C85 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 社会组织

watched the football international on tele-vision.他在电视上观看国际足球比赛.internationalism [U] any idea that nations should work together or people from diffe-rent nations should meet each other,become more friendly，etc 国际主义 internationalist [C] a person who believes in internationalism 国际主义者

cosmopolitan / kpzmə'pplitən/ 1 of, from,or having the qualities of many different parts of the world 世界各地的；来自世界各地的；世界性的：Montreal is a cosmopolitan city.蒙特利尔是一个国际都市．2（of a person，belief，opinion，etc） not narrow-minded; showing wide experience of different people and places（指人、信念、见解等）不偏狭的；见多识广的3tech（of an animalor plant) existing in most parts of the world （指动物或植物）分布于全世界大部分地区的4［C］a person who has no particular national preferences 无地域、国家偏见的人；世界主义者：The people here are all cosmopolitans.这里的人都是世界主义者.cosmopolitanism ［U］ the ideas, way of life, etc in a cosmopolitan place or of cosmopolitan people 世界主义

C85 adjectives 形容词：relating to

societies and cities 有关社会与城市的

social /'səufəl/ [Wa5] 1 [B] of or concerning human society, its organization, or quality of life 社会的：He is concerned about the social and political freedoms of the individual.他关心个人的社会自由与政治自由．2［B］-of，concern-ing,or spent in time or activities with friends 社交的：She has a very full social life.他的社交生活十分充实．3［A］ of or to do with conditions in society or with services provided by the government to improve conditions in society 社会性的；有关社会福利的：There is a real needfor trained social workers in big cities.大都市确实需要有经过培训的社会工作者.-ly［adv］

communal /'kpmjunəl/ [Wa5; B] relating to, of, or shared by a community［→C73］社区的；社会的；公共的：This is a matter of great communal concern.这是极受公众关注的一件事.We musthave a communal approach to the problem, not just the feelings of a lot of different people.我们必须从全社区着眼来处理这个问题，而不是只凭着许多不同人的情感来行事.-ly［adv］

public/'pablik/1 [Wa5; B] relating to people in general 公众的；人民的：It is a matter of great public interest.这事关系到公众的重大利益.Thislack of money is a public disgrace.在这方面资金短缺，这简直是公众的耻辱．2［Wa5；B］for theuse of everyone 公用的；公共的：The city has a fine public library and public parks.这个城市有一所很好的公共图书馆和几个公园.There is apublic path across the field;the farmer must let you use it.田间有条公用的小径；那农夫一定会让你使用它．3［B］in the sight or hearing of many people； not said privately 公开的；当众的： He made a public statement of his intentions.

他公开表明了自己的用意.This place is toopublic for a talk about personal matters; anyone might hear what we＇re saying.这地方人太多，不宜谈私事；谁都有可能听到我们在说什么．4［B］known to all or to many知名的；众所周知的；公开的：The president of the state is a public figure.国家的总统是位公众人物.The news of theKing's death was not made public for several days．国王去世的消息过了几天才公布．5［Wa5；A] connected or concerned with the affairs of the people， esp with government 政府的；公家的：He wants a career in public life （＝to geta job in government or politics）. 他想担任公职. Some politicians never hold public office (= an important government post）.有些政治家从未任过公职.-ly［adv］

civil /'sivəl/ [Wa5; A] 1 relating to organized society 公民的；国民的：We all have civil rights and civil duties.我们都享有公民权利，也负有公民义务.Civil disobedience is a refusal，for some political reason，to obey the law.非暴力反抗乃是一种出于某一政治原因而抗拒法律的行动.Civillaw deals with the rights of the citizen.民事法处理有关民权的问题.Civil war is a war inside astate．内战是一国内部进行的战争．2 relating tocities and civilized life 市民的；民用的：Civil engineering includes things like dams, bridges, and roads.土木建筑工程包括堤坝、桥梁、道路一类的工程.The civil service of a country looks after its general administration ［→C100］．一个国家的政府机构负责管理一般行政事务.

popular /'pppjulə/[Wa5; A] fml relating to the people 人民的；民众的；大众的：A popular votehas shown that everyone wants a change of government.全民投票（结果）表明人人都希望政府改选.The loss of all this money is a matter of popular concern.这笔钱全部丢失一事受到公众的关注.

urban／＇з：bən／ ［B］ relating to a town or city 城市的；城镇的：Urban populations continue to increase while those in the countryside decrease.城市人口持续增长，而农村人口则有所下降.This is an urban problem， not a rural one. 这是个城市问题，不是农村问题.

civic/'sivik/ [B] relating to (the official build-ings， ceremonies， meetings，etc） of a city 城市的（有关官方建筑物、仪式、会议等）：The mayor［→C101］ gave the visitors a civic welcome．市长以城市名义欢迎来访宾客.It is a matter ofcivic pride to keep the city clean.保持城市清洁关乎城市的声誉.

municipal /mju:'nısəpəl/ [Wa5; B] of a town or city which has its own local government 市的； 市政的；市办的：The municipal taxes are going up this year.今年市政税额在提高.

metropolitan /,metrə'pplitn/ [Wa5; B] relating to the capital 首府的；首都的；大都会的：Themetropolitan water board looks after water supplies in the capital.城市用水管理委员会负责首都的供水问题.He is a member of the Metro-politan Police Force.他是首都警察部队的成员.

rural /'ruərəl/ [B] relating to the countryside; concerning country or village life 农村的；乡村的；田园的：These small rural communities do

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not have many of the things that you can find in big towns.你在大城市见到的许多东西在这些小村落是见不到的.

regional/'ri:d3ənəl/ [B] relating to a region [→C79］地区的；局部的：The people are interested in regional rather than national problems at the moment.当前人们对地方性问题比对全国性问题更感兴趣.This shop sells regional geog-raphies ofthe British Ísles.这家商店出售有关不列颠群岛地域的地理书.

provincial /prə'vınfəl/1 [Wa5; A] relating to a province 省的：The country has ten provincial assemblies [→C103] and a federal [■C93] assembly in the capital.这个国家有十个省议会与一个设在首都的联邦议会.He went to the pro-vincial capital．他到省城去了．2［B］often deprec not as cultured, imaginative, etc as people in the capital city 乡气的；粗俗的；偏狭的：She said that he had a very provincial way of looking at problems.她说他看问题的方式很偏狭.

Government

政府 [ALSO→C78]

C90 nouns 名词：republics and

kingdoms ［C］共和国与王国

republic /n'pablik/ a state governed by representatives and usu a president 共和国；共和政体：France has been a republic for many years， but was once a monarchy.法国成为共和国已有许多年了，但它曾经是个君主国.Most of theworld＇s countries are republics.世界上大多数国家都是共和国.

kingdom /'kidəm/ 1 a country which has a king or queen, whether or not he or she directly governs it 王国：The United Kingdom dəs oM1 fo uod u! sisisuoo kingdoms， England and Scotland.联合王国是由两个古老的独立王国所组成，即英格兰和苏格兰．2(fig) an area over which a person has complete control 领域；管辖范围：The kitchen is a cook＇s kingdom.厨房是厨师的管辖范围.

realm ／relm／ esp lit ＆ fml a kingdom 王国：The king was greaily concerned about the safety of the realm.国王极关注王国的安全.

monarchy /'mpnəki/1 a state which has a king or queen 君主国：Denmark and Sweden are monarchies．丹麦与瑞典都是君主国．2［U］theinstitution of having a monarch 君主政体；君主制度：Monarchy is a very ancient institution. 君主制度是非常古老的制度.

principality/ prinsə'pæləti/ a country ruled by a prince（王子或亲王的）封邑；公国；侯国：Walesis a principality.威尔士是个公国.

sheikhdom /'Ji:kdəm/ the land ruled by a sheikh［C96］酋长国：Thesheikhdoms of the

C92 GOVERNMENT 政府

Gulf are rich in oil.海湾诸酋长国盛产石油.

C91 nouns 名词：unions and federations ［C］联盟与联邦政府

union /'ju:niən/ two or more states joined closely together 联合；联邦；联盟：Scotland and England came together as a union in 1707．苏格兰与英格兰于1707年组成联盟．The UnitedStates is a union of many states on a federal ［→C93］ basis；it is a federal union．美国是由许多州在联邦制基础上结合而成，那是个体现联邦制的同盟.

federation /,fedə'rerfən/ a group of two or more states united under one central govern-ment which decides foreign affairs, defence, etc and in which each state has its own government to decide its own affairs 联邦；联邦政府：The United States is a federation.美国是一个联邦国家.federate ［IØ；Tl］ to come or bring together in a federation（使）结成联邦

confederacy ／kən＇fedərəsi／ also 又作 confede-ration /kən,fedə'reıfən/ 1 a group of two or more states working together for certain common aims, each member keeping much of its independence 同盟；联盟；邦联：The European Common Market is a loose confed-eracy rather than a federation.欧洲共同市场与其说是个联邦，不如说是个松散的同盟．2 anygroup of people or paries working together in such a way 联合者；共谋；私党

C92 nouns 名词：empires and colonies

［C］帝国与殖民地

empire ／＇emparə／ ［also 又作 U］ a group of countries ruled by or from one of those countries 帝国：The Roman Empire lasted for many centuries, but did not control as many lands as the British Empire did.罗马帝国延续了许多世纪，然而它控制的国土却没有英帝国控制的那么多.The demands of empire are usually too great fora single nation, and so empires come to an end.帝国的种种需求往往太大，不是一个国家所能负担的，因此帝国也就式微了.

colony/'kpləni/1 a country or area ruled from another usu distant, country and often settled by people from the ruling country 殖民地： Many modern nations are former European colonies.许多现代国家都曾经是欧洲国家的殖民地.The ancient Greeks established colonies in many parts of the Western Mediterranean.古希腊人曾在地中海西部许多地区建立殖民地．2acountry ruled by another（受别国统治的）殖民地国家：India was a British colony for many years.印度曾是英国多年的殖民地国家.colonist[C] a person who goes to live in,develop,etc a colony 殖民地开拓者；移居殖民地者 colonize，-ise ［Tl］to make （a place） into a colony 在（某处）开拓殖民地：The ancient Greeks colonized

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parts of southern Italy and France.古希腊人曾在意大利南部和法国地区开拓殖民地.colo-nization, -isation [U] the act of colonizing a place 殖民；殖民地化

protectorate /prə'tektərit/ a country controlled or protected by a more powerful country that takes charge of its defence and foreign affairs （较强国控制较弱国使成为其）保护国；保护领地：The British Empire contained many colonies and protectorates.英帝国包括多个殖民地和保护国.

commonwealth /'kpmən,welθ/ 1 mainly old use a state 国家 2 a group of states which work together for their common good（为某种共同利益而结合在一起的）国家；联邦：He is a citizen ofthe Commonwealth of Australia.他是澳大利亚联邦的公民.When the British Empire broke up many of its states became members of the Commonwealth.英帝国瓦解时，许多属国都成了英联邦的成员国.

C93 adjectives 形容词：relating to states and kinds of government [Wa5; B: often cap］ 有关国家与政府类型

republican /rI'pablikən/1 relating to a republic 共和国的；共和政体的：Republican government is very different from imperial or monarchic government.共和制政府与帝制或君主制政府都大不相同．2 favouring a republic 拥护共和政体的：That country is a monarchy, but many of its citizens are republican in their views.那个国家属君主制，然而有许多公民在思想上拥护共和政体.He has republican ideas, and doesn't like kings.他有共和制的思想，所以不喜欢君主.

monarchic(al) /mə'na:kik(al)/ relating to or favouring a monarchy 君主政治的；拥护君主政体的

federal／＇fedərəl／ relating to a federation 联邦的；联邦制的：The Federal Government of the USA is responsible for foreign policy and national defence.美国联邦政府主管外交与国防事务.-ly［adv］

confederate /kən'fedərit/ relating to a confed-eracy 同盟的；邦联的：In the American Civil War the Confederate troops fought well but were defeated.美国内战时，邦联军很能打仗，然而还是被击败了.

imperial/ım'pərrəl/ relating to an empire or its ruler 帝国的；帝王的：Napoleon＇s imperial ideas changed the face of Europe.拿破仑的帝制思想改变了欧洲的面貌.The Roman Emperorapproached the steps with imperial dignity.罗马皇帝带着帝王的威严走向台阶.

colonial /kə'ləuniəl/ 1 of or related to colonies ［→C92 COLONY］殖民地的；关于殖民地的：Thegovernment＇s colonial policy has changed.政府的殖民地政策已经改变.That country oncehad colonial aims.该国曾经有过开拓殖民地的意图.The people there are tired of colonial status．那里的人民非常不满意其殖民地地位．2 espAmE in the style of the British colonies in

North America 英属北美殖民地时代或风格的：This New England town has a lot of colonial buildings.新英格兰这个城里有许多殖民地时代的建筑物.

C94 nouns 名词：people relating to kinds of states and government [C] 与各类型国家和政府有关的人民

[ALSO→ C113]

republican /r'pablikən/ a person who favours republican government 拥护共和政体者；共和主义者：He is a republican and does not like monarchies.他是个共和主义者，因此不喜欢君主政体.

monarchist /'mpnəkist/ a person who favours monarchic rule 拥护君主制度的人；君主主义者：He has always been a monarchist.他一直是个拥护君主制度的人.

royalist /'rorəlist/ a person who supports monarchism against any republican aims 保皇主义者；保皇党员

unionist /'ju:niənist/ a person who supports a political union 联合论者；统一主义者：TheUnionists in Scotland did not accept the aims of the Nationalists, who sought independence for the country.苏格兰的统一主义者不同意国家主义者寻求国家独立的目标.

confederate/kən'fedərit/ a person who supports a confederacy 同盟者；联合者：The Unionists defeated the Confederates in the US Civil War.在美国南北内战中，联邦主义者打败了邦联的支持者.

colonial/kə'ləunəl/ sometimes deprec a person living in or coming from a colony, esp one who has helped develop it 殖民地居民（尤指参加殖民地开发者）：The colonials think they are as important as the mother country,'the old man said angrily.老头子愤怒地说：“这些殖民地居民觉得他们和自己的祖国一样重要.”

