of asurgeon 外科手术：Surgery will be necessary， Nurse；prepare the instruments，please.有必要进行外科手术，护士，请准备器具.Major surgerywas needed to save the crash victims＇ lives.需要进行大手术来抢救这次交通事故中受害者的生命.

dentistry /'dentistri/ the work of a dentist [→B165］牙科学；牙科

veterinary science/'vetərI,nəri 'saıəns/ medi-cine for animals, esp domesticated [■A36] species 兽医学

nursing /'n3:snj/(the practice of) the skill of nursing sick people 护理；护理术：She won a prize for her nursing ability.她由于护理能力出色而得了奖.Nursing is a career which has traditionally depended on women rather than men.护理工作在传统上是女人而不是男人的职业.

midwifery/'mid,wifəri/ (the practice of) the skill of helping at childbirth 产科术；助产术

first aid /f3ist 'eid/ (the study and practice of) treatment to be given by an ordinary person to a person hurt in an accident, or suddenly taken ill 急救（治疗）；急救法：He pulled the drowning man from the water and gave him first aid.他从水里拉起那遇溺的人并对他进行了急救.He goes to first aid classes.他上急救治疗课.

B169 nouns 名词：medical studies ［U］医学研究

anatomy/ə'nætəmi/1 the science or study of the bodies and body parts of animals 解剖学： He studied anatomy in medical school.他在医学院攻读解剖学．2 the body or body parts of aperson or animal 人体构造；动物的身体结构：These pictures are of the human anatomy.这些都是人体结构图．3 the cutting into pieces of abody or body part of a person or animal in order to study it 解剖 4（fig） the way some-thing works, as discovered by careful examina-tion 结构；剖析：The book studies the anatomy of modern society.这本书研究现代社会的结构.anatomist [C] a person engaged in anatomy 解剖学家 anatomical ［B］ of or concerning anatomy解剖的；解剖学上的-ly［adv Wa4］

physiology /fizi'pləd3i/ 1 the science con-cerned with the study of how the bodies of liv-ing things，and their various parts， work 生理学：Anatomy and physiology are generally studied together.解剖学和生理学通常是放在一起来学习的．2 the system by which any particular living thing keeps alive 生理：The textbook discusses the physiology of the horse.这本教科书论述了马的生理现象.physiologist ［C］ aperson whose work is in physiology 生理学家physiological [Wa5; B] of or concerning physiology 生理的；生理学的-ly［adv Wa4］

pathology ／pə＇θpləd3i／1 the study of disease 病理学：Pathology is a major branch of medi-cine．病理学是医学的一门主要分科．2 the specialnature of （a disease）病理：The pathology of

this illness is very unusual.这种病的病理是十分特殊的.pathologist ［C］ a person whose work is in pathology 病理学家 pathological ［B］ of or concerning pathology 病理学的；病理上的-ly [adv Wa4]

gynaecology BrE, gynecology AmE /gamni-'koləd3i/ the study of the workings of the female sex organs, esp in child-bearing and diseases, and the practice of medical tests and treatments in such diseases 妇科学；妇科医学gyn(a)ecologist [C] a person whose work is in gynaecology 妇科医生 gyn（a）ecological ［Wa5；B］ of or concerning gynaecology 妇科的-ly [adv Wa4]

obstetrics /əb'stetriks/ tech the branch of medicine concerned with the birth of children 产科学 obstetrician ［C］ a person whose work is in obstetrics 产科医生 obstetric（al）［Wa5； B］ of or concerning obstetrics 产科的；助产的-(al)ly [adv Wa4]

B170 adjectives 形容词：relating to medical work and medicine [Wa5; B] 有关医务工作与医学

medical /'medıkəl/1 relating to the science and practice of medicine 医学的；医疗的：What is the patient＇s medical history？这病人的病史是怎样的？He is a very experienced medical prac-titioner.他是一位很有经验的医生.This is amedical matter best left to doctors to decide. 这是一个医学上的问题，最好让医生们来决定．2able to cure illness 能治疗疾病的；有医疗作用的：This chemical compound has important medical properties.这种化合物有重要的医疗性能．3 of the treatment of disease by medicine rather than by operation 内科的-ly［adv Wa4］ medicinal ／mə＇disənəl／1 used as medicine 医药的；药用的：He says he drinks only for medicinal purposes，not as a pleasure.他说他是把酒当作药来喝的，而不是为了消遣.This food has greatmedicinal value．这种食物有很高的药用价值．2having the effect of curing， like medicine 有治疗功效的：The waters of this town are highly medicinal.这个城市的水有很高的治疗功效.

medicated/'medi,keitid/treated with medicine 加了药品的；含药的：She got the child somemedicated sweets for his sore throat.她给孩子买了一些止咳糖治喉痛.

clinical /'klinikəl/1 relating to a clinic [→B179] 医务所的2 concerned with or based on actual medical experience rather than theory or experiments 临床的：We must run proper clini-cal tests on this drug.我们必须对这种药品进行适当的临床试验.You will receive a full clinical examination．你将接受全面的体格检查．3 rathercold; appearing more interested in scientific than personal details（态度上）冷静而客观的；对事不对人的：He has a clinical manner when working， but is very friendly when off-duty.他工作时态度冷冷的，下班后却十分友好.-ly［advWa4]

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surgical /'s3:d3ikəl/ related to or useful in surgery 外科的；外科用的：He must have asurgical operation if he is to live.如果他想活下去，就必须接受外科手术.These are all surgicalinstruments and must be kept clean.这些都是外科手术器械，必须保持清洁.The patient is inthe surgical ward with the others who are undergoing surgery.这病人和别的准备接受外科手术的人住在外科病房．-ly［adv Wa4］

dental/'dentəl/ related to the teeth, their care or to dentistry 牙齿的；牙科的：We must protect our teeth against dental decay.我们必须保护牙齿以防蛀蚀.She has an appointment at the dental hospital.她预约到牙科医院看病.

veterinary /'vetəri,nəri/ connected with the medical care and treatment of animals (esp farm animals and pets）医治动物（尤指家畜）的；兽医的

curative /'kjuərətıv/ for the purpose of or having the power to cure 治病的；有治病效力的：The air here is very pure and curative for people with lung disorders.这地方的空气非常纯净，对患肺病的人有治疗功能.

therapeutic /,θerə'pju:tik/ for the purpose of healing 治疗疾病的；疗法的：This medicine is given in carefully controlled therapeutic doses.这种药的服用剂量要严格控制.-ally ［advWa4]

B171 nouns 名词：medicines and drugs 药物

[ALSO→E80-7 DRUGS]

medicine/'medsən/ [C; U] a substance used for treating disease， esp a liquid to be drunk 药； （尤指）药水：She has taken a lot of different medicines, but none have cured the disease. 她已经服了许多不同的药，但是没有一种能治好她的病.Take this medicine three times daily after meals.这种药每日服三次，饭后服用.

medication/,medr'kerfən/1 [U] the act of giving medicine（to）用药物治疗 2［C；U］ a medical substance，esp a drug 药物；药剂：It is better to sleep naturally than to take any kind of medi-cation.自然睡眠比服用任何药物人睡都要好.

drug /drag/ [C] 1 any substance used for medi-cal purposes, either alone or in a mixture, which has an effect on the working of cells or organs 药物：Doctors prescribe drugs carefully； the misuse of drugs can be dangerous.医生开药很慎重，用错了药可能有危险．2 a substancewhich helps to cause sleep or hallucinations ［→B85］ （and is habit-forming）麻醉药；（使人上瘾的）毒品：Be careful you don＇t become addicted to drugs.你小心别染上毒瘾.Tobacco， alcohol,and hashish are habit-forming drugs. 烟草、酒精和大麻都是能使人上瘾的麻醉品.

tonic /'tpnik/1 [C] a medicine intended to give the body more strength， esp when tired 滋补药；补药：She is taking an iron tonic （＝one which contains iron） to improve her blood.她正在服用一种含铁质的药用以补血．2［C usu sing］

B172 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

(fig) anything which increases health and energy 兴奋剂，鼓舞物：Sea or mountain air is the best tonic for a person who lives in a big city.海洋或高山空气对一个住在大城市里的人来说是最好的提神剂.She＇s a real tonic for me-sofull of life！她对我来说真是一种鼓舞-总是那样朝气蓬勃！

pick-me-up/'pikmi:,Ap/ [C] infml something, esp a drink or a medicine, that makes a person feel stronger and more cheerful 令人振作的饮品或药物：I need a pick-me-up；I feel depressed.我心情不佳，需要来一杯饮品，振作一下精神.

B172 nouns 名词：pills and powders ［C］ 丸剂与粉剂

pill /pil/ a small ball, capsule or other hard form in which medicine can be taken 药丸：He swallowed his pills. 他吞下了药丸.She＇s on a course of little pink pills; she says they're doing her a lot of good.她正接受一个疗程，服用一种粉红色的小药丸；她说那对她很有好处.

tablet／＇tæblit／ a hard flat rounded pill（扁而圆的）药片：He has a bottle of aspirin in tablet form：I＇ll get.it.他有一瓶阿斯匹林药片，我去拿来.Take two tablets three times a day after meals.饭后服两片，每日三次.Dissolve twotablets in water.把两片药溶在水里.

lozenge /'lpzind3/ a sweet-tasting tablet made to melt slowly in the mouth 甜味口含药片：acough lozenge 咳嗽药片

capsule /'kæpsju:l/ a tiny container for a dose of medicine（装一剂药物的）胶囊：The medicine is pink and comes in oval capsules.这种药是粉红色的，装在椭圆形的胶囊里.

mixture ／＇mikstfə／ ［also 又作 U］ a set of substances mixed together as a liquid medi-cine 合剂（由多种药物配制成的水性药剂）：Shakethe mixture well before use. 服药水前摇匀. Take two teaspoonfuls of the mixture morning and evening.早、晚各服用两茶匙药水.Hebought some cough mixture from the chemist. 他在药房里买了一些咳嗽药水.

powder／＇paudə／ ［also 又作 U］ medicine in the form of a powder 药粉：She took a headache powder dissolved in warm water.她把头痛药粉溶于温水里服用.

course /ko:s/ esp BrE a planned series of pills, drugs or other treatment 连续服用药物或接受治疗；疗程：He is on a course of drugs and goes once a week to the clinic to get them.他正在接受一个药物疗程，每周到医务所取一次药.

dose /dəus/ a measured amount (esp of liquid medicine） given or to be taken at one time（尤指药水的）一次服用量；剂量：He has just had hisdaily dose of medicine.他刚刚按剂量把一天的药吃完.There are only about two doses left in the bottle.在瓶子里留下的药大约只够两次服用.dosage [C usu sing] the giving of medicine in quantity； the quantity of a single dose 药的服用量；一次服用量：What is the dosage？-Oh，two

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teaspoonfuls after each meal.一次服多少？-哦；每次饭后两茶匙.

