where to go.我们讨论了（下一步）做什么和到哪里去.

argue /'a:gju:/1 [IØ;T1, 5] to present reasons for or against (something), esp clearly and in proper order 辩论；争论：He argues well.他善于辩论.He argued the case for hours.他们为这个案件辩论了好几个小时.He argued that sheshould not go．他争辩说她不应该去．2［IØ(against; about/over and/or with)] to reason strongly in defence of one's opinions and in opposition to those of others 极力主张已见并反驳别人的意见：He＇s always ready to argue （about politics）（with me）.他随时准备（和我） 争论（政治问题）.He argued（with her）（over the new plan）.他（就新计划）（和她）争论.He＇salways arguing against me／my ideas.他总是反驳我／我的意见．3［T5,5b］ to give reasonsto prove or try to prove（提出理由）证明：The scientist argued that his discovery had changed the course of history.那位科学家举出理由证明他的发现改变了历史的进程.So heargued，but I don＇t believe him／it.虽然他据理力辩，但是我并不相信他／这一点．4［T1 into or outof] to persuade by showing reasons for or against，often with strong feeling 竭力说服；力劝：She argued him into／out of his decision.她说服他作出／改变决定．arguable 1［B］ able to besupported with reasons 可论证的；有论据的；可提出论据加以证明的：It is arguable that thecriminal is a necessary member of society.认为罪犯是社会上必然有的一种人，这种说法是有论据的．2［B］ doubtful in some degree 有疑义的；可争辩的；可商榷的：That their decision was the best one is arguable.说他们的决定就是最好的决定，这话有疑问．in-［neg］-bly［adv Wa3］

debate/dr'beit/1 [IØ; T1] to argue about (some-thing) usu in an effort to persuade other people 讨论；争论；辩论：We debated until the bar closed.我们一直争论到酒吧关门.I debated（upon／about） the question（with Mary）.我（和玛丽）辩论这个问题.I debated with Mary（upon／about the question）.我和玛丽辩论（这个问题）．2［T1］ to consider in one＇s own mind the arguments for and against （something）反复思考；盘算：I debated the idea in my mind until I fell asleep.我在脑子里思考着这个主意直到入睡．debatable［B］ 1 able to be debated 可争辩的：The matter is debatable； let us meet again next week.这个问题是可以争辩的，我们下星期再碰头．2 doubtful insome degree 有疑问的：That their decision was the best one is debatable.说他们的决定就是最好的决定，这话有疑问．-bly［adv Wa3］

have it out infml to discuss something fully and openly 彻底地讨论；开诚布公地讨论：Look，let＇stalk about it; we must have it out, then we'll feel better.喂，我们来谈谈这件事吧；我们必须开诚布公地讨论一下，这样才会感到好受些.

G84 nouns 名词：discussing and debating 讨论与辩论

discussion /dr'skafən/1 [U] the act of discuss-

G86 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

ing 讨论；议论（指行为）：They find discussion （of the subject） difficult.他们感到很难讨论（这个题目）．2［C］an example of this 讨论；议论（指实例）：Let＇s have a discussion about it／on the matter.让我们讨论一下这个问题／这件事.Theseradio discussions aren＇t very interesting.这些广播讨论并不十分有意思.

argument /'a:gju:mənt/1 [C] a reason given to support or disprove something 论据；论点；理由： There are many arguments against smoking. 反对抽烟的理由有很多．2［U］the use of reasonto persuade someone 争论；辩论：We should try to settle this problem by argument, not by fighting.我们应该通过辩论来解决这个问题，而不是靠动武.

debate /dr'beit/1 [C] a usu public meeting or situation in which a question is talked over by at least two people or groups, each expressing a different point of view 辩论（会）：There will be a long debate in Parliament before the new law is passed.在通过新法律之前，国会要举行长时间的辩论.The national debate on how the country should be run became boring.关于应如何管理国家的全国性辩论变得枯燥无味了．2［U］formal public argument 正式的公开辩论：The use of prisons has become a matter of debate. 监狱的使用已成为公众辩论的问题.

G85 verbs 动词：convincing and

reassuring 说服与安慰

convince /kən'vıns/ [T1 (of); V3; D5] to cause (someone) to believe or feel certain; to persuade （someone）使相信；说服；使承认：It took many hours to convince John of his wife＇s guilt.花了好几个小时才使约翰相信他的妻子犯了罪.We convinced Anne to go by train rather than plane.我们说服安妮不乘飞机而坐火车去.It＇s going to be hard to convince my wife that we can＇t afford a new car.要使我妻子相信我们买不起新汽车可不容易.

assure /ə'fuə/ [D5a; T1 (of)] to try to cause (someone) to believe or trust in something;to promise； to try to persuade 保证；担保：I assure you that this medicine cannot harm you.我向你担保这种药对你不会有害.He assured us.of hisability to work.他向我们保证他确有能力工作.

reassure /ri:ə'fuə/ [T1 (about, of);D5] to comfort and make (someone who is anxious or uncertain） free from fear or uncertainty 使放心；使安心：Let me reassure you that all is going well.你可以放心，一切都进行得很顺利.-ringly[adv]

G86 nouns 名词：convincing and reassuring 说服与安慰

conviction/kən'vıkfən/ [C; U] (a) very firm and sincere belief 信念；确信；坚信：I always try to act in accordance with my convictions.我

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总是努力按照我的信念行事.I speak in the fullconviction that our cause is just.我发言时深信我们的事业是正义的.From the way she spokeyou could tell she was speaking from convic-tion.从她讲话的样子，你能看出她是怀着坚定的信念发言的.carry conviction to be likely to cause belief；be likely to persuade（说话、论点等）令人信服：If your arguments carry convic-tion many people will support you. 如果你的论点令人信服，就会有很多人支持你.open toconviction ready to listen to a person's opin-ions and be persuaded by them if they seem right（愿意）接受正当的理由；有道理就信服：I＇venever supported your political party but I'm open to conviction.我从未支持过你们的政党，但是我并无成见，你说得有道理我就信服.

assurance ／ə＇fuərəns／ 1［U］ also 又作 self-assurance strong belief in one's own ability and powers 自信；有把握；确信：The business-man had great assurance and people trusted him quickly.那位实业家充满自信，所以人们很快就信任他了.The teacher lacked assurance in front of his class.那位老师在班上面对自己的学生时缺乏自信心．2［C （of），C5 often pl withsame meaning] a trustworthy statement; promise 保证；担保：He gave me his assurance that he would come.他向我保证他会来的.Inspite of all his assurances, he did not come. 尽管他作了种种保证，他还是没有来.

reassurance / rirə'fuərəns/ 1 [U] the act of reassuring 使放心；安慰2 ［C often pl with same meaning］ an example of this 安慰（的实例）： She won't believe it in spite of all our reassur-ances.不管我们如何请她放心，她还是不相信.

G87 verbs 动词：persuading and coaxing 说服与劝诱

[ALSO→F27]

persuade /pə'sweid/1 [T1 (of); D5a] to cause to feel certain 使（某人）相信：She was not persuaded of the truth of his statement.她不相信他的话是真的.I can＇t persuade myself that this is the right thing to do.我无法使自己相信这样做是对的．2［T1；V3］ to cause （（not） to do something) by reasoning, arguing,begging,etc 说服；劝服：Try to persuade him to let us go with him.设法说服他，让我们跟他一起去.Nothing would persuade him.什么也说服不了他.None of us could persuade him out of his stupid plans.我们谁也没法说服他放弃他那愚蠢的计划.（fig） He persuaded the piece of wood into the little crack (=made it go into it gradu-ally）.他把那片木头一点一点地塞进那个小裂缝里.persuasion ［U；C］（an） act of persuading 说服；劝服：She tried persuasion to get him to do it.她试图说服他去做那件事.persuasive［B］forthe purpose of， or able to，persuade 劝导性的； 劝诱的；有说服本领的；善于劝导的：She can bevery persuasive when she wants to.如果她愿意的话，她是很善于说服别人的.-ly［adv］

dissuade /di'sweid/ [T1 (from)] to persuade

not to do something 劝阻；劝止；劝戒：Can＇t I dissuade you (from doing these silly things)? 难道我不能劝阻你（不去做这些蠢事）吗？Nothingwould dissuade her； she went.她走了，什么也拉不住她.dissuasion［U］ the act of dissuading 劝阻

coax /kəuks/1 [T1] to persuade (someone) by gentle kindness or patience 用好话或耐心劝说； 劝诱；哄：I coaxed him into taking me to the theatre.我哄他把我带去看戏了.She coaxed meout of my depression.她哄得我不再沮丧了.Hecoaxed her to take her medicine.他哄着她吃药. 2［X9］ to obtain by gently persuading 用哄的办法得到：I coaxed a kiss from the little girl.我哄小女孩给我一个吻.

get round[v prep T1] infml to persuade (someone) to accept one's own way of think-ing 说服；使（某人）接受说话者的主张：Fatherdoesn't want to let us go,but I know I can get round him.父亲不想让我们去，但是我知道我能说服他.

brainwash /'brein,wof/[T1(into)] infml & derog to cause (someone) to change beliefs by means which are not limited to reason or force 对（人）实行洗脑；通过宣传等说服；强行灌输思想：After several months in the prison with very little sleep and talking only to the enemy he was brainwashed into joining them.他被关在监狱中几个月，睡眠很少，而且只能和敌人谈话，结果被洗脑，跑到敌人那边去了.（fig）Don＇t let allthose television advertisements brainwash you into buying that soap.别让那些电视广告哄得你去买那种肥皂．brainwashing 1 ［U］ the act or action of brainwashing 洗脑；强行灌输思想（的行为）2［C］an example of this 洗脑；强行灌输思想（的事例）：He received a brainwashing from them.他被他们洗了脑.

indoctrinate /mn'dpktrineit/ [T1 (with)] usu deprec to put ideas into (someone's mind); tech to brainwash 灌输思想；洗脑：They have those beliefs because they have been indoctri-nated since childhood.他们有那些信仰是因为他们从小就受到思想灌输.-tion［U］

G88 verbs 动词：suggesting and implying 建议与暗示

[ALSO →G119]

suggest/sə'd3est/1 [T1, 4, 5a, c, 6a, b] to say or write（an idea to be considered）建议；提议；提出：I suggest bringing／（that） we bring the meet-ing to an end．我建议结束／我们结束会议．2［T1］to cause to come to the mind 使想起；使联想起：The sight of the birds suggested a new idea for flying machines.人见到飞鸟便有了设计飞行器的新想法．3［T1］to bring（itself） to the mind（使） 浮现：An idea suggested itself.心中浮现出一个想法.suggestive ［B （of）］ causing someone to think or believe something，often about seX引起对（性的）联想的；暗示···的；弦外之音的：Hesaid something highly suggestive about the girl＇s behaviour.他说了一些话，指那女

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孩子的行为很有挑逗性.Her actions were sugges-tive of fear.她的行动暗示着恐惧.-ly［adv］

propose /prə'pəuz/ [Wv5]1 [T1, 4,5c] to sug-gest；put forward for consideration 建议；提议： I propose a short rest before we continue the work.我建议在继续工作之前先休息一会儿.Ipropose that we have halfan hour＇s rest.我提议休息半小时．2［T1,3,4；（IØ）］to form（as）（a plan or intention）； intend 打算； 计划：I propose to go to London tomorrow. 我打算明天到伦敦去.

put forward ［v adv T1］ not fml to propose 提出： He put forward a plan for the committee to consider.他提出一个计划供委员会考虑.

put．．．to ［v prep D1,5］ infml to suggest to 向··· 提出：Let me put my plan to you.让我向你说说我的方案.I put it to you that you can＇t win the game！我跟你说，你在这场比赛中不可能取胜！

hint／hint／［IØ T1,5a］ to suggest indirectly 示意； 暗示：She hinted（to him） that she was dissat-isfied with his work.她（向他）暗示对他的工作不满意.She hinted （to him） her dissatisfaction with his work.她（向他）暗示她不满意他的工作.hint at ［v prep T1］ to suggest indirectly 暗示： He hinted at her foolishness.他暗示她很愚蠢. She hinted at the possibility of more money. 她暗示可能会有更多的钱.

imply/Im'plai/ [T1, 5a, b] to suggest without expressing in words 含有···的意思；暗示（指不用语言表示）：Her refusal to answer implies her guilt.她拒绝回答正暗示着她犯了罪.His mannerimplies that he would like to come with us.他的态度暗示他想和我们一起去.

get at [v prep T1] (usu in questions) not fml to imply；hint at（常用于问句）含有···的意思；暗示：Idon't understand; just what are you getting at？我不明白；你究竟是什么意思？

insinuate /ın'sinjueit/[T1, 5a] fml usu deprec to imply；hint 暗示；暗讽：I don＇t know exactly what you are insinuating but I don＇t like it.我不清楚你在暗示什么，反正我不喜欢这种做法.Heseemed to insinuate that you got the money unlawfully.他似乎在暗示你是通过非法手段弄到那笔钱的.

entail /m'teil [T1] to make necessary as a means or result of getting something else 使必须；使负担：He needs a bigger house and this will entail getting more money.他需要一所较大的房子，这使得他必须弄到更多的钱.entailment[U] the condition of entailing or being entailed（使）必须；（使）需要；（使）负担

G89 nouns 名词：suggesting and

implying 建议与暗示

suggestion /sə'd3estfən/ 1 [U] the act of suggesting（提出）建议；提议：Force won＇t work； try suggestion and persuasion.强迫是不行的，试试用建议和说服的方法吧．2［C］something sug-gested 建议；意见：We could change our plans and leave early; but that's only a suggestion. 我们可以改变我们的计划提前离开；但这只不过是个

G89 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

建议．3［S（of）］a slight sign 样子；迹象：Her face held a suggestion of anger.她脸上露出生气的样子．4［U］ a way of causing an idea to be accepted by the mind by indirect connection with other ideas 暗示；启发；联想：Advertisers use suggestion to sell goods when they show babies and beautiful girls using their products. 广告商展示婴儿和漂亮的女孩子使用他们的产品时，就是用启发和联想的办法来推销商品.

proposal /prə'pəuzəl/1 [U] the act of propos-ing 提议；建议：Everyone stood politely during the proposal of the president＇s health. 在提议为总统的健康干杯时，大家都有礼貌地站起来.Theproposal of a short rest period met (with) everyone＇s approval.小休一会儿的建议得到了大家的赞同.The proposal that we should rest for a while was a good one.有人提出我们都休息一下，这是个好建议．2［C often pl］ a plan orsuggestion ofered 提案；建议：He made proposals for a new system of street lighting. 他提议建立一个街道照明的新系统.There wereseveral proposals that we should rest more frequently.有好几个建议指出我们应当多休息几次.proposition / propə'zıfən/ 1 [C] an unproved statement in which an opinion or judgment is expressed 主张：It is a reasonable proposition that new rules on the speed of cars should be made, but it is an arguable proposition that all drivers will obey them.主张制订限制车速的新规则是合理的，但是如果认为所有的司机都会遵守，那就有疑问了．2［C］a suggestion，（business） offer，arrangement， or settlement（商业上的） 提议（often in the phr make someone a prop-osition 向某人提议）：The firm has made me a proposition; it wants me to act as its adviser on trading possibilities in Europe.公司向我提议，要我担任顾问，专门探讨在欧洲进行贸易的可能性．3 ［S9］ infml a person who or a thing that must be deal with, considered with regard to the difficulty or chance of success，etc 有困难需慎重处理的事情；须打交道但难于应付的人：Getting over these snow-covered mountains isn't a practical proposition (= is not a matter that is possible） in winter.要在冬天越过这些白雪皑皑的山岭，这事是不切实际的.Be.careful indealing with him; he's a nasty proposition, who always gains the advantage by some clever trick.和他打交道要小心，他是个难缠的家伙，总爱玩弄鬼把戏来占便宜．4［C］（esp in thephr make someone a proposition 向某人求欢）euph a suggested offer to have sex with someone，esp with a woman（尤指向女人）求欢hint／hint／［C］1 a small or indirect suggestion 暗示：I know it＇s a secret， but can＇t you give me a hint （of what it is）？我知道那是个秘密，可你不能给我一点暗示吗？2 a small suggestion 提示；暗示：I kept looking at my watch， but she couldn't take the hint (that I wanted to leave）.我不断地看表，但她没有理会我的暗示（我想走）.You don＇t have to ask me to leave；I can take a hint.你不必开口叫我走；一个暗示我就明白．3（fig）a small sign 征兆：There＇s a hint of summer in the air, although it's only May.