C95 nouns 名词：democracy and dictatorship 民主与专政

democracy /də'mpkrəsi/ 1 [U] government by the people, or by elected representatives of the people 民主政治；民主政体；民主制度：Themilitary government promised to restore democracy within one year.军政府答应在一年之内重新建立民主制度．2［C］ a countrygoverned by its people or their repre-sentatives 民主国家：How can that country claim to be a democracy, when all the leaders of the opposition are in prison？所有反对党的领袖都在狱中，这国家怎么还能称得上是个民主国家呢？3 ［U］ social equality and the right to take part in decision-making（指社会平等、有权参与决策的）民主精神；民主作风：How close have wein this country come to industrial democracy today？如今，我们这个国家的工业民主程度如何呢？

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Great gaps between rich and poor are against real social democracy.贫富之间巨大的鸿沟与真正的社会民主是相抵触的.democratic［B］of，concerning， or like （a） democracy 民主的；民主主义的；民主政体的-ally［adv Wa4］

dictatorship /dik'teitə fip/ 1 [U] the system or behaviour of a dictator [→C102] or single ruler or group with complete personal power 专政；独裁：We are tired of foreign dictatorship； we want self-determination.我们讨厌异族专政， 我们期望民族自决．His dictatorship lasted 5years．他的独裁统治持续了五年．2［C］a countryrun by a dictator 独裁（统治下的）国家：Thereare many dictatorships in the world.世界上有许多独裁国家.

autocracy /o:'tpkrəsi/ tech 1 [U] rule by one person with unlimited power 独裁；专制制度： The citizens were tired of autocracy and wanted the return of free elections and free-dom of speech.国民讨厌专制制度，期望恢复自由选举和言论自由．2［C］a country， group，etc ruled in this way 独裁国家、集团等：Thatcountry is an autocracy， ruled by one man.那是个由一人统治的独裁国家.

totalitarianism /təu,tælə'teəriənizəm/ [U] a system in which a single person or party controls all thought and action 极权主义： Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany are examples of what totalitarianism can produce.极权主义会产生什么后果，法西斯意大利和纳粹德国就是例子.

police state [C] a usu totalitarian state which controls its citizens by using a large and powerful policeforce，army，etc 警察国家

tyranny/'tirəni/ 1 [U] the use of too great,or cruel power to rule a country (or a person or group）暴政；苛政；暴虐：They said they would fight against tyranny,whether it was foreign or by their ow leaders.他们说，要同暴政作斗争，不管暴政来自国外还是本国首脑.These acts oftyranny must stop．必须停止这些暴虐行径．2［C］a government or system which uses tyranny 施行暴政的政府或体制：The world has experiencedmany tyrannies.世界已经多次经历暴政了.tyran-nical［B］ of， concerning， or like（a）tyranny 暴君的；暴政的；专制的；暴虐的-ly ［adv Wa4］

oligarchy /'plr,ga:ki/ [U; C] tech a government chosen from a small group of people by members of that small group 实行寡头独裁的政府（或国家）；寡头政治

self-determination / self dı,tз:mə'neıfən/ [U] the wish or right of a country or people to have self-government 自决；自主；民族自决：The United Nations has supported the demands for self-determination of many peoples.联合国支持过许多民族提出的民族自决要求.

independence /,Indi'pendəns/ [U] complete political freedom from a colonial, imperial, or similar situation 独立；自主；自立：The Americans fought for their independence 200 years ago.两百年前美国人民曾为自己国家的独立而战斗.

self-government /,self gavənmənt/ [U] the situation where a country or people controls

C96 GOVERNMENT 政府

itself without being controlled from outside 自治

autonomy /o:'tpnəmi/[U] fml & tech self-determination and self-government 自决；自治： The local people regard themselves as a nation and are seeking autonomy.当地人认为他们是一个国家，并且正在寻求自治.autonomous［B］ having autonomy；self-governing 自治的；自主的；有自治权的：It is a fully autonomouscountry.这是个有充分自主权的国家.Our groupis autonomous.我们这一群是自主的.-ly［adv］

C96 nouns 名词： kings and emperors ［C often cap］ 国王与皇帝

ruler /'ru:lə/ the person ruling a country,usu personally 统治者：One family has provided the rulers of many western Éuropean countries for several centuries.几个世纪以来， 西欧许多国家的统治者都是来自一个家族.TheBourbons were once the rulers of France.波旁家族曾为法国的统治者.

king／kin／1 ［also 又作 A］（the title of） a male ruler 王；国王：This church is the burial place of many kings.这座教堂是很多国王的墓地.Hewas king for only a short time, but ruled his kingdom well in that time.他当国王的时间虽然不长，但在位期间把王国治理得很好.He wascrowned king of France. 他获加冕为法国国王.King George III was king of both Scotland and England.乔治三世同时是苏格兰与英格兰的国王．2（fig ＆ emot） a man who has more importance, ability, or power than all or most others in the same group 一群人中最重要、最有能力或权势者；首领；头子：He is the king of thefootballers！他是足球员之王！Her father was a king among men．她父亲是男人中的佼佼者．3(fig) the most important member of a group 同类中最重要者：That tall tree is the king of theforest.那棵大树是这片森林之王.kingship［U］the condition of being a king 君王的身分；王位；王权

queen／kwi：n／1 ［also 又作 A］（the title of）a female ruler or the wife of a king 女王；王后： Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of England and I of Scotland 英格兰二世、苏格兰一世伊利莎白女王陛下；The king and queen are coming here next week．国王与王后将于下周驾临．2（fig）the leading female, often chosen in a compe-tition 出类拔萃的女子；选美赛之优胜者：She is abeauty queen；she was Miss Canada.她是选美比赛的冠军；她曾是加拿大小姐.She＇s queen ofthis village， or so she thinks.她是本村的王后， 或者说她自己是这样认为的.

prince／prins／1 ［also 又作 A］ （the title of） a son or other near male relative of a king or queen 王子；王孙；亲王：The young princes were riding in the park.年轻的王子们正在公园里骑马.PrinceCharles is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth. 查尔斯王子是伊利莎白女王的长子．2 ［also 又作A] a ruler, usu of a small country or of a state protected by a bigger country 诸侯；（作为小附

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属国统治者的）君主；王公：Prince Rainier rulesMonaco.兰尼埃王公统治着摩纳哥.In formertimes many parts of India were ruled by princes．以前印度许多地区都由王公统治．3agreat ruler or leader 帝王；巨头：King Louis XIV of France was a great prince.法国国王路易十四是个伟大的君王.The Pope spoke to theprinces of the Church．教皇对红衣主教们讲话．4lit or pomp a very great successful or powerful man of some stated kind 宗匠；巨子；名家：Shakespeare was a prince among poets/the prince of poets.莎士比亚是诗坛巨擘.

(prince) consort /(prins) 'konso:t/ the husband of a ruling queen 王夫；女王之夫：Philip，the Duke of Edinburgh, is Queen Elizabeth's consort.爱丁堡公爵菲力普是伊利莎白女王的丈夫.

princess／＇prinsis／ ［also 又作 A］ （the title of）a daughter or other near female relation of a king or queen 公主；王妃；亲王夫人：PrincessMargaret is the sister of Queen Elizabeth.玛嘉烈郡主是伊利莎白女王的妹妹.The youngprincesses were taken back to the palace.年轻的公主们被送回宫中.

royal /'rorəl/ usu infml a member of a royal family 王族的一员：Several Royals came to the function.好几位王室成员前来参加宴会.

crown/kraun/ [the R; A] the king or queen of a country；a monarchy 国王；女王：The Crown owns this land.国王拥有这片土地.This isCrown land.这是王室领地.

regent/'ri:d3ənt/ (the title of) a person who rules in place of a king (or queen) when he or she is not able to rule because of absence, illness，or being too young 摄政者；摄政王：The regent sought power for himself and not the young prince.摄政王是为自己而不是为年幼的王子集权.The Regent John was an evil man.摄政王约翰是个坏人.

viceroy /'vaisroi/ (the title of) a person acting on behalf of a king, usu in governinga colony （代表国王管辖殖民地的）总督：The British usedto govern India through a viceroy.英国人过去都是授命一个总督来统治印度.vicereine the wifeof a viceroy 总督夫人 viceregal ［Wa5；B］of， concerning，or like a viceroy 总督的；代表王权的emperor/'empərə/ (the title of) the ruler of an empire 皇帝：Napoleon called himself Emperor of the French.拿破仑自称法国人的皇帝.George VI was King of Great Britain and Emperor of India.乔治六世是大不列颠的国王与印度的皇帝.The Roman emperors were often cruel.罗马皇帝通常都很凶残.

empress /'empris/ (the title of) a female emperor or the wife of an emperor 女皇；皇后： Victoria was the Queen-Empress of the British Empire.维多利亚是不列颠帝国的女皇.Louis Napoleon＇s empress was Eugenie.路易·拿破仑的皇后是尤金妮.

monarch /'mpn3:k/ often fml a king, queen, emperor，or empress；ruler 国王；王后；皇帝；皇后；君主；统治者：The Monarch must give his royal permission before we can proceed.我们在采取行动之前必须得到国王的御准.

sovereign ／＇spvrin／1 fml a monarch 君主；统治

者：The people fell silent as their sovereign began to speak．君主开始讲话，臣民便静了下来．2[Wa5; A] (of esp political power,freedom, etc) complete; not affected by any other person，group，etc（尤指政治权力、自由等）完完全全的；独立自主的；握有主权的：That country isa sovereign state;we can't tell them what to do.那是个主权国家，我们不能吩咐他们去做什么.sovereignty ［U］ sovereign power 君权；统治权； 主权：The king had sovereignty over many lands.国王对许多地区都有统治权.

court／ko：t／1 ［also 又作 at， to U］ the place where a king or queen lives 宫廷； 朝廷：He is at Court，attending the King．他在宫中侍奉国王．2 the officials of a king， queen， etc 朝臣：The whole Court knows what happened, but does the Queen know？全体朝臣都已知道发生什么事情，可王后知道吗？

sheikh ／ji：k／［also 又作 A］ 1 （the title of） an Arab chief or prince（阿拉伯国家的）酋长；族长2 a Muslim religious leader（伊斯兰教）教主；教长

C97 adjectives 形容词： relating to kings ［B］有关国王的

royal /'rorəl/ often emot relating to,suitable for, favoured by, or belonging to (the family of) a king or queen 王的；女王的；王室的：The royalpalace was built on a hill.王宫建在一座小山上.His Royal Highness will see you now.殿下即将召见你.We are the royal bakers.我们是宫廷面包师.They gave him a royal welcome （＝a welcome good enough for a king）.他们给他帝王式的欢迎.-ly［adv］

regal /'ri:gəl/ often fml relating to or suitable for a monarch 国王的；王室的：The gathering was a display of regal dignity and power.这次集会显示了王室的威严与权力.-ly［adv］

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| kingly国王般的 | [Wa2]usuapprec inrelation towhat a | king国王 | should belike适合于···身分的；···般的 |
| queenly王后般的；女王般的 | queen王后；女王 |
| princely王子般的 | prince王子 |

C98 nouns 名词： majesty and dynasties 王权尊严与王朝

majesty /'mæd3əsti/ [U] the appearance and/or quality of a king， queen， etc； greatness（帝王的）威仪；尊严；君权：The people enjoyed the majesty of the occasion.臣民喜欢这种庄严的场面.He said that the message was an insult to

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the majesty of the king！他说，那消息对国王的尊严是一种侮辱！Your，His，etc Majesty［N］（the form used when speaking to or about a king, queen，etc）陛下（与国王、王后等直接对话或谈及他们时的尊称）

royalty/'roəlti/1 [U] the condition of being royal 王位；王权；王威：The king considered the poor man's angry words (to be) an insult to his royalty.国王认为那个穷人的气话冒犯了他的威严．2［GU］ members of a royal family or families collectively 王族；皇亲：Royalty often attends these shows.王族成员经常来观看这些演出. She takes a great interest in the doings of royalty.她对王族的动态都非常感兴趣.

dynasty /'daınəsti/ [C] a line of rulers belong-ing to one family 王朝；朝代：The Bourbon dynasty rled France for centuries.波旁王朝统治法国达数百年之久.This ancient Egyptiantomb belongs to the 12th Dynasty．这座埃及古墓属于第十二代王朝．dynastic ［Wa5；B］ of orconcerning a dynasty 王朝的；朝代的

crown/kraun/1[C] the usu highly ornamented band worn round the head of a king, queen, etc，as a sign of power 王冠；王冕2 ［the R often cap](fig) the power of a king,queen, etc 王权；君权：That land belongs to the Crown．那块土地属于国王．3［C］a mark like acrown, often put on the property of a king, queen，etc（常印在国王、王后财产上的）王冠印记（图案）4［T1；X1］ to put a crown on（a king， queen，etc）为···加冕；立···为王：They crowned him （King of France）.他们立他为（法国）国王.coronation 1 ［U］ the act of crowning 加冕2 ［C］ a ceremonial occasion of crowning 加冕典礼

C99 verbs 动词：ruling and

administering 统治与管理

rule/ru:l/ [IØ;T1] to have and use the highest form of social power over (a country, people, etc），esp as a king or queen 统治；管辖（国家、人民等）：Long ago kings ruled with complete power, but nowadays most countries are governed by parliaments, assemblies, or councils.很久以前，国王全权统治国家；但现在大多数的国家则由国会、立法会议或部长会议治理.He ruled the country well.他将国家治理得很好.

govern/'gavən/ [IØ; T1] to control the political affairs of （a country， etc and its people）统治； 管理：The Queen is said to rule Britain， but it is her prime minister who actually governs （the country）.英国名义上是由女王统治，实际上却是她的首相在治理.