B173 nouns 名词：various kinds of medicines and medical substances 各种药与药物

ointment /'ointmənt/ [U; C] a thick substance, usu medicinal, containing oil or fat, to be rubbed on the skin 软膏；油膏

liniment /'lmnəmənt/ [U; C] a liquid containing oil to be rubbed on the skin, esp to help sore-ness and stiffness of the joints（油质）擦剂

lotion /'ləufən/ [U; C] any kind of liquid, usu medicinal, for rubbing on the skin or hair or placing on the eyes 洗液；水剂：This lotionwill soothe thoseinsect bites.这种药水会减轻虫咬疼痛.He uses eye lotion because his eyes get tired easily.他使用眼药水，因为他的眼睛容易疲劳.

drops/drops/[P] medicinal liquid to be applied in single drops to the eye， ear，nose，etc 以滴计量的药水；滴剂：The doctor gave him drops to put in his eyes, to cure the inflammation[→B125］．医生给了他滴眼的药水治疗红肿．

antiseptic /,æntə'septik/ [C;U] chemical substance able to prevent flesh, blood, etc from going bad, esp by killing germs [→A37] 防腐剂；消毒剂；灭菌剂：Carbolic soap is apowerful antiseptic.石碳酸皂是一种特效消毒剂.

antibiotic /æntibar'ptik/ [C] a medical substance produced by living things and able to stop the growth of, or destroy, harmful bacteria [→A37] that have entered the body 抗生素：The doctor put him on a course of antibiotics.医生规定他服用一个疗程的抗生素.

penicillin /,peni'silin/ [U] a widely-used anti-biotic that stops germs from multiplying 青霉素；盘尼西林

analgesic /,ænəl'd3i:zik/ [C] med & tech a drug which lessens pain 镇痛剂；止痛药

pain-killer/'pein,kılə/ [C] not fml an analgesic 镇痛剂；止痛药

aspirin/'æsprin/1 [U] a kind of medicine that lessens pain and fever 阿斯匹林（止痛退热药）：Aspirin is a powerful pain-killer.阿斯匹林是一种特效止痛药．2［C］this medicine in the form of a tablet 阿斯匹林片剂：He took two aspirins for his headache.他因头痛吃了两片阿斯匹林.

sedative /'sedətiv/ [C] tech a medicine or drug which calms the nerves, reduces tension[■B87］ and／or helps a person to sleep 镇静剂： The doctor prescribed a sedative to calm her down.医生开了些镇静剂使她安定下来.sedation[U]treatment with sedatives; the result of this treatment 服用镇静剂；镇静状态：The patient isunder（heavy）sedation.病人服用了（大量）镇静剂.

tranquillizer,-iser /'trænkwi,laizə/[C] tech & genl a sedative 镇静剂：She＇s on tranquillizers because of her nerves.她因神经方面的毛病常服镇静剂.

laxative/'læksətiv/ [C] a medicine which helps relieve constipation, causing the bowels[→B35］ to empty 轻泻剂；通便剂

smelling salts [P] a medical preparation for smelling in cases of feeling faint, headaches and nausea ［■B120］（治疗昏倒、头痛等用的）鼻盐；嗅盐

B174 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：relating to special treatment 有关专门疗法

[ALSO→B165]

inject /In'd3ekt/ [D1 with/into; T1] to force (a liquid, drug, vaccine, etc) into (someone's bloodstream) usu by means of a hypodermic syringe［■B176］注射；打（针）：The doctor in-jected penicillin into his patient's bloodstream. 医生把青霉素注射进病人的血管里.She injectedthe patient with penicillin.她给病人注射青霉素.

pjection /In'd3ekfən/ 1 [C] any instance of Injecting a serum, vaccine, antibiotic, etc into a person 注射剂；针剂；针药：He has had his anti-tetanus injection．他已打了抗破伤风针．2［U］the act of injecting 注射

immunize, -ise /'imju,naiz/ [T1] to make (a person or an animal) safe against disease by putting certain substances into the body, usu by means of a hypodermic needle 使免疫-ization,-isation[U][→B136]

serum /'sıərəm/ [U; C] 1 a thin liquid taken from the blood 血浆；浆液2 such a liquid containing matter which can cause disease but prepared in a special way for immunizing people 血清

inoculate /mn'pkju,leit/ [T1 often pass] to intro-duce a weak form of a disease into (someone's body） to prevent the disease in later life 接种（疫苗）；注射疫苗；打预防针：Babies are usuallyinoculated against several diseases nowadays. 如今为了预防几种疾病通常给婴儿打预防针.inoculation [U;C]

vaccine/'væksi:n/ [C; U] a substance from the blood of a cow, used to protect persons from smallpox, etc by giving them a slight but not dangerous form of the disease 疫苗；痘苗：Some vaccines are more effectve than others.有些疫苗比别的更有效.The supply of new vaccinearrived yesterday.一批新疫苗昨天已到.vaccin-ate [T1] to protect against smallpox, etc by injecting vaccine 种痘；接种疫苗；打预防针：Thechildren were all vaccinated against smallpox. 孩子们全都接种了痘苗预防天花.vaccination［U；C]

shot／fot／［C］not fml an injection 针剂；注射：The patient has received his various shots.病人已经注射了各种针剂.You＇ll need several shots of penicillin.你需要注射好几针青霉素.

jab／d3æb／［C］ infml an injection of any kind 注射：Have you had your smallpox jabs yet？你打了防天花的针吗？

jag／d3æg／［C］ScotEinfml ajab注射

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B176 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

B176 nouns 名词：medical instruments

医疗器械

[ALSO→B161]

B175 nouns 名词：bandages， crutches， and similar medical aids 绷带、拐杖以及类似的辅助医疗用品

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

bandage

绷带

sling

吊带

crutch

拐杖

splint

夹板

splint

夹板

bandage /'bændid3/ [C] a strip of cloth for binding round a wound or injury 绷带：The soldier had a bandage round his head.这兵士的头上缠着绷带.It＇s time to change thosebandages.现在需要更换那些绷带了.

dressing /'dresin/ [C] anything such as ban-dages, ointments, etc, used for dressing wounds and sores，etc 包扎用品（如药膏、绷带等）：Put adressing on that patient＇s wound.把那病人的伤口包扎好.

lint/lint/[U] soft material used for protecting wounds（用于保护伤口的）软布；纱布：The nurseput some lint on the wound and then bandaged the patient＇s arm.护士把几块纱布放在病人的伤口上，然后把他的手臂包扎好.

sling /slir/ [C] a piece of cloth tied at the shoulder and supporting a broken or damaged arm 吊带：The man had his arm in a sling. 那人用吊带吊着手臂.

splint/splint/[C] a piece of stiff material tied against a broken limb to keep it straight（固定断骨的）夹板

crutch/kratf [C] a stick of wood,metal,or other material shaped to fit under the arm and rest on the floor， supporting the body 拐杖：He walked quite well with the help of a crutch.他撑着拐杖走得很好.

scalpel /'skælpəl/ [C] a small knife used in surgery［■B168］外科手术刀；解剖刀

forceps/'fo:səps/ [P] an instrument like scis-sors which can be used by dentists for pulling out teeth, or by surgeons for taking hold of things（牙医用的）牙钳；（医生用的）钳子

probe/prəub/[C] a long thin metal instrument with a blunt end, used by doctors for learning about the depth and direction of a wound,etc 探针（一种钝头的细长工具，插入伤口以探查深浅及方向）

syringe /'sirind3/ [C] a sort of very thin pipe used in medicine and science into which liquid can be drawn and from which it can be pushed out 注射器

needle /'ni:dl/ [C] a very thin hollow pointed tube (esp at the end of a hypodermic syringe) which is pushed into someone's skin to put a liquid （esp medicine） into the body 注射针；（注射器的）针头

hypodermic needle/syringe /,haipə'd3:mik 'ni:dl/'sırınd3/ [C] a needle/syringe for putting a liquid under the skin into the body 皮下注射针头／注射器

suture /'su:tfə/ [C] 1 a type of thread used to stitch a wound together（缝合伤口的）缝线2a stitch made with this（伤口的）缝合

(cat)gut /('kæt)gat/ [U] a strong thread of usu man-made materials used for sutures (and as strings for musical instruments and tennis

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B177 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

rackets）肠线（用来缝合伤口，亦可作乐器的弦及网球拍的线）

cotton wool BrE, cotton AmE [U] a soft mass of cotton which has not been spun into thread, esp used for cleaning parts ofthe body or putting medical liquids on to it 脱脂棉； 药棉

surgical spirit /'s3:d3ıkəl 'spirit/ [U] alcohol used for cleaning wounds or skin (as in hospitals）消毒酒精

anaesthetic BrE, anesthetic AmE /,ænəs'θet-Ik/ [C; U] a substance that makes one unable to feel pain, heat, etc, either in the whole body (general anaesthetic) or in a limited area（local anaesthetic）麻醉剂（可用作全身麻醉或局部麻醉）

stethoscope /'ste0ə,skəup/ [C] a medical instrument with two pipelike parts to be fitted on to the ears and another to be placed on the chest, so that the doctor may hear the sound of the heartbeat 听诊器；听筒