虽然才五月，但天气已经有点夏天的迹象了．4

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G90 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

［often pl］ useful advice 有益的提示：His hints helped me a lot in my work.他的提示对我的工作大有帮助.

innuendo /,ınju'endəu/ 1 [C] often deprec a hint 暗示：She is always making little innuen-does about how rich her family are.她总是作出种种小暗示，说她家多么有钱．2［U］lit the useof hints and implications 含沙射影；影射：The poem is full of political innuendo.那首诗充满了政治性的影射.

implication /,Implr'keifən/ 1 [U] the act of implying；indirect suggestion 暗示；暗指；言外之意：We can get his meaning by implication， not directly.我们只能从他的暗示来体会他的意思，而不能直接去理解．2［C］ an example of this；something, esp a possibility or difficulty,that one learns indirectly 暗示；含意：What are the implications of his decision？他的决定包含着什么意思？The implication that I was refusing unnecessarily made me angry.认为我毫无必要地拒绝别人，这种暗示使我很生气.

insinuation /mn,sınju'eıfən/ [U; C] act of insinu-ating 暗讽；暗示：I don＇t like his insinuations that I got the money unlawfully！我不喜欢他含沙射影，说我的钱来路不正！

G90 verbs，etc 动词等：mentioning and quoting 提到与引用

mention /'menfən/ 1 [T1, 5] to tell someone about (something) in a few words, spoken or written 提到；说起：He mentioned their interest in flowers.他谈起他们对花的兴趣.He nevermentioned that he＇s already been there.他从未提起过他已到过那里．2［T1］to say the name of说起；讲到；提名表扬：He mentioned a usefulbook.他提到一本有用的书.She never mentionsthe son she lost.她从来不提她死去的那个儿子.Soon after going abroad with the army he was mentioned in despatches(= honoured for bravery）.他随军到国外不久就获通报表扬（即因勇敢而受嘉奖）.not to mention （something／the fact that） and in addition there＇s...不用提···； 更不必说：They have three dogs to find a home for，not to mention that cat and the bird.他们要替三条狗找个家，更不必提那只猫和那只鸟了.Don't mention it polite There's no need for thanks； I＇m glad to help 不必客气；不用谢：Thanks very much.-Don＇t mention it.非常感谢.-不用谢.

refer to [v prep] 1 [T1] to mention; speak about 说到；提及；把某人叫作：Don＇t refer to that ladyas a cow！不要把那位女士叫做母牛！2［T1］tolook at for information 参考；参看：If you don＇t know what this word means, refer to the dictionary.如果你不知道这个词的意思，查一下词典吧．3［T1］to concern； be directed towards 涉及；有关系：The new law does not refer to land used for farming．新的法律不涉及农业用地．4[D1 (back)] to send (someone or something) to (usu someone else) for decision or action 把···提交；把（某人或某事）送交（另一人）作决定或

采取行动：The shop referred the complaint （back） to the makers of the article.商店把顾客批评产品的意见转给厂方.

raise/reiz/[T1] often fml to mention or refer to 提出（问题、异议等）：Can I raise this matter with you now／at our next meeting？我现在／在下一次会议上能向你们提出这个问题吗？

allude to [v prep T1] finl to speak of (someone or something） indirectly 暗指；暗示；（婉转）提到： She did not say Mr Smith's name, but it was clear she was alluding to him.她虽然没有说出史密斯先生的名字，但很清楚她指的就是他.Whatare you alluding to？你指的是什么？

bring up [v adv T1] to raise, introduce, or mention （a subject） 提出：I＇m sorry to bring this matter up again, but I must have an answer soon.对不起，我又提出这件事，不过我定要尽快得到答复.She says she will bring it upat the next meeting.她说她将在下次会议上提出那个问题.

quote/kwəut/1[T1;IØ] to repeat in speech or writing another (supposedly powerful) per-son＇s words 引用；引述；引证：He quotes（from） the Bible to support his own wishes. 他引用《圣经》来支持自己的愿望.Don＇t quote me onthat！不要在那件事上引用我的话！Oh，stop quot-ing！得了，别引经据典了！2 ［T1］ to mention inorder to add power to one's own point of view 举例（以加强自己的观点）：I quote Bill，whoalways holds parties in the afternoon.就拿比尔来说吧，他总是在下午举行聚会的.He quoted thecase of the man whose wife went with him to Alaska.他引用了那个和妻子一起到阿拉斯加去的人作为例子．3［D1（to）；T1］ to give（a price）喊（价）；报（价）；开（价）：I can quote you a price lower than anyone else＇s.我能给你报一个比任何人都低的价格.The value of the pound wasquoted regularly.英镑的价格定期公布.

cite /sait/ [T1] 1 to mention (a passage written or spoken by someone else or the person who wrote or spoke such a passage）引用；引证；举（例）；列举： It＇s no use citing the Bible to some-one who doesn＇t believe in it.向不信《圣经》的人引用《圣经》中的话是没有用的．2［usu pass］ tomake a formal statement that (someone) is worthy of praise 表扬；传令嘉奖：The soldier was cited by the king for his bravery.那位士兵由于勇敢而受到国王的传令嘉奖.

according to [prep] (used esp in quoting) following the words of 根据···所说；依照： According to her he is a fool.据她所说，他是个傻瓜.According to the Bible，Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden.据《圣经》上说，亚当和夏娃住在伊甸园.If you go according to themap you＇ll find the street easily.如果你照着这张地图走，你很容易就能找到那条街.

G91 nouns 名词：mentioning and quoting 提到与引用

mention/'menfən/1 [U] the act of mentioning 说到；提及：He made no mention of his wishes.

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他根本没有提到自己的愿望．2［C usu sing］ ashort remark 片言只语；说到；提及：I thought hewould talk about the importance of rest after an operation, but he never gave it a mention. 我以为他会谈到手术后休息的重要性，但是他连一个字也未提及．3［C usu sing］ not fml a naming of someone， esp for honour 提名表扬：He was given a mention in the list of helpers.在表扬协助人员的名单中提到了他的名字.

reference/'refərəns/ [C; U (to)] 1 (a case of) mentioning 说到；提及（的事例）：Did you hear all those nasty references to me that Janet kept making？你听到过珍妮特一直在讲的那些关于我的坏话吗？2（a case of） looking at forinformation 参考；参看（的事例）：Keep this dictionary on your desk for easy reference.把这本词典放在你书桌上方便查阅.in／with refer-ence to in connection with 关于；有关

quotation/kwəu'terfən/1 [U] the act of quoting 引用；引证：Some speakers do a lot of quo-tation from books.有些演讲者经常引用各种书籍.2 ［C］ an act of quoting引用；引证：His speeches are full of quotations.他的演说里尽是引用别人的话．3［C］something quoted 引用语；引文；报价：Can you get me some good quo-tations from that writer？你能给我找些那位作家的名言警句吗？What＇s the latest quotation on the pound？英镑的最新报价是多少？

allusion /ə'lu:3ən/ [U; C (to)] the act of speak-ing of something indirectly, or something spoken or written of indirectly, esp while speaking or writing about something else 暗示； 暗指；间接提及：His allusions to our failures were unnecessary.他没有必要暗示我们失败的事.

citation／sar＇teifən／1［U］ the act of citing 引用；引证：＇Such citation of the Bible proves nothing，＇ he said.他说：“从《圣经》中引用这样的话，什么也说明不了．”2［C］ a short passage taken from something written or spoken by someone else 引用语；引文；例证：People who write dictiona-ries sometimes use citations to show the meaning of words.编词典的人有时使用例证来说明单词的意思．3［C］a formal statement of a person＇s qualities，esp bravery in battle 嘉许状（尤指因作战勇敢）；通令嘉奖：He got a presiden-tial citation for his bravery in the war.他由于在战争中的勇敢行为而得到总统的通令嘉奖.

G92 verbs 动词：asking and inquiring 请求与询问

ask/a:sk/1 [T1, 6a, b; D1,6a, b; IØ] to call on (a person) for an answer (to); request (infor-mation）from someone 问；质问；询问：Ask him！ 问他去！I asked who he was／where to go.我问他是谁／到哪里去.Ask him his name.询问一下他的名字.He asked her a question.他问了她一个问题.（fml）He asked a question of her.他向她提了个问题.She asked about his health.她问到他的健康情况.Did you ask（him）a question？ 你问了（他）一个问题吗？2［T1,3,5c；V3；IØ（for）］ to make a request for or to 要求；请求：

G93 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

She asked his advice／him for advice.她征求他的意见.They asked to go for a walk.他们要求去散步.I asked that I（should） be allowed to see her.我请求准许我见她.She asked him towake her at 6 o＇clock．她要他六点钟叫醒她．Sheasked for his advice. 她征求他的意见.Sheasked to be woken at 6 o＇clock．她要求六点钟叫醒她.She asked（for permission）to go. 她请求（准许她）离去.Don＇t ask（me）for money！不要（向我）讨钱！Has anyone asked for me at the office？有人到办公室找过我吗？3［T1（for，of)] to demand (something, such as a price); expect 索（价）；要求：He is asking a lot of money （for his house）.他（的房子）要价很高.The job asks a great deal（ofme）.这项工作要求（我）付出很大的精力.

inquire／in＇kwarə／1 ［T1］ fml to ask 询问；打听：I inquired his reason for coming.我询问他为什么要来．2［T6a，b］ to ask 询问；打听：I inquired what he wanted／whether he would come.我问他需要什么／是否会来．3［IØ］ to ask for infor-mation 询问；打听（情况）：P＇ll inquire about the trains.我要打听一下火车的运行时刻.I don＇tknow the times；I must inquire.我不知道运行时刻表，我得打听一下.

enquire /m'kwaıə/ [T1, 6a, b; IØ] fml to inquire 询问；打听：May I enquire how much money you can provide？我可以询问一下你能提供多少钱吗？

ask after infml， also 又作 inquire／enquire after fml [v prep T1 pass rare] to inquire about the health or well-being of (someone) 问候（某人的健康等）；问好；问安：My motherasked/was asking after you.-Oh, how kind of her！我母亲向你问好.-噢，谢谢她关心！Theywere enquiring after your health.他们问候你的健康.

G93 nouns 名词：replying and answering 回答与答复

reply/r'plai/[U;C (to)] speaking,writing,etc in return 回答；答复：I asked him，but he made no reply.我问他，可他没有回答.What did yousay in reply to his suggestion？你对他的建议作了什么答复？We received several replies in answer to our advertisement.我们登广告后收到了一些回复.

answer /'a:nsə/[C] 1 a spoken or written reply, as to a question, request, letter, or polite greeting 回答；答复：Although I wrote a month ago I＇ve had no answer yet.虽然我一个月以前就写了信，可还没有接到回信.I said good morn-ing to him but he gave no answer.我向他道早安，可他没有理睬．2 a reply in the form ofaction 作为回答的行动：Her answer was asmile.她以微笑作答.In answer to her shouts people ran to help（her）.听到她的喊叫声，人们都跑去帮助（她）．3 a reply to an argument orcharge（回应对方论据、指控等而作的）答辩 4something, at first unknown, which is dis-covered as a result esp of thinking, using

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figures，etc 答案；解答：I gave her all the neces-sary figures and she found the answer quickly. 我把必要的数字都给了她，她很快就找到了答案.The answers are all given at the end of the book.全部答案都附在书后.The answer（to thesum）was 179．（算术题的）答案是179.5 a pieceof (usu written) work to show knowledge or ability，as in an examination 答卷：The teacher asked the pupils to hand in their answers/the answer sheets.老师叫学生们把答卷交上来.

response /ri'spons/ often fml 1 [C(to)] an answer 作答；回答：He madelgave no response （to my question）.他没有回答（我的问题）.There have been several responses (to our advertise-ment）．（我们的广告）已经有几个人答复了．2［C；U（to）］（an） action done in answer 响应的行动： There has been very little response to our call for help.我们求援的呼吁没什么人响应.inresponse to as an answer to 响应；作为对···的答复：He opened the door in response to a knock.他应敲门声开了门.＇In response to your inquiry...＇（in a business letter）（商业信函中） “谨复阁下询问···”

G94 verbs 动词：replying and answering 回答与答复

reply/r'plai/[IØ (to); T5a] to give a reply to （something）回答；答复：I asked him where to go but he didn＇t reply.我问他到哪儿去，但他没回答.Of course not，＇she replied.“当然不，”她回答说.She replied that she was not amused.她回答说她并不觉得有趣.Have you replied to hisletter？你回了他的信没有？

answer /'a:nsə/ 1 [T1; IØ] to give an answer （to）；reply（to）回答；答复：You didn＇t answer his question.你没有回答他的问题.Why didn＇tyou answer？你为什么没回答？Answer any three questions.回答任何三个问题.I will answer her （letter）today．我今天会给她回信．2［IØ（with）］ to do something as a reply（to）做某事作为回答： I answered his question with a smile.我以微笑回答了他的疑问．3［T1；IØ］ to attend or act inreply to (a sign, such as a telephone ringing, a knock on the door，or a whistle）（对诸如电话响声、敲门声或哨声等信号）作出回应；回答；接（电话）；应（门）：I telephoned this aftemoon but nobody answered（the telephone）.今天下午我打电话去，可没人接．4［IØ（to）；T1］ to act ormove in reply （to）；obey 作出反应；响应；服从：The dog answers to his name 一叫那只狗的名字它就来.The car answered （to） his lightest touch．他手轻轻一碰，车就会作出反应．5［IØ；T1］to be satisfactory（for） 适应；适合：This tool will answer （for） （our needs） very well.这工具很适合（我们的需要）．6［IØ；T1］（fig） to be asdescribed in 与描述相符：He answers （to） the description．他跟描述的样子相符．7［T1］（fig） to satisfy 令人满意：The government just didn＇t answer our hopes．政府就是辜负了我们的希望．8［T1； IØ］ to reply to （a charge or argument）答辩（指控、对方的论据等）：Well，it＇s time for you

to answer（the charge）.好吧，现在该是你（针对控告）为自己辩护的时候了.

respond /rI'spond/ often fml 1 [IØ (to); T5a] to answer 作答；回答：I offered him a drink but he didn＇t respond （to my offer）.我要请他喝酒，可他不予理睬.I can＇t marry you，＇she responded sadly．“我不能和你结婚，”她悲伤地回答说．2［IØ（by，to，with）］ to act in answer 响应；反应：He responded (to my suggestion) with a laugh/by laughing.他（对我的建议）报以大笑.