reign /rem/ [Wv4; IØ (over)] to be king or queen 统治；在位：The Queen of Great Britain reigns but does not govern.大不列颠的女王在位但不治理国家.The king reigned over his people for 15 years． 国王统驭了人民十五年．QueenElizabeth was the reigning monarch [→C96] at that time.当时伊利莎白女王是在位的君主.

administer /əd'minəstə/ [T1] 1 to control (esp

C100 GOVERNMENT 政府

the business or affairs of a country, group or person）管理；支配；管制；掌管：He administers this place directly, without outside help or influence.他直接管理这一地区，没有外来援助，也不受外界影响．2 to put into operation；make work；organize；give 执行；施行；实施；给予：The courts administer the law and also administer punishment to criminals.法院司法并对罪犯施行惩罚．3 to give （the official form of a promise or religious service）使···发誓；使···保证；进行宗教仪式：I administered the oath ［→G110］ to him.我命他宣誓.The priest administeredthe last sacrament ［■C335］ to the dying man．牧师给垂死的人举行最后的圣礼.

run/ran/ [T1] often infml to be in control of and cause to work 控制；管理；开办：Who is running this country？ 谁在管理这个国家？The various ministers run their departments of state.各部长分管国家的各个部门.

preside over [v prep T1] fml to run or admin-ister 主持；管理；统辖：He presided over the affairs of the nation for 40 years．他主持这个国家的事务达四十年.

police/pə'li:s/ [T1] to control very firmly, with or like a police force （以警察）管治：He policed those lawless places until men could feel safe again.他用警察管治那些毫无法纪的地区，直到人们恢复安全感.Who will police the country if he takes his soldiers abroad？假如他把军队带到国外去，那么谁来维持国家的秩序呢？

C100 nouns 名词：ruling and administering 统治与管理

rule/ru:l/ [U9] 1 (the possession of) the power to rule 统治；管辖；统治权：This country has been under foreign rule for centuries.这个国家受外国统治已有数世纪了．2 the time or way ofruling 统治期；统治方式：They lived for years under the rule of a hard master.多年来他们在一个冷酷无情的主人统治下过活.His rule lasted20 years．他的统治持续了二十年．They sufferedunder the empress＇s iron rule.他们遭受女皇的铁腕统治.

reign/rem/ [C] the time when a monarch rules 君主统治时期：His reign was not a peaceful one，and lasted only two years.他统治时期很不太平，仅维持了两年.

regency/'ri:d3ənsi/ [U] the condition of being or having a regent [→C96]; the time when a regent rules a country 摄政；摄政权；摄政期：During his regency life became very unpleas-ant for the enemies of the regent.在这位摄政王的摄政期间，他的敌人感到日子很不好过.

government/'gavənmənt/1 [U] the act or situ-ation of governing （a state）管理；支配：The young prince was not suited to government and proved to be a bad king.年轻的王子不善料理国事，事实证明他是个昏君．2［U］the form ormethod of governing 政体；管理机构；管理方法：The country has always had fair govern-ment／suffered from bad government.这个国家

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C101 GOVERNMENT 政府

总是管理得井井有条／混乱不堪．3［GC often cap］the people who rule （a state） collectively 政府； 内阁：Governments come and go.一届又一届的政府不断的上台下台.A new government wasformed／chosen.新政府已组成／选出.The govern-ment has／have decided the matter.政府已决定了这件事.This is a Government matter.这是一件政府的事．governmental ［Wa5；B］ of， concerning， or by a government 政府的；政治的； 管辖的

administration /əd,mınə'streıfən/ 1 [U] the control or direction of affairs,as of a country or business 管理；掌管；经营：The administra-tion of the country over the last few years has not been very good.过去几年政府管理得不很好.2 ［GC often cap］ esp AmE the government 政府：Not much was done about this matter by the last administration. 上一届政府对于此事没有作出多少努力．3［U］ the act of putting some-thing into operation, esp by someone with the official power to do so 执行；施行：The admin-istration of the laws is the concern of the Ministry of Justice. 司法部的主要职责是执行法律．4［Ú］fml the act of giving the official form of a promise or a religious ceremony（宣誓、宗教仪式的）举行；施行；主持：The administrationof an oath [→G110] by a public official is part of that ceremony.那个仪式有一部分是由一位公职人员监督宣誓．administrative［Wa5；B］of or concerning（an） administration 行政的；管理的； 政府的-ly［adv］

regime /ri'3i:m/ [C] sometimes deprec a particular type of government 政体；政权；社会组织：Things will change under the new regime.在新政权统治下将会发生变革.This evilregime cannot last forever！＇he shouted.他高呼：“这种罪恶的统治不能永远继续下去！”The mensaid that the new manager's methods were like the regime of a tyrant ［→C102］．人们说新经理的管理方法好像暴君统治.

authority/o:'θprəti/1[U] the ability, power,or right to control and command 权力；职权；权： Although he has no official power, he is still a man of authority.他虽无官职却仍握有实权.Who is in authority here？ 此地谁掌权？A teacher must show his authority.教师须显示出他的权威． 2 ［C often pl］ a person or group with this power or right， esp in public affairs 掌权者；当局；官方：The government is the highest authority in the country.政府是国家最高的权力机构.The authorities at the town hall are slow to deal with complaints.市政当局处理投诉缓慢.The health authorities are handling his case now．卫生当局正在处理他的问题．3［U］power toinfluence 威信；影响力：I have some authority with the boy； I＇ll talk to him. 我对这孩子还有些威信，我来和他谈谈．4［U9］right or officialpower，esp for some stated purpose 获准；许可： What authority do you have for entering this house？你凭什么进入这所房子？5［C usu sing］apaper giving this right凭据；授权书；许可证明；职权证明：Here is my authority.这是我的职权证.authoritative[B] of, concerning, or having authority 官方的；当局的；有权威的-ly［adv］

C101 nouns 名词： heads of state， high officials，etc ［C often cap］ 国家首脑、高级官员等

head of state genl the official leader or ruler of a country, whether a president or monarch 国家首脑；统治者（总统、君主等等）：There weremany heads of state at the king＇s funeral.许多国家首脑出席了国王的葬礼.

head of government genl a prime minister or executive president 政府首脑（指首相或总统、国家主席等）：Ten heads of government attended the conference.十位政府首脑出席了这次会议.

prime minister ／ praim ＇ministə／ ［also 又作 N］ (the title of) the head of the government or leading minister in certain countries 总理；首相：Edward Heath and Harold Wilson were British prime ministers in the 1970s．爱德华· 希斯与哈罗德·威尔逊是二十世纪七十年代英国的两位首相.The Prime Minister spoke to the nation on radio and television.首相对全国作广播与电视讲话.May I ask you another question， （Mr） Prime Minister？首相（先生），我能向您再提个问题吗？PM abbrev

premier /'premiə/ less common a prime minis-ter 总理；首相：The premier considers the eco-nomic situation serious.总理认为经济情况很严重. premiership ［U］ the time when a premier governs 总理或首相任期

president／＇prezədənt／1［also 又作 A］ the head of state or government in many modern states that do not have a king or queen 总统；国家主席：The President of France is here on a state visit.法国总统正在这里作正式访问.PresidentLincoln was a US President in the 19th century.林肯总统是美国十九世纪的一位总统.Some countries have executive presidents who run governments; others have presidents who are largely ceremonial.有些国家的总统有管理政府的行政权；另有些国家的总统主要是礼仪上的象征．2 the head of some councils or govern-ment departments 某些议会或政府部门的负责人：He is now President of the Board of Trade.他现在是贸易部部长．presidential［Wa5；B］ of， concerning, or like a president or what is done for a president 总统的；总统般的；为总统而设的-ly ［adv］presidency ［U］ the time when a president governs 总统任期：That happened during Roosevelt＇s presidency.那事情发生在罗斯福总统任期内.

vice-president ／，vais＇prezədənt／［also 又作 A］ the assistant to a president 副总统：If anything happens to a president (of the United States), the vice-president takes his place.（美国）总统因故不能视事时，副总统将接任他的职位.

minister /'ministə/ a person in charge of a particular department of the government 部长； 大臣：He is the Minister for Overseas Aid and she is Health Minister.他是海外援助部部长，而她是卫生部部长.Various Cabinet Ministers called at No 10 Downing Street (in London) during the morning.上午几名内阁大臣造访了（伦敦）唐宁街十号.The Foreign Minister attended the

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talks．外交部长参加了会谈．ministerial［Wa5； B］ of or concerning a minister 部长的：He has full ministerial responsibility in this matter.这件事他负有部长的全责.

secretary /'sekretəri/ 1 a minister in the government in charge of one of certain departments 大臣；部长：That minister was Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.那部长曾当过外交大臣．2 the chief helper of a govern-ment minister in his department 秘书（部长的主要助手）

governor ／＇gavənə／ 1 ［also 又作 A］ a person who governs a state or province ［■＞C79］州长； 省长：Every US state has an elected governor. 美国每一州的州长都是选举产生的．2 a personwho controls one of certain types of organiza-tion（组织、机构的）主管人员；管理者：He is thegovernor of a prison． 他是一所监狱的狱长．3 amember of a governing body which controls a school，hospital，etc（学校、医院等的）理事；董事：The school governors met for a special meeting.校董们举行了一次特别会议.governor-ship [C; U] the condition of being a governor 州长（或地方长官、主管人员等）的职位（或任期）

governor-general / gavənə'd3enərəl/ a person who represents Britain in many Common-wealth countries but has little or no power to govern（英国在许多英联邦国家派驻的）总督（已无实权）

mayor /'meə/ the head of a town or city council 市长

mayoress/'meəris/ fem a female mayor or wife of a mayor 女市长；市长夫人

provost／＇provəst／a mayor in Scotland（苏格兰） 市长

administrator /əd'minə,streitə/ a person who administers law and order (in a state, through a special service，etc）管理人；行政官员；治理者：He was one of our ablest administrators.他是我们最能干的管理人员之一.This college hastrained many of our country's administrators. 这个学院已为我国培养出许多行政管理人员.

C102 nouns 名词：rulers with too much power［C］滥施权力的统治者

dictator /'dikteitə/ a ruler or similar person with full personal power or a wish to have such power 独裁者；专政者：Mussolini was dictator of Italy. 墨索里尼曾是意大利的独裁者.They don＇t want dictators in their country.他们不愿国内有独裁者.dictatorial［B］ of，concerning，or like a dictator 独裁的；专政的-ly [adv]

autocrat /'o:tə,kræt/ tech a dictator or similar person 独裁者；专制君主；独断独行的人：He ruledhis family like an autocrat.他治家的态度就像独裁者一样.autocratic ［B］ of， concerning， or like an autocrat 独裁者的；独裁的；专制的；独断专行的-ally［adv Wa4］

tyrant／＇tarərənt／ a cruel ruler 暴君：He was an evil tyrant who harmed his people.他是个残害人民的暴君.Kill the tyrant！＇they cried.他们高

C103 GOVERNMENT 政府

呼：“杀死那暴君！”

oppressor /ə'presə/ a person, esp a ruler or enemy，who oppresses［→C132］people 压迫者（指统治者或敌入）：The people fought back against their oppressors.人民向压迫者反击.

bully /'buli/ a person who hurts or frightens someone weaker than himself or herself, esp for pleasure 恃强凌弱者；欺凌弱小者：Theschool bully tried to frighten the new boy.那个恃强凌弱的学生想吓唬新来的那个男孩子.

C103 nouns 名词：parliaments and senates ［often cap］议会、国会与参议院

parliament /'pa:ləmənt/ 1 [GC] a body of persons (members of Parliament) wholly or partly elected by the people of a country, to make laws 议会；国会 2 ［R usu cap］ the main law-making body in the United Kingdom, made up of the King or Queen, the Lords and the elected representatives of the people 英国国会（由国王或女王，上、下议院全体议员等组成）：Parliament has passed a new law on divorce. 国会通过了一项新离婚法.Parliament meets inthe Houses of Parliament.英国国会在国会大厦开会．parliamentary［Wa5；B］ of，concerning， or like a parliament or what is done in a parliament议会的；国会的；议会般的；议会制定的

congress /'kongrəs/ 1 [(the) R; GC] the elected law-making body of certain countries, esp the US（尤指美国的）国会2［GC］any large gathering for discussion of laws， rules，etc（讨论法律、条例等的）大会 congressman／woman[C] a person serving in a congress, esp the US Congress（尤指美国的）国会（男／女）议员congressional [Wa5; B] of, concerning, or like a congress， esp the US Congress（尤指美国）国会的；国会般的

senate /'senit/1 [the R; GC] the upper house of a law-making body，as in the US（美国）参议院2［GC］any similar political body 立法机构senator ［C］ a person serving in a senate 参议员 senatorial ［Wa5；B］ of， concerning， or like a senator 参议员的；参议员般的

soviet /'səuviət/ [C] a political council elected by local working people in the USSR since 1917 苏维埃（苏联）；苏维埃代表会议（1917年以来由苏联劳动人民选举的代表的会议）：The sovietstogether elect the Supreme Soviet which runs the Soviet Union.苏维埃代表会议选出管理苏联的最高苏维埃.

legislature /'led3islertfə/ [GC] the body of people who have the power to make and change laws， esp in a country 立法机关：He is a member of the State Legislature.他是州立法机关的成员.legislator ［C］ a person who passes laws； a member of a legislature ［→C187］立法者；立法机关成员

assembly /ə'sembli/ [GC] a body of represen-tatives gathered for passing laws or discussing political，social，religious，etc matters 议会；代表大会：A national assembly debated the new

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C104 GOVERNMENT 政府

constitution ［→C181］．国民代表大会就新宪法进行辩论.assemblyman ［C］ a member of an assembly议员；国民代表大会代表

council/'kaunsəl/ [GC] a group of people concerned with organizing (part of) the life of a town, a church, or any social group, esp in local government 地方议会；议事机构；宗教会议：The Town Council meets regularly.市议会经常举行会议.You must write to the District Coun-cil about your problem.你必须给区议会写信谈谈你的问题. councillor ［C］ a member of a council（地方议会等的）议员

committee /kə'miti/ [GC] a group of people, chosen usu from a large group, to organize that group or to decide certain things or to gain information for the group 委员会：The club committee is re-elected next week.俱乐部委员会下周改选.He is the chairman of theParliamentary Committee on Housing.他是议会的房屋委员会主席.