B177 nouns ＆ verbs，etc 名词和动词等：

keeping things clean 保持卫生

hygiene /'haid3i:n/ [U] 1 the rules for clean and healthy living 卫生学；保健法：She studies hygiene as part of her domestic science course．她学习卫生学作为家政学课程的一部分．2cleanness； freedom from germs［■A37］卫生： The hygiene of this kitchen isn＇t very good.这个厨房的卫生情况不太好.hygienic［B］free fromgerms 卫生的-ally［adv Wa4］un-［neg］

sanitation / sænə'teifən/ [U] 1 general and public hygiene 一般卫生；公共卫生：Good sani-tation is necessary for everyone＇s health.良好的公共卫生对每个人的健康都是必要的.Bad sani-tation includes poor sewerage and dirty streets.下水道失修和街道肮脏都属于恶劣的卫生状况．2 the arrangements for removing human waste products from buildings by systems of pipes 卫生设备（尤指下水道设备）：The sani-tation here is rather old and badly-kept, isn't it？这里的卫生设备相当陈旧且维修得很差，是吗？sanitary［B］1 free from dirt 清洁的；卫生的in-[neg] 2 [Wa5] concerned with the protection of health 保健的

disinfect /,dısmn'fekt/[T1] to kill the infectious germs in （a wound， place，etc）杀菌；给···消毒： Has the room been disinfected yet？房间已经消过毒了吗？

disinfectant/,dısın'fektənt/ [C; U] a chemical, usu in liquid form， which disinfects 消毒剂： Use this disinfectant to clean the wound.用这种消毒剂来清洁伤口.

sterilize, -ise /'sterə,laız/ [T1] to make (medical instruments, etc) free from all very small, sometimes harmful, living things (germs and bacteria）把···消毒；使无菌：All the material and tools used in hospital operations are sterilized before use.医院施行手术时所使用的一切器械事前都经过消毒.sterilization，-isation ［U］

B178 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：medical activities 医疗活动

[ALSO→B161]

examination /ig,zæmə'neıfən/ [C; U] (a period of) time spent looking at a patient in order to make a diagnosis of his or her condition 检查； 细查：He had a thorough examination； two doctors checked him over.两个医生对他进行了彻底的全身检验.We must give the patient avery thorough examination.我们必须对病人进行十分彻底的检查.

 e[/sisneu,6erep'/sisougeip result of diagnosing 诊断：The doctor＇s diag-nosis was anaemia and he prescribed a course of treatment.医生的诊断是贫血，并且制定了治疗方法.Various diagnoses were made but no one was certain what was wrong with the patient.已作出了各种诊断，但没有一位医生能确定病人得了什么病.

symptom /'sımptəm/[C] a sign in the body,usu of a change from normal, showing that a patient is ill or what illness he or she has 症状； 症候：These are the symptoms of smallpox， I＇m afraid.恐怕这些都是天花的症状.All thesymptoms point to cancer.所有的症状都表明是癌症.symptomatie ［B （of）］ serving as a symp-tom有···症状的；症候的

medical/'medikəl/ [C] nct fml a medical exam-ination 体格检查：The children have all had their school medicals.孩子们都已经接受了学校的体格检查.It will soon be time for your next medical.你下次体格检查的时间很快就要到来.

checkup /'tfek,Ap/ [C] infml a usu general medical examination 健康检查：He went to his doctor for his annual checkup.他去医生那里接受一年一度的健康检查.You look tired and ill；why don＇t you have a checkup？你看来很疲劳， 好像有病，为什么不去检查一下？

test/test/1 [C] a partial medical examination （局部的）健康检查：He had an eye test lastweek．上星期他作了视力检查．2［T1］to give sucha test to 作检查；检验：The optician tested the child＇s eyes．眼镜店的人检查了这孩子的视力．3[C usu pl] chemical checks helping in a diag-nosis 化验：We have run a number of tests but are not yet sure what is wrong with him.我们已经进行了多次化验，但是还无法确定他患的是什么病.They did a blood test and a urine test.他们化验了血液和小便.

X-ray/'eks'rei/1 [C usu pl] a powerful unseen beam of light which can pass through substances that are not transparent, and which is used for photographing conditions inside the body, for treating certain diseases, and for various purposes in industry 爱克斯光； X光；X射线2［C］a photograph taken using this 爱克斯光片；X 光照片：The doctorexamined the X-rays, to see if they showed anything wrong with her lungs.医生检查X光片，看看她的肺部有没有毛病．3［C］ a medicalexamination made using this 爱克斯光检查；X 光检查：He had to go to the hospital for an

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X-ray．他得去医院作 X 光检查．4［T1（oftencap)] to photograph, examine, or treat by means of X-rays 用X光照相、检查或治疗：Theyx-rayed her leg to find out if the bone was broken.他们用X光检查她的腿部，看看是否骨折.

operation /,ppə'reıfən/ [C] the cutting of the body in order to put something right or remove a diseased part（外科）手术：The surgeon performed the operation with calm skill.外科医生用熟练的技巧施行手术.He had aminor eye operation last year.去年他的眼睛动了一次小手术.operate ［IØ（on）］ to perform a surgical operation 施行（外科）手术：The surgeon operated (on the patient) last night. 昨晚外科医生（为病人）做了手术.We must ope-rate immediately，Nurse.护士，我们必须马上进行手术.

transplant n: /'trænspla:nt/ v: /træns'plænt/1 [C] an act or operation of transplanting an organ，piece of skin，hair，etc（器官、皮肤、头发等的）移植；移植手术：This surgeon has doneseveral heart／kidney transplants.这位外科医生已做了多宗心脏／肾脏移植手术．2［T1］ to move(an organ, piece of skin, hair, etc) from one part of the body to another or from one person or animal to another 移植（器官、皮肤、头发等）：to transplant a heart 移植心脏

post-mortem/,pəust'mo:təm/[C]1tech a surgi-cal examination of a person after death 尸体剖验；验尸：The post-mortem showed that he had died of liver poisoning.验尸证明他死于肝中毒.2 (fig) a discussion of past events in order to decide how good or bad they were 事后的分析； 评论：Let＇s have a post-mortem on the course. 让我们对这一课程作一分析总结.PM abbrev

autopsy /'o:tppsi/ [C] med & tech a post-mortem 尸体剖验

B179 nouns 名词：medical places，etc 医疗场所等

hospital ／＇hpspitəl／ ［C BrE also 又作 U］ a place where people who are seriously ill or injured are treated and nursed 医院：The doctor decided that she must go to hospital;she needed treatment which could not be given to her at home or his clinic.医生决定她必须进医院去，她需要的治疗在她家中或在他的医务所都无法提供.Hospital food isn＇t always very interesting. 医院的伙食不总是那么令人感兴趣.hospitalize，-ise [T1] to send or admit (a person) to a hospital 把···送进医院治疗；允许住院 -ization，-isation [U]

infirmary /mn'f3:məri/ [C] 1 esp old use and in names a hospital（旧用法，与医院名字共用）医院：She works in the Royal Infirmary in Glasgow. 她在格拉斯哥皇家医院工作．2（in a school orother institution) a room used for people who are sick or injured（指学校和一些公共机构附设的）医务室

clinic /'klinik/ [C] 1 a (part of) a hospital or similar place where medical advice and treat-

B179 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

ment are given 诊所；（医院里的）诊疗室bagroup of people, esp doctors, who give medi-cal treatment，or their place of work 诊所；医务所：She attends the Clinic once a month.她一个月去诊所看一次病.He has opened a privateclinic in London.他在伦敦开设了一间私人诊所.The doctors have their own clinic where poorer people are treated.医生们有他们自己的诊所，替较穷困的人看病．2 an occasion in ahospital when medical students are taught 临床教学：Are you attending his clinic tomorrow？ 明天你是否去参加他的临床教学？3（fig）a classor group engaged in special work to help people 从事特殊工作以助人的班或组：He attendsa speech clinic to get rid of his stammer.他参加一个语言纠正班以纠正他口吃的毛病.

ward/wo:d/ [C] a separate. usu large room in a. hospital, where several patients are kept in bed病房；病室：Which sister is in charge of this ward？哪位护士长负责这个病房？Matron is inthe children＇s ward at the moment.此刻主任护士长正在儿童病房.Hospital wards are usually very clean places.医院的病房通常是很干净的地方.

(operating) theatre /('ppə,reituj) 'Orətə/ [C] BrE the room where operations are per-formed in a hospital 手术室

casualty (ward, department) /'kæ3uəlti (wo:d, dr'pa:tmənt)/ [R; C] the place in a hospital where people hurt in accidents are taken for treatment 急救室；急诊室：They rushed her to casualty but she was dead on arrival.他们赶紧把她送往急救室，但到达时她已死了.

outpatients (department) /'aut,peifənts (dr-'pa:tmənt)/ [C; R] the place in a hospital where people attend for medical examinaion and treatment without staying overnight 门诊部：You are wanted in Outpatients，Nurse.护士，门诊部要你去.

surgery /'s3:d3əri/ BrE 1 [C] the place where one or more doctors see patients 诊所；医务所： The doctor＇s surgery was crowded.医生的诊所里挤满了病人．2［C；U］ the time when this takes place 应诊时间；诊疗时间：Surgery is at7pm．应诊时间为下午七时．

consulting room [C] the room in a surgery where a doctor sees his patients 诊症室

waiting room [C] the room in a surgery where patients wait to see a doctor 候诊室

sickbay/'sik,bei/ [C] a place for sick people, on a ship， in a boarding school，etc（船上、寄宿学校等的）病房：He＇s in sickbay at the moment， but should be on duty again next week.他目前正在病房里，但是下周他应该会再值班.

sickroom/'sik,rum/ [C] the room in a house where a person is lying ill 病房：Try to keep the children away from the sickroom as much as possible.要设法尽量使孩子们离病房远一点.

sickbed/'sik,bed/ [C] the bed of a sick person 病床

sick list ［C］ a list of persons who are sick 病人名单；病人名册：The sick list at the factory is pretty long this week.本周这工厂里生病的人很多.on the sick list in poor health 健康不佳：

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B180 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

Mrs Smith has been on the sick list for weeks. 史密斯太太几周来健康一直不佳.

ambulance /'æmbjuləns/ [C] a vehicle for carrying sick or injured people to hospital 救护车：an ambulance driver 救护车司机

stretcher /'stretfə/ [C] a frame, usu made of two poles and one large piece of strong cloth, for carrying someone who is ill or has been hurt 担架：They put her on a stretcher.他们把她放在担架上.stretcher bearer［C］ a person carrying a stretcher 担架员；抬担架者

B180 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：relating to childbirth 有关分娩