G95 nouns 名词：questioning and doubting 询问与怀疑

question/'kwestfən/[C] 1 a sentence or phrase which asks for information 问题；询问：I asked you a question and you didn＇t reply.我问了你一个问题，但你没回答.No more questions，please； the speaker is tired.请不要再提问题，演讲人累了．2 a doubt 疑问；怀疑：There is noquestion of his coming. 没有问题，他会来的.There was some question as to his honesty.他的诚实颇成问题.out of the question impos-sible 不可能的；办不到的：Can you go？-No，it＇s.out of the question.你能去吗？-不行，办不到.

query／＇kwəri／ ［C］ a question or a doubt 问题；询问；疑问：Have you any queries about what to do next？关于下一步怎么做，你们还有什么问题吗？inquiry／in＇kwaiəri／also 又作 enquiry／m＇kwarəri／

［C］ an act or occasion of inquiring 询问；打听； 调查：He has been making inquiries into what you were doing here last month.他一直在打听你上个月在这里做什么？The inquiry showed thathe had taken all the money for himself.调查表明他一人独吞了所有的钱.

dispute /dr'spju:t/ [U] strong argument; great doubt 争论；争议；疑虑：There is no dispute about what happened；we all saw it.对所发生的事情没有争议，我们大家都看见了.

doubt/daut/1[C; U,5,6a (whether, if, about)] (a feeling of) uncertainty of belief or opinion 疑惑；疑问；不确定：He was troubled by religious doubt／doubts.对宗教的疑惑使他苦恼.There issome doubt (as to) whether/(about) whether he will come on time.他会不会准时到还说不定.There＇s no doubt that he＇ll come.他无疑是会来的．2［C；U（about）］ （a feeling of） mistrust 怀疑：He says he can cure me，but I still have my doubts（about him／it）.他说他能治好我的病，但我仍（对他／此）有怀疑．3［U］a tendency not tobelieve or accept 疑虑：His continual doubt makes it hard for him to act.他总是疑虑重重，所以很难采取行动.in doubt in a condition ofuncertainty 不一定；有怀疑：The result is still in doubt.结果难卜.I＇m still in doubt about it.我对此仍有怀疑.without doubt also 又作 nodoubt it is certain 无疑地：John will come on time，without doubt.毫无疑问约翰会准时到的.No doubt he＇ll come.他无疑是会来的.

suspicion /sə'spifən/ 1 [U] a the act of sus-pecting or state of being suspected 嫌疑；可疑；

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被怀疑：He is under suspicion of theft.他有偷窃的嫌疑.There is some suspicion about his actions.他行动可疑.b lack of trust or willing-ness to accept 猜疑：She always treated us with suspicion.她总是对我们疑神疑鬼.The dogsmelled the meat with suspicion.那只狗怀疑地嗅了嗅那块肉．2［C］a a feeling of suspecting疑心；猜想：I have a suspicion that he＇s right.我猜想他也许是对的.b a belief about someone＇sguilt 相信某人有罪：The police have not found the thief but they have their suspicions.警察没有找到小偷，但他们已经有可疑对象了．3［S（of）］aslight amount (of something seen, heard, tasted，etc）一点儿：There was a suspicion of tears in her eyes./a suspicion of summer in the air.她眼里闪着泪光.／天气已带有一点夏天的意思了.

scepticism BrE, skepticism AmE /'skeptə-,sizəm/ [U] a doubting state or habit of mind; dislike of believing without being certain; doubt 怀疑；怀疑态度；怀疑主义：He has ahealthy scepticism about what is said in advertisements.他一向对广告上的话抱着明智的怀疑态度.Her scepticism showed on her face when she heard the story.她听到这件事脸上露出怀疑的神情.sceptic BrE，skeptic AmE［C］a person who is (habitually) unwilling to believe a claim or promise 怀疑者；怀疑论者：He is asceptic about politicians＇ promises.他对政治家们的许诺向来持怀疑态度.sceptical BrE，skeptical AmE [B (of, about)] of, concerning, or like a sceptic 怀疑（论）者的；怀疑的：Hisemployer looked sceptical when he said he'd been ill the day before.当他说他前一天病了时，老板似乎不大相信.I＇m sceptical oflabout the team＇s chances of winning.我不大相信这支球队有取胜的可能．-ly［adv Wa4］

cynicism/'sınəsizəm/ [U] a state of mind in which a person thinks that others always have bad or strongly personal reasons for doing things, even when they seem to be good, kind, and unselfish; doubt about people's good, etc acts 愤世嫉俗；不信世间有真诚善意的态度；对人性怀疑的态度：His cynicism is well-known.他愤世嫉俗的态度是有名的.cynic［C］a person show-ing cynicism 愤世嫉俗者；不信世间有真诚善意的人；怀疑人的真诚善意者：Oh don＇t be such acynic！啊，别这样愤世嫉俗啦！cynical［B］of， concerning，or like cynicism or a cynic 愤世嫉俗者的；对人性怀疑的；不信世间有真诚善意的；冷嘲热讽的：He gave a cynical smile when the rich girl said she planned to help the poor.当那位阔小姐说她打算救济穷人时，他嘲讽地笑了笑.-ly[adv Wa4]

G96 verbs 动词：questioning and doubting 怀疑

question/'kwestfən/ [T1, 6a] genl to raise doubt about 怀疑：I question whether I could have arrived in time.我怀疑我当时是否能及时赶到.She never questioned his honesty.她从未怀疑

G97 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

他的诚实.

query/'kwəri/[T1] to question or raise a doubt about, sometimes by marking (?) on a pece of writing 疑问；对···表示怀疑；在（文稿上）打问号：I＇d like to query several points that you made in your talk.我想对你讲话中的某几点提出疑问.

dispute /dr'spju:t/1 [T1] to disagree about; call into question； doubt 对···表示异议；对···提出质疑；怀疑：The honesty of his intentions was never disputed．从没有人怀疑过他的诚意．2［T1，6a, b; 10] to argue about (something), esp angrily and for some time 争论；争辩；争执： They disputed for hours (about) where to go. 他们就到哪儿去的问题争执了好几个小时.

doubt/daut/1[T1,5a,6a (whether,if)] to be uncertain（about） 怀疑；拿不准；不能肯定：Idoubt the truth of it.我怀疑这是否属实？Idoubt whether it＇s true.我不能肯定这是否真实.Idon＇t doubt that John will come on time.我肯定约翰会准时到．2［T1,6a（whether，if）］ to mistrust 怀疑；不相信：I doubt his honesty.我对他的诚实表示怀疑.I doubt if he＇s honest.我怀疑他是否诚实.He says he can cure me， but I still doubt him.他说他能治好我的病，但我还是不相信他的话．3［T5a］to consider unlikely 认为不大可能：I doubt that John will come on time.我看约翰不大可能准时到.I doubt he＇ll come now.我看他现在不一定会来.

suspect/sə'spekt/1 [T1, 5a] to believe to exist or be true；think likely 疑是；疑有；猜想：We suspected trouble.我们猜想会有麻烦.We suspected that he was lost, even before we were told.我们甚至在得到通知之前就怀疑他失踪了．2［T1（of）；V3］ to believe to be guilty 怀疑有罪：They suspect him of murder.他们怀疑他杀了人.They suspected him to be the mur-derer．他们怀疑他是凶手．3［T1］ to be doubtfulabout the truth or value of 怀疑；不信任：I suspect his motives (= real reasons for what he does）．我怀疑他的动机．4［T5a，b］ infml to suppose or guess 料想；猜测：I suspect you may be right.我想你可能是对的.I suspect that＇s true.我想这是真的.suspect ［C］ a person who is suspected of doing something 嫌疑犯；可疑分子： The police have several suspects.警方有儿名嫌疑犯.She was a murder suspect （＝ They thought she might have murdered or killed someone）.她是个杀人嫌疑犯.

G97 verbs 动词：contradicting and refuting 反驳与驳斥

contradict /,kontrə'dikt/ 1 [T1; IØ] to declare (a person, opinion, something written or spoken） to be wrong or untruthful 反驳；驳斥； 否定（某人的意见）；否认（所写或所说的事物）的真实性：How dare you contradict me！你胆敢反驳我！Young children should never contradict what their parents say，＇she said angrily.她生气地说：“小孩子绝不可和父母顶嘴.”Don＇tcontradict！不要反驳！2［T1］（of a statement，

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action,fact, etc) to be opposite in nature or character to （a statement，action，fact，etc）（陈述、行为、事实等）相矛盾；抵触：The variousreports contradict each other.各种报告互相矛盾.Your actions contradict your declared moral principles.你的行为和你标榜的道德原则不一致.

refute/rI'fju:t/[T1] usu fml & tech to prove a （someone） to be mistaken 驳倒（某人）；证明（某人）错误：I refuted him easily.我轻而易举地驳倒了他.b（a statement） to be untrue 驳斥（说法等）；证明（说法等）不正确：I refuted his claimthat the world was flat.我驳斥了他认为地球是平面的说法.

G98 nouns 名词：contradicting and refuting 反驳与驳斥

contradiction /,kontrə'dıkfən/1 [U] a the act of contradicting 反驳；还嘴：His father punishes contradiction severely.他父亲对顶嘴（的人）处罚得很凶.b the state of being contradicted 受顶撞：Contradiction makes my teacher angry. 学生的顶撞使我的老师很生气．2［U］direct oppo-sition between things compared; disagreement 矛盾；不一致（often in the phr in contradiction 互相矛盾）：There is no contradiction between my behaviour and my principles; they are not in contradiction.我的行为和我的原则毫无抵触；两者并不矛盾．3［C］a statement，action， or fact that contradicts another or itself 互相或自相矛盾的话、行为或事实：There are many con-tradictions in industrial society. 工业社会里存在许多矛盾.It is a contradiction to say you support the government but would not vote for it in an election.你说你支持政府，但在选举时又不投它的票，真是自相矛盾.contradictory[Wa5; B] of, concerning, or like a contradic-tion； serving to contradict 互相矛盾的：His two statements are contradictory.他两次说的话是互相矛盾的.

paradox /'pærə,dpks/ 1 [C] a statement which seems to be foolish or impossible, but which has some truth in it 似非而是的话：＇More haste， less speed＇ is a paradox.“欲速则不达”是一句似非而是的隽语．2［C］ an improbable combi-nation of opposing qualities，ideas，etc 自相矛盾（的事、想法等）：It is a paradox that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people.在这么富有的国家竟有这么多穷人，这是一种矛盾．3［C］ now rare a statement， idea， or fact that is opposite to what is generally believed to be true 与通常见解相对立的话、看法、事实等；谬论：The idea that the earth is round, not flat, was described in ancient times as a paradox.地球不是平的而是圆的这一看法，在古代被当作谬论．4 ［U］ the use of suchstatements in speaking or writing 说话、写作时运用似非而是的隽语：a writer who is very fondof paradox 一位很喜欢用似非而是的隽语的作家paradoxical [B] of, connected with, or like a paradox 似非而是的隽语的；似非而是的；自相矛盾

的-ly［adv Wa4］

refutation / refju'terfən/ [C; U] (a) proof that something is untrue 驳斥；反驳

G99 verbs 动词：questioning and

interrogating 询问与讯问

question/'kwestfən/[T1] to ask (someone) a question or questions 向（某人）提问题；询问；发问；讯问：Can I question you on that point？我能就那一点向你提问吗？The questioning wenton for hours.讯问进行了好几个小时.

cross-examine ／＇krpsrg＇zæmin／ also 又作cross-question /'krps'kwestfən/ [T1] to keep asking（someone） questions 质问；反复盘问： The police are cross-examining him about where he was when the murder took place.警察在反复盘问他谋杀案发生时他在什么地方.Stopcross-questioning me！别这样盘问我！

interrogate /in'terəgeit/ [T1] to question for a special purpose， esp at length（尤指长时间地） 讯问；审问：He was interrogated for several hours by the police.他被警察审问了好几个小时.interrogation [U; C] the action of inter-rogating or being interrogated 讯问；审问

G100 verbs 动词：asking， requesting， and begging 要求、请求与恳求

ask for [v prep T1] 1 to show that one wants （something） by asking to have or get it 要求得到（某物）：He asked for the book.他想要这本书.2 (esp in tenses using the -ing form) to behave so as to cause （something bad）（尤指用于-ing形式）招致（某种恶果）：If you climb thatmountain in this bad weather you're asking for trouble.如果你在这种坏天气去爬那座山，你就是自找麻烦.When he got into trouble I said， You asked for it！＇他碰到麻烦时，我说：“你真是活该！”

request/ri'kwest/ [T1, 5c (of);V3] esp fml to ask for (something) politely (not used with the actual words spoken）（不与说话者实际所说的话连用）请求；恳求：May I request your atten-tion？请各位注意.I requested（of him） that he （should）leave.我请他离开.I requested them to stop making such a noise.我请他们不要大声吵闹了.

appeal/ə'pi:l/ [IØ(to,for)] to ask strongly for help，support，money，etc 呼吁；强烈要求；恳请： The speaker appealed to his hearers for silence／help／money.演讲者吁请听众安静下来／给予帮助／捐款.The government is appealing to everyone to save water.政府呼吁人人节约用水.The police appealed for anyone with infor-mation to come forward and help them.警方呼吁所有的知情者前来协助他们.We appealed tobe allowed to leave.我们强烈要求准许我们离开.I don＇t like appealing， but I need help.我不喜欢求人，可我需要帮助.

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appeal to [v prep T1] to look to for support,

help，etc 向···求援；求助于：I am appealing to you；please help me！我在向你求援，请帮助我吧！beg/beg/ 1 [T1;IØ] to ask humbly for (food,

money， or other necessary things）乞讨（食物、金钱、必需品）：He lives by begging.他以行乞为生.He begged（for） money（from people） in the streets．他在街上（向人）乞钱．2［T1,5c；V3； IØ, 3] often fml to ask humbly (something not material）请求；恳求；乞求（非物质性东西）：MayIbeg a favour（of you）？我能求你帮个忙吗？Hebegged me not to leave.他求我别走.He begged and begged until I agreed to do it.他再三乞求， 直到我答应做这件事.She begged（her mother＇s） forgiveness．她恳求（母亲）宽恕她．3［T3］fml to allow oneself 恕我；谨：I beg to point out that your facts are not correct.我谨指出你所说的事实并不确实.

beseech /br'si:tf/ [T1; V3] fml & lit to ask eagerly and anxiously 恳求；哀求：He besought a favour of the judge. 他恳求法官开恩.Ibeseech you to help.我恳求你帮助.Help me，I beseech you！帮帮我忙吧，我求求你！She gavehim a beseeching look.她用哀求的目光看了他一眼.-ingly ［adv］：She looked beseechingly at him.她用哀求的目光看着他.

plead/pli:d/1[IØ] to make continual and deeply felt requests 恳求；祈求：She wept and pleaded until he agreed to do as she wished.她又是哭又是哀求，直到他同意照她的意愿去做.He pleadedfor more time to pay．他恳求延期付款．2［T1］to give as an excuse for an action 以···为理由；藉ロ:I'm sorry I didn't answer your letter;I can only plead forgetfulness.我很抱歉没有给你回信；只好归咎于健忘了．3［T1］to speak or argue insupport of 辩护；争辩；申辩；抗辩：He was plead-ing the cause of the unemployed.他为失业者的权益而辩护.Which lawyer is pleading this case in court？哪一位律师在法庭上为这一案件辩护？

implore /ım'plo:/ [T1; V3] esp emph to ask (someone) in a begging manner (for some-thing or to do something）乞求；恳求；哀求（某人给予某物或做某事）： I implored him to help me.我恳求他帮助我.I implored his help， but hedidn＇t do anything.我恳求他帮助，可他却毫无表示.

apply /ə'plai/ [IØ (for)] to request (something) esp officially and in writing（尤指书面）提出申请（或要求等）：I will apply for the job tomorrow.我明天去申请这份工作.You mustapply to the minister for permission.你必须请求部长批准.

petition /pə'tifən/ 1 [T1(for);V3] to make a （written） petition to 向···书面请求；向···请愿： They are petitioning their employers for better working conditions.他们在请愿，要雇主改善工作条件.They petitioned the government to recon-sider its decision.他们向政府请愿，要求重新考虑已作出的决定．2［IØ（for），3］ to ask or beg some official body 向（官方）请愿；祈求：The people petitioned to be allowed to return to their island.这些人请愿，要求准许他们回到自己的岛上去．petitioner ［C］1 a person who makes or signs a petition 请愿人；请求者2 law a person

G101 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

asking for the ending of his or her marriage 离婚诉讼的原告

solicit /sə'lisit/ [T1] to beg or appeal for (some-thing）；try strongly to get 请求；恳求；争取：He solicits money from everyone he meets.他向见到的每个人讨钱.She tried to solicit his advice. 她试图取得他的指教.