convention /kən'venfən/ [C] a meeting or series of meetings of a body of people with a common interest, to talk about and/or decide certain matters 会议；大会；代表大会；集会：Aconvention on world health was held in Geneva.世界卫生会议在日内瓦举行.TheNational Convention decided some important constitutional ［■C181］ matters．全国代表大会决定一些重大的宪法问题.

junta/'d3antə/[C] a government, esp a military one, that has come to power by armed force rather than by election（尤指夺权后的军人政权）军政府

C104 nouns 名词：parts of governments ［GC often in comb；often cap］ 政府组成部分

cabinet /'kæbənit/ (in various countries) the most important ministers of the government, who meet as a group to make decisions or to advise the head of the government 内阁；全体阁员；内阁会议：There were two meetings of the British Cabinet that week. 那个星期英国内阁举行了两次会议.This is a Cabinet decision and the ministers have collective responsibility for it.这是内阁会议的决定，各部长对此负有集体责任.

department /dr'pa:tmənt/ a part of a govern-ment or civil service（政府或文职机关的）部门：The departments of state make effective the decisions of the government.国家各部门把政府的各项决定付诸实施.He organized the Depart-ment so that there was less bureaucracy.他把该部门组织好，减少那里的官僚作风.

ministry /'ministri/ a department of state under a minister（政府的）部：He took over the Minis-try of Education.他接任教育部部长.This is aMinistry matter.这是由部管辖的事务.

office/'pfis/ one of certain departments of state， the civil service ［■C105］，etc 政府机关； （文职机关的各级）机构：The British ForeignOffice looks after external affairs while the

Home Office takes care of internal matters.英国外交部处理对外事务，内政部处理国内事务.TheGeneral Post Office in Britain has a monopo-ly［→J138］on the delivery of mail．英国邮政总局对邮件投递业务有专利权.

secretariat /sekrə'teəriət/ the part of an organization, esp in government and inter-national bodies, with a secretary [■C101] as its head 书记处；秘书处：The party secretariat functions better now.该党书记处的工作现在有了改进.The United Nations Secretariat is in New York.联合国秘书处设在纽约.

bureau/'bjuərəu/ often fml an esp government office，department，ministry，etc 政府（部门某些特定的）机构，如：局、司、处等等：He works forthe Employment Bureau.他在就业局工作. Where is the nearest Bureau of Information? 离此地最近的新闻局在哪里？

C105 nouns 名词：administration 行政、管理

civil service /,srvəl 's3:vIs/ [GC; the R;A often cap] all the various departments(except the armed forces, law courts, or religious organizations) of a state which deal with the relationship between people and government and which are responsible for putting into practice laws and government decisions （除军队、法院、宗教组织以外的）政府行政机构；文职机关：He works in the Civil Service.他在政府行政机构做事.This is a Civil Service matter.这是政府行政机构的事务.

bureaucracy /bju'rokrəsi/ often deprec 1[C;U] the （official workings of the） civil service 官僚政治；官僚制度；官僚机构：The politicians passlaws and the bureaucracy carries them out.政治家立法，官僚机构负责执行．2［S］a governmentofficers who are appointed rather than elected 官吏（多指经委任而非选举出的）bagroup of people like this 官僚（总称）bureau-cratic [B] deprec of, concerning, or esp like （the way of working of） a bureaucracy 官僚政治的；官僚制度的；官僚作风的：I don＇t like thebureaucratic way he does things; everything must be written down and talked about over and over again！我不喜欢他办事的那种官僚主义作风；什么事儿都得写下来，然后讨论来讨论去！-ally [adv Wa4]

red tape [U] usu deprec bureaucracy; govern-ment which is too slow and formal 官僚作风；文牍主义；繁文缛节：With all this red tape andforms to fill in I can't get my proper work done！要经过这么多烦琐的公事程序，要填写这么多表格，我连该做的都做不完了！

diplomacy /dr'pləuməsi/ [U] the management of a country's foreign interests by its repre-sentatives abroad 外交： His profession is diplo-macy.他的职业就是搞外交.diplomatic［B］of， concerning，or like diplomacy 外交上的；有交际手腕的；圆滑的-ally ［adv Wa4］

diplomatic corps /,diplə'mæetik 'ko:z/ [GC]

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C108 GOVERNMENT 政府

south has arrived，sir.先生，南方的代表团已经到

了.

C107 nouns 名词： people in a country＇s

foreign service ［C］国家外交人员

diplomat /'dıplə,mæt/ a person who represents

his government and country abroad and looks

after its various political, economic, and social

relations 外交家；外交官：A number of foreign

diplomats use this club.很多外国外交官都使用

这个俱乐部.

ambassador /æm'bæsədə/ a diplomat of the

highest rank representing his country in

another country either for a special occasion

or for a longer period 大使：The American

Ambassador was invited to the gathering.美国

大使获邀参加集会.ambassadress［fem］rare

high commissioner a representative of one

member of the Commonwealth in the country

of another, having the rank of an ambassador

（英联邦成员国与英国之间互派的）高级专员（大使

级）

minister /'mınıstə/ a diplomat of high rank (but

usu below ambassador）外交使节；公使（通常级

别低于大使）

envoy /'envoi/1 a special messenger from one

government to another 使节；特使 2 an official

in the foreign service of a country second in

rank to an ambassador 公使（级别仅次于大使）

consul /'konsəl/ a person, appointed by a

government who lives in a city of a foreign

country, and who protects and helps his

countrymen who are living or working there

领事 consular ［Wa5；B］ of， concerning， or by

a consul 领事的；领事职权的

vice-consul /'vais'konsəl/ a diplomat of a rank

below consul 副领事：One of the vice-consuls

from the Embassy will see you now.大使馆的

一位副领事现在要见你.

emissary /'emə,səri/ fml an envoy, often

carrying a secret or special message（尤指传递

特别消息或秘密的）使者；密使

representative /,repri'zentətiv/ a diplomat

acting in the place of a government ruler, etc

驻外代表：He is Her Majesty＇s representative in

these parts.他是女王陛下驻这些地区的代表.He

spoke to the representatives of the US Gov-

ernment.他与美国政府的驻外代表谈话.

attaché /ə'tæfei/ Fr a person, esp a diplomat,

military officer, etc, who does special work at

an embassy使馆随员、专员；外交使节随员：a mili-

tary attaché 武官；a press attaché 新闻专员

C108 nouns 名词：groups in and places

used by a foreign service 外交组织与机

构

（代表的）委派；派遣2［GC］ a group of embassy／＇embəsi／ 1 ［GC］ a group of officials，

usu led by an ambassador, who are sent by a

the whole group of foreign diplmats[■C107］ in a capital city（全体）外交使团

foreign service [GC; the R; A often cap] a division of the foreign office of a countrythat looks after diplomatic and consular [■C107] work in other countries 外交事务处（隶属于外交部，负责驻外的外交官和领事的工作）：He works inthe Foreign Service.他在外事处工作.

protocol /'prəutəkpl/ [U] the rules of behav-iour between officials of different govern-ments when meeting each other and working together 外交礼仪；外交礼节

C106 nouns 名词：people in government service［C］政府工作人员

civil servant /,sivəl 's3:vənt/a person employed in the civil service of a country 政府行政人员； 政府文职人员；公务员

official /ə'fifal/ a person who has a public office；civil servant 官员；政府行政人员；公务员：The meeting was for officials only.这次会议只允许官员参加.An official of the local govern-ment called to see him.一位地方政府官员要求见他.officialdom ［U］ sometimes deprec all officials；bureaucracy 官员；官场；官僚作风

bureaucrat /'bjuərə,kræt/ often deprec a civil servant or government official 政府文职人员；官僚：＇These bureaucrats in the capital don＇t know what life is like here！＇he said angrily.他气愤地说：“首都的官僚根本不知道这里的生活是怎样的！”

deputy /'depjuti/ [often in comb] an offcial who acts for another 副；代理：The Prime Minister is away and the Home Secretary is acting as his deputylas Deputy Prime Minis-ter.首相不在，内政部长任代理首相.I＇ll send mydeputy to see you.我会派我的副手去见你.deputize, -ise [IØ; T1] to (cause to) act as a deputy 委··为代表；授权···为代表；代表：Hedeputized us to act for him.他委托我们代表他.I am deputizing for him.我现在是他的代表.depute [T1] to give (somebody) one's permission and authority to do all or a part of one＇s work for a time 将（工作、权力等）委托给···：He couldn＇t come to the meeting so he deputed me.他不能来开会，就委派我来了.

delegate /'delə,geit/ a person acting for others, usu on official business, at a meeting or conference［→G65］，etc代表：The delegates of the various governments sat down at the table．各国代表在桌前就座．delegate 1［T1（to）］ to give (part of one's power, rights, etc) for a certain time 委托给···；授权给···：I have delegated my command to Captain Roberts. 我已授权罗伯茨上尉代我指挥．2［T1；V3］toappoint as one＇s representative 委派···作代表：I have delegated Captain Roberts (to serve in my place）.我已委派罗伯茨上尉为代表（代理我的职务）．delegation 1 ［U］ the act of delegating delegates 代表团：The delegation from the

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C110 POLITICS ＆ ELECTIONS 政治与选举

government to do its business with the government of another country 大使及其随员； 大使馆全体人员：The Queen sent an embassy toSpain．女王派出了驻西班牙的使节团．2［C some-times cap] the official building where an ambassador and those with him work (and live） in a foreign country 大使馆；大使官邸及办公处：The American Embassy is a big build-ing.美国大使馆是一幢大楼.He went to anembassy party.他去参加一个大使馆的宴会.

high commission [C sometimes cap] an embassy of one Commonwealth member in the country of another（英联邦各国间互设的）高级专员公署：The UK High Commission was surrounded by angry people.英国高级专员公署四周围满了愤怒的人群.

consulate /'konsjulit/ 1 [C] the office or position of a consul 领事职位；领事任期：He wasgiven the consulate in Marseilles.他得到了驻马赛领事的职位．2［C］the official building where a consul and those who work with him can be found 领事馆：He called in at the British Consulate in Casablanca.他到英国驻卡萨布兰卡领事馆进行访问.

legation /I'geifən/ 1 [GC] a group of officials working under a minister next in rank below an ambassador who represent their govern-ment and country in a foreign country 公使馆全体人员2［C often cap］ the offices of such a group公使馆人员的职权3［C］ the official home of the minister in chargeof the group 公使馆； 公使官邸

mission /'mıfən/ [GC often in comb; sometimes cap] a group of persons acting for a special reason 外交使团；代表团：The British trade mission to China was well received.英国访华贸易代表团受到了热情的接待.

Politics and elections

政治与选举

C110 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：

politics 政治

politics /'pplə,tiks/ [U;P] the business, art, and／or science of government 政治；政治学；管理：Local politics interest（s） him， but not national or international politics.他所感兴趣的是地区政治而不是国家政治或国际政治.He hopesfor a career［→J210］in politics． 他希望从政． The politics of education can be very complex. 教育管理工作可能是非常复杂的.

politician /,pplə'tıfən/ [C] a person who takes part in politics 政治家；政客：There were several well-known politicians at the meeting.与会者中有几位著名的政治家.

political /pə'litikəl/ [B] relating to the state, government，and／or public affairs 政治的；政治

上的：They are worried about loss of political freedom.他们担心失去政治自由.He hopes for apolitical career.他希望从政.These are political rather than social matters.与其说这些是社会问题，倒不如说是政治问题.non-［neg］ -ly ［advWa4].

party politics [U; P] politics between or among two or more parties（各政党之间的）党派政治：Some people regard party politics as a way of preventing dictatorship [→C95]; others see it as a divisive ［■N322］evil．有人认为党派政治是防止独裁的一种办法；另有人却把它视为制造分裂的罪恶.

statesman /'steitsmən/ [C] a politician in control of state affairs, esp a wise and careful one（尤指贤明而谨慎的）政治家；国务负责人：Attending the conference were some of the greatest statesmen of the time.参加会议的是几位当时最伟大的政治家.statesmanlike ［B］ usuapprec in the manner of a （wise） statesman 有政治家才能的；有政治家风度的：That was a verystatesmanlike decision.那是个颇有政治家眼光的决定.statesmanship［U］ usu apprec the ability of a wise statesman； great political ability 政治家才能；政治家风度：He handled the conference with real statesmanship.他以真正政治家的才能主持了这次会议.

ideology / aıdr'pləd3i/ [C; U] a set of ideas,esp if typical of social systems，esp in politics（尤指政治方面的）思想体系；思想意识；意识形态：Marxist ideology 马克思主义思想体系ideologue [C] a person who follows a particular ideology （信奉某一学说的）理论家；思想家；观念学家 ideo-logical [B] of, concerning, or like an ideology 思想上的；思想体系的；意识形态的；观念形态的

C111 nouns 名词：political movements and parties［U］政治运动与政党

conservatism /kən'sa:və,tizəm/ 1 (the princi-ples of any party which favours) no change or very slow change, greater personal freedom, and less state control 保守主义；保守2a ten-dency or desire to keep things as they are or prefer things as they were 保守倾向；保守主张；守旧性

Labour BrE, Labor AmE /'leibə/ the party, esp in Britain， which represents most socialists（尤指英国的）工党

socialism /'səufəlizəm/ (the principles of any party which favours) state ownership of most important industries, services, and materials in a country and the social care of the people by the state 社会主义

social democracy /səufəl də'mpkrəsi/ (the principles of any party which favours) considerable control by the state over the wealth and well-being of its citizens for the general good 社会民主主义

communism /'komju,nizəm/ (the principles of any party which favours) the sharing of all wealth, all property belonging to the state or