[ALSO→A5]

childbirth /'tfaild,b3:θ/ [U;C] the process or act of giving birth to a child 分娩；生孩子： Childbirth can be a painful but satisfying experience for a woman.对一个女人来说，生孩子可能是一种痛苦却又有满足感的经历.She hashad two difficult childbirths.她有两次生孩子都难产.

labour BrE,labor AmE/'leibə/[U] the process immediately before the act of giving birth（分娩前）阵痛：She has been in labour for 7 hours． 她感到阵痛已经有七个小时了.Her labour painsbegan at 2 am．她的阵痛是在凌晨两点开始的．

deliver／dr＇lrvə／［T1］ 1 to help in the birth of 助产；给（产妇）接生：The midwife had delivered the baby before the doctor arrived.在医生到来之前助产士已把婴儿接生出来了．2［usu pass］ tohelp to give birth 帮助产下（婴儿）：She was delivered of a baby girl at 2 am．凌晨两点时她产下了一个女婴.

delivery/dr'livəri/ [C; U] act or occasion of the birth of a child 分娩：The delivery was fairly comfortable.这次分娩是相当顺利的.Thematernity hospital had four deliveries during the night.产科医院那一晚有四个孩子出生.

caesarean (section, birth, operation) /sr'zeəriən/ [C] the delivery of a child by cutting the walls of the abdomen[→B34]and uterus［→B40］剖腹生产；剖腹产术：She has had two babies；both caesareans.她已生了两个孩子， 都是剖腹产的.

premature / premə'tfə/ [B] (of a baby or young animal） born or happening too soon 早产的；过早的：The birth was premature.这是一次早产. Premature babies are very delicate.早产的婴儿是非常脆弱的.-ly［adv］ premature birth［C］a birth that comes before its proper time 早产stillborn／＇stıl，bo：n／［Wa5；B］born dead 死产的：

She has given birth to two stillborn children. 她生了两个死婴.

miscarriage /mis'kærid3/ [C] the act or occasion of producing stillborn young（孕妇的） 小产；流产：She fell downstairs when she was eight months pregnant and had a miscarriage. 她怀孕八个月时从楼梯跌下来，因而小产了.

miscarry/mis'kæri/[IØ] to have a miscarriage; to give birth too early（孕妇）小产；流产：I＇m

afraid she has miscarried because of the acci-dent.恐怕她是由于那次事故而小产吧.

abortion /ə'bo:fən/ [C;U] the removal of a foetus [→A19] from the uterus esp during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy 人工流产；堕胎：She had an abortion; she didn't want another child.她做了人工流产，她不想再要孩子.Abortionis much more easily available nowadays, although there are still powerful religious pressures against it.如今做人工流产已容易得多，虽然宗教对人工流产的压力仍然很强大.abortion-ist[C] often deprec a (usu skilled) person who brings about an abortion deliberately 为人堕胎者

abort/ə'boit/1 [IØ; T1] to give birth too early to （a dead child）流产；早产（死胎）：The illness caused the woman to abort（her baby）.这女人的病使她流产了．2［T1］ to cause （a child） to beborn too soon or to end a pregnancy too soon, so that the child cannot live 使（胎儿）流产； （使）堕胎：The doctor had to abort the baby. 医生不得不使婴儿流产.

B181 nouns，etc 名词等：relating to birth control 有关节制生育

[ALSO→A14-19,B40]

birth control [U] (any method of) preventing unwanted pregnancy 节制生育（法）：There are many forms of birth control available today. 现在有许多节制生育的办法可采用.

contraception/,kontrə'sepfən/[U] tech birth control; the act, practice or methods of preventing the producing of children 计划生育； 避孕；避孕法：Some doctors give advice on contraception.有些医生指导避孕的方法.Whenthey decided to have a child they stopped practising contraception.当他们决定要一个小孩时，就中止了避孕.

contraceptive / kpntrə'septiv/ 1 [C] a drug or any object or material used to prevent conception 避孕药；避孕用具：There are various contraceptives available today, some for men to use， some for women.现在有各种各样的避孕药物可供使用，有男用的，有女用的．2［Wa5；B］relating to contraception 避孕的；避孕用的： There are several contraceptive devices on the market.市面上供应好几种避孕用具.

the Pill /ðə 'pil/[R] infml a contraceptive drug taken by women as a pill（女用）口服避孕药：She's on the Pill; she doesn't want to have any more children.她在使用口服避孕丸，她不想再生孩子.

condom/'kpndəm/ [C] a thin rubber covering for the penis to prevent semen entering the vagina 避孕套；保险套：The condom is a contra-ceptive（device）.保险套是一种避孕用具.

rubber sheath/'rabə fi:0/ [C] infml a condom 避孕套；保险套

sheath／fi：θ／［C］BrE a condom 避孕套；保险套rubber／＇rabə／AmE a condom 避孕套；保险套French letter［C］ BrE sl a condom 避孕套；保险套

90

coil /koil/ [C] a coil-like object fitted inside a woman to prevent her conceiving a child 避孕环（女用）；节育环

loop/lu:p/ [C] a piece of metal of plastic put inside a woman to prevent her conceiving a child 避孕环（女用）；节育环

IUD (intra-uterine device) a loop or coil to

B181 MEDICINE ＆ MEDICAL CARE 医疗与护理

prevent conception 避孕环；节育环

cap／kæp／ also 又作 Dutch cap，diaphragm /'darə,fræm/ a round contraceptive device usu made of rubber fitted inside a woman during and for a period after having sex 子宫帽（一种避孕工具）

C

People and the family

人与家庭

People

人

C1 nouns 名词：people generally人（总称）

person /'p3:sən/ [C] 1 a human being considered as having a character of his or her own, or as being different from all others（指有个性的、特定的）人：Would you call a week-old baby a person？你会否把出生一周的婴儿称为人呢？You＇re just the person I wanted to see.你就是我想见的人．2 fml（often in official writings） anyone in general; somebody unknown or not named（常作正式用语）人；（姓名不明或未指名的）人：No person may enter the hall without permission.未经允许，任何人不得进入礼堂.Someperson or other has torn my newspapers.有人撕了我的报纸．3 deprec somebody notconsidered worthy of respect 家伙：Who is that person who came to the party with her？和她一起来参加宴会的那个家伙是谁？4 a human beingin one of the many parts or activities of his life（有某种身分或资格的）人：He＇s a differentperson altogether when he is at the club.当他在俱乐部时，便完全成了另一个人.The party has afaithful supporter in the person of Jim Brown. 这个党有个忠诚的支持者，即吉米·布朗.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| sing 单数 | pl复数 | difference 区别 |
| person人 | people人们persons人们 | generally通称usu fml or law通常作书面语或法律用语 |

persons /'p3:sənz/ [P] usu fml or law more than one person 人（复数）：The verdict was murder by a person or persons unknown.判决结果，案件列为凶手不明的谋杀案.

people /'pi:pəl/ [P] 1 persons in general; persons other than oneself（泛指）人；（自己以外的）人们：Were there many people at the meeting？是否有许多人参加会议？People don＇t like to be toldthat they are wrong.谁也不喜欢别人说自己错了.2 the persons belonging to a particular place, class，trade，etc（某一地点、阶级或团体等的）人；

人民：People who live in the south of England speak in a different way from people in the north.在英国，南方人说话不同于北方人.I liketheatre people.我喜爱戏剧界的人.The local people don＇t like him.本地人不喜欢他.

folk /fəuk/ [P] infml, esp ScotE & N EngE people 人们：Some folk don＇t know when they are lucky.有些人走运自己还不知道.Can youfolk help me，please？ 请你们帮帮忙，行吗？There were a lot of folk at the meeting.会议上有很多人.

folks ／fəuks／［P］ infml esp AmE people 人们： Now，folks， let＇s sing a song.诸位，我们唱首歌吧.Ask the old folks if they would like to eat now.问问那些老人家是否愿意现在就吃.

human /'hju:mən/ [C] a member of the human race 人；人类的一分子：Humans will suffer as well as animals if the rains don＇t come.假如天不下雨，人和动物一样要受罪.

humanity ／hju：＇mænəti／ ［U］ fml all humans 人类；（所有）人：The whole of humanity is interested in these matters， not just us.人类都关心这些事，不只是我们.

human being/,hju:mən 'bi:n/ [C] a man, woman， or child， not an animal 人：Treat them like human beings; at the moment they are living like pigs.要像人一样待他们；此刻他们正像猪一样生活着.

C2 nouns 名词：man and woman 男人与女人

[ALSO→A50]

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| age年龄sex性别 | male 阳性 | female 阴性 |
| older年长的 | man男人 | woman 女人 |
| younger年轻的 | child 孩子 |
| boy 男孩子 | girl 女孩子 |
| newborn 新生的 | baby 婴儿 |

man／mæn／1［C］ a fully-grown human male 成年男子：Ask the men to come in， but not the boys or the women.请男人进来，男孩或女人不要

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进来．2［C］a male person with the qualities expected of a man 男子汉：＇Be brave， be a man，＇he said to his son.他对儿子说：“要勇敢些，做一个男子汉.”This work will make a man ofhim．这工作将使他成为男子汉．3［N］（a wordused to address a man, esp when excited, angry，etc）（兴奋、发怒时对男人的呼喊语）：Wakeup，man；you can＇t sleep all day！醒醒吧，老兄， 你不能整天睡大觉！4［C］the right man 所需的（男）人：He＇s my man for the job； he＇s the best there is.他正是我所需干这工作的人；他是最合适的.You want a good footballer？ Well，he＇s the very man.你不是要一个优秀的足球员吗？好吧，他正是你所需的人.manly［Wal；B］ apprec like a man 果断的；男子气概的：He＇s very manly.他十分果断（很有男子气）.-liness［U］mannish［B］ deprec（of women） like a man（指女人）似男人的；男子气的：That woman is a bit too mannish for me.那女子有点太男子气了，我受不了.-ness[U] manlike [B] neutral like a man or human being＿像男人的；似人的；类人的：Monkeys aremanlike animals.猿猴是类人的动物.manfully ［adv］ bravely，in a manly way 勇敢地；决断地： He did the work manfully.他勇敢地干了这工作.manhood [U] the state of being or time when a man 男子的特性；男子气概；（男人的）成年期：Hereached manhood in a time of unemploy-ment.他成年的时候正好碰到社会出现严重的失业现象.He feels that his manhood is affected by her attitude to him.他感到他的男子气概受到了她对他态度的影响.