G101 nouns 名词：requesting 请求

request/rr'kwest/ [C] esp fml a polite demand 请求；恳求：She made a request for help.她请求得到帮助.Her repeated requests that I should play with her annoyed me.她一再恳求我和她一起玩，使我感到生气. at someone＇s requestbecause someone asked 应···的请求；受托：I bought it at your request/at the request of my father.我是应你的要求／应父亲的要求买了它的.byrequest （of） because asked for （by）按···的要求；应邀：The band are playing by request of the Queen.乐队按女王的吩咐正在演奏.in（great） request also 又作 much in request popular； being asked for by many people 受欢迎的；众人需求的：These yellow socks have been much in request lately.近来这种黄色的短袜很受欢迎.on request when asked for 应邀：The band will play on request.乐队将按点奏要求而演奏.

appeal /ə'pi:l/ [U;C] (a) strong request for help， support， money，etc 呼吁；恳求：His appeal for forgiveness went unanswered.他恳求宽恕，但无人理睬.The appeals for money withwhich to build the new hall were very success-ful.为建造新会堂而筹款的呼吁非常成功.Therewas a look of appeal in her eyes.她眼里露出恳求的目光.

plea/pli:/1[C(for)] fml an eager or serious request 请愿；恳求；请求：She wouldn＇t listen to his plea for forgiveness.他请求宽恕，但她不予理睬．2［（the）S］ an excuse given for doing or not doing something 托词；借口：He refused the invitation to dinner on the plea of being too busy.他借口太忙，没有接受赴晚宴的邀请.

application / æplə'keifən/ 1 [U] the act of requesting， esp officially and in writing（尤指正式和书面的）请求；申请：Tickets may bebought on application tolat the theatre.购买戏票可以用书面向戏院预订．2［C］such a request 申请书；申请表：I wrote five applications for jobs but got nothing.我写了五份求职申请书，可是一无所获.

petition/pə'tifən/ [C]1(a piece or pieces of paper containing) a (respectful) request or demand made to a government or other body, usu signed by many people 请愿；（常指许多人签名的）请愿书；申请书：We signed the petitionthat asked the council for better lights.我们在要求地方议会改进路灯的请愿书上签了名．2aproper official letter to a court of law, asking for consideration of one＇s case（向法院递交的正式）诉状3 a solemn prayer to God 虔诚的祷告

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G102 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

G102 verbs 动词：complaining and objecting 抱怨与反对

complain/kəm'plein/1 [IØ; T5a] to express (in) annoyance, pain, unhappiness, dissatisfaction, grief, etc; speak or say in an unhappy, annoyed，dissatisfied way 抱怨；诉苦；发牢骚： She is always complaining about something. 她总是怨天尤人.Stop complaining and eat your dinner！不要抱怨啦，吃饭吧！2［IØ］ to make ausu formal report about someone or some-thing one considers annoying，wrong，etc 申诉； 投诉；控告：Our next-door neighbour said he＇d complain (about us) (to the police) (if we made any more noise）.我们隔壁的邻居说，（如果我们再喧闹的话）他就要（向警察）投诉（我们）.

grumble /'grambəl/ [IØ; T5a] to complain, usu in a low unhappy voice 抱怨；发牢骚；咕哝：Oh，stop grumbling！好啦，不要发牢骚了！They want me to do all the work here，＇he grumbled.“这里所有的活儿他们都要我干，”他咕哝道.

moan／məun／ also 又作 infml grouse ／graus／ [IØ; T5a] deprec to complain; speak or say in a complaining voice 抱怨；发牢骚：Stop moaning； you really have nothing to complain about.不要唉声叹气了，你实在没什么好抱怨的.He＇salways grousing about the unjust way in which he thinks he is being treated.他总是唉声叹气的，觉得自己受到不公平的待遇.

gripe /graip/ [IØ] infml to complain, esp continuously（尤指不停地）诉苦；不停地发牢骚

beef ／bi：f／ ［IØ （about）］ sl to complain 发牢骚： Stop beefing about your troubles！不要为你的烦恼发牢骚啦！

bitch /bitf/ [IØ (about)] sl to complain; speak nastily 埋怨；说坏话：Stop bitching （about him）. 不要老是埋怨（他）啦.

object /əb'd3ekt/ [IØ (to)] to be against some-one or something 反对；抗议：Do you object to smoking？ 你反对吸烟吗？They objected （against him） that his language was bad.他们抗议他说下流话.I objected because of his bad language at the party.我反对是因为他在聚会上说下流话.What are you objecting about now？ 你现在反对什么呢？

G103 nouns 名词：complaining and objecting 抱怨与反对

complaint/kəm'pleint/ [C; U (against)] (an) expression of annoyance, pain, unhappiness, dissatisfaction, grief, etc in speech or in writing 抱怨；不满；诉苦；投诉：Do you have anycomplaints against us？你对我们有什么不满吗？Please read our complaints.请读读我们的投诉意见．If persuasion ［→G87］ doesn＇t work， try complaint.如果劝说不起作用，就去投诉.He tookhis complaints to hislawyer.他到他的律师那里去诉苦.

moan／məun／also 又作 infml grouse／graus／usu deprec [C] a complaint, expressed in a voice

that has a suffering or discontented sound 抱怨；牢骚；怨言；呻吟声；悲叹声： She＇s never satis-fied; she always has some moan/grouse or another.她从不知足，总是唉声叹气的.

gripe／graip／ ［C｝ infml a complaint or moan 抱怨；牢骚；呻吟：What gripes have you got today？ 你今天又要发什么牢骚？

objection /əb'd3ekfən/ [C;U (to, against)] an act or expression of objecting 反对；异议：Do you have any objection tolagainst what we are doing？-No，no objection.你对我们正在做的事情有什么反对意见吗？-没有，没有反对意见.

G104 verbs 动词：apologizing and forgiving 道歉与原谅

apologize, -ise /ə'pplə,d3aiz/ [IØ (to, for)] to express sorrow, as for a fault or causing pain 道歉：I apologized （to her） for stepping on her foot.我因踩了她的脚而（向她）道歉.Iapologizedat once.我马上道歉.

forgive/fə'giv/1[D1; T1 (for); IØ] to say or feel that one is no longer angry about or wishing to give punishment to (someone) for (some-thing）原谅；饶恕；宽恕：Forgive me，＇she said； forgive the wrongs I＇ve done you.＇“原谅我，”她说，“原谅我冤枉了你.”He forgave her thewrongs she had done him.他原谅了她冤枉他的事.I＇ll never forgive you for what you said to me last night.我永远也不会宽恕你昨晚对我说的话.It＇s best to forgive and forget.最好是不念旧恶．2 ［D1］ to say that （someone） need not repay（something）不索取（债务）；不要偿还：I lent you that £2.50 a month ago;I'll forgive you the 50p，but I want the £2 back．上个月我借给你两英镑五十便士；我不要你还那五十便士了，但那两英镑是要还我的.

excuse /ik'skju:z/ 1 [T1, 4] to forgive (some-one） for （a small fault） 原谅；宽恕：Please excuse my bad handwriting/my opening your letter by mistakelme for opening your letter by mistake．请原谅我的字写得不好／误拆了你的信．2[T1 usu neg] to make (bad behaviour) seem less bad 为（不良行为）辩解；开脱：Nothing willexcuse his cruelty to his children.没有任何借口可以为他虐待自己的孩子开脱．3［T1（from）；（also 又作 BrE）D1 usu pass］ to free （some-one） from a duty 免除（某人的）责任：Can I beexcused from football practice today?/(BrE) Can I be excused football practice today？今天我能不参加足球训练吗？excuse oneself 1 tooffer an excuse 替自己辩解2 to ask permission to be absent 请求离开；要求不参加：He excusedhimself from the party.他请求离开这次聚会.excuse me forgive me；I＇m sorry 对不起；请原谅：Excuse me；can you tell me the time？对不起，请问现在几点钟？He said ＇excuse me＇whenhe stepped on my foot. 他踩着我的脚时说了声“对不起”.

pardon /'pa:dən/[T1; D1(for)] to forgive; excuse 原谅；饶恕：Please pardon my careless-ness.请原谅我的粗心.I hope you will pardon

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me for disageeing with you.我希望你原谅我不同意你的看法.We must pardon him his little faults.我们应该原谅他的小缺点.

let off [v adv T1] infml to excuse, forgive,or allow to go free or unpunished 不予惩罚；饶恕： All right, I'll let you off this time, but never again！好吧，这次饶了你，但下不为例！The judgelet the man off with a warning not to cause trouble again.法官警告这个人不要再闹事，便放了他.

G105 nouns 名词：apologizing and forgiving 道歉与原谅

[ALSO→G18 REASON, EXCUSE, etc]

apology/ə'ppləd3i/ [C] 1 a statement express-ing sorrow for a fault, causing trouble or pain, etc 道歉；认错：I must offer her an apology for not going to her party.我没去参加她的聚会，必须向她道歉.I must make an apology to her.我必须向她道歉.Please accept my apologies.请接受我的歉意．2 a very poor example of something 勉强代用的东西；聊以充数的东西：This bit ofburnt potato is no more than an apology for a meal.这么一点烧焦了的马铃薯只能勉强算一餐吧.apologetic [B] 1 expressing sorrow for some fault or wrong 表示歉意的；道歉的：He wrote heran apologetic letter.他给她写了一封表示歉意的信．2 （of a person＇s manner） as if unwilling to cause trouble（举止上）不愿引起麻烦的；带歉意的：He asked in an apologetic voice if we would mind getting out of his way.他带着歉意的语气问我们能否给他让一让道.

forgiveness/fə'gıvnis/ [U] 1 the act of forgiv-ing or the state of being forgiven 饶恕；宽恕；原谅：＇Ask for God＇s forgiveness for what you have done，my son，＇said the priest.“我的孩子， 请求上帝宽恕你所做的事情吧，”牧师说道.Herforgiveness (of his bad behaviour) made him happy again.她宽恕了他（的不良行为），使他又高兴起来．2 willingness to forgive 宽容；乐于原谅人pardon／＇pa：dən／1 ［U； C （for）］a forgiveness 原谅；宽恕：He prayed for God＇s pardon for his evil deeds.他祈求上帝宽恕他的恶行.b an act orexample of forgiveness 宽恕的行为或例子2［C］ tech a an action of a court or ruler forgiving a person for an unlawful act or forgiving the act 赦免b（a paper giving） a freedom from pun-ishment for an unlawful act 赦免书；赦免I beg your pardon also 又作 pardon me polite 1 please excuse me for having accidentally touched／pushed you（不小心碰撞／推了人时说的话）对不起2 pleasé get out of my way as I wish to pass 对不起，请让路3 also infml 又作 begpardon, pardon I did not hear/understand what you said and would like you to repeat it 对不起，请再说一遍4 I＇m afraid I disagree withwhat you have just said 恐怕我不能同意你刚才说的话：I beg your pardon， but you are wrong.对不起，可是你错了．5（said in a firm unfriendly voice) I'm afraid I think that what you have just said is not true／proper（口气强硬）对不起， 我认为你的话不真实／不恰当

G106 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

G106 verbs 动词： blaming and accusing 责难与控告

blame /bleim/ [D1 on/for, T1 (for)] to consider （someone） responsible for （something bad） 责备；归咎：They blamed the failure on George. 他们把失败归咎于乔治.They blamed George（for the failure）.他们（把失败）怪罪于乔治.Thechildren were not to blame for the accident. 那事故不应该责怪孩子们.

accuse /ə'kju:z/ [Wv4, 5; T1 (of)] to charge (someone) with doingwrong or breaking the law；blame 控告；指责：The police accused him （of murder）.警方控告他（犯有谋杀罪）.He wasaccused of running away.人们指责他逃跑.The angry man gave her an accusing look.那发怒的人用责备的眼光瞪了她一眼.The judge askedthe accused man to stand up.法官要被告站起来.

condemn /kən'dem/ 1 [T1 (as)] to express strong disapproval of (someone or some action） 谴责：Most people are willing to con-demn violence of any sort （as evil）.对任何种类的暴力行为，大多数人都会谴责（为罪恶）．2 ［T1（for）］ to judge（a person） guilty 判决（某人） 有罪；定罪，判罪：He was imprisoned and condemned in a day.他在一天之内就被判了罪并关进了监狱.The court condemned her for her crime．法庭给她判了罪．3［Wv5；X9；V3］to state the punishment for (a guilty person),esp a punishment of death or long imprisonment 判刑（尤指死刑或长期监禁）：The prisoner wascondemned to death.这囚犯被判了死刑.The court condemned her to spend all her days in prison.法院判她终身监禁.The condemned man spent his last hours praying.这个死囚把他临终前的时刻用于祷告.A condemned man is a mancondemned to death．死囚就是判了死罪的人．4[X9; V3] to force (someone) into an unhappy state of affairs 注定；迫使（某人处于不愉快的状态）：His bad leg condemned him to a wheelchair.他有一条腿不能走路，只得坐轮椅.She was condemned to live a life of unhappi-ness because of her husband＇s actions.由于她丈夫的行为，她被迫要过一辈子不幸福的生活．5[Wv5; T1 (as)] to declare (something) offi-cially unfit for use 宣告···不适用：Although this house is condemned (as unfit), an old lady still lives here.虽然这座房子已被宣布为不适宜住人，但还有一位老太太住在这里.The councilought to have condemned these houses long ago.地方议会早就应该宣布这些房子不适宜住人了.6 ［T1］ to show the guilt of （a person）显示（某人）有罪：His evil face condemned him.他那邪恶的脸让人一看就知道他有罪.

denounce/dr'nauns/ [T1] usu fml 1 to speak or write against （someone or something）谴责；斥责；告发：They denounced him （to the police） as a criminal．他们（向警方）告发他是罪犯．2 todeclare publicly and officially the end of (an agreement，esp one between nations）宣告废除（尤指两国间的条约）：They denounced thetreaty.他们废除了那项条约.

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G107 nouns 名词：blaming and accusing

责难与控告

blame /bleim/ [U] 1 responsibility for some-thing bad 过错；过失；（过失、事故等的）责任：Wedecided on whom the blame lay.我们认定了这是谁的过错.The judge laid／put the blame（for the accident） on them. 法官判定他们应（对事故）负责.She was ready to take／bear the blame for what had happened.她准备对所发生的事承担责任．2 bad opinion 责备；责难：You will bring the blame of others (up)on yourself if you fail in this.如果你在这件事情上失败了，你就会招来别人的责难.

accusation /,ækju'zeifən/ 1 [U] the act of accusing or of being accused 非难；谴责；指控2 ［C］ a charge of doing wrong 控告（的罪名）： The accusation was that he had murdered a man.控告指责他杀了人.

condemnation /,kondem'nerfən/1[U(of)]the act of condemning 谴责；定罪（指行为）2［C（of）］ an example of the act of condemning 谴责；定罪（指事例）：The priest made a bitter condemnation of violence.牧师对暴力行为加以痛斥．3［C usu sing］ a cause or reason for being condemned 谴责的理由；定罪的理由：Hisevil face was his condemnation.他那邪恶的脸让人一看就知道他有罪.

denunciation /dr,nansr'erfən/ [U;C] usu fml (an) act of denouncing (someone or some-thing）痛斥；谴责；告发：I won＇t listen to these denunciations！我决不听这些指责！

G108 verbs 动词：acknowledging，

confessing，and conceding 承认、供认与让步

acknowledge/ək'nplid3/1 [T1, 4,5]to agree to the truth of; recognize the fact or existence （of）承认：I acknowledge the truth of your statement.我承认你所说的是事实.We will makethem acknowledge defeat.我们要迫使他们认输. They acknowledged that they were defeated. 他们承认被打败了.They acknowledged having been defeated．他们承认被打败了．2［T1（as）；X (to be) 1, 7] to recognize, accept, or admit (as) 认可；接受；承认：He was acknowledged （to be） the best player.他被公认为最佳球员.He wasacknowledged as their leader.他是他们公认的领袖.They acknowledged themselves （to be／have been） defeated．他们认输了．3［T1］ to show that one is grateful for, as by giving or saying something 答谢；表示感谢：His long service with the company was acknowledged with a present.公司送他一份礼物，答谢他为公司长期效力．4［T1］to state that one has received （something）说明已收到（某物）：We must acknowledge his letter.我们应告诉他来信已收到.5 [T1] to show recognition of, as by smiling or waving 表示认识；（用微笑或招手）打招呼：Hewalked right past me without even acknowl-

edging me／my existence.他从我身边走了过去，连招呼也不打／理都不理我.