136

to society as a whole, not to particular mem-bers 共产主义

Marxism /'ma:ksizəm/ (the principles of any party which favours) the communist teachings and practices of Karl Marx 马克思主义

Leninism /'lenmnizəm/ (the principles of any party which favours) the communist teachings of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 列宁主义

Maoism /'mauizəm/ (the principles of any party which favours) the communist teachings of Mao Tse Tung 毛泽东主义

liberalism /'lrbərə,lızəm/ 1 (the principles of any party which favours) reform [■>C131],free trade， and less centralized government（主张改革、自由贸易、减少中央集权的）自由主义2atendency or desire to keep a society as free as possible 自由的倾向、主张

moderation /,mpdə'reıfən/ a tendency or desire to avoid extremism 中庸；温和（主张）

extremism /ik'stri:mızəm/ a political view or tendency which favours strong, often violent, action to get what one wants, either on the right or the left ［→C112］极端主义

radicalism /'rædikəlızəm/1 (the principles of any party favouring) great social change in a short time 激进主义2 a tendency or desire for great change 激进的要求或倾向

reaction /rI'ækfən/ often deprec extreme conservatism 反动；极端保守主义：He fears the forces of reaction.他害怕反动势力.

fascism/'fæ fizəm/ 1 (the principles of any party which favours) extreme nationalism (and anticommunism) together with a strong central-government interest in industry and social organization generally 法西斯主义2 usu derog extreme conservatism；reaction 极端保守主义；反动

patriotism /'pætriətizəm/ great love of and pride in one＇s country爱国主义；爱国精神

nationalism /'næfənəlizəm/ 1 (too great) love of and pride in a country by its citizens 国家主义：Their nationalism was one cause of the war．他们的国家主义观念是这场战争的一个起因．2a desire by a social or racial group to form an independent country or to become indepen-dent once again 民族主义：Scottish nationalism was a powerful force in British politics at that time.苏格兰民族主义当时在英国政治中是一股强大的势力.

imperialism/Im'piərrəlizəm/ often deprec (the principles of any party or the aims of any country which favours) control over one or more countries by another country 帝国主义

colonialism /kə'ləunıəlızəm/ usu deprec (the principles of any party or the aims of any country which favours) the developing of colonies [■C92] of one country in other lands 殖民主义；殖民政策

capitalism /'kæpıtəlizəm/ the system in which capital [→J113], business, and property are owned and looked after by private persons and groups，and not usu by the state 资本主义； 资本主义制度

anarchism ／＇ænə，kizəm／ also 又作 anarchy

C112 POLITICS ＆ ELECTIONS 政治与选举

/'ænəki/ (the principles of any party which, or the aims of any person who, favours) the destruction of all government 无政府主义；无政府状态

neo-/ni:ə-/ [comb form] happening again, as in neo-colonialism (= an old colonial system developing again perhaps in a slightly diffe-rent form）表示“新”之义，例如neo-colonialism 新殖民主义

ultra- /Altrə-/ [prefix] extreme, as in ultra-

rightwing (= on the extreme

of a movement）表示“极端”之义，例如 ultra-

rightwing极右翼

C112 general adjectives ＆ nouns 一般形容词和名词：relating to politics and political movements 有关政治与政治运动的

left/left/1 [the GU sometimes cap](the ideas and political position of) parties or groups such as socialists and communists 左派；激进派； 左派政党；激进立场：The left demand（s）social equality.左派要求社会平等.She is on the left ofher party.她在党内是左派.She is well to the left on this subject.她在这个问题上倾向激进.Theparty has had a swing to the left.这个党已向左倾．2［F］belonging to， connected with， or favouring the left in politics 左派的；左倾的：She votes left.她投左派的票.

left wing 1 [the GU] the group of members of a political party such as the socialists or communists, or a group favouring greater political changes than others favour 左翼（分子）；激进派：The left wing of the party want to nationalize the steel industry.党内左派主张钢铁工业国有化．2［F］ belonging to or favouring the left 左翼的；激进派的left-wing［A］：He has left-wing views on most subjects.他对大多数问题都持左派观点.leftwinger［C］a left-wing person； socialist 左翼人士；左翼分子；社会主义者

right/rait/1 [the GU sometimes cap] (the ideas or political position of) parties or groups such as conservatives and fascists 右派；保守派；右派政党；保守立场：The right want（s） things to stay prettymuch as they are.右派希望事物能大体维持现状，保持原样不变.He is on the right of hisparty, and well to the right on law and order. 他是党内的右派，在法律与治安问题上相当右倾．2[F] belonging to, connected with, or favouring the right in politics 右派的；右倾的

right wing 1 [the GU] the group of members of a political party such as the conservatives or fascists or a group favouring fewer political changes 右翼（分子）；保守派：The party＇s right wing don＇t want any changes.这个党的右翼分子不希望有任何变化.People on the right wing ofthe party are very angry.党内右翼分子非常气愤.2 ［F］ belonging to or favouring the right 右翼的；保守派的：He is very right wing in matters of law and order.他在法律与治安一类事情上观点非常右倾.right-wing ［A］ rightwinger ［C］ a

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right-wing person；conservative 右翼分子；保守分子

centre BrE, center AmE /'sentə/ [the GU sometimes cap] (the ideas and political po-sition of) parties or groups who are neither left nor right; those who are moderate in poli-tics（政治立场温和的）中间派；中间派立场centrist 1 [B] relating to the centre; neither right nor left； moderate in politics 中间派的；政治立场温和的2［C］ a person who is in thepolitical centre 中间派分子

moderate /'mpdə,reit/1[B] having no extreme views；against extremism in politics（持有）温和、稳健（观点）的2［C］a person who is politi-cally moderate 温和主义者；稳健派

middle-of-the-road [B] infml centrist; mode-rate 中间派的；温和派的

pro-／prəu-／［prefix］ in favour of 表示“亲”、“赞成”之义：He is pro-conservative in his views. 他思想上赞成保守派.She has always been pro-French and anti-American.她一向都是亲法反美的.

anti-／＇ænti-／ ［prefix］ against； not in favour of 表示“反”、“抗”、“阻”之义：He is anti-British in many things.他在许多问题上都是反英的.She isanti-fascist and pro-revolution.她反对法西斯主义，赞成革命.

C113 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：relating to particular politics and political movements 有关某种政治和政治运动的

conservative /kən's3:vətrv/1 [B] liking old ways; not liking change or too much change too quickly 保守的；守旧的：He is conservative by nature．他生性保守．2［B sometimes cap］ believing in conservatism 保守派的；保守党的： He is a member of the British Conservative Party．他是英国保守党成员．3［C often cap］（espin Britain) a conservative person or politician; a believer in conservatism（尤指英国的）保守党人：The Conservatives won／lost the last elec-tion.保守党人在上届选举中获胜／失败.

Tory /'to:ri/ 1 [C] infml a member of the Conservative Party，esp in Britain（尤指英国的）保守党党员2［Wa5；B］ relating to or favouring the Conservative party（英国）保守党的

reactionary /ri:'ækfənəri/ often deprec 1 [C] a person against or preventing changes in a society 反动分子；保守分子：These reactionaries can＇t stop change forever！这些反动派不能永远阻止变革！2［B］against social changes； favouring things as they are or were; very conservative 反动的；守旧的；极其保守的：Hesaid that reactionary politicians could wreck social reform.他说反动政客可能破坏社会改革.

socialist /'səufəlist/ [often cap] 1 [C] a person favouring socialism 社会主义者；社会党人：Hehas been a socialist since childhood, when he saw his father struggling for workers＇ rights.他

小时候看到父亲为工人权利而斗争，从此就成了社会主义者．2［B］favouring or relating to socialism 社会主义的：＇These are socialist ideas，＇ he said. 他说：“这些都是社会主义思想.”Socialist statesare not common in the modern world.在现代世界，社会主义国家不普遍.

Labour BrE, Labor AmE /'leibə/ [Wa5;B] relating to the Labour Party, esp in Britain （尤指英国）工党的：He has strong Labour ties （＝loyalties）.他是工党的忠诚拥护者.

communist /'kpmjunist/ [often cap] 1 [C] a person believing in communism 共产主义者；共产党人：The communists want to bring an end to capitalism ［→C111］ in that country．共产主义者想消灭那个国家的资本主义制度．2［B］favouring or relating to communism 共产主义的；共产党的：He considered the book a piece of Communist propaganda.他认为这本书是共产党的宣传品.Communist countries have a government-controlled Press.共产国家都由政府控制报刊.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Marxist马克思主义者；马克思主义的 | (1)[C]a personbelievingin theteachingsof信奉···的人(2)[B]favouringor relatingto赞成或关于 | Marxism orMarx马克思主义或马克思 |
| Leninist列宁主义者；列宁主义的 | Leninism orLenin列宁主义或列宁 |
| Maoist毛泽东主义者；毛泽东主义的 | Maoism orMao TseTung毛泽东主义或毛泽东 |

capitalist /'kæpitəlist/ often deprec or apprec 1 ［B］also 又作 capitalistic practising or favouring capitalism 资本主义的；实行资本主义的2 ［C］a a person who favours capitalism 资本主义者 b a businessman， esp one with a lot of money and conservative ideas 资本家

liberal/'libərəl/1[B]favouring freedom in poli-tics or religious matters; favouring wide possibilities of self-expression，trade，etc 主张（政治、宗教等方面）自由的：She has a veryliberal view of things． 她看问题十分开明．2[Wa5; B sometimes cap] favouring liberalism 自由主义的；自由党的：He always votes Liberalin the elections．他在选举中一向投自由党的票．3[C sometimes cap] a libera person or poli-tician； a believer in liberalism 自由主义者；自由党人；支持自由党的人：The Liberals wantedgreater electoral reform ［C131］．自由党党员要求在选举方面有更大的改革.

Whig /hwig/ 1 [C] mainly old use & infml a member of the Liberal Party 自由党党员 2

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［Wa5；B］ relating to or favouring that party 自由党的

democrat/'demə,kræt/[C]1 a person believing in democracy 民主主义者；民主人士2［alwayscap] a member of the Democratic Party in the USA美国民主党党员

social democrat [C] a person believing in social democracy, esp a member of a social demo-cratic party 社会民主主义者；（尤指）社会民主党人

radical /'rædikəl/ 1 [B] concerned with making important (radical [→ N251]) changes in society 激进的：He has radical views on these matters.他对这些问题持激进观点.His solutionsare much more radical than ours.他的解决办法比我们的激进得多．2［B］believing in radical-ism［→C111］激进派的：The meeting was addressed by several radical speakers.有几个激进派人士在大会上发言．3 ［C］ a radical personor politician 激进分子；激进党派的成员：Theradicals demanded immediate reforms.激进派要求立即进行改革.

anarchist /'ænəkist/ 1 [C] a person who believes in anarchy or anarchism 无政府主义者2 [C] a person who tries or wishes to destroy all forms of government and control and not put anything in their place 主张无政府、无领导、无控制的人3［B］ of or concerning anarchism 无政府主义的

extremist /ik'stri:mist/ 1 [C] a person who. holds extreme political or other opinions (and favours extreme solutions to problems） 极端主义者；过激分子：These extremists on both the left and the right could create a violent situ-ation.这些左派与右派的极端分子可能造成暴乱的局势．2［B］ favouring extremism 极端主义的；偏激的：Extremist ideas can only add to our problems，＇he said.他说：“极端主义观念只会给我们增添麻烦.”

patriot/'pætriət/ [C] usu apprec & emot a person who loves and is willing to defend or die for his country 爱国者；爱国主义者 patriotic[B] having or expressing the qualities of a patriot 爱国的；有爱国热忱的：They sang patri-otic songs．他们高唱爱国歌曲．-ally［adv Wa4］

nationalist/'næfənəlrst/ 1[C] a person who wants political independence for his social or racial group or nationality 民族主义者：He is an enthusiastic Scottish nationalist.他是个热切的苏格兰民族主义者．2［C］often deprec a personwho has great or too much love of and pride in his or her country 国家主义者3 also 又作nationalistic [B] favouring or relating to nationalism 民族主义的；国家主义的：There is astrong nationalist party/movement in Wales. 威尔士有一个强大的民族主义政党／正在经历一场民族主义运动.

imperialist /ım'pıəriəlrst/ often deprec 1 [C] a person who favours an empire 帝国主义者：He accused the Americans of being imperialists in Latin America.他谴责美国人在拉丁美洲是帝国主义者．2also 又作imperialistic ［B］ relating to imperialism 帝国主义的：That country once had great imperialist（ic）dreams.那个国家曾做过帝国主义的迷梦.

C115 POLITICS ＆ ELECTIONS 政治与选举

colonialist/kə'ləunıəlist/ often deprec 1[C] a person who favours colonialism 殖民主义者：He said that the men were colonialists exploiting the country for the benefit of their own foreign interests.他说那些人都是殖民主义者，为了在国外谋取利益而剥削这个国家．2［B］ favouring orrelating to colonialism 殖民主义的：He has a lot of old-fashioned colonialist ideas.他有许多古老的殖民主义观念.

fascist/'fæfist/ often deprec 1 [C] a person favouring fascism, supporting reaction, and willing to be violent and to punish socialists, communists，etc 法西斯主义者；法西斯党员：Heis a fascist and won＇t work with socialists.他是个法西斯主义者，不愿同社会主义者合作．2［B］relating to or favouring fascism 法西斯主义的； 法西斯党的：He says these ideas are fascist and reactionary.他说，这些想法都是法西斯的、反动的.