woman/'wumən/ 1 [C] a fully-grown human female 成年女子；女人；妇女：Ask the women tocome in，but not the girls or the men.请妇女进来，女孩或男人不要进来．2［C］a female personwith the qualities expected of a woman 富有女性特质的女人：He thinks she is quite a woman. 他认为她是个地道的女人.What a woman she is！她多么富有女人味儿！3［N］（a word used toaddress a woman, esp when excited, angry, etc）（用于兴奋、发怒时对女人的呼喊语）：Wakeup， woman， you can＇t sleep all day.醒醒吧，你这婆娘，你不能整天睡大觉！4［C］the rightwoman 所需的女人：She＇s the woman for the job；she＇s the best there is.她正是干这工作的女人；她最合适不过了.womanly ［B］ apprec like awoman 有女子气质的；适合女子的：She＇s a verywomanly woman，isn＇t she？她是个很有女人味儿的女人，是吗？-liness［U］［■A14 FEMININE］ womanish [B] deprec (of men) like a woman （指男子）似女子的；娘娘腔的：That fellow is a bitwomanish for my liking！那男子有点娘娘腔，我不喜欢！-ness ［U］ womanlike ［B］ neutral like a woman 似女子的 womanhood ［U］ the state of being or time when a woman 女子的特性；女子气质；（女人的）成年期：She reached woman-hood when men were still the leaders in her country.她成年的时候，她的国家也还是男人执政.She feels that he questions her womanhood, and it makes her unhappy.她感觉到他怀疑她是否已经成年，这使她很不高兴.

boy／boi／［C；N］ a young male person 男孩；男童： When the child was born, the nurse said,'It's a boy！＇孩子出生时，护士说：“是男孩！”Come

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here，boy！＇the man shouted.这男人高声喊道： “小孩，过来！”The boys were playing football. 男孩子们正在踢足球.You have done well，myboy.孩子，你干得好.boyish［B］ like or in the manner of a boy 男孩似的；孩子气的：His behav-iour is still rather boyish. 他的举止还十分孩子气.He has a pleasant，boyish smile.他的微笑带有可爱的孩子气.-ness［U］-ly［adv］

girl／g3：l／ ［C；N］ a young female person 少女；姑娘；女孩子：When the child was born， the nurse said，＇It＇s a girl！＇孩子出生时，护士说：“是个女孩子！”＇Come here，girl！＇shouted the woman.这个女人高声喊道：“女孩，过来！”The girls wereplaying in the garden. 女孩子正在花园里玩耍.You have done well， my girl.孩子，你做得对. girlish［B］like a girl 少女的；少女似的；女孩子似的：Her behaviour is still a bit girlish for a woman of 25．以一个二十五岁的女人说来，她的举止却还有点像个十七八岁的少女.-ness ［U］-ly[adv]

C3 nouns 名词：parent and child 父母与孩子

[ALSO→A20 YOUNG CREATURES]

parent /'peərənt/ [C usu pl] 1 father or mother 父亲或母亲：Either parent can attend the school meeting.父母亲中随便哪一个都可以参加学校会议.One-parent families face many diffi-culties.单亲家庭面临许多困难.Both parents canattend the meeting if they wish.要是父母愿意， 可以一起出席这会议.They were told to do whattheir parents asked them to do.他们被告知要按父母的要求去做.（fig）The Bible says that Adam and Eve were our first parents.圣经说亚当和夏娃是我们的始祖．2［A；（C）］any livingthing that produces another 母（体）的；作为渊源（来源）的；（动、植物的）亲本；母体：This istheparent tree from which all the others have come.这是母株，其它的树都渊源于它.（fig）Ourclub is the parent association of all the other clubs.我们这个俱乐部是最先创立的；其余的都是后来才发展.parenthood ［U］ the state or condition of being a parent 父母的身分、地位： He spoke about the need for planned parent-hood in the modern world.他谈到现代世界需要计划生育．parental ［Wa5；B］ relating to parents；like a parent 父母的；似父或母的：Parental duties aren＇t always pleasant.做父母的责任并不总是轻松的.-ly［adv］

guardian /'ga:diən/ [C] a person who is responsible in law for the care of a child who is not that person＇s own child（法律上）监护人； 保护人：After her parents died he became her guardian.她双亲死后，他成了她的监护人.Theform must be signed by the (child's) parent or guardian.这文件必须由（孩子的）家长或监护人签字.guardianship ［U］ the state or condition of being a guardian 监护人的身分、职责

child／tfarld／［C］1 a young human being 孩子；儿童：Several children， aged about five， were playing in the street.几个约五岁的孩子正在街上玩．2（fig）a person who behaves like a child

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有孩子气的人；幼稚的人：Don＇t be such a child：you＇re 18 years old now！不要这样孩子气，你已经是十八岁的人啦！She is still a child in the waysof the world.对于世道她还毫无经验.childish［B］ deprec like a child 像个小孩子似的；幼稚的；稚气的：Don＇t be so childish；you＇re 18 now， and should behave like a grown man！不要这样幼稚，你已经十八岁，举止应该像个成年人！-ly[adv]-ness [U] childlike [B] neutral or apprec like or having the (good) qualities of a child 像孩子似的；孩子般天真的；纯真的：Shefollowed him with childlike trust.她像小孩子那样天真地信任他.

bastard /'bæstəd/ 1 [C] a child of unmarried parents 私生子：Children of unmarried parents are not usually called bastards in general conversation, although 'bastard' is a word used in law.“bastard”一词是法律用语，但在日常谈话中通常不把非婚生子女叫做“bastard”．2［C］taboo a person whom the speaker does not like 混蛋；讨厌鬼：Tell that bastard to leave me alone！叫那混蛋离我远点儿！3［C］ taboo aperson who does bad things 坏蛋：He is a dirty bastard，that man！瞧，那家伙真是个下流东西！

baby/'beibi/ [C] 1 a very young child, esp one who has not yet learnt to speak（尤指尚未学说话的）婴孩；婴儿：She has a new baby： it wasborn last week.她有一个上周才出生的婴儿.Theyhave one child，a baby girl.他们家有一个小娃娃，是女的．2 a young animal 幼畜：I likethe baby monkeys．我喜爱小猴崽．3 the youngest of a group 一个家庭（或团体）中年龄最小的人：Sheis the baby of the family／class.她是家／班里年龄最小的一个．4（fig）a smaller than usual object 小型物（常作形容用法）：They bought a baby car.他们买了一辆小型汽车．5（fig）deprec a personbehaving like a baby 孩子气的人：Oh，don＇t be such a baby；stop crying！唉呀，不要这样孩子气，别哭了！What a crybaby she is； she＇s always crying.她动不动就哭，真是一个爱哭的孩子！baby-ish［B］ deprec（behaving）like a baby 孩子气的； 幼稚无知的：Oh，don＇t be so babyish！唉呀，不要这样孩子气了！-ly［adv］-ness［U］babylike［B］ neutral like a baby 婴孩一样的；似孩子的

twin/twin/ [C] one of two children born of the same mother at the same time 孪生儿之一；双胞胎之一：She had twins last week.上星期她生了双胞胎.He＇s my twin brother.他是我的孪生哥哥.She＇s his twin.她是他的孪生妹妹.One of thetwins came to see us.双胞胎中的一个来看我们.(fig) The plane has twin engines (=two engines exactly like each other）.这架飞机是双引擎的.It＇s a twin-engined plane.那是一架双引擎飞机.

triplets /'triplits/, quadruplets /'kwpdru,plits/, quintuplets /'kwintjuplits/ [P] three,four,or five children born of the same mother at the same time 三胞胎，四胞胎，五胞胎：She hadtriplets last week，all girls.上星期她生了三胞胎， 全是女孩.quads ［P］ infml abbrev quadruplets 四胞胎 quins［P］infml abbrev quintuplets 五胞胎

ward/wo:d/[C] a young person who is in the care of a guardian or of a set of officials 受监

护或保护的未成年人：She has been his wardsince her parents died.她双亲死后，她就成了他的受监护人.The child was made a ward of court（＝in the care of a court of law）.这孩子未成年时受到法院监护.

orphan /'o:fən/ [C]a child neither of whose parents is alive 孤儿：He is an orphan and has no one to look after him.他是个孤儿，没有人照料他.orphanage ［C］ a place where orphans stay and are looked after 孤儿院

C4 nouns 名词：kinds of men 男人类型

gentleman /'d3entlmən/ [C; (pl) N] fml & polite a man（较有礼的称谓）先生：Ask thosegentlemen if they would be so good as to come this way.请那些先生从这儿走好吗？Gentlemen，we are ready to begin.各位先生，我们马上就开始.Ladies and gentlemen， thank you for your help.各位先生、各位女士，谢谢你们帮忙．［ALSO→C157］ gent infml abbrev esp S EngE， esp working class a gentleman；man 男士；先生：That gent over there can help you.那儿的那位先生可以帮你忙的.Come on， gents；time to leave.各位先生，快点，该走了.

fellow／＇feləu／［C］ 1 genl a man or boy 人；男人或男孩：Ask those fellows over there to come and help us.请那边那些人过来帮一帮我们.Hey，youfellows，what are you doing？喂，你们这班人在干什么？ 2 deprec a man considered not worthy of respect 家伙：Tell that fellow what＇s-his-name to get out of here and not come back.那个不知叫什么的家伙，叫他滚开，不准再来.Some fellow or other wants to see you.有个人想见你.

guy/gai/[C; (pl) N] infml, esp AmE a man; a person 人；家伙： He＇s a nice guy； he＇ll help.他是个好人，会帮忙的.Hey，you guys，come here a minute！嘿，朋友们，到这儿来一会儿！

chap /tfæp/ infml, esp BrE esp middle class 1 ［C；N］a man 人；家伙： Ask that chap if he can help us.问问那家伙能不能帮我们.Come on，chaps，we mustn＇t be late.各位老兄，赶快，我们可不能迟到.Can you help me，old chap？老兄， 你能帮个忙吗？You chaps don＇t know this town，do you？你们这些小伙子不熟悉这个城镇，是吗？2 ［C］ a man speaking of himself or men generally（指对自己或对一般人的称呼）人：Achap doesn't always know what to do at times like that，does he？在那种时刻一个人不一定知道该怎么办，是吗？

bloke/bləuk/[C]infml, esp BrE,esp working class a man 小子；家伙（指男子）：He＇s a nicebloke；he＇ll help.他是个好小子，会帮忙的.There was a funny-looking bloke standing outside the shop.一个挺可笑的家伙正站在店外头.

boy /boi/ [C; (pl) N] infml, esp AmE and usu apprec a man of any age（指任何年龄的）男人：John Smith？ Yes，he＇s a local boy.约翰·史密斯吗？是的，他是本地人.Tell the boys to beready at 7 o＇clock．告诉这些人在七点作好准备．She said that her husband was out with the boys.她说她丈夫带着孩子出去了.