admit/əd'mit/ [T1, 4, 5a; IØ (to); V3] to state or agree to the truth of (usu something bad); to confess 承认；招认；供认（一般指坏事）：The thiefadmitted his.crime.小偷招认了他的罪.He admitted to the murder.他供认他杀了人.She admitted stealing.她承认偷了东西.I admit that it was difficult.我承认当时很困难.They admit-ted him to be mad.他们承认他疯了.

confess /kən'fes/ 1 [T1, 4,5a,6a;IØ(to)] to admit （a fault， crime， or something wrong）供认；坦白（过错、罪行等）：The prisoner hasconfessed her crime.囚犯供认了她的罪行.Iconfessed to hating the king.我承认我恨国王. She confessed she＇d eaten all the cakes.她承认全部蛋糕都是她吃掉的.Did he confess whathe did last night？ 他承认了他昨天夜里干的事吗？You must confess to all your crimes！你必须坦白你所有的罪行！2［X（to be）1,7］to declare （oneself） to be 宣布自己是··：The minister confessed himself guilty／to be a thief.部长承认自己有罪／是个窃贼．3［T1,4,5a，6a，IØ（to）］tech to make (one's faults) known to a priest or God 向神或神父忏悔；告解：He confessed hisdesire for sex.他为自己的欲念忏悔.Won＇t youconfess and be at peace with God？你不愿向上帝忏悔求得心灵的安宁吗？4［T1］tech（of apriest) to hear the confession of (a person) （神父）听取忏悔或告解：The priest confessed 90people on Saturday morning.星期六上午神父听了九十个人的告解.must／have to confess toadmit 承认：I must confess I hate this work.我得承认我讨厌这项工作.

accept /ək'sept/1 [T1; IØ] to take or receive (something offered or given), esp willingly; receive with favour 接受；收受：I cannot accept your gift.我不能收你的礼.He asked her tomarry him and she accepted（him）.他向她求婚，她接受了．2［Wv5；T1，（fml）5］ to believe； admit；agree to 同意；认可；相信：I accept your reasons for being late.我相信你迟到的理由.Sheaccepts that we must do the work this way.她同意我们必须这样做这件工作.

adopt /ə'dppt/ [T1] to accept or take(some-thing） and use it for some purpose 接受；采纳： He adopted our plan／suggestion.他采纳了我们的计划／建议.The local people have adopted new customs from abroad.当地人接受了来自国外的新习俗.

concede /kən'si:d/1 [T1, 5; IØ; D1 (to)] to admit as true， just， or proper， often unwillingly（常指不情愿地）承认（often in the phr concede defeat 承认失败）：The government conceded defeat as soon as the election results were known.竞选结果一揭晓，政府便承认了失败.I＇mwilling to concede that a larger car would have cost more but I still think we should have bought one.我承认大一点的车价钱更贵，可我还是认为我们本应买一辆.I concede（you）thatpoint, but I still think you're wrong generally. 在那一点上我承认你对，不过我认为总的来说你还是错了.Does he still refuse to concede，even after he＇s been given all the facts？他获悉所有事实之

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后还不肯承认错误吗？2［D1（to）； T1］ to give as aright；allow；yield 给予；容许；让予；让步：After the First World War Germany conceded(to) her neighbours much valuable territory (= land）.第一次世界大战后，德国割让了许多宝贵的领土给邻国.How much territory did France concede after her defeat in 1815？法国在1815年战败后割让了多少领土？The leading playerconceded 10 points to me at the start of the game，but，even so，he beat me！头号选手在比赛开始时让了我10分；尽管如此他还是赢了我！3［IØ］ to admit defeat 认输：I conceded when I saw I had lost. 眼看大势已去，我就认输了.Tconcede,' he said, and the match was over. “我认输了，”他说；比赛就此结束.

G109 nouns 名词：acknowledging，

confessing，and conceding 承认、招认与让步

acknowledg(e)ment /ək'nplıd3mənt/often fml 1 ［U］ the act of acknowledging 承认；答谢；认可（often in the phr in acknowledgement of 答谢）：He was given a present in acknowledge-ment of his work for the business.公司送他一份礼物答谢他为公司效力．2［C］something given，done， or said as a way of thanking 作为答谢的物品、做法；谢礼；答谢的话：Please accept thispayment as an acknowledgement of your work for our business.请接受这份酬金作为你为我们公司效力的答谢．3［C］ a statement，letter，etc saying that something has been received 收条；回帖：He sent us an acknowledgement of our request.他寄来一张回条，表示他已收到我们的请求书.

admission/əd'mıfən/1 [U] the act of admitting 招认；承认（的行动）：By her own admission she committed the crime．她自己招认犯了罪．2［C］ an example of this 招认；承认（的事例）：Hemade an admission of guilt.他承认有罪.

confession /kən'fefən/ 1 [U] the act of confessing 供认；坦白（的行动）2［C］ an ex-ample of this 供认；坦白（的事例）：He made aconfession of murder.他对谋杀供认不讳.

acceptance /ək'septəns/ 1 [U] the act of accepting or being accepted 接受；接收（的行动）2［C］an example of this 接受；接收（的事例）：How many acceptances have we received？我们收到了多少表示接受的回话？3［U］favour； ap-proval 赞同；赞成：The suggestion met with everyone＇s acceptance.这一建议得到了大家的赞同．4［C］（in business） an agreement to pay 承兑

adoption /ə'dppfən/ [U; C] the act of adopting 采用（的行动）：His adoption of our suggestion pleased us.他采纳了我们的建议，使我们很高兴.He suggested an adoption of their plan in part but not completely.他建议部分而不是全部采用他们的计划.

concession /kən'sefən/ 1 [U] the act of conceding 让步（的行动）2［C］an example of this 让步（的事例）：We can make no

G110 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

concessions to people who use force.对使用武力的人我们不能作任何让步.This low price is aspecial concession to people who work with us a lot.这个低价是对长期和我们共事的人的特殊优待.

G110 nouns 名词：promising and

guaranteeing 答应与保证

promise /'promis/ 1 [C] a statement, which someone else has a right to believ or depend on, that one will or will not do something, give something，etc 许诺；承诺；诺言：If you make a promise you must keep it.你如果许下诺言就得遵守.She broke her promise to me （＝ She did not keep her promise）.她没有信守对我的诺言.She gave me a promise to help.她答应帮我的忙.She gave me her promise （that） she would help．她向我保证她会帮助我的．2［U；S］expectation or hope (esp of success or of something good or deserved） 希望；指望（某种好事，或应得的事物）：The news of the warbrings little promise（ofpeace）.战争的消息没有带来多少（和平的）希望.The sky contained apromise of rain． 看天色有下雨的可能．3［U］apprec signs or reasons for such expectation or hope 成功的征兆或理由：The boy is showinggreat promise as a footballer.这男孩看上去是个很有前途的足球运动员.

pledge /pled3/ [C] 1 a solemn promise or agreement 誓言；誓约；保证：They made a pledge to work for the freedom of their country．他们发誓为祖国的自由而努力．2 some-thing given or received as a sign of faithful love or friendship 保证物；信物：Take this ring as a pledge of our friendship.收下这枚戒指作为我们友谊的信物吧.

oath /əu0/ 1 [C; prep U] usu fml a solemn promise 宣誓；誓约：He swore an oath in the name of God.他以上帝的名义起誓.He took anoath to tell the truth. 他宣誓保证说真话.Youare under／on oath to tell the truth.你已发誓要说真话．2［（the）S］ the form of words used in making an oath 誓言：He wrote out the oath. 他写下誓言.

word／w3：d／［S］ a promise 诺言；保证（esp in the phr to give／break one＇s word 许下诺言／食言）： He gave his word that he would help.他保证一定帮忙.She often breaks her word； don＇t trust her.她常常食言，不要信任她.He always keepshis word.他总是信守诺言.

undertaking / Andə'terki/ [C] often fml a promise 许诺；保证：Will you give me an under-taking not to see him again/that you won't see him again？你可以向我保证再也不见他吗？

guarantee / gærən'ti:/ [C] 1 an agreement to be responsible for someone's fulfilling a promise，esp paying a debt（履行诺言、还债的） 保证；担保：Igive you my guarantee（that）he＇ll pay．我向你担保他会付款的．2 a formal writtendeclaration of good quality by the maker of an article which makes an agreement to repay or

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replace it if it is found imperfect within a period of time（货物质量的）保证书：He got a 3-year guarantee with the watch.他这只手表有一张三年的保单．3 something of value given to someone to keep until the owner has fulfilled a promise （esp） to pay 担保物；抵押品：He gave the bank the papers which proved he owned the land as a guarantee that he would repay the loan.他把证明他拥有这块土地的证件交给银行，作为他会偿还借款的担保．4 infml somethingthat happens which makes something else certain 使另一事肯定发生的事物：Good habitsare a guarantee of good health.养成好习惯是健康的保证.guarantor［C］ a person who gives a ·guarantee 保证人；担保人

warranty /'wprənti/ [C] a written or printed guarantee 保证书，保单：Can you give me a warranty to cover the next few months of use of this car？你能给我一张这辆车今后几个月的保用单吗？

treaty /'tri:ti/1 [C] a (usu formal) agreement between countries in which certain promises, guarantees，etc are exchanged（国家之间的）条约：The treaty nations have agreed on these matters.缔约国在这些问题上已达成协议.Theyall signed the peace treaty.他们都签署了和平条约．2［（by）U］ esp tech an agreement between persons（人与人之间的）协商；协议：The housewas sold by private treaty.这座房子是经私下协商出售的.

commitment/kə'mitmənt/ [C] a promise, etc to which one has committed oneself (= which one has agreed to do） 许诺；承担义务：He has alot of commitments and cannot take on (= accept）any more.他已承担了很多义务，无法再接受更多的了.

G111 verbs 动词：promising and

guaranteeing 答应与保证

promise /'promis/ 1 [T1, 3, 5a; V3;D1,5a;Iø] to make a promise to do or give (something) or that （something） will be done 许诺；答应： Do you promise secrecy？ 你答应保密吗？I promise to return your car in good condition. 我保证完好无损地将你的车交还给你.Shepromised him never to lie to him again.她答应再也不对他撒谎了.They promised that the workwould all be finished by next week.他们答应下星期前把工作全部完成.She isn＇t coming tonight-But she promised！今晚她不来了.-可她答应要来的呀！I can＇t give you the book； I＇ve promised it to her.我不能给你这本书，我已答应给她了．2［T1；D1,5a］ infml to say that（some-thing) is certain; to warn (someone) of (some-thing）保证；警告：He promised his son à beat-ing if he disobeyed him.他警告他的儿子，如果不听话就要挨打．3［T1,3；L9］to cause to expect or hope for (something); give promise (of) 有···希望；预示；有前途：That clear sky promises good weather.天空晴朗，预示着会有好天气.Itpromises to be a fine day.今天可以指望是个晴

天.He promises well as an actor.他有希望成为一个好演员.promising ［B］ having or showing promise 有希望的；有前途的：That girl is a verypromising singer.那女孩唱歌很有前途.-ly［adv］

pledge/pled3/ esp lit & emot 1 [T3, 5] to make a solemn promise or agreement 发誓；保证：He pledged never to come back until he found her.他发誓找不到她就绝不回来.They havepledged that they will always remain faithful. 他们已发誓要永远忠诚不渝．2［T1］to give（one＇sword，etc） at the risk of losing one＇s honour 以名誉担保：I pledged my word （of honour） that I would never again get into debt.我以名誉担保永不再欠债．3［T1；V3］ to bind （someone） with a solemn promise 使发誓；使作出保证：Hewas pledged to secrecy.他们要他发誓保守秘密.They pledged themselves never to tell the secret．他们宣誓永不泄露此秘密．4［T1］fml toexpress a wish for (the health, success, etc of) by or before taking alcoholic drink 举杯祝···（健康、成功等）；为···干杯：Everyone at the table stood up and pledged the success of the new company.席上在座的每个人都站起来，为新公司的成功干杯.

swear/sweə/ fml 1[T3,5a] to promise formally 郑重保证；发誓：He swore to obey.他发誓要服从.He swore by his honourlon his father's grave that he would be loyal.他以名誉保证／对父亲在天之灵发誓要忠诚不渝.He swore he would win.他保证一定会取胜．2［T1 （to）； IØ］ to （cause to）take an oath， as in court（使）宣誓：They swore him to silence.他们要他发誓保持缄默.Thewitnesses must swear before speaking.证人在作证之前必须宣誓．3［T1（on）］ a to take （anoath）宣（誓）；立下（誓约）：He swore an oath to obey the King.他宣誓服从国王.b to declare the truth of by oath 发誓说···是真的：He swore his evidence.他发誓不作假证.

undertake /Andə'terk/ [T3, 5] often fml to promise or agree 答应；许诺；同意：He under-took to improve the working arrangements.他答应改善工作安排.

guarantee/,gærən'ti:/1 [Wv5; T1; X7] to give a promise of quality, payment, or fulfilment about （something or someone）保证；保修： They guarantee the watch for three years.他们对这只手表保用三年.They give you guaranteedservice or your money back.他们给你保修，或者把钱退还给你．2［T1,3,5；D1］ to promise（that something will certainly be so）担保；保证：We can＇t guarantee your safety if you go alone.如果你单独去，我们不能保证你的安全.I guaranteethat you＇ll enjoy yourself.我保证你会玩得高兴.

warrant/'worənt/ 1 [X (to be) 7; (T1), 5a] to guarantee 保证：The grower warrants these plants（to be）free from disease.种植者保证这些植物没有疾病．2［T5a；D5a］ infml to declare as if certain（声言）担保；敢说：ľ＇ll warrant （you）（that） he＇s back there drinking again.我敢说他又在那里喝酒了.

commit/kə'mit/ [T1] fml.1 to promise (oneself, one＇s property， etc） 许诺；保证：He has committed himself to the work; he must now do it．他已答应做这件工作，现在就必须去做．2

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tech to send 送交；押交：The prisoner has been committed for trial.犯人已被送交审判.They have committed him to a mental hospital;he is not right in the head.他们把他送进了一家精神病院；他的头脑不正常.

vouch for [v prep T1] to say that (someone or something） is good， correct，acceptable，etc 保证；担保：I can vouch for him； he will work well.我可以为他担保；他会工作得很好的.

G112 verbs 动词：swearing and cursing 诅咒与咒骂

swear／sweə／［IØ（at）］ to use bad language 诅咒； 骂：Stop swearing in front of the children.不要在孩子面前骂人.The drunk man stood there， angrily swearing and cursing. 那醉汉站在那里， 怒气冲冲地骂个不停.Don＇t swear at me！别咒骂我！

curse／k3：s／1 ［T1］ emph to swear at 诅咒；咒骂： The rider cursed his unwilling horse.骑马的人咒骂他那匹不听话的马.I＇m so angry I couldcurse the day I met you！我气坏了，真想诅咒我遇见你的那个日子！2［IØ］ to swear 咒骂：Thedrunken sailors cursed and swore at passing soldiers.那伙喝醉了的水手咒骂过路的士兵.

damn／dæm／［T1］ to curse at 诅咒；咒骂：It＇s as likely that he'll damn me as (that he'll)say ＇Hello＇.他很可能跟我打招呼，但也可能臭骂我一顿.