Nazi/'na:tsi/ now derog [C] 1 a member of the German Nazi （＝National Socialist） Party 德国国家社会党党员；纳粹分子2a fascist法西斯分子

totalitarian /təu,tælə'teəriən/ 1 [Wa5; B] (of a political system or state) controlled by a single person and/or party, who may not be opposed（指国家或政治制度）极权的2［Wa5；B］relating to or favouring totalitarianism [→C95] 极权主义的3［C］a person with totalitarian views 极权主义者

C114 nouns 名词：statements of political policy［C］政治方针的表述

policy/'ppləsi/(a statement of) the plan of action of a political party，etc 政策；方针： It is our policy to have most of the industries in this country under local ownership.我们的政策是使本国的大部分工业归地方所有.The Government＇s econ-omic policies were not a success.政府的经济政策未取得成功.This is a policy matter／decision.这是有关政策的事务／决定.

mandate/'mændeit/1 the right and power given to a government or any body of people chosen to represent others, to act according to the wishes of those who voted for it（选民对选出代表、议会、政府等的）授权：The country has given aclear mandate to its leaders to continue the reforms［■＞C131］．国家已明确授权其领导人继续进行改革．2 a command to act in a certain way， given by a higher to a lower official 命令；指令；训令：In the past the law could be changed by the king＇s mandate.以往，国王的敕令能改变法律.

manifesto /,mænə'festəu/ a written statement making public the intentions, opinions, etc ofa ruler or group of people, es ofa political party （尤指政党的）宣言；声明：Have you read the partymanifesto？你读过党的声明吗？

C115 verbs 动词：nominating，voting，and electing提名、投票与选举

nominate /'npmə,neit/ [T1] to put (someone)

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forward for election to a position 提名（某人为候选人）：She nominated him for the committee of the club.她提名他为俱乐部委员会的候选人．nomination 1 ［U］ the act of nominating 提名（的行动）2［C］ an example， occasion, or result of his; a person nominated 提名（的事例／场合／结果）；被提名人：How manynominations are there？有多少人被提名？

vote /vəut/1 [IØ; (T1)] to show in a formal way which person, action, etc one wishes to choose, as by raising the hand or marking a piece of paper 投票；（以投票或举手等方式）表决：I didn＇t vote in／at the last election.上次选举我没投票.Who did you vote for？你投了谁的票？Ivoted against him at the meeting.我在会上投票反对他．She voted Liberal．她投了自由党的票．2[X9] to put into or out of power according to a count of such actions 投票决定···；投票通过···： They voted him in(= into power) with an increased majority ［→C117］．他们以增多了的多数票使他当选.The government was voted out （＝out of office）.这届政府因竞选失败而下台了.

outvote /aut'vəut/ [T1] to give more votes to someone else than to the person in question 投票多于···；得票多于（对方）；通过投票压倒（对方）：He was outvoted in the meeting； ten voted against him and only two in favour.会上通过投票把他击败了；十票反对他，只有两票赞成他.

elect /r'lekt/ [T1] to choose (somebody) by voting 选举；推选：They elected him （as）their local member of parliament.他们选他为代表本地区的议会议员.The people will elect our party， not yours.人民将会选举我们的党，而不会选你们的党.

poll/pəul [T1] to receive (a certain number of votes） in an election（在选举中）得到（若干数目的选票）：John Smith polled 30％ of the votes． 约翰·史密斯得到了百分之三十的选票.He polled15,000 votes．他得到了一万五千张选票．

campaign /kæm'pein/ [IØ (for)] to lead, take part in， or go on a campaign 领导或参加运动／竞选运动：Jean is campaigning for equal rights for women.琼参加了争取妇女平等权利的运动.campaigner [C] a person who campaigns politically 参加政治运动的人；竞选者

canvass also 又作 canvas／＇kænvəs／［IØ； T1］ to go through an area or to people to ask for (political support or orders for one's goods) or to find out （people＇s opinions）（向人）争取（政治支持）；推销（货品）；调查（大众的意见）：I＇mcanvassing tonight. 今晚我要去进行游说.Thepoliticians were trying to canvass votes here last week.那些政客上周曾在此力争选票.Themilkman's always canvassing for new orders. 卖牛奶的人总是在兜揽新的订单.

ballot /'bælət/ [IØ (on)] to take a vote (by ballot ［→C117］）投票：They＇ve balloted for the new chairman，but nobody knows the result yet.他们以投票方式选举新主席，但还不知道结果.

electioneer /ı,lekfə'nıə/ [IØ] sometimes deprec to canvass, make speeches, etc for oneseIf or someone else in an election 拉选票；进行竞选活动：Don＇t start electioneering here，please.请不要在此地拉选票.

enfranchise/en'fræntfaiz/[T1] to give the right to vote to 给予···选举权：Women were only enfranchised recently in that country.那个国家的妇女最近才获得选举权．dis-［T1］to take awaythe right to vote from （somebody）剥夺（某人的）选举权

C116 verbs 动词：being a candidate or in office 做候选人或当选（就任）

stand/stænd/[IØ (for)] BrE to be or become a candidate ［→C119］for an offie or position 做候选人；参加竞选：He stood for Parliament.他竞选国会议员.Are you standing against him in the election？你准备在选举中同他竞争吗？Thereare three people standing (in next week's elec-tion）.（下周选举）有三人参加竞选.

run/ran/[IØ(for)] AmE to be or become a candidate for an office or position 做候选人；参加竞选：He is running for Congress／for Presi-dent.他正在竞选国会议员／总统.There are threepeople running in the next election.有三人参加下次竞选.

represent/ repri'zent/ [T1] to be the Member of Parliament， Congressman，etc for 作...的代表（出任议员等）：The answer to this question is very important to the people he represents.对于他所代表的人民来说，这个问题的答复至关重要.

C117 nouns 名词：voting and electing 投票与选举

vote／vəut／1［S］ the power to vote 选举权；投票权；表决权：Have you used your vote？你有没有运用你的选举权？Women got the vote in Britain early in the 20th century．英国妇女在二十世纪初获得选举权．2［C］an act of voting 选举；投票；表决：He got my vote.他得到我的选票.They cast（＝made） their votes in the morning.他们在上午投了票.Have you recorded your vote yet？你投过票了吗？The votes were counted and the winning candidate was announced.选票已计算出结果，当选者也已公布．3［the U］ the fullnumber of votes (for any party) in an election 投票总数；得票数：The Conservative vote was less this time than last.保守党这次得票少于上一次.The popular vote was for reform.人民投票拥护改革.voter［C］a person who votes 选举人； 投票人

franchise/'fræntfaiz/ [the U] the right to vote at elections 选举权；投票权：These people all have the franchise.这些人都有选举权.

election /ǐ'lekfən/1 [U] the choice of someone or a party by voting 选举；选出：The method of choosing the government is by election.政府是由选举产生的．2［C］ an occasion for electing （people and／or parties）选举活动：The election was last week.选举于上周举行.When will the election results be known？ 选举结果何时揭晓？general election [C often cap] the time when

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elections for a parliament are held throughout a country 大选；普选 electoral ［Wa5；B］of or concerning an election or elections 选举的elector [C] a person who elects someone else 有选举权的人；选民

poll /pəul/1 [C usu sing] voting at an election 选举投票；投票数：There has been a light／heavy poll this time.这一次的投票率很低／高.We areanxiously awaiting the results of the poll.我们都在焦急地等待选举投票的结果．2［C usu pl］aplace where voting takes place 投票站：The people are going to the polls in great numbers. 人们成群地涌向投票站.polling day［C］ the daychosen for a. poll 投票日；选举日 polling station [C] the place where people go to vote 投票站 polling booth［C］ the closed area in a polling station where a person votes secretly （投票站内分隔开以保证投票秘密的）投票间

campaign /kæm'pein/ [C] a set of planned activities before an election, to help someone to be elected（选举前的）竞选活动：The presi-dential campaign begins about a year before the actual election.总统竞选活动约在正式选举前一年开始.He is our campaign organizer.他是我们竞选活动的组织者.

ballot/'bælət/1 [C] a piece of paper or a ticket which is used in secret voting（不记名投票用的） 选票：Have you all got your ballots／your ballot papers？ 你们都拿到选票了吗？You should putyour ballot papers inthis ballot box.你们应当把选票投入这个票箱．2［C；by U］ an occasion ofvoting（不记名的）投票选举：The election was done by secret ballot.选举通过不记名投票方式进行.Let＇s take a ballot and see who wins.我们来投票看谁能取胜.

referendum /,refə'rendəm/ [C] a direct vote by all the people who can vote on a matter of （national）importance（重大问题的）全体公民投票：Britain held a referendum on whether or not to stay in the European Common Market. 英国举行全民投票以确定是否留在欧洲共同市场之内.

plebiscite /'plebəsit/ [C] fml & tech a national referendum esp to choose between rulers（尤指在两个统治者中择其一时所举行的）公民投票

majority /mə'd3prəti/ [C] the number of votes by which a person wins in an election（选举中） 多得的票数：He won by a majority of 300．他以超过对方三百票的多数获胜.

C118 nouns 名词：electoral areas 选举的区域、范围

constituency/kən'stıtfuənsi/ [C]1 a parliamen-tary or other division whose people are represented by one elected member of parlia-ment，etc（议员所代表的）选举区；选区2 thepeople in a constituency （选区的）全体选民： The MP is supporting the new law although his constituency is against it.虽然这位议员所属选区的选民都反对这项新法律，但他还是表示赞成.constituent [C] a person who has the right to

C130 POLITICAL TENSION 政治紧张

vote in a constituency; a person in a constitu-ency选区内的选民；选区内的人

electorate /r'lektərit/ [(the) GC] all the people who can vote in an election 全体选民：The elec-torate are not fools; they will recognize just arguments.选民不是傻瓜，他们能识别得出公正的论点.Very few of the electorate failed to vote. 没有几个选民不去投票的.

electoral roll/register [C] the list of the names of people who can vote in an election 选民登记名册

C119 nouns 名词：candidates and representatives［C］候选人与代表

candidate /'kændə,deit/ a person who wants, or who is wanted by others, to be chosen for a position，esp in an election 候选人：He was the strongest candidate for the position.他是这个职位最具实力的候选人.She always supports herparty＇s candidate.她总是支持她那个党的候选人.candidacy [U] the state, condition, occasion, etc of being a candidate 候选人的身分／资格：Doyou support his candidacy？你支持他当候选人吗？

representative / repri'zentətiv/ a person repre-senting others, in Parliament, Congress, etc （国会、议会等的）代表：He is the people＇srepresentative and must be heard.他是人民的代表，所以必须让他说话.Their elected represen-tatives speak for them.他们选出的代表替他们说话.

nominee /,nomə'ni:/ a person suggested by name for an office or position 被提名者：He is our nominee for the job.他是我们提名任这个职位的人.

agent/'eid3ənt/a person who acts for another, esp one who looks after or represents a candi-date in an election campaign 代理人；（尤指在选举中照应或代表候选人的）竞选经理人；选举干事：His local agent helped him win the election. 他的地方选举经理人帮助他在选举中获胜.

Member (of Parliament) esp in Britain, Ire-land, etc a representative of the people, elected to Parliament （国会）议员：Who is your local Member？ 你们地区的议员是谁？MPabbrev：All our MPs were present.我们的议员全都出席了.

Political tension and trouble 政治紧张与动乱

C130 verbs 动词：reforming and protesting 改革与抗议

reform /rr'form/ [T1] to make or become better by taking away or putting right what is wrong

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or not good enough 改革；革新；改良：We must reform these unjust laws.我们必须改革这些不公平的法律.The government needs to be reformed／needs reforming.政府需要进行改革. reformer [C] a person who wants and works for reform 改革者；革新者；改良者

crusade /kru:'seid/ [IØ (against, for)] to take part in a crusade 参与改革运动：She crusaded for women＇s rights.她参与女权运动.crusader ［C］a person who crusades 社会改革运动的参加者；改革家

oppose /ə'pəuz/ [T1] to set oneself or fight against 反对；反抗；对抗：I intend to oppose his plan.我打算反对他的计划.They oppose thegovernment＇s new policies.他们反对政府的新政策.

resist /rr'zist/ [T1;IØ] to use force against (a force or change）反抗；抵抗；对抗；抗拒：She says she will resist their attempts to take the child away.她说他们要带走孩子，她就反抗.We mustresist with force！ 我们必须以武力抵抗！Theconservatives intend to resist the reforms.保守分子想抗拒改革.

protest /prə'test/ 1 [IØ] to express disagree-ment，feelings of injustice， annoyance，etc 抗议；反对：The students protested because of bad food in their hostel.学生因宿舍的伙食不好而提出抗议.We must protest against injustice！ 我们必须对不公道的行径提出抗议！2［T1］AmEto make a protest against 抗议；反对：They stood in the street， protesting the war.他们站在街头反对战争.protester ［C］ a person who protests 抗议者

demonstrate /'demən,streit/[IØ] to arrange or take part in a public show of strong feeling or opinion, often with marching, big signs, etc 进行示威游行（或集会）；示威：The studentsdemonstrated in favour of better teaching. 学生们游行示威要求改善教学素质.The people weredemonstrating against the government.人们正在向政府示威.demonstrator ［C］a person who demonstrates 游行（或集会）示威者

agitate /'æd3ə,teit/ [IØ (for)] to ask strongly for something, esp by protesting and demonstrat-ing 通过抗议、示威等提出强烈的要求：Theworkers are agitating for better conditions and more money.工人正在激烈争取改善工作条件并增加工资.agitator ［C］ often deprec a person who agitates 鼓动者；煽动者：The government doesn＇t like political agitators.政府不喜欢政治鼓动者.