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lad/læd/1 [C; N] infml, esp ScotE & N EngE and usu apprec a boy or man, esp as a friendly form of address 小伙子；少年；老兄（表示亲密的称呼）：Ask those lads if they want a drink.问问那些小伙子是不是想喝点东西.Comeon，lads，let＇s go．各位老兄，快点，咱们走吧．2［C］BrE infml a rather bold or wild man, esp towards women（尤指对待女人）粗野的人；鲁莽的家伙：He＇s quite a lad with the girls.他对女孩子十分粗野.Yes，he was a bit of a lad when hewas younger.是的，他年轻时有点儿粗野.

Mr／＇mistə／［A］1（the title given to a man）（对男人的称呼）先生：Ask Mr Smith to come in，please．请史密斯先生进来．2（the title used in speaking to certain officials）（用于对某些官员的称呼）先生：Mr President，we need your help. 总统先生，我们需要您的帮助.

mister /'mistə/ [N] (sl or used by children;a way of speaking to a man）（俚语或儿童用语，也可用以对成年男人的一种称呼）先生：Hey，mister，what＇s the time？喂，先生，几点啦？

sir/s3:/[N](the polite form used in addressing a man, esp in shops, by children talking to male teachers，in writing letters，etc）（对男人的尊称，尤指商店里营业员对顾客，孩子们对男教员以及写信时称呼语）：先生；老师：May I help you，Sir／sir？先生，你要买点什么？Please，sir， what does this word mean？老师，请问这个字是什么意思？Dear Sir...某某先生大鉴···；敬启者···

C5 nouns 名词：kinds of women 女人类型

lady/'leidi/ [C; (pl) N] fml & polite a woman （较有礼的称谓）女士；夫人：Ask those ladies ifthey would be so good as to come this way. 请那些女士从这儿走好吗？Come this way，ladies，please.各位女士，请从这儿走吧.Ladies（andgentlemen），it is time to begin the meeting.各位女士（各位先生），该开会了.

girl/g3:l/[C; (pl) N] infml,esp AmE and usu apprec a woman of any age（任何年龄的）女子；女孩子：Jean Smith？ Yes， she＇s a local girl. 琼·史密斯吗？是的，她是本地人.Ask the girls tocome at 7 o＇clock．让那些女孩子七点钟来．Hesaid that his wife was out with the girls.他说他妻子和女孩子们一起出去了.

female/'fi:meil/[C]deprec a woman who is not worthy of respect 女人（含有轻蔑之意）：Tellthat female to stop annoying us.告诉那个女人别再烦我们啦.

dame／deim／［C］ sl esp AmE a woman 女人： Some of these dames are pretty good-looking. 这些女的有几个挺好看.Get that dame out ofhere！叫那女的滚开！

broad /bro:d/ [C] AmE sl a woman, esp if she has loose sexual morals（尤指在性方面较开放的）女人：She＇s a good-looking broad and knows all about life.她是个很漂亮的女人，而且阅历非常丰富.He＇s only interested in broads. 他只对娘儿们感兴趣.

Madam/'mædəm/ [N] (a respectful form of address to a woman, esp if older and often

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used in shops，in letters，etc）女士；夫人；太太（对女人的尊称，尤指较年长的妇女，通常用于商店里营业员对顾客，或信开头称呼）：May I help you，Madam？小姐／太太，您想买点什么？DearMadam...亲爱的女士···；敬启者···

Mrs /'misiz/ [A] the title given to a married woman 太太；夫人（对已婚女人的称呼）：Ask MrsSmith to come in，please.请史密斯太太进来.

missus/'mısəz/, missis /'misiz/sl esp BrE 1[N] （a way of speaking to an older woman）（对年长妇女说话时的称呼）太太：Hey，missus，what＇sthe time？喂，太太，几点了？2［R9］one＇s wife （某人的）太太；妻子：The／My missus has gone out； she＇ll be backsoon.这位／我的太太出去了，很快就回来.

miss/mis/[usu cap] 1[A](the title for a girl or an unmarried woman）（对女孩或未婚女子的称呼）小姐：Ask Miss Smith to come in， please. 请史密斯小姐进来.（pl esp formerly）The Misses Smith are coming to the party.史密斯家的小姐们要来参加晚会．2［N］（the title used by chil-dren to address a female teacher）（孩子们对女教师的称呼）：Please Miss，can I help you？老师， 我能帮你什么忙吗？3［C］apprec or deprec（the title of） a young woman；a girl 年轻女子；小女孩（的称呼）：Miss France won the beauty compe-tition；what a lovely girl she is！弗朗丝小姐在选美比赛中获胜，她是个多么可爱的女孩！She＇s atroublesome little miss，that girl.那个女孩是一个讨厌的小姑娘.

Ms/miz/[A] a title for a woman who does not wish to call herself either“Mrs”or“Miss”女士（用于不愿被称为“太太”或“小姐”的女人的姓氏前）

C6 nouns 名词：young men 年轻男子

youth／ju：θ／1［C］a young man or older boy 青年；少年：Some youths were standing near the bus stop.有些年轻人正站在公共汽车站附近.Thepolice caught a youth trying to break into a shop.警察捉住了一个企图闯入商店的年轻人.Heshowed little interest in music as a youth, but now he is very interested.年轻时他对音乐没有什么兴趣，但现在却非常有兴趣了．2［GU］ youngmen and women considered as a group 青年男女：The youth of the country are ready to work hard.这个国家的青年准备好努力工作.Youthtoday are very different from a hundred years ago.今日的青年与一百年前的青年已大不相同.

lad/læd/ [C;N] esp ScotE and N EngE & usu affec a boy 男孩；少年；小伙子：The lads wereplaying football.小伙子们正在踢足球.He＇s just a lad；he can＇t do a man＇s work yet.他只是个少年，还做不了大人的工作.

laddie ／＇lædi／ ［C； N］ infml esp ScotE a boy 少年；男孩；小伙子：He＇s a good laddie and works well at school.他是个好少年，在学校很用功.Come here， laddie！小伙子，过来！

Master /'ma:stə/ [A] becoming rare (the title used before a boy's name; esp in addressing letters）（用于男孩名字前的称呼，尤指在信封上的

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称呼）···少爷：Send the letter to ＇Master John Smith＇；he＇s eight years old.把这封信送给“约翰·史密斯少爷”，他八岁了.

C7 nouns 名词：young women［C］年轻女子

virgin /'v3:d3mn/ 1 a (young) woman who has not had sex 处女；未婚女子：She wasn＇t a virgin when she got married.她结婚时已不是处女了.She＇s 40 and still a virgin．她四十岁了，还是个处女．2 a person who has not （yet） had sex 童贞的人：A fine-looking boy like that won＇t be a virgin for long！那样漂亮的男孩子很快就会找到女人的！virginal［Wa5；B］（pure） like a virgin 似处女般（纯洁）的

maiden/'meidən/ old use & lit a girl who is not married and is still a virgin 少女；处女：The young maidens of the town watched from the windows as the men passed.那些男人走过时，镇上的少女都从窗子往外看.

maid /meid/ old use & lit a girl or (young) woman who is not married 少女；未婚女子：Joan of Arc was called the Maid of Orleans. 圣女贞德被称为奥尔良的圣女.

lass／læs／［also 又作 N］ esp ScotE，N EngE ＆ older lit ＆ usu affec a girl or woman（小）姑娘； 少女；女孩：She＇s a fine lass.她是个好女孩.Come on， lass；you＇ll be feeling better soon.小女孩，来吧，你很快就会感到好一些的.

lassie／＇læsi／ ［also 又作 N］esp ScotE ＆ N EngE 1 a girl or young woman 小女孩；少女：She＇s a fine-looking lassie．她是个好看的女孩．2 a young man＇s girl friend（年轻男子的）女朋友

bird ／b3：d／ sl esp BrE a young woman 女孩；少女：He＇s always after some bird or other.他不是追求这个女孩就是追求那个女孩.

chick ／tfik／ sl esp AmE a young woman 少女；少妇：I like the look of that chick.我喜欢那个小妞的模样.

C8 nouns 名词：kinds of child［C］孩子的类型

infant／＇infənt／1 a very young child 婴儿；幼儿： Mothers with infants go into that part of the hospital.抱着小孩的母亲都往医院的那一边走.Heenjoys playing with his infant son. 他很喜欢逗他的小婴儿．2 a schoolchild aged 5-7五一七岁的学童：She teaches in the infant school.她在那所幼儿学校任教．3 BrE law a minor；personunder 18 years of age 未成年者（未满十八岁的人）infancy ［U］ the state of being or time when an infant 幼年；婴儿期；幼儿期：He had alot of illness during（his）infancy.他在婴孩时期患过许多病.

toddler /'tpdlə/ infml a baby who has learnt to walk unsteadily （toddle）初学走路的孩子：There were a lot of toddlers in the hall.大堂里有许多初学走路的孩子.

tot／tpt／infml a very small child 小儿；小孩

kid／kid／［also 又作（usu pl）N］ infml 1 a child 小孩：The kids enjoyed the game very much.小孩们挺喜欢这个游戏.He＇s just a kid； he has a lotto learn.他还是个小孩子，还有许多东西要学.Come on，kids；race you there！孩子们，来赛一赛，看谁先跑到那儿！2 esp AmE a young person青年；年轻人：The store was full of college kids. 商店里挤满了年轻大学生.

youngster/'janstə/ a child or young person, esp a boy 儿童；少年（尤指男孩子）：Let theyoungsters enjoy themselves; stop telling them what to do.让这些年轻人自己乐吧，不用告诉他们该做什么.When I was a youngster life wasn＇t as easy as it is now.我年轻时，生活可不像现在这么轻松.

brat/bræt/ deprec a bad-mannered child;a child whom one does not (at that moment) like 讨人厌的小孩；淘气鬼：Get that noisy bratout of here！把那个吵闹的小坏蛋带走！She hasthree nasty little brats with no manners.她有三个没礼貌的小淘气.