G113 nouns 名词：oaths and curses 诅咒与咒骂

bad/foul language [U] words, usu related to sex,bodily waste and religion, used to express strong feelings, amusement, etc and not usu considered polite 骂人话；下流话：＇Don＇t use bad language in front of the children!'she said.“不要在孩子面前说骂人话！”她说.

oath/əu0/ [C] an expression of strong feeling using religious or sexual words improperly 诅咒，咒骂

curse/k3:s/ [C] a word or words used in swear-ing; a word or words expressing anger,hate, etc 诅咒，骂人话：Listen to his curses； I don＇t think he likes us！听听他那些骂人话；我想他不喜欢我们！

swearing /'sweəri/ [U] the act of using bad language 说脏话；说下流话

damn/dæm/1 [C] the word 'damn' as a curse 该死；他妈的（诅咒话）：His speech is full of＇damns＇and worse curses.他的话里尽是“该死”或更难听的诅咒．2［S］infml even a small unim-portant amount 一点；丝毫：I don＇t care／give a damn what he does.他做什么我根本不在乎.Hispromise isn＇t worth a damn.他的许诺分文不值.3 also 又作（god）damned ［A； adv］ sl （used for giving force to an expression, good or bad) （强调）非常的（地）：He＇s a damn fool！他是一个大傻瓜！It＇s damn foolish to do that.做那事简

G114 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

直愚蠢透顶.He ran damn fast. 他跑得真快.That＇s damn nice of you！ 你真是太好了！4[interj] sl (an expression of strong anger or disappointment）（用以表示愤怒、失望等）： Damn！ 该死！damn all nothing 什么也没有：He's the most ungenerous person I know; you＇ll get damn all out of him.他是我所认识的最吝啬的人，你从他那里什么也弄不到的.Well，I＇Ilbe damned infml (a strong way of saying) I'm very surprised（强调的说法）真叫我吃惊（God）Damn it/you/silly fool, etc sl (a strong way of expressing anger, meaning) May God damn it／you／that silly fool，etc（表示愤怒的强调说法） 该死的／你真该死／那傻瓜该死！等I＇ll be damnedif I will infml (a strong way of saying)I won't （强调说法）我才不

blasphemy /'blæsfimi/ 1 [U] disrespectful or bad language about God or holy things 亵渎（神明）；对上帝或圣物不敬的言语：They chargedhim with blasphemy （against religion）.他们控告他亵渎（宗教）．2［C］an example of this 亵渎神明的事例：Their conversation was full of blasphemies.他们的谈话尽是对神明的亵渎.

G114 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：cursing and damning 诅咒与咒骂

curse /k3:s/ 1 [T1] to call down God's anger, evil， misfortune， etc， upon （someone）诅咒： The priest cursed the hunters for daring to stand on holy ground.神父诅咒这些胆敢践踏圣地的猎人.The terrorized villagers cursed their violent lord.生活在恐怖之中的村民诅咒他们暴虐的统治者．2［C（on）］a word or sentence asking God,heaven,a spirit, etc, to bring down evil or harm on someone or something 诅咒；咒语： The tribal chief pronounced a curse on all white men．部族首领诅咒所有的白人．3［C（on）］the evil or harm called down in this way天罚； 天谴：There is a curse on our tribe；our animals die and our crops don＇t grow.我们部族遭了天罚；牲畜死亡，庄稼不生长.Our tribe isunder a curse．我们部族正遭受天谴．4［C］acause of misfortune，evil，etc 祸因；祸根：Foxes can be a curse to farmers.狐狸会给农夫带来祸害.Inequality is the curse of modern society. 不平等是现代社会的祸根.cursed with to suffermisfortune or great harm because of (some-one or something） 被···所苦；因···而遭殃：My mother is cursed with blindness and difficulty in hearing.我母亲正遭受失明和听觉不灵之苦.We＇re cursed with bad luck.我们交上恶运了.

damn/dæm/[T1] 1 (esp of God) to send to punishment without end after death（尤指上帝）罚···入地狱；使永远受罚： You will be damnedto hell for this！ 为此你会给打入地狱的！2 todeclare to be very wrong or bad 指摘；指责；宣称···是糟透的：The play was bad and the newspapers all damned it.这出戏很糟，受到了报纸的一致抨击．3 to ruin or be the ruin of 毁掉；糟蹋：With this latest foolish action he had damned himself in everyone＇s opinion.他最近的愚蠢行动毁了他在大家心目中的形象.

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G115 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

blaspheme /blæs'fi:m/ [IØ (against); T1] to speak without respect of or use bad language at（esp God or religious matters）亵渎；渎神；辱骂：What a terrible person. He can hardly speak without blaspheming （against God）.多可怕的人，他一开口就要辱骂（上帝）.blasphe-mous ［B］ 1 tending to blaspheme 亵渎的2（of words, pictures, etc) presenting God or holy things as bad or foolish（指言词或图画等）亵渎神明的 3（of people） having the habit of speaking against God or things considered holy（指人）亵渎神明的

G115 verbs 动词：ordering and

commanding 命令与指挥

order /'o:də/ 1 [T5c,(b);V3] tell (someone) what to do, that (something) must be done, etc 命令：The officer ordered that the men (should) fire the guns/that the guns (should) be fired.那军官下令兵士开火／开炮.He orderedthe men to fire the guns.他命令兵士开炮.Heordered the guns to be fired．他下令开火．2［T1］ to say that (something) should be done or made 下令做（某事）：Order an attack！下令进攻吧！The government has ordered an inquiry into the state of all private schools.政府下令调查所有私立学校的状况．3［X9］ to tell（someoneor something) to go (to or from the stated place）命令去（或离开某地）：If you make anymore noise I shall order you out of the hall. 你再吵闹我就命令你离开大厅．4［D1（for）；T1）］(of a doctor) to advise (something) as neces-sary（指医生）嘱咐：The doctor ordered her a month＇s rest in bed．医生嘱她卧床休养一个月．5[D1(for); T1; IØ] to ask for (something) to be brought， made，etc， in return for payment 订购；定货；定制：He ordered himself three new suits.他给自己定做了三套衣服.Don＇t forget toorder a taxi.别忘了叫一部计程车.Please ordersome fish for me.请给我订购些鱼.I＇ve ordered dinner at the restaurant for 8 o＇clock．我订好了八点钟在餐馆吃晚饭.Have you ordered yet，sir？＇asked the waiter.“先生，你点菜了吗？”侍者问道.

tell／tel／［V3； D6a，b；X9］ genl to order 吩咐；命令；叫：Tell him to go now.叫他现在就走.Pleasedo as you are told.请照吩咐去做.I told you toget here early，so why didn＇t you？我叫你早点来，你为什么没早点来？Don＇t try and tell mewhether I can or I can＇t！别来命令我什么能做什么不能做！

say／sei／［T3］ not fml to direct someone 叫；要； 吩咐（某人）：She says to meet her at the station.她吩咐要到车站去接她.It says on thebottle to take a spoonful every 4 hours．瓶子上写着要每四小时服一匙.

instruct/In'strakt/[T1; V3] often fml to order 指示；命令：I instructed him to come to work earlier.我指示他早一点来上班.Instruct him inwhat he must do.告诉他必须做什么.

direct／də＇rekt／［T1,5c］fml to order 指挥；命令：

He directed his men to do it.他指挥他手下的人去做这件事.She directed that it be done at once.她命令把这件工作立即做完.

command/kə'marnd/1 [T1, 5b,c;V3;IØ] esp fml to direct (a person or people), with the right to be obeyed 指挥；统率；命令；下令：Thegeneral commanded his men to attack the city.将军命令士兵进攻这个城市.Our leader isnot fit to command.我们的领导人不适于指挥.She commanded that it be done at once.她命令立即要做这件工作.Who commands here？这里由谁指挥？2［T1］to deserve and get 应得；博得：His abilities command our respect.他的才能深得我们的尊敬．3［T1］to be in a position touse or get； have at one＇s service 控制；拥有； 对···有支配权：The employers command a great amount of wealth but we have nothing. 雇主拥有巨大的财富，我们却一无所有.He cancommand a high salary．他能获得高薪．4［T1］ to be in a position to control (a city,area,etc) 俯视；控制（着城市、地区等）：This fort com-mands the whole valley.这座碉堡俯视着整个山谷.commander ［C］ a person， esp in a military force，who commands others 指挥官；司令

boss/bps/ [T1 (about); (IØ)] infml & deprec to order people to do things, esp too much or when one has no right to do so 指挥；发号施令：He is always bossing me about and I don't like it！他总是对我发号施令，真讨厌！bossy［Wal；B] deprec liking to give orders to other people 专横跋扈的；好发号施令的：Stop being bossy！别发号施令了！-sily［adv］-siness［U］

dictate ／＇dikteit／［IØ （to）］ usu deprec to order 命令：Stop dictating to me！别对我发号施令啦！Helikes dictating to people, but nobody obeys him.他喜欢对别人发号施令，可是没人听他的.

obey/ə'ber/1 [IØ; T1] to do what one is told to do 服从；顺从：He told them what to do and they obeyed.他告诉他们要做什么，他们照他的话做了．2［T1］ to follow the order of （someone） 服从；执行（某人的）命令：Soldiers must obeytheir officers.士兵必须服从军官.

G116 nouns 名词：ordering and

commanding 命令与指挥

order /'o:də/ [C; by U] an official message tell-ing what to do 指示；命令：These are your orders；now do the work.这些是给你们的指示，现在动手做吧.It＇s an order；do it！这是命令，执行吧！ A soldier who doesn＇t obey／follow his orders will be in serious trouble.一个士兵不服从命令会招来很大的麻烦.His orders are thatyou must be home by 10 o'clock (= He ordered this）.他命令你十点钟以前必须回到家.My orders areto let no one into the building （＝I have been so ordered）.我奉命不让任何人进入大楼.Give the order now！马上发令吧！Thisroad is closed by order of the chief of police. 奉警察局长之命，此路不准通行.orders areorders infml orders must be obeyed 命令必须服从 under orders having received orders 奉

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命：He is unde orders to go to London.他奉命到伦敦去.

instruction/mn'strakfən/ [C usu pl; A] often fml an order (to a person or a machine), or advice on how to do something 指示；命令；（对人或机器的）指令；使用说明；操作指南：You have yourinstructions；now do the work.你已经接到指示， 现在动手做吧.Read the instruction book.读读说明书.

directions /də'rekfənz/ [P] orders; information about what to do 指示；用法说明：Please follow his directions.请按他的指示去做.The directions on the bottle tell you when to take the medi-cine.药瓶上的说明告诉你什么时候吃药.

directive ／də＇rektrv／ ［C］ fml an official order 官方指令：The government directives must be obeyed／followed.政府的指令必须执行.

command／kə＇ma：nd／1 ［C］ esp fml an order 命令：All his cominands were obeyed.他的命令都执行了．2［U］control 统率；控制：The army is under the King＇s direct command.军队由国王直接统率.You need experience before you get command of an army.你要指挥军队就要先取得经验．3［S；U］ the ability of control and use 驾驭；掌握；运用能力：He has（a）good command of spoken French. 他法语说得很好.at some-one＇s command ready to obey someone 听候某人吩咐：I＇m at your command.我听从您的吩咐.

commandment /kə'ma:ndmənt/ [C often cap] an esp religious or divine command 诫命；圣训： Moses is said to have received the Ten Commandments from God.据说摩西是从上帝那里领受十诫的.

dictation /dık'teıfən/ [U] usu deprec the act of dictating 号令；命令（指行动）：I＇m not going to work to his dictation！我不会听从他的号令去做的！dictates ［P］ usu deprec orders 命令：I＇m not going to obey the dictates of a man like him！我不会听从像他这样的人的号令！

G117 verbs 动词：calling and inviting 召唤与邀请

call/ko:l/[T1] 1 to (try to) cause to come by speaking loudly or officially 大声或正式地召（某人）来；叫；召唤；召集： Mother is calling me.妈妈在叫我.He called me over／down（from the tree）／in（from outdoors）.他唤我过去／（从树上） 下来／（从室外）进去.The minister called the union leaders to a meeting.部长召集工会领袖开会.The King called Parliament （together）.国王召集国会．2 to cause to happen by making an official declaration 正式宣布举行：The King called an election.国王宣布举行大选.The minister called a meeting．部长宣布召开会议．3 to waken （someone）叫醒：She called me early today.她今天很早就叫醒了我.When shall I callyou，sir？先生，我该什么时候喊醒你？

call in ［v adv T1］ 1 to ask to attend 召来；召请：Call the doctor in；the child is ill.把医生请来， 孩子病了．2 to request the return of 要求收回：The makers have called in some cars with

G118 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

dangerous faults.制造商收回了一些有严重毛病的汽车.I＇m going to call in the money.我准备把钱收回.

recall ／rr＇ko：l／ ［T1］ 1 to call（someone） back 叫回；召回：The government recalled the general after he lost the battle.将军打败仗后被政府召回去了．2 to take back 收回：The car factory has recalled all the cars made in January, because there is something wrong with them.汽车厂收回了一月份生产的全部汽车，因为这些车有毛病.

summon/'sAmən/ [T1 (to); V3 often pass] fml to give an official order （to do， come， etc） 召集；传唤；召唤：He was summoned （in） to the presence of the Queen. 他奉召觐见女王.She summoned a servant.她召唤一个仆人.He summoned his soldiers to fight.他召集自己的士兵去战斗.

invite /mn'vait/ [T1] 1 to ask (someone) to a social occasion 邀请：We invited all our relatives.我们邀请了所有的亲戚.Why don＇t youinvite me in （to the house）？你为什么不邀请我进来（屋子里）？I＇ve been invited out（＝ to a home or place outside one's home)/out.to dinner．我被邀请外出／出去吃饭．2 to ask for，esppolitely 请求；征求：Questions were invited after the meeting.会后请大家提问题.

ask／a：sk／［T1；V3］ not fml to invite 邀请；请：I have asked some friends（for dinner）.我请了几位朋友（来吃饭）.I have asked them to come（for dinner）／（for／to tea）.我请他们来（吃饭）／（用下午茶）.She asked him to her house.她邀请他到家里去.I asked her in／up／down for a drink. 我请她进来／上来／下来喝一杯.I asked her（tocome）out（for the evening）.我邀她出去（一起度过这个傍晚）.

G118 nouns 名词：calling and inviting 召唤与邀请

call/ko:l/[C] a command to move, come, or do something 召集；召唤：The minister waited for a call to the palace.部长等待召去王宫进谒.Thecall came at 6 o'clock and they went immedi-ately.召集令六时正来到，他们立刻就动身了.Inthe war many people answered the call of duty.战争中许多人应召服兵役.He felt a call（from God） to become a priest.他感到上帝在召唤他当牧师.

recall /rr'ko:l/ [S; UJ] the act of recalling or being recalled 召回；收回：The general＇s recall surprised us.将军被召回一事使我们吃惊.Therecall of the cars made in January caused us a lot of trouble.回收一月份生产的汽车给我们带来了许多麻烦.beyond recall esp lit not／no longer able to be recalled 不能召回的：They are gone，beyond recall.他们走了，无法叫回来了.

summons /'samənz/ [C] an order to appear, esp in court，often written 召唤；传唤；传票（尤指法庭的）：He received a summons.他接到一张传票.They served a summons on him （to appear in court）.他们把（传他出庭的）传票送到他那里.