C131 nouns 名词：reforming and

protesting 改革与抗议

reform /rr'fo:m/ [U; C] social action or a social action which does or should improve condi-tions， remove unfairness， etc in a society 改革； 改良：The 1830s were a time of great social reform in Britain.十九世纪三十年代是英国经历伟大社会改革的时代.The new law brought inseveral reforms.新的法律带来几项改革.

reformation /refə'meifən/ [U] the act of reforming or state of being reformed 改革；革新：The full reformation of these laws is neces-sary.对这些法律进行全面革新是必要的.

crusade /kru:'seid/ [C (against, for)] 1 any struggle or movement for the defence or advancement of an idea， principle，etc 反对／争取···的运动；改革运动：a crusade against crime 反罪行运动；a crusade for women＇s rights 争取女权运动2 ［usu cap］ any of the Christian wars to win back the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th，12th and 13th centuries（公元十一、十二和十三世纪欧洲基督教各国与伊斯兰教徒争夺圣地的）十字军远征；圣战

opposition /,ppə'zıfən/1 [U] the state of being opposed 相反；对立；反对：They have been in opposition（to our policies） for years.多年来他们一直反对（我们的政策）．2［U］ active resist-ance 对抗；反抗：Many people are in natural opposition to change. 不少人对变革都有一种本能的反抗.The soldiers met with strong local opposition．士兵遭到当地人民的强烈反抗．3［（the） GU］ a those who oppose 反对派；反对者： The opposition are angry. 反对派十分气愤.b [usu cap] the party not in power at the moment 反对党；在野党：The leader of the Opposition stood up to speak.反对党领袖起立发言.

resistance /rr'zistəns/ 1 [U] the fact of resisting， or ability to resist 抵抗；反抗；反对： Many people have a natural resistance to change．许多人对变革有着本能的抗拒．2［the U］people who resist an invader or a government 抵抗侵略者或政府的组织；反抗力量；反对者：Thelocal resistance leader killed several soldiers. 当地抵抗力量的领袖杀死了好儿名士兵.

protest/'prəutest/1 [U] unwillingness, dissatis-faction, and opposition, etc as shown or expressed in some manner 抗议；异议；反对：His silence is a form of protest against his impris-onment.他的沉默是抗议被囚禁的一种形式.Hespoke out in protest against the increasing costs. 他高声抗议费用不断增加.The shopsclosed in protest against the new taxes.商店关门以抗议征收新税．2［C］a（written or official） complaint or an expression of dissatisfaction, disagreement，opposition，etc 抗议书；抗议声明： They all signed the protest and it was sent to their local member of parliament.他们都在抗议书上签了名，并递交给他们本地区的国会议员.Noone listened to their protests.没有人理睬他们的抗议.under protest unwillingly and with a feeling of injustice 抗议着；持异议地；极不乐意地：It's unfair to increase my rent and I am paying under protest.加我的房租是很不公平的，我虽然不得不交，但极不乐意.

demonstration / demən'streifən/ [C] a public show of strong feeling or opinion, often with marching，big signs，etc 示威游行；示威集会；示威：They held several demonstrations against the war.他们举行了数次反战示威.demo infmlabbrev：Where shall we hold the demo？我们该在哪里举行示威呢？

agitation/,æd3ə'terfən/ [U] public argument,

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action, unrest, etc for or against political or social change（赞成或反对政治或社会改革的）公开辩论、活动、骚动等：Their agitation for higher pay moved from argument to taking posses-sion of the firm＇s offices.他们要求增加工资的行动，由争论发展到占领公司的办公室.

riot /'raiət/ [C] violent actions, noisy behaviour, etc by a number of people together, esp in a public place 暴乱；骚动；暴动：There was a riot last night in the city; two people were killed. 昨晚城内发生暴乱，有两人被杀死.The riot policewere called in to stop the riot.防暴警察被召来制止暴乱．［■C134］

sedition /sr'dıfən/ [U] behaviour which may or does cause action against the government or people in power 煽动暴乱（或闹事）的言论或行动：Publishing the article was regarded as sedition.发表这篇文章被视为煽动暴乱.Thenewspaper editor was arrested for sedition.报社编辑因煽动暴乱而被捕.seditious ［B］ of，concerning，or like sedition 煽动性的；参与煽动的-ly［adv］

C132 verbs 动词：limiting people＇s

freedom［T1］限制人民自由

keep down [v adv] to stop from opposing or resisting 镇压；压服：The king has kept these provinces down for years and is hated by most of the people.多年来国王一直压制这些省，所以大多数人民都痛恨他.

hold down ［v adv］ to keep down very firmly 压制；镇压：Your job is to hold the province down； there must be no more rebellions！你的任务就是镇压住这个省，绝不能再发生暴动！

oppress /ə'pres/ to rule in a very hard way,by allowing very little freedom 压迫；压制；重压： The king oppressed his people with terrible taxes and punishments.国王以重税和酷刑压迫人民.oppression ［U；C］ the act of oppressing or being oppressed 压迫；压制 oppressive ［B］ causing or for the purpose of oppressing 压迫的；压制的-ly［adv］［→C102］

repress /ri'pres/ to rule by holding back from （natural feelings，actions，etc）镇压；压制（情绪、行动等）：The king has repressed his people for years.国王多年来压制人民.All freedom hasbeen actively repressed.一切自由都遭到大力的压制.repression ［U；C］ repressive ［B］ causing or for the purpose of repressing 抑制的；镇压的-ly［adv］

suppress /sə'pres/ to rule in a very hard way, by taking away the right to act 镇压：They live in a police state [→C95] which has suppressed all free speech.他们生活在一个警察国家中，毫无言论自由.The people there are cruelly suppressed. 那里的人民遭到残酷的镇压.suppression［U；C］put down ［v adv］ to suppress 镇压：The

rebellion was ruthlessly put down by the armed forces.这次暴乱被军队残酷地镇压下去了.

C134 POLITICAL TENSION 政治紧张

C133 verbs 动词：defeating anyone，esp governments［T1］击败某人（尤指政府）

[ALSO→C280-3]

defeat／dr＇fi：／to cause to stop ruling 击败；使垮台：We must defeat this evil regime ［→C100］！＇ he shouted.他高呼：“我们一定要推翻这个万恶的政权！”The government was defeated in the election.这届政府在这次选举中被击败了.

bring down ［v adv］ emot to defeat 使倒台；打倒： The government has been brought down by popular anger.政府因触怒了群众而垮台了.

overthrow /əuvə'θrəu/ defeat and remove from power， often with force 推翻：The rebels have overthrown the government.叛乱者已推翻了政府.

usurp /ju:'z3:p/ to take (power or position) for oneself，esp unlawfully 非法篡夺（权力或地位）： He usurped his brother's throne (= took his brother＇s place as king）.他篡夺了他哥哥的王位.That party intend to usurp power illegally.那个党企图非法篡夺权力.usurpation［U］ the actor result of usurping 篡夺；篡取；侵占 usurper ［C］ a person who usurps power 篡位者；篡夺者

subvert /səb'v3:t/ to (seek to) overthrow by secret action 颠覆；暗中破坏：He intends to subvert the lawful government in this country. 他企图颠覆这个国家的合法政府.

take over ［v adv also 又作 IØ］ to take control （of）接管；接任：They took over the government of the country from the defeated dictator.他们从被击败了的独裁者手中接管了这个国家的政府.The rebels took over last night.叛乱者昨晚接管了政权.takeover ［C］an act of taking over 接管

C134 verbs 动词：moving against those in power［lø］反对当权者

rebel/rr'bel/ to act violently against those who have power, or against the unfair use of power 造反；反叛；反抗：They have rebelled against the government and must be punished.他们背叛政府造反了，必须受到惩罚.Don't rebel; be patient and work for better times.不可造反；要耐心，埋头工作，等待更好的时机.rebellious［B］ inclined to rebel 谋反的；反叛的-ness［U］-ly［adv］

rise ／raiz／ emot to rebel 反叛；起义：The people have at lst risen against their oppressive rulers.人民终于起来反对压迫他们的统治者.

revolt/ri'vəult/ to act violently against those in power so as to take power from them 造反；反叛；起义：The army revolted against the bad government.军队公开造反，反对这腐败政府.

mutiny /'mju:təni/ to take part in a mutiny [→C135］ 参加叛变；反抗：The sailors mutinied against their cruel captain.水手造反，反抗他们残酷的船长.He urged the soldiers to mutiny.他怂恿士兵叛变． mutinous ［B］ 1 about to orready to mutiny, or guilty of having mutinied 叛乱的；犯叛乱罪的：mutinous soldiers 叛乱的士

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C135 POLITICAL TENSION 政治紧张

兵 2 showing signs of mutiny 有叛变迹象的：amutinous look on one＇s face 一脸反叛的神色-ly [adv]

riot／＇rarət／ to take part in a riot［→C131］参加骚动或暴乱：The people rioted against the great rises in the price of food.人民骚乱，反对食品价格暴涨.riotous［B］ disorderly；wild 暴乱的；骚动的：riotous behaviour 暴乱行为 -ly［adv］ -ness[U]

C135 nouns 名词： moving against those in power 反对当权者

rebellion /rr'beljən/ 1 [C] (an example of) the act of rebelling against a government or those in power 叛乱；造反；反抗：There have been several amed rebellions lately.最近发生了几次武装叛乱．2［U］ the act or state of rebelling 反叛（行动或状态）：The people are in open rebellion against the king.人民公开反叛国王.

revolt /ri'vəult/ [C; (in) U] (an example of) the act or state of revolting 反抗；造反；起义：There have been two armed revolts in three years.三年里发生了两次武装起义.The people were inrevolt against the king.人民起义反对国王.

insurrection /,ınsə'rekjən/ [C; U] fml the act or occasion of rising against the people who have power 起义；暴动；造反：There was an armed insurrection against the government of the province.那里发生了一次反对省政府的武装暴动.Insurrection must be stopped，＇he said. 他说： “必须制止暴乱.”

insurgency /mn's3:d3ənsi/ [U] fml a state of insurrection 起义；暴动；造反

coup (d'etat) /ku: (der'ta:)/ [C] a sudden action against the government, to force it to be changed（军事）政变：The coup took place at dawn.政变在黎明时发生.

rising /'raizın/ [C] lit & emot the occasion of moving against the rulers; a small rebellion （小规模）起义；造反；叛乱

uprising /'Ap,raizrg/ [C] emot a rising or rebellion 起义；暴动：The uprising was put down without mercy.这次暴动被无情地镇压下去了. There have been many uprisings against the emperor.那里曾发生多次反抗皇帝的起义.

mutiny /'mju:təni/ [C; U] 1 (an example of) the act of taking power from the person in charge, esp from a captain on a ship or an officer in an army 叛变（尤指在船上或在军队中）；兵变：The sailors were all found guilty of mutiny.全体水手都被判犯了叛变罪.A mutinytook place in the army camp.军营发生了兵变.2 a state of feelings or set of actions against someone＇s power 抗命；反抗：She sat in silent mutiny because of what her mother had said. 她坐着，以沉默对抗母亲的话.He started his ownprivate mutiny against his school teachers.他开始私下反抗学校的教师.

revolution /,revə'lu:fən/ [C;U] (a time of) great social change, esp the changing of a ruler or a political system by force 剧烈的社会

变革；（尤指）革命：After a revolution things can never be the same again.经过一场革命，什么都不会再是老样子了.Nothing less than revolution will satisfy them.只有革命才能使他们满意.

subversion/səb'v3:fən/ [U] the act or an act of subverting 颠覆：His behaviour is plainly subversion; he will cause his fellow soldiers to mutiny if we let him continue！他的行为是明显的颠覆活动；如果我们让他继续下去，必将引起与他同伍的士兵哗变！＇Subversion and conspiracy will not succeed; the government will not be defeated in this way，＇he said.他说：“颠覆和阴谋不会得逞；政府是不会这样被打败的.”subver-sive [B] of, concerning, like, or for the purpose of subversion 颠覆的：subversive acts 颠覆活动-ly [adv]-ness [U]

overthrow /'əuvə,θrəu/ [(the) usu sing] removal from official power, esp by force; an act of overthrowing 推翻；打倒

C136 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：persons moving against those in power［C］对抗当权者的人

rebel/'rebal/ a person who habitually rebels or has rebelled 反叛者；造反者；谋反者：Thesoldiers were ordered to capture or kill all the rebels.士兵们接到命令要把全部谋反者生擒或者杀掉.The rebel leaders were executed.叛乱的首领被处决了.He is something of a rebel and will not behave like the others.他的性格有点反叛，行为同别人不一样.

insurgent／in＇s3：d3ənt／［also 又作Wa5；B］fml (a person who is) ready to fight against the people who have power 叛乱分子；造反者；暴动的人；起义者；叛乱的；造反的；暴动的；起义的：Thesoldiers killed the insurgents.士兵杀死了叛乱分子.

mutineer /,mju:tə'nıə/ a person who is taking part or has taken part in a mutiny 叛变分子；反叛者：The captain of the ship hanged three of the mutineers.船长把其中三个叛变分子绞死.

revolutionary /,revə'lu:fənəri/ 1 a person who favours and tries to bring about a revolution 革命者；革命分子：They are revolutionaries who hope to bring down the government.他们都是想推翻政府的革命者．2［Wa2；B］ favouring ortaking part in a revolution（赞同）革命的；参与革命的：These are revolutionary ideas！这些都是革命思想！His revolutionary acts caused his death.他的革命行动招致他的死亡.

terrorist /'terərist/ a person who tries to enforce [→C185] his political demands by doing or threatening acts of violence 使用恐怖手段者；恐怖分子：The terrorists blew up a rail-way bridge.恐怖分子炸毁了一座铁路桥梁.terror-ist acts 恐怖行动

partisan / pa:tə'zæn/1 a mēmber of an armed group that fights in secret against an enemy that has conquered its country（在沦陷区与外国占领军战斗的）游击队员：Armed partisansattacked the army post.武装游击队员袭击了军

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队的驻地．2 a strong，esp unreasoning， supporter of a party，group，plan，etc（尤指盲目效忠的）党徒；坚决支持者：He is a partisan ofextreme nationalism.他是个极端的民族主义者.What partisan ideas！多么强烈的党派想法！

guerrilla, guerilla /gə'rilə/ a person who actively and violently works against an invader ［→C275］ or a government（对抗侵略者或政府的）游击队员：The guerrillas attacked isolated army posts.游击队袭击了孤立的军队哨所.Guer-rilla activity increased in the hills.游击队在山区的活动增加了.

freedom fighter often euph a guerrilla, terror-ist, or partisan who claims or is claimed to be fighting for a people＇s freedom 争取自由的战士subversive /səb'v3:siv/ a person engaged in subversion 颠覆分子：The police were looking for subversives.警察正在搜捕颠覆分子.