C9 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：people according to age 各种年龄的人

[ALSO→L206,7]

adult /ə'dalt/ [C;B] often fml (of) a fully-grown person, esp a person over an age stated by law，usu 18 or 21成人；（尤指）法定成年人（通常十八岁或二十一岁以上）；成人的；成年的：Thisfilm is for adults only.这电影仅供成人观看.Theadults stayed up， but the kids went to bed.大人都没有睡觉，孩子们却上床了.He has a veryadult manner although he＇s only 12．虽然他只有十二岁，但举止却很像大人.adulthood［U］thestate of being or time when an adult 成年；成年期

grown-up n: /'grəun,Ap/, adj: /'grəun'Ap/ [C; B] not fml（of）an adult 成年人（的）；成熟了的；已长大的：He＇s a grown-up now； let him decide his own future.他已是成年人了，让他自己决定自己的未来吧.It is often said that grown-ups don＇t understand young people.人们常说，成年人不了解青年人.She has a very grown-upmanner for one so young.她年纪轻轻举止却很老成.

minor /'maınə/ [C] a person under the age of being accepted as an adult in law, usu 18 or 21 未成年者（通常指十八岁或二十一岁以下未达到法定成年年龄的人）：She is still a minor.她还是个未成年的人.

adolescent /,ædəu'lesənt/ [C; B](of) a boy or a girl in the period between being a child and being a fully grown person 青春期的男孩或女孩（的）；青少年（的）：Adolescents often have diffi-culties as they grow up.青春期的孩子在长大成人时常会遇到各种困难.adolescence［U］ the state of being or time when an adolescent 青春；青年期；青春期

teenager /'ti:neid3ə/ [C] a young person between 13 and 19 years old (in one's teens)

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十三至十九岁的青少年：This is a party forteenagers，not adults.这是给十几岁的青少年而不是为成年人办的晚会．teenage（d）［Wa5；A］of， for，or being a teenager 青少年的；十几岁少年的：teenage fashions 青少年的流行服装；a teenage boy少年

juvenile /'d3u:vənail/ 1 [C] fml a young person 年少者；少年：There is a special court for juveniles who break the law.有一个专门审判少年罪犯的法庭．2［B］often deprec suitable for or typical of young people 适于少年的；少年特有的：This is a juvenile book；it really is silly.这是一本少年读物，内容真是无聊.

elder /'eldə/ [C usu pl] a person of greater age 长辈；年长者：He thinks youngsters should always follow the advice of their elders.他认为年轻人总应听从长辈的忠告.

C10 nouns 名词：kinds of people［C］各类人

individual /,ındə'vıd3uəl/ a person or member of a group， esp when treated separately 个人； 个体：The rights of the individual are among the most important rights in a free society.在自由社会里，个人的权利是最重要的权利之一.Iremember one individual particularly,an old lady.我特别记得一个人，一个老妇人.What abad-tempered individual he is！他真是个坏脾气的人！

character /'kæriktə/ infml 1 often deprec a person 人： Some character just walked up and stole her bag.有个家伙走到她身边，偷了她的钱包.2 a person with special or unusual qualities 特别的人；怪人；与众不同的人：Oh！ he＇s quite acharacter in the village; a very interesting man.噢，他在村里真是个人物，一个非常有趣的人物.

figure／＇figə／an important person（重要的）人物； 要人：He＇s famous now-a figure of world-wide importance.他现在很有名-一个举世瞩目的重要人物.

personality /p3:sə'næləti/ a person who is well-known to the public or to people con-nected with some particular activity 名人；人物： He is a well-known television personality.他是电视名人.She is a much-admired personality in the sporting world.她在体育界是个备受崇拜的名人.personage fml or pomp a famous or important person 名人；知名人士；重要人物：Several noble personages belong to this club. 有几位社会名流是这个俱乐部的人.

member /'membə/ a person belonging to a group，club，etc 团体中之一员；成员：He is one of our club／team members.他是我们俱乐部／队的成员.She＇s a member of the swimming team.她是游泳队的队员.

C11 nouns 名词：relating to the family 有关家庭、家族

family/'fæmali/1 [C] precise any group of

C11 PEOPLE 人

people related by blood or marriage, esp a group of two adults and their children 家族；家庭：My family is very large.我家是个大家庭.Afamily of five live in that flat.一个五口之家住在那套房子里.This is a family matter.这是个家庭问题．2［U］ loose children 子女：There are many children in our house, but I have no family of myown.我们这幢房子里有许多孩子，我自己却没有孩子．3［C］ all those peopledescended from a common ancestor [→C17] 家族；家世：Our family has lived in this house for hundreds of years.我们家族在这幢房子里已经住了几百年.

folks/fəuks/[P] infml (used with my, your, etc) a person＇s parents（与 my，your 等连用）父母； 双亲：He＇s taking his girl friend home to meet his folks this weedend.本周末他要把女朋友带回家去见父母.

household /'haus,həuld/ 1 [C] all the people living in a house, usu as part of a family over a long period of time 家人；家眷：He is the head of the household．他是一家之长．2［A］ something kept and used in a house 家居内的（东西）：All our household belongings were lost in the fire.我们家中所有财物在火灾中烧毁了.

tribe /traib/ [C] a usu large number of families of common origin which live together in an area, usu having the same language and customs 部落；种族；宗族：North America once belonged to many different Red Indian tribes. 北美曾属于许多不同的印第安部落.The Basutotribe in Africa can also be called the Basuto nation.非洲的巴索托族也可称做巴索托民族.tribal [Wa5; B] relating or belonging to a tribe 部落的；种族的；宗族的-ly［adv］ tribes-man／woman［C］ a member of a tribe 同部落之人／女人

clan /klæn/ 1 [C] a group of families, often inside a larger tribal or national group, all descendants of one person or having the same family name 氏族；部族：The tribe is divided into ten clans．这个部落分为十个氏族．2（espand originally in Scotland, esp in the Highlands) a group of families of common origin and loyalty to a chief（同一祖宗之）宗族（尤指苏格兰高地人的）：Clan Campbell and theMacDonald clan are well-known Scottish clans.康伯尔氏宗族和麦克唐纳氏宗族都是著名的苏格兰宗族.clannish［B］usu deprec showing clan feeling; (of people) in the habit of supporting one another against outsiders 氏族的；宗亲的；排外的；有偏见的：The people in thatplace are very clannish; they stick together and are hard to get to know.那地方的人非常排外，他们紧靠在一起，要了解他们很困难.-ness[U] -ly [adv] clansman/woman[C]a member of a clan 同氏族之人／女人

descent /dr'sent/ [U9] the family, tribal, national，etc， origin of a person 出身；血统：He is an American of Irish descent.他是个爱尔兰血统的美国人.

lineage /'lmni-Id3/ [U] often fmlthe line of descent from one person to another (in a family）血统；世系；家系：The lineage of their

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family goes back to ancient times.他们家族的世系可上溯到古代.

stock/stpk/[U9] the type of people a person is descended from 祖先；家系；血统：She is of Irish stock，I believe.我相信她是爱尔兰血统的人.Hecomes of good farming stock.他来自一个很好的务农世家.

C12 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：family relations 家庭关系

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| sex 性别relation-ship 关系 | male 阳性 | female 阴性 |
| parent（双）亲 | father父亲 | mother母亲 |
| child in relation toparents子女与双亲的关系 | son子 | daughter女 |
| child in relation toother children子女之间的关系 | brother兄／弟 | sister姊／妹 |

father ／＇fa：ðə／［C］ the male parent 父亲：His father is a shopkeeper. 他父亲是店主.She doesn＇t get on well with her father.她跟父亲相处得不大好.fatherly ［B］ usu apprec like a （good） father 父亲般的；慈父般的：He has apleasant fatherly manner.他态度亲切犹如慈父. fatherhood ［U］ the state of being a father 父亲的身分／资格／地位：Fatherhood seems to suit him；he loves the baby.看来他适合做父亲，他喜欢那孩子.

sire /sarə/ [C] 1 old use a father or male ances-tor［→C17］父亲；祖先2 the male parent of an animal 雄亲；父兽：These racehorses all have famous sires.这些赛马都有著名的雄亲血统.

mother／＇maðə／［C］ the female parent 母亲：Her mother used to run a shop.她母亲曾经营一家商店.He doesn＇t get on well with his mother.他跟母亲相处得不大好.motherly［B］ usu appreclike a （good） mother 母亲般的；慈母般的：She isa very motherly woman.她是一个母性很强的女人. motherhood ［U］ the state of being a mother 母亲的身分／资格／地位：Motherhoodseems to suit her；she looks happy.她看来适合做母亲，她似乎很快乐.

dam/dæm/ [C] 1 old use a mother or female ancestor 母亲；女祖先2 the female parent of an animal 雌亲；母兽：The dog＇s dam won many prizes.这只狗的母亲曾多次获奖.

son／san／1 ［C］ a male child 儿子：Mr and Mrs Brown have two sons.布朗夫妇有两个儿子.He was carrying his baby son.他正抱着小儿子. (fig) Robert Burns is one of Scotland's

greatest sons.罗伯特·彭斯是苏格兰最伟大的儿子之一．2［N］ affec （form of address to a boy or younger man）（对男孩或少年的称呼）孩子：Come on，son； let＇s go now.孩子，快点，我们现在走吧.sonny ［N］ （used in speaking to a young boy）（用在对小男孩的谈话中）宝宝；乖乖：Better go home to your mother，sonny.乖乖，还是回家找你妈去吧.