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G119 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

invitation/invə'teifən/1 [U] the act of inviting or being invited 邀请；接受邀请：The meetingis by invitation only； you can＇t just go in.这次会议要受到邀请才能出席，你不能就这样进去．2［C］an example of this 一次邀请：We have been getting lots of invitations to parties lately.近来我们收到很多约我们参加聚会的邀请.（fig）Hiswords were an invitation to do exactly what they wanted.他的话等于是邀请他们做他们梦寐以求的事．3［C］a written note inviting someone to something 请帖；请柬；邀请函：Can I see theinvitation，please？我能看看请帖吗？

G119 verbs 动词：recommending and supporting 推荐与支持

[ALSO→G88]

recommend / rekə'mend/ 1 [D1 (to);T1(as, for)] to speak to (someone) in favour of; praise （as being good for a purpose） 推荐： Can you recommend me a good dictionary？你能给我推荐一部好词典吗？Can you recommend agood dictionary （to me）？你能推荐一部好词典给我吗？They recommended him for the job／as a good lawyer.他们推荐他做这份工作／说他是个好律师．2［T4,5c；V3］ to advise or suggest 劝告； 建议：I recommend buying this book／you to buy this book/that everyone (should) buy this book.我建议买这本书／你买这本书／人人都该买这本书．3 ［T1（to）］ （of a quality） to make attractive 使吸引人；使受欢迎：This hotel has nothing torecommend it (to travellers) except cheapness. 这家旅店除了房钱便宜之外，别无吸引（旅客）之处.

commend /kə'mend/[T1 (to)] fml 1 to present as being worthy of praise, notice, etc; speak favourably of 称赞；表扬；嘉奖；推荐：I cancommend this man＇s work to you.我可以向你推荐这个人的作品.Our shop has always beenvery highly commended.本店一直受到高度赞扬.Your behaviour doesn't commend you to me. 你的行为我不能推崇.（fig）Your behaviourdoesn＇t commend itself to me.你的行为没有给我留下好印象．2 to put（someone or something， esp oneself) into the care or charge of some-one else 把···交托（给某人照顾）；托付：The dyingman commended his soul／himself to God.这个垂死的人把自己的灵魂／他自己托付给了上帝.

advocate /'ædvə,keit/ [T1, 4] emph to speak in favour of （esp an idea or plan） 主张；提倡：I do not advocate building larger factories.我不主张建更大的工厂.

sponsor/'sponsə/[T1] to speak in favour of (a plan）； to take responsibility for（a person）支持；赞助：Who is sponsoring this young man？ 谁赞助这位年轻人？He sponsored the plan atthe meeting.在会上他对这计划表示支持.

support／sə＇po：t／［T1］1 to be in favour of 赞同； 支持：The results support my original idea.这些结果证实了我原来的设想.I support his plan.我赞同他的计划．2 to approve of and encourage拥护；鼓励：She supports the new political party.她拥护那个新政党.I will support him if

he suggests change.如果他建议改革，我就支持他.back /bæk/ [T1] infml to recommend; sponsor; support 推荐；支持：I＇ll back him for the job！我要推荐他做这份工作！He was backed by manyimportant people.他获许多大人物的支持.

be (all) for infml to support strongly; be strongly in favour of 全力支持；十分赞成：I＇m allfor that！我完全支持！She is all for telling him what to do.她完全赞成该指导他怎么办.

G120 nouns 名词：recommending and supporting 推荐与支持

recommendation / rekəmen'derfən/ 1 [U; C] （an） act of recommending 推荐：He came to us with very high recommendations.他获高度评价被推荐到我们这里来．2［C］a letter or state-ment that recommends, esp someone for a job（尤指推荐某人承担一项工作的）推荐信；介绍信；推荐的话3［C］a quality that recommends 可取之处：Her two great recommendations are youth and beauty.年轻和美貌是她的两大可取之处.

commendation /,komən'derfən/ 1[U;C](an) act of commending 称赞；赞扬2［C］ a special honour 特殊荣誉：He got a commendation for bravery in the war.他获英勇作战荣誉奖.

advocacy /'ædvəkəsi/ [U9] the act or action of supporting an idea， way of life，person，etc 主张；提倡：She objected to his advocacy of large schools；she preferred small ones.她反对他建大型学校的主张，赞成建小一点的学校.

sponsorship /'sponsə fip/ [U] the condition of sponsoring, taking responsibility for someone or something 支持；赞助；保证人身分：He isunder our sponsorship; we recommend him. 他是我们赞助的，我们推荐他.

support /sə'po:t/ [U] willingness, ability or action to support someone; encouragement and help 支持；鼓励；帮助：You have my support in this／in what you plan to do. 在这件事情上我支持你们／我支持你们计划要做的事.The resultsgivellend support to my original idea.这些结果证实了我原来的看法.

backing /'bækı/ [U] material or moral support or help（物质或道义上的）支持；帮助：I＇ll giveyou my backing when you put your plan to the group.你把计划提交小组时我会支持你的.Theplan has plenty of backing, and will probably succeed.这一计划得到许多支持，很可能会成功

reference /'refərəns/ [C] 1 a piece of written information about someone's character, ability, etc, esp when he is looking for employment （关于品行、能力等的）证明（书）；（尤指求职用的）介绍（信）：His references show that he＇s just the man we want！从他的介绍信看来，他正是我们所需要的人！We will lend you the money if you get a banker's reference (= a note from the bank to say that there is money in your account）.如果你能从银行取得一张存款证明，我们就借给你这笔钱．2 BrE also 又作 referee aperson who provides such information 证明人；

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咨询人；介绍人：Ask Dr Smith if he will act asone of your references.问问史密斯博士是否愿意当你其中一位介绍人.

testimonial /,testə'məunıəl/ [C]1 a formal writ-ten statement of a person's character, ability, willingness to work，etc 证明书；介绍信2 some-thing given or done as an expression of respect，praise，thanks，etc 表示感谢、尊敬、赞扬而给予的东西或做的事；答谢；谢状：He was givena gold watch as a testimonial after 50 years with the company.公司送他一只金表，答谢他为公司效力五十年.

credentials /kri'denfəlz/ [P] written proofs of a person＇s position， trustworthiness，etc 凭证；证件；证明书；信用状；（大使呈递的）国书：Never leta stranger into your house until you have seen his credentials.未见到证件以前万勿让陌生人进入你的住所内.

curriculum vitae ／kə，rıkjuləm ＇viztar／also 又作CV,cv esp BrE, résumé /,rezjumei/esp AmE [C] fml a short written account of a person's education and past employment, used esp when they are looking for a newjob（尤指求职时用的）履历表；简历表

G121 verbs 动词：advising and

consulting 劝告与商量

advise/əd'vaız/[T1, 4, 5b,c; IØ;D5,5b,6a,b; V3] to tell (somebody) what one thinks should be done；give（advice）劝告；忠告；建议： I advise waiting till the proper time.我建议等待适当的时机.I will do as／what you advise.我会照你的建议去做.I advised her that sheshould wait.我劝她等候.I advised her to wait. 我劝她等候.I advised her where to stay.我建议她到何处去暂住.So I advised（him）.我就是这样劝导（他）的.advisable［F］ that is advised or thought the best to do；sensible；wise 可取的； 明智的：It is advisable to leave now／that you leave now.最好现在就走／你最好现在走.advisedly [adv] after careful thought; pur-posely 深思熟虑地；有意地：I＇m sure he did itadvisedly.我肯定他是经过深思熟虑才做的.adviser，also 又作 advisor AmE ［C］a person who gives advice, esp one who is often asked for advice， as by a government or business 忠告者；顾问；提供意见者 advisory［Wa5；B］1having the power or duty to advise 顾问的；咨询的2 containing advice rather than orders 劝告的；供咨询的：Our report is only advisory because we have no power to act.我们的报告只是提供意见，因为我们无权行动.ill-advised［B］unwise 不明智的：You＇d be ill-advised to go there.你到那里去是不明智的.well-advised［Wa2；B］wise 明智的：You＇d be well-advised to stay at home today.你今天最好留在家里.

counsel ／＇kaunsəl／［T1， 4，V3］fml to advise 劝告； 忠告；建议：I have waited months for news and now you counsel patience！我等待消息已经几个月了，可你现在还来劝我要有耐心！The soldiercounselled against travelling at night.这位士兵

G123 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

劝告不要夜间旅行.I would counsel you not tomarry too young.我要劝你不要年纪轻轻就结婚.

consult /kən'salt/ [T1] to go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, an opinion, etc 与···商量；请教；咨询；查阅：Have you consulted your doctor about your illness？你的病请教过医生没有？I regularly consult a dictionary.我经常查词典.

look up [T1] 1 [v adv] to find and study (some-thing in a book） 查阅： Look up his number in the telephone directory (= book of telephone numbers）.在电话簿里查查他的电话号码.Shelooked the word up in a dictionary.他在词典里查这个词．2［v prep］ infml to consult 参考；查阅：Did you look up a dictionary for the meaning of that word？你有没有查词典看看这个词的意思？

G122 nouns 名词：advising and

consulting 劝告与商量

advice /əd'vais/ [U] opinion given by one person to another on ĥow that other should behave or act 劝告；忠告；意见：I asked the doctor for his advice.我征询医生的意见.On his advice I am staying in bed.遵照他的嘱咐我卧床休息.

counsel／＇kaunsəl／ ［U］ often fml advice 劝告；忠告；意见：The King refused to listen to his ministers＇ counsel and declared war.国王不听大臣们的劝告而宣战了.He kept his own counselin the matter (= He gave and took no advice). 对这个问题他不吐露自己的看法.

consultation / konsəl'teifən/ 1 [C; U (with) oftn pl with sing meaning] (an example of) the act of consulting 商量；磋商（often in the phr in consultation（with）（与···）进行磋商）： The minister of foreign affairs today had con-sultations with the president of France.外交部长今天和法国总统进行了磋商.Mr Smith is inconsultation with his advisors at present. Please call back later.史密斯先生正在和顾问们商谈，请过一会儿再打电话来．2［C］ a meetingheld to exchange opinions and ideas 会议；协商会：The employers held a consultation to decide whether to increase their workers' wages.雇主们举行了一次协商会议来决定是否增加工人的工资.

G123 verbs 动词：warning and

threatening 警告与威胁

warn/wo:n/1[Wv4; IØ; T1, 5a; D5a; V3] to tell (of something bad that may happen, or of how to prevent something bad）警告；提醒；告诫：I warned him of the danger.我曾警告他有危险.She warned them against us.她告诫他们要提防我们.He warned her not to go.他告诫她不要去.I warned her that it would happen.我警告过她会发生这种事的.A red warning lightflashed．一盏红色的警告灯闪了一下．2［T1］to

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give knowledge (often officially) of some future need or action（通常正式地）预先通知：Ifyou warn the police when you go away on holiday they will watch your house.你外出度假时如果预先通知警察，他们就会照看你的房子.

warn off [v adv T1] to try to cause to stay away from（a place，etc） by warning 警告某人离开或不得靠近某地：They warned him off，but he kept going back to the dangerous river.他们警告他不要靠近那危险的河，但他却不断地回那儿去.

admonish /əd'mpnif [T1] fml to warn, usu gently，esp of possible punishment 告诫；劝告； 轻责：Her mother admonished her for being careless.母亲因为她粗心而告诫她.

alert /ə'l3:t/ [T1] to warn (esp people who are ready to do something）警戒；警告；使警觉：He alerted us to our danger.他警告我们有危险.Alert the army；the enemy are attacking！叫部队警戒；敌人进攻了！The police alerted all road users about the need to go carefully.警方告诫所有道路使用者必须小心.

threaten /'Oretn/ 1 [Wv4, 5; T1 (with)] to express a threat against 恐吓；威胁：Don＇t threaten me！ 不要恐吓我！I was threatened with a beating unless I obeyed.我受到威胁，要是不听话就要挨打．2［Wv4,5；T1,3］to express（a threat） against someone 恐吓，恫吓；扬言： The killer threatened to murder me if I didn't obey.那凶手威吓我说，如果我不顺从就杀死我.Father is threatening a beating if I don't obey. 父亲威吓说，如果我不听话就打我一顿．3［Wv4；T1］ to give warning of （something bad）预示··· （的恶兆）；有···的危险：The black clouds threatened rain.这乌云预示要下雨.There was a threatening silence．有一种预示着不祥的寂静．4［Wv4： T1］ to be a threat against 威胁；对···构成威胁：Immoral behaviour threatens our way of life.不道德行为威胁着我们的生活方式.-ingly[adv]

beware/br'weə/[Wv6; IØ (of); T6, esp what] (used in giving or reporting orders) to be care-ful（用于命令）谨防；当心：It＇s getting closer； beware！它越来越近了；当心！Beware of the dog. 当心，此处有狗.Beware（of）what you do with this dangerous substance. 处理这种危险物品要当心.He told us to beware.他叫我们当心.

G124 nouns 名词：warning and

threatening 警告与威胁

warning/'wo:nn/1 [U; C (of)]the act of warn-ing or the state of being warned 警告；告诫： They attacked without warning/without giving a warning．他们毫无警告，发动了突然袭击．2［C（of）］ something that warns 警告；前兆；教训： Let that be a warning to you.把那事作为对你的一次警告吧.Take that for a warning of what may happen.以此作为可能会发生的事情的警告吧.His life should be a warning to us all.他的一生应该作为我们大家的教训．3［C（of）］aperson who is an example of what not to do 作为鉴戒的人；教训；前车之鉴：He＇s a warning to

us all of what happens to people who drink too much.酗酒的人会有什么后果，我们大家可以从他那儿得到教训.

alert /ə'l3:t/ [C] a warning of danger,etc, esp for people who can do or must know some-thing 警报；警戒：There has been a general alert;the enemy seem to be about to attack. 现已处于全面警戒状态，敌人似乎就要进攻了.Sound the alert！发警报！

threat/θret/1 [C; under U (of )] an expression of an intention to hurt, punish, cause pain, etc， esp if one＇s instructions are not obeyed 威胁；恐吓：I obeyed his order but only under threat of punishment.由于受到惩罚的威胁，我只好服从他的命令.We did not take their threats seriously．我们没把他们的恫吓当一回事．2［C（to）usu sing] a person, thing, or idea regarded as a possible danger 造成威胁的人或物：While thekiller goes free he is a threat to everyone in the town.只要凶手逍遥法外，对镇上每个人都是一··种威胁．3［C9，esp of， usu sing］（fig） a sign or warning of coming danger 凶兆，坏兆头：The clouds brought a threat of rain.这乌云是下雨的前兆.

premonition / premə'nıfən/ [C (of)] a feeling that something (esp something unpleasant) is going to happen or will be found to have happened（不祥的）预感；预兆：He had a strong premonition that his son had been killed in battle.他有一种强烈的预感：他的儿子已经战死.

forewarning /fo:'wo:ni/ [C (of)] poet & emot a premonition 预感；预先的警告

admonition ／，ædmə＇nıfən／ also 又作 admonish-ment /əd'mpnifmənt/ [C;U] a usu gentle warning，esp of possible punishment 劝告；警告；责备：She got an admonition for being careless.她因为粗心受到责备.Admonishment isn＇t necessary； he is sorry for what he did.不必责怪他了；他已经为他做的事感到懊悔了.