daughter ／＇doitə／ ［C］ 1 a female child 女儿：Mr and Mrs Smith have three daughters.史密斯夫妇有三个女儿.She had brought her teenage［→C9］ daughter with her．她把十来岁的女儿一起带来了.（fig）Joan of Arc was one of France＇s greatest daughters.圣女贞德是法国最伟大的女儿之一．2 （fig） something thought of as a daugh-ter 产物；后代：French is a daughter language of Latin.法语源于拉丁语.daughterly［B］usu apprec like a （good） daughter 女儿般的；似女儿的：She has a daughterly love for the old man. 她像个女儿那样爱那位老人.

brother /'braðə/ [C] a male relative with the same parents 兄弟：My older brother works in New York.我哥哥在纽约工作.His brothers are all younger than him／than he is.他的同胞兄弟都比他小.（fig）All the men in this association are brothers with the same aims.在这个团体里，所有的人都志同道合，亲如兄弟.He is notaccepted by his brother lawyers in town.他没有被城里的律师同行所接受.brotherly ［B］ usuapprec like a （good）brother 兄弟般的：He has a very brotherly manner towards the little boys.他以兄弟般的态度对待那些小孩子.

sister /'sistə/ [C] a female relative with the same parents 姐妹：His older sister started a new job last week.他姐姐上星期开始做一份新工作.She＇s prettier than both her sisters.她比她的两个姐妹都漂亮.（fig）French is a sisterlanguage of Spanish. 法语是西班牙语的姐妹语.sisterly ［B］ usu apprec like a （good） sister 姐妹般的：She has a sisterly love for him.她像他姐妹般地爱他.

sibling／＇sibli／［C］ tech a brother or sister 兄弟或姐妹：Siblings do not always like each other. 兄弟姐妹之间不总是相亲相爱的.

paternal /pə'tз:nəl/ 1 [B] sometimes deprec of, like，or received from a father 父亲的；像父亲的；得自父亲的：He has a very paternal attitude towards his students.他对待学生的态度，俨如父亲对待子女.His uncle gave him some paternal advice．他叔叔像对待子女一样给了他一些忠告．2[Wa5; A] on one's father's side of the family 父系的；父方的：She is his paternal grand-mother．她是他的祖母．paternity ［U］1 fatherhood 父亲的身分／资格：Paternity is a state which most men reach.大多数男人都要做父亲.2 origin on the father＇s side 父系：The paternity of the child is unknown.这孩子的父亲是谁还不知道.

maternal /mə't3:nəl/1 [B] of, like, or natural to a mother；（kind） like a mother 母亲的；似母亲的；慈母般的：She has a warm， maternal nature. 她有一种温柔的母性．2［Wa5；A］ on one＇smother＇s side of the family 母系的；母方的：He is her maternal grandfather.他是她的外祖父.

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maternity 1［U］ motherhood 母亲的身分／资格： Women are prepared by nature for maternity. 女人天生具有母性．2［A］for the purposes of orrelates to giving birth 分娩的；产妇的：She is going to have the baby in a maternity hospi-tal.她打算在产科医院生这孩子.

fraternal/frə't3:nəl/ [B] fml of, like, or suitable to a brother 兄弟（般）的；友爱的：They senttheir fraternal greetings to him, as a member of the same group.他们把他当作本组成员，向他致以兄弟般的问候.

filial/'filrəl/ [B] fml in the manner of a (good) son or daughter 子女的；子女应做的；孝顺的：It isyour filial duty to obey your father.听父亲的话是你们做子女应尽的孝道.

C13 nouns 名词： names for one＇s father and mother ［N；C］对父母的称呼

father父亲；爸爸

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| dad/dæd/daddy/'dædi/pa/pa:/papa/ed:nd,/ | infml also withany much olderman爸爸；爹爹；老爹（称呼年长的男人）infml esp by & tochildren爸爸；爹爹（儿语）infml esp AmE &BrE workingclass爸爸；爹爹（用于劳动阶级）old use esp by &to children,espupper class爸爸；爹爹（儿语，尤用于上层阶级） | Come on,Dad!爸爸，来吧！The dads andmums were invitedto see theirchildren's work atthe school.爸爸妈妈都获邀来观看孩子在学校里的作业.Help me,Daddy!爸爸，帮帮我！Is your daddy athome,dear?'heasked the little girl.他问这小女孩：“小乖乖，你爸爸在家吗？”Come on,Pa;time to go.赶快，爸爸，该走了.Papa,may weleave the room,please?爸爸，我们可以离开这个房间吗？Ask your papaabout it, darling.乖乖，这件事你得问你爸爸.Good morning,Papa.爸爸，早上好. |  |

C13 PEOPLE 人

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| poppa/edad,/pop/ppp/ | infml esp AmE爸爸；爹爹infml esp AmEalso with anymuch older man父亲；老伯（称呼年长的男人） | Come on,Poppa;let's go now.好吧，爸爸，我们现在走吧.My poppa says Ishould work hardat school.我爸爸说我在学校得好好用功.Come on,Pop;let's have a drink.来，老伯，我们喝点儿什么吧. |

mother 母亲；妈妈

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| mum/mAm/mummy/'mami/mom/waw/mommy/'mpmi/ma/ma:/ | infml BrE妈妈infml BrE espby& to children妈妈；妈咪（儿语）infml AmE妈妈infml AmE espby&to children妈妈；妈咪（儿语）infml esp AmE&BrE workingclass(often usedwith anymucholder woman)妈（用于劳动阶级）；老妈妈（称呼年长的妇女） | Help me,Mum.妈，帮我一下.The mums areusually moreinterested inthese thingsthan the dads.对于这些事情，做母亲的往往比做父亲的更感兴趣.Mummy,Mummy,lookwhat I've got!妈咪，妈咪，看我有什么啦！TellyourmummyI'd likea word with her,please.请告诉你妈，我想和她谈谈.Say,Mom,can Ihave somethingto eat?妈，我能吃点什么东西吗？Would you tellyour mommyI'm here,please,dear?乖乖，请你告诉你妈我在这儿好吗？Anything to eat,Ma?妈，有什么吃的吗？Old Ma Harriswas taken tohospitalyester-day.哈里斯老妈妈昨天被送进医院了. |

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| mam/mæm/mammy/'mæmi/mama/'maxme/momma/'mpmə/ | infml N EngE&WelshE espworking class妈（尤用于劳动阶级）infml esp ScotE&N EngE espworking class妈妈（用于劳动阶级）old use esp byand to children,esp upperclass妈妈（儿语，尤用于上层阶级）infml esp AmE妈妈 | Anything to eat,Mam?妈，有什么吃的吗？Ask yourmammy if Icould have aword with her,please.请问问你妈，我能否和她谈谈.My mamacannot speak toyou;she isengaged at themoment.我妈妈不能和你谈话，她这会儿正忙着.You are lookingwell,Mama.妈妈，你的气色挺好.His mommatold him to gohome.他妈妈要他回家. | Nursing mothers visit this hospital regular喂奶的母亲定期去这所医院.nurture／＇n3：tfə／fml to give care and food to 养育：They nurtured their children well.他们把孩子养育得很好.She is a gently nurtured chilwith no knowledge of the world.她是一个受到百般呵护的孩子，对世事一无所知.bring up [v adv] to care for and educate in thefamily until fully grown 养育；教养；使成长：Shebrought up three children without any help.她独力养育了三个孩子.He was brought up inLondon，in the East End.他是在伦敦东区长大的.raise ／reiz／ esp AmE to bring up 使成长；抚养：He raised the children by himself; his widied years ago.他妻子许多年前去世，他独自一人把孩子养大.Where were you raised？你是在哪儿长大的？She was raised in the country.她是在乡下长大的.He raised those goats fromnewborn kids.他把那些小羊羔喂养成大羊.rear /rrə/ (esp of animals and birds) to care foruntil fully grown 喂养；饲养：He reared thosebirds himself.他亲自喂养了那些鸟.It's difficuto know what is the best way to rear children.要弄明白什么是养育孩子的最佳方法是不容易的.adopt /ə'dppt/ to take (someone, esp a child)into one's family as a relation forever, and totake on the full responsibilities in law ofaparent 收养：They had no children of theirown，so they adopted a boy and a girl.他们自己没有生孩子，所以收养了一个男孩和一个女孩.adoption ［U；C］ the act of adopting a child 收养孩子：Adoption may be the answer for child-less couples unable to have babies of theirown.对不能生育的无子女夫妇来说，收养孩子也许是个解决办法.foster/'fostə/ to care for (a child who is notone＇s own）， usu for a short period（通常指短期的）养育；抚养；看护：They have fostered severalyoungsters [→C8] who had no home to go to,till they got started in the world. 他们抚养了几个无家可归的少年，直到他们开始在社会上自立.C15 nouns 名词：other family relations其他亲属 |
| C14 verbs 动词：relating to havingchildren［T1］有关养育孩子father/'fa:ðə/ (of a man) to cause the birth of（one＇s child）为···之父；扶养；养育：He fatheredtwo famous artists and a well-known poli-tician.他养育了两个著名的艺术家和一个有名的政治家.sire/saiə' fml (esp of horses and pedigreeanimals to be the father of 为···之父；生殖（尤指马和纯种动物）：He sired a famous son.他养了个出名的儿子.The winner of the race wassired by the great horse Shamrock.那匹取胜的赛马是由名马沙姆洛克所生．［■A 34 PEDIGREE］mother /'maðə/ to take care of, like a mother对···尽母职：照顾：She has really mothered thatchild like one of her own.她照料那孩子真像亲生孩子一样.（deprec） Do you need me tomother you or can you stand on your own feetnow？你现在是要我照顾你呢，还是你能自己照顾自已呢？suckle／＇sakl／［also 又作 IØ］ to feed on milk atthe breast or udder ［→A128］哺乳；喂奶：Shesucklec her children herself and never used abottle.她亲自给孩子们哺乳，从不用瓶子喂.Theyoung calf was suckling happily.那头小牛犊正欢快地吮着奶.breast-feed／＇brest，fi：d／also 又作 nurse／n3：s／to suckle （a baby）以母奶喂养；给···喂奶：She | sex性别age代 | male 男性 | female女性 |
| firstgeneration上一代nextgeneration下一代 | uncle叔父、伯父、舅父、姑父／丈、姨父／丈nephew侄儿、外甥 | aunt姨母、伯母、姑母、舅母、婶母、阿姨niece侄女、外甥女 |

breast-fed her children herself. 她亲自奶孩子.

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