G125 verbs 动词：accepting，agreeing， and approving 接受、同意与批准

accept/ək'sept/[Wv5; T1,(fml) 5] to take as satisfactory，possible，etc 接受；认可：I accept your plan.我接受你的计划.She fully accepts his account of how the accident happened.她完全接受他对事故发生经过的说明.

agree/ə'gri:/1 [Wv5; IØ (to)] to accept an idea, opinion, etc, esp after unwillingness or argu-ment；to approve 接受；赞同；同意：They finally agreed to the plan.他们终于同意了这一计划.Wemet at the agreed place.我们在约定地点见面.My idea was agreed to．我的意见被接受了．2［IØ(with, on); I3, 5] to have or share the same opinion，feeling，or purpose 同意；（意见等）一致；商定：She agreed with me.她同意我的观点.We agreed on the plan.我们对这一计划意见一致.We agreed to leave soon.我们同意马上就离开.They agreed that they should ask him.他们都同意应该问他.We agreed on a price for thecar．我们商定了车价．3［IØ］ to be happy to-

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gether；to get on well together 合得来；和睦相处；意气相投：They will never agree.他们永远不会合得来.They agree together all the time.他们一直很合得来．4［T1］ esp BrE to accept （anidea, opinion, etc) esp after unwillingness or argument（尤指在不乐意或争论后）接受；同意：The workers have agreed the government's plan.工人们接受了政府的计划.The govern-ment＇s plan was agreed.政府的计划被接受了.

agree with [v prep T1 no pass] to be in accord-ance with 与···相配；与···一致：Your story agrees with his in everything except small details.除了一些细节，你的说法和他的完全一致.

concur／kən＇k3：／1 ［IØ （with）］ to agree 同意；赞同：I concurred with him in his belief that sex before marriage is wrong. 他相信婚前的性行为是不对的，我同意他的观点.Our opinions on thismatter concur．在这个问题上我们的意见一致．2［IØ，3］ to happen at the same time 同时发生： Everything concurred to produce the desired effect.所有的事同时发生才造成这一预期的效果.Happiness and love do not always concur.幸福和爱情并不总是同时并存的.

consent/kən'sent/[IØ (to), I3] to agree;give permission 同意；许可；答应：She tried to persuade her father but he refused to consent. 她试图说服她父亲，可他就是不同意.He consentedto help the old lady.他答应帮助这位老太太.Didthe king consent to your plan？国王同意你的计划吗？He would never consent to his daughter travelling abroad alone.他绝不会答应让女儿单独到国外旅行.

assent /ə'sent/ [IØ (to)] fml to agree to a suggestion，idea，etc 同意；赞成：I won＇t assent to her plan.我不会同意她的计划的.Why don＇tyou assent？ 你为什么不赞成？I assented tolisten to her.我答应听听她的意见.

acquiesce/,ækwr'es/[IØ (in)] fml to agree, often unwillingly, without raising an argu-ment；accept quietly 默认；默许；勉强同意：He acquiesced in the plans his parents had made for him.他默认了父母为他安排的计划.acquiescent [B] ready to agree without argu-ment 听话的；顺从的：They are acquiescent people.他们都是很顺从的人.

confirm /kən'f3:m/ 1 [T1, 5a, 6a] to support; make certain；give proof（of）确定；确认；证实： Please confirm your telephone message in writing.请把你在电话中讲的事用书面加以确认.The King confirmed that the election would be on June 20th．国王确定在六月二十号举行选举．Can you confirm where you were yesterday? 你能证实你昨天在什么地方吗？2［T1］ to giveapproval to (a person, agreement, position, etc）；agree to 批准；认可：The King confirmed him as minister of foreign affairs.国王批准他为外交大臣.When do you think the President will confirm you in office？你认为总统会在什么时候批准对你的任命？

endorse /in'do:s/ [T1] 1 to express approval or support of （opinions， actions，etc）赞同；认可； 批准：I fully endorse your opinions on this subject．在这个问题上我完全赞同你的意见．2 towrite,esp one's name, on the back of (esp a

G126 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

cheque）在（尤指支票）背面签名；背书（支票等）：The bank clerk asked her to endorse the cheque and then paid her the money.银行职员请她在支票背面签名，然后把钱付给了她.

approve ／ə＇pru：v／ ［T1］ to agree officially to 批准；同意：The minister approved the building plans.部长批准了建筑计划.approve of ［v prepT1,4；V4］ to consider good， right， true，etc 赞成；称许：I don＇t approve of wasting time.我不赞成浪费时间.

applaud /ə'plo:d/ [T1] fml & emph to agree strongly with （a person， idea，etc）称赞；赞赏： They applauded the new plan to save water. 他们称赞这个节约用水的新计划.

G126 nouns 名词：accepting，agreeing， and approving 接受、同意与赞成

acceptance/ək'septəns/ 1 [U] the act of accepting 接受；认可：Your acceptance of the plan is expected．期望你会接受这一计划．2［C］an example of this, esp in the form of letters 接受的实例（尤指以信件的形式）：We have had100 acceptances from all over the world．我们收到世界各地一百封表示接受的来信.

agreement /ə'gri:mənt/ 1 [U] the state of having the same opinion, feeling, or purpose; thinking in the same way 同意；一致：We are in agreement with their decision. 我们同意他们的决定.There is very little agreement about what to do．关于该做些什么，众说不一．2［C］anarrangement or promise of action, as made be-tween people, groups, businesses, or countries 协定；协议：You have broken our agreement by not doing the work you promised.你没有做你答应要做的工作，破坏了我们的协议.The twocountries signed an agreement to respect each other＇s rights.两国签订了一个互相尊重对方权利的协定.

concurrence /kən'karəns/1 [C] an agreement of opinion 同意；一致：The concurrence of all three judges was that the man was guilty.三位法官一致同意那人有罪．2［C］ an example ofactions, events, etc, happening at the same time（事件、行动等）同时发生：This is aninteresting concurrence of events.几件事一齐发生，这真是巧合．3［U］ the act of concurring 同意；赞同（指行为）

consent/kən'sent/ [U] agreement; permission 同意；赞成；答应：Govemments should rule only with the consent of the governed.政府只有得到民众的拥护才能治理国家.Her parents refusedtheir consent to her marriage.她父母不答应她的婚事.age of consent the age at which one may lawfully marry or have sex 承诺年龄（有权结婚或与人发生性关系的年龄）with one consentwith complete agreement 全体一致地

assent ／ə＇sent／ ［C； U］ esp fml agreement 同意； 赞成：Once we have his assent we can start.他一同意我们就可以开始了.with one assent withthe expressed agreement of all 一致同意地 by common assent by general, often unspoken, agreement 经一致同意

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acquiescence /ækwr'esəns/ [U] quiet or unwilling agreement 默认；默许；默然同意；勉强同意

confirmation /,konfə'merfən/ 1 [U] the act of confirming 确定；确认；批准：We have had government confirmation of the plans.我们的计划得到了政府的批准．2［U；C］（a）proof；something that confirms 证据；证实：Your news was confirmation for my beliefs.你的消息证实了我的信念.

endorsement /mn'do:smənt/[U; C] the act or action of endorsing 赞同；认可：The com-mittee's decision has not yet received the chairman＇s endorsement.委员会的决议还没有得到主席的批准.

approval /ə'pru:vəl/1 [U] the act of approving 赞成；同意2［U；（C）］ official permission 批准； 核准

G127 verbs 动词：rejecting，refusing， and denying 不接受、拒绝与否认

reject/r'd3ekt/ [T1] not to accept, esp for use 不接受；拒绝：They have rejected his plan.他们拒绝了他的计划.Don＇t reject this idea straight-away；think about it.不要马上放弃这个观点；考虑考虑再说.

disagree /,dısə'gri:/ [IØ] 1 (of people) to have different opinions； quarrel slightly（指人）意见不合；不同意；争执： Bill and I often disagree but we＇re good friends.我和比尔常常意见不合，但我们是好朋友.I disagree with him about／as to／on what we ought todo.关于／至于我们该做些什么，我和他意见不一致．2（of statements，reports， etc） to be unlike（指话、报告等）不一致；不符：These two reports of the accident disagree.这两份有关事故的报告说法不一致.

dissent /dr'sent/ [IØ] to disagree; refuse to agree 不同意；持异议：I dissent altogether （from such an unwise idea）.我完全不同意（这样不明智的意见）.

refuse /rr'fju:z/ [IØ; T1, 3; D1] not to accept or do or give 拒绝；拒受；拒给：He asked her tomarry him but she refused（to marry him）.他向她求婚，但她拒绝了.She refused his offer.她拒绝了他的求婚.She refused him even a kiss.她甚至不肯让他吻一下.

turn down [v adv T1] infml to reject or refuse 拒绝；否定：She turned him down； she won＇t marry him.她拒绝了他，不肯嫁给他.They turneddown his plan；they won＇t use it.他们否定了他的计划；他们不肯采用它.

pass up [v adv T1] infml not to accept, do, have，etc 放过；拒绝：He passed up a good chance to go to France with the local football team and he＇s sorry now.他放过了一次随当地足球队去法国的好机会，现在他后悔了.

decline /dr'klain/ [T1, 3;IØ] to refuse, usu politely； be unwilling 谢绝；婉拒：We asked them to come to our party, but they declined （the invitation）.我们邀请他们来参加我们的聚会，但他们谢绝了.The minister declined to make a

statement to the newspapers.部长拒绝向报界发表谈话.

deny/dr'nar/1 [T1,4,5;V3] to declare untrue; refuse to accep（as true， as a fact）否定；否认： Can you deny the truth of his statement？你能否认他声明的真实性吗？He denied it to be thecase／that it was the case.他不承认事实如此.He denied telling me／that he had told me.他不承认对我说过．2［T1］to disclaim connection with 否认与···有关；与···断绝关系；背弃：Don＇t tell mehe has denied his country and his principles! 他不至于背弃自己的祖国和原则吧！

G128 nouns 名词：rejecting，refusing， and denying 不接受、拒绝与否认

rejection /n'd3ekfən/ [C; U] (a case of) reject-ing or being rejected 拒绝；不接受；抛弃：She had a feeling of rejection; no one wanted her. 她有一种被抛弃的感觉；没有人需要她.I＇ve had somany rejections. I've stopped trying to help him.我多次遭到拒绝，已经不再想帮他了.

reject/rr'd3ekt/ [C] something rejected for use, sale，etc 被剔除的东西；废品：The factory sells some of its better rejects cheaply,but throws most of the rejects away.工厂廉价出售一些较好的等外产品，不过大部分不合格的等外产品都扔掉了.

disagreement /,dısə'gri:mənt/1 [C; U] the fact or a case of disagreeing 意见不合；不同意；争执：There has been serious disagreement between the two political parties over this question.两党在这一问题上意见严重分歧.Bill and I havebeen having a few disagreements lately.我和比尔近来有过几次争执．2［U］（of statements，reports， etc） unlikeness；disagreeing（指话、报告等）不一致；不符：There is some disagreement between these two statements.这两个声明的说法有所不同.in. disagreement in the state of disagreeing 不同意；不一致：I am in total disagreement with you as to the value of your plan.对你这一计划的价值，我完全不同意你的看法.The two sets of figures are in disagreement.两组数字不一致.

dissent /dr'sent/ [U] disagreement;. difference of opinion 不同意；异议：When Í asked for agreement there was no dissent.我要求大家同意时谁都没有异议.

refusal ／rı＇fju：zəl／ ［C； U］ （a case of） refusing 拒绝：My offer met with a cold refusal.我的建议遭到了冷淡的回绝.Refusal was impossible；I had to do what they asked.拒绝是不可能的；我得照他们的要求去做.（the）first refusal（the） right of deciding whether to buy something before it is offered to other people 优先购买权： If you sell your house will you let me have （the）first refusal？你要是卖房子的话可否让我优先？

denial／dr＇naəl／1［U］ the act of denial 否定；否认；背弃（指行为）2［C］an example of this 否定；否认；背弃（指事例）：No one accepted his angry denials.他愤怒地否认，但没有人相信.

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G129 verbs 动词：shouting and

screaming 呼喊与尖叫 [ALSO→F247]

shout／faut／1［IØ］ to use one＇s voice loudly 呼喊； 喊叫：Why are those people shouting？那些人为什么在喊叫？He shouted with joy．他大声欢呼．2［T1（out）］ to tell by shouting 嚷着说出；大声说出：He shouted a warning.他大声警告.She shouted out the news.她大声把那个消息说出来.

call/ko:l/1[T1;IØ(out)] to shout, speak, or say in a loud clear voice 叫；叫唤；喊叫；大声而清楚地说：He called for help.他大声呼救.They called for an hour but no one heard them. 他们喊了一个小时，但是没有人听见.The fishermancalled（out） to the men on the shore.渔夫呼唤岸上的人.Are they still calling？他们还在叫唤吗？2 ［T1］ to speak （a list）叫（号）；点（名）：He called the numbers.他叫了号码.Please call out the names of all the people.请把所有的人的名字点一次． 3 ［IØ； T1］ a （of an animal） to makethe usual cry to （another animal）（动物）鸣；叫： The birds were calling （each other）.鸟儿在（互相）呼唤.b to signal to （someone or some-thing） with typical sounds 用声音向···发讯号： The drums were calling.鼓声在召唤.c to attract 吸引：The sea is calling him.大海吸引着他.

exclaim /ik'sklerm/ [T1; IØ] to say something suddenly and loudly 嚷；（突然地）大声说：She exclaimed that she wouldn＇t do it.她大声说她不干这种事.I won＇t do it！＇she exclaimed.“我不干！”她嚷道.

cry/krar/[IØ(for);T1 (out)] to call loudly; shout 叫喊；呼叫；大声说：The trapped woman cried out for help.那个被困的女人大声呼救.'Run! Run!' cried the citizensas enemy soldiers entered the city. 敌兵进城时居民高喊：“快跑！快跑呀！”

cheer/tfiə/1 [Iø]to shout, esp because of happi-ness， special interest，etc 欢呼；喝彩：The people cheered when their leader arrived.领袖到来时人们欢呼起来.＇We won the game！＇heshouted，and we all cheered.“我们赢了这场比赛！”他喊道，我们于是都欢呼起来．2［T1］ to dothis for (someone or sometimes something) 向···欢呼；为···喝彩：They cheered him as he went to fight.他上阵时他们为他喝彩.The peoplecheered the passing car, hoping that it would win the race.人们为这部开过的车喝彩，希望它能赢得比赛.

scream/skrim/ 1 [IØ] to cry out loudly on a high note, as in fear, pain, great excitement or anger，or sometimes laughter（因为害怕、痛苦、激动、愤怒等而）尖叫；放声大笑：She screamed(with terror) when she saw the man with a gun.她看到这个人带着枪就吓得尖叫起来.Theyscreamed for help/screamed with laughter at the good joke.他们高声呼救／被这诙谐的笑话逗得放声大笑.（fig）The wind screamed down the chimney.风尖叫着从烟囱里灌进来.The birdsscreamed at the approaching cat.鸟见猫逼近便尖叫起来．［T1,5（out）］ to say or express in

G130 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

this way 尖叫着说；尖声喊：＇Help！＇she screamed.“救命啊！”她尖声喊道.He screamed that he was dying.他叫嚷着说自己要死了.Hescreamed (out) a warning not to touch the electric wire．他大声警告不要触碰电线．3［T1,5(out);(IØ)](fig) to draw attention, as by such a cry （to）大声疾呼似地引人注意：Thenewspapers screamed (out) the news in large letters．报纸用大号字体醒目地刊出这则消息．4［10（about）］ to complain loudly or excitedly 高声抱怨、抗议：He was screaming about the loss of their powers under the new law.他高声抱怨新法律剥夺了他们的权力．5［I3（out）］also 又作scream for [T1] to demand; to be in great need（of）强烈要求；迫切需要：The whole politi-cal system screams （out） for change.整个政治制度迫切需要改革.Haven＇t you finished thereport? The Chairman is screaming to have it. 你还没写好报告吗？主席急着要呢.

shriek/fri:k/ [IØ;T1] to cry out on a very high note，as in terror or pain（因恐惧或痛苦而）尖声喊叫：＇Leave me alone！＇she shrieked.“你们都出去，别管我！”她尖声叫道.They were all shriek-ing with laughter.他们都在尖声狂笑.（fig）He could hear the shrieking of the terrible wind. 他可以听到狂风的呼啸声.

screech /skri:tj/ [IØ; T1] 1 esp emot to scream on a very high， unpleasant note 尖叫：＇Stop it！＇ she screeched.“住手！”她尖声叫道.Birds were screeching in the trees．鸟儿在树丛中尖声鸣叫．2a (of machines, esp tyres and brakes) to make a noise like this（机器，尤指轮胎和煞车）发出尖锐刺耳的声音：The car screeched to a halt／stop. 汽车吱地一声停了下来.b to cause（brakes） tomake a noise like this 使（煞车）发出尖锐刺耳的声音：The driver screeched to a stop.司机把车嘎的一声煞住了.

bellow /'beləu/ 1 [IØ] to make the loud deep hollow sound typical of a bull 牛叫似的吼叫；发出低沉的喊叫声2［T1,5；IØ（with），（out）］ to shout（something） in a deep voice 以低沉的声音喊出：He bellowed （out） with excite-ment／pain.他兴奋得／疼得喊了起来.He bellowed（out） his orders.他大声发出命令.He bellowed （out） that he was hurt.他吼着说他受伤了.

yell /jel/1 [IØ (at)] to make a loud cry or shout, as of fear or excitement（因恐惧或激动而）叫喊；叫嚷：Don＇t yell at me like that！别那样对我大声叫嚷！2［T1 （out，at）］ to say or shout loudly 大声说或喊叫：He yelled （out） orders at everyone. 他对每个人大声发号施令.

squeal/skwi:l/ [IØ] to make a long very high sound or cry 发出长声尖叫：He heard thesquealing tyres／pigs.他听见轮胎／猪的长而尖锐刺耳的声音.The children squealed with delight. 孩子们高兴得尖叫了好一会.

G130 nouns，etc 名词等：shouting and screaming［C］呼喊与尖叫

[ALSO→F246]

shout／Jaut／an act of shouting 喊叫： I can hear

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