C137 verbs 动词：plotting and spying 阴谋与间谍活动

plot／plpt／［IØ；T1］ to make secret plans （for） 密谋：He is plotting against the government／ plotting to overthrow the government.他正在密谋对抗／推翻政府.They are plotting treason［ C138］．他们正在密谋叛国．

conspire ／kən＇sparə／ ［IØ， 3］ to plot together 共同图谋；合谋：They are conspiring to overthrow the government.他们正在合谋推翻政府.Theyconspired （together） against us.他们（共同）密谋反对我们.

betray /br'trei/ [T1]1 to be disloyal or unfaithful to 出卖；背叛；不忠于：He betrayed his country to the enemy．他把自己的国家出卖给敌人．2 togive away or make known 泄露：He betrayed the news to their enemies.他向敌人泄露了消息.

collaborate /kə'læbə,reit/ [IØ (with)] to help the army, etc of an enemy country which has entered one＇s own 通敌（协助入侵的敌军）；勾结：He was killed because he collaborated with the enemy.他由于通敌而被杀.

hatch/hætf [T1 (up)] to think of and develop （plots，etc）策划；图谋不轨：They are hatching a plan to destroy the government. 他们正在策划一项阴谋来破坏政府.What new plots are youhatching up now？你们正在策划什么新阴谋？

spy/spai/[Iø(on)]to watch secretly;to seek to get information secretly 暗中监视；窥探；暗中搜集情报；从事间谍活动：She spies on all herneighbours.她暗中监视所有的邻居.He has beenspying for the enemy！他一直为敌人暗中搜集情报！

C138 nouns 名词：plotting and spying 阴谋与间谍活动

plot/plpt/[C] a secret plan, usu to change a government or other social system 阴谋（尤指推翻政府或改变社会制度）；密谋：It＇s a plot to

C139 POLITICAL TENSION 政治紧张

overthrow lawful government！这是推翻合法政府的阴谋活动！The plot was discovered and the ringleaders put in jail.阴谋败露，头目都被关进了监牢.

conspiracy /kən'spirəsi/ 1 [U] the act of conspiring 合谋；共同密谋：Conspiracy can sometimes be a crime．合谋有时是罪行．2［C］a plan made by conspiring or a group which conspires 阴谋；谋反：The conspiracies of the government＇s enemies were uncovered.反对政府者的阴谋被揭露了.There is a strange conspi-racy of silence to prevent the truth(from) being made known.为了防止泄露真相，他们计划好保持不寻常的缄默.

betrayal /br'treiəl/ [U; C] the act or an act of betraying or being betrayed 背叛；出卖：The betrayal of Jesus by Judas led to his arrest.犹大出卖耶稣，从而使耶稣被捕.She＇s tired of hisconstant betrayals.她对他再三的背叛感到厌恶.

spying／spam／［U］ the activities of a spy 窥探； 间谍行为：The penalty for spying is often death. 对间谍行为的惩处往往是死刑.

espionage／＇espıəna：3／［U］ fml spying 间谍行为； 间谍活动：He was found guilty of espionage and shot.他被判间谍罪而被枪毙.Industrialespionage happens a lot;one company tries to steal the ideas of others.工业间谍活动常有发生，一家公司设法窃取另一家公司的计划.

sabotage/'sæbə,ta:3/ [U] destructive acts, esp in war, done by one person or a small group against an enemy, sometimes within the enemy's own country, to prevent their fighting effectively（尤指战时在敌区为削弱敌人的战斗力而进行的）破坏活动：The guerrillas committed various acts of sabotage against govemment buildings.游击队对政府的建筑物进行各种破坏活动.

treason/'tri:zən/ [U] betrayal of one's country, by helping its enemies or by violence against those in power 叛国（罪）；卖国（罪）：This is an act of treason; the leaders must be arrested immediately.这是叛国行为，必须立即逮捕为首者.high treason fml treason against a king or a country 背叛国王或叛国之罪

C139 nouns 名词： persons plotting and spying［C］进行阴谋与间谍活动的人

plotter /'plotə/ a person who starts or takes part in a plot 阴谋者；密谋者

conspirator /kən'spırətə/ a person taking part in a conspiracy； fml a plotter 参与谋反的人；合谋者；阴谋家 conspiratorial ［B］ of or like conspiracies and conspirators 谋反的；合谋的； 谋反者的；合谋者的

spy/spai/a person who is employed to find out the political secrets of one country and pass them on to an enemy country 间谍：They are enemy spies；arrest them！他们是敌方间谍，把他们抓起来！He likes reading spy stories.他喜欢阅读间谍故事.

ringleader /'ri,li:də/emot deprec the leader

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C150 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 社会阶层

in a secret group, plot or any activity con-sidered subversive（秘密组织的）领头人；主谋人；（叛党的）首领

saboteur /,sæbə't3:/ a person who performs acts of sabotage 从事破坏活动者：Saboteurs blew up the.dam.破坏分子炸毁了水坝.

traitor /'treitə/ a person who betrays anything, esp his country by giving away secrets 叛徒；背叛者；（尤指）卖国贼：He was a traitor to hiscountry and was executed for the crime of high treason.他是国家的叛徒，以叛国罪被处死.traitorous ［B］ of or like a traitor 叛逆的；背叛的：What a traitorous act！真是十足的叛变行为！

collaborator /kə'læbə,reitə/ a person who collaborateswith an invader［→C275］（与侵略者勾结的）通敌者

quisling /'kwizlir/ emot & derog a collaborator 卖国贼；通敌者；内奸

Social classifications and situations

社会阶层与境遇

C150 nouns 名词：social position 社会地位

position /pə'zıfən/ [C; U] a person's place in relation to others 地位：What position does he hold in the company？他在公司里担任什么职位？The child's position was 14th in a class of 32. 班上有三十二人，这孩子名列第十四.These peoplehave a rather low position in society.这些人的社会地位相当低下.People of high position often visit that house.有地位的人经常去那所房子.Aman in his position in society should be care-ful what he does.有他那种社会地位的人做事应该谨慎.Position and money are all that matter to him.他看重的只是地位和金钱.

rank／rænk／1［U］ high social position 高位；显贵： He is a person of rank; be careful how you speak to him.他是个有地位的人，对他说话要谨慎一点．2［C］ degree of value， ability， impor-tance，etc 等级；地位；身分：He will become a soldier of the highest rank.他会成为最高军阶的军人.[C297-300]

status /'steitəs/[U;C] (high) position in a social group 地位；身分；重要地位：He has a jobwith a rather low status.他从事地位相当低下的工作.The presence of a great tennis player gave status to the club＇s events.网球会举办的这次赛事由于一位著名网球手的参赛而备受注目.Thischange will not affect your status in the company.这项变动并不影响你在公司的地位.status symbol [C] an object which serves to show the high status of its owner 地位的象征； 身分的表征：An expensive car is a status symbol.豪华的汽车是地位的象征.

station /'steifən/ [C] fml & old use a social position 社会地位：He has fallen to a much

lower station in life than he used to have.和他过去的社会地位相比，他已经一落千丈.

standing ／＇stændin／ ［U；S］ genl status 身分；地位：His standing in this town is high.他在这城镇的地位很高.He is a person of some standing in this town.他在这个城镇是个有点地位的人.

class/kla:s/1[U] the fact that there are diffe-rent social groups of various ranks 阶级： Questions of class divide the nation.阶级问题使这个国家分裂.Politics often relate to class.政治往往和阶级有关．2［C］ a social group of acertain rank 某个阶级：The various classes of society do not always get on well together.社会上不同的阶级并非总是和睦相处.He said thatclass differences in that country are not as obvious as in this one.他说，那个国家的阶级差别不如这个国家的明显.

caste/ka:st/1 [C] a social division of society based on differences of wealth, rank, rights, profession, or job, esp one of the social classes of Hinduism 社会等级（特别是印度教）；种姓：He belonged to the lowest caste and could not therefore eat with the others.他属于最低种姓，因而不能和别人一起吃饭．2［U］socialposition 等级制度；社会地位：Caste is the mostimportant thing in her life.社会地位是她生活中最重要的东西.lose caste to come down insocial rank；lose people＇s respect 失去社会地位； 失去人们的尊敬

C151 nouns 名词：breeding and repute 教养与名声

breeding /'bri:dn/ [U] social condition, usu of being superior socially, due to a person's birth，upbringing， or to both of these 教养： The old duchess [→C158] insisted that a person's breeding always showed; she said that a man of breeding (= high social back-ground） always knew how to behave.老公爵夫人坚称，一个人的教养总会表露出来的；她说，有教养的人总是知道怎样才能举止得体.What bad／goodbreeding she shows／has！她（表现得）多么有／没教养！

class/kla:s/ [U] infml social or personal excel-lence 优秀；卓越；风度；气质：That girl＇s gotclass；she＇s wonderful.那女孩很有风度，她真是好极了.People ofclass use that hotel.上等人去那家旅馆.classy［Wal；B］infml having class 优等的；上等的；漂亮的；有风度的：She was wearinga classy outfit at the party.在那次聚会上，她穿一身雍容华贵的晚装.Where did you get thatclassy tie？你从哪儿弄来这条漂亮的领带？

reputation / repju'teifən/ [C] general opinion about the qualities of a person 名誉；声誉；名声： He has an excellent reputation as a doctor.作为医生，他享有盛名.She has gained quite areputation（for herself） as a cook.她当厨师手艺好，很有名气.

repute/ri'pju:t/ [U] often fml good or bad repu-tation（好的或坏的）名声；名誉：He is a doctor ofgreat repute. 他是个很有声望的医生.I know

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him by repute，not personally.我只是闻其名，跟他并无私交.She is a person of low repute here. 她在这儿名声不好.

name /neim/ [C] 1 [usu sing] a reputation; recognition by others 名誉；声望：He has a good name in the business;you can trust him. 他在该行业很有信誉；你可以信赖他.She madequite a name for herself/made her name (= became famous） as a painter.她当画家出了名. The school has a name for good science teaching．这所学校以理科教学素质好而闻名．2infml a person 名人 （esp in the phrs big name，famous name，etc 名士，名人等）：There were several (big) names (= famous people) at the party.有好几个名人参加了那次聚会.

C152 nouns 名词：classes in societies ［（the）GC］社会上的阶级

ruling class all the members of the families of those who rule any society or country 统治阶级：She belongs to the ruling class and has considerable political power.她属于统治阶级， 在政治上有相当势力.

upper class a small social class whose mem-bers belong to a few old families, are very rich and own a great deal of land 上层阶级：The upper class in Britain is not as politically powerful as it once was.英国上层阶级的政治势力已今不如昔.He spoke with an upper-class accent.他说话带有上层阶级的腔调.

middle class the (usu large) social class whose members belong to professions or run busi-nesses 中产阶级：The middle class in Britain increased rapidly after the Industrial Revolu-tion.工业革命后，英国中产阶级迅速壮大.He hastypical middle-class views on private property and hard work；he believes in both.他抱有典型的中产阶级观点，对于私有财产与勤奋工作这两方面他都很赞成.

working class the large social class to which people belong who work with their hands 劳动阶级：Many of the students in that college come from the working class.那所大学有很多学生都出身于劳动阶级.She comes from a respect-able working-class home.她出身于正派的劳动阶级家庭.

lower class often deprec a social class gener-ally regarded as being of the lowest rank 下层阶级：He obviously belongs to the lower classes，my dear！亲爱的，他显然属于下层阶级！'Must you bring your lower-class friends home with you，John？＇his mother asked.他的母亲问道：“约翰，你一定要把你那些下层阶级的朋友带到家里来吗？”

C154 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 社会阶层

izations and people who (are said to) control public life and support the established order of society 现存的权力机构或当权者；统治集团；政府：The new play attacks the Establishment. 那出新戏对政府进行攻击.The Establishment areagainst these new ideas.政府反对这些新思想.He doesn＇t like her Establishment ideas.他不喜欢她那些官方想法.

élite /r'li:t/ [GC] sometimes deprec the most important people in a social group 杰出人物；优秀分子；精华；高贵者：He is a member of theélite， and believes he is a natural leader.他是社会精英分子，自信是当然的领袖.Social élitesgenerally wish to keep power to themselves.社会精英通常都希望能把持权力.He belongs to thescientific élite of his country.他是该国的科学精英分子.

aristocracy / ærə'stpkrəsi/ [(the) GC] 1 mem-bers of the upper class, esp people from noble families and with titles of rank 贵族；贵族阶级： She belongs to the landed aristocracy.她属于拥有土地的贵族阶级.2 (fig) the finest membersof any group or class in any activity 最优等的人；上流社会；特殊阶级

nobility /nəu'biləti/ [(the) GU] people of the upper class， who have titles， land，etc 贵族阶级：The nobility usually resist social change， because it generally reduces their power and wealth.贵族阶级通常都抗拒社会变革，因为这通常会削减他们的权力和财富.

gentry /'d3entri/[(the) GU] people socially just below the nobility 绅士；上流社会人上；中上阶层（尤指英国仅次于贵族者）：He belongs to thelocal landed gentry.他属于拥有土地的乡绅阶层.The gentry don't like him because he's a bit of a radical［→C113］．那些绅士都不喜欢他，因为他有点激进.

bourgeoisie /,buə3wa:'zi:/ [(the) GU] some-times deprec (esp in socialism) the middle or capitalist class（尤指社会主义所称的）中产阶级或资产阶级

proletariat / prəulə'teəriət/ [(the) GU] (esp in socialism) the mass of wage-earners, esp those working with their hands 无产阶级proletarian 1 [Wa5; B] relating to the prolet-ariat 无产阶级的2［C］a member of the prolet-ariat 无产者

masses/'mæsiz/[the P] the ordinary people of society 民众；群众：He spent his time trying to improve the living conditions of the masses. 他致力于改善民众的生活条件.

grass roots [(the) P] ordinary people, not those with political power 基层群众：Opinion at (the) grass roots (level) is sym-pathetic to the strikers.基层群众的意见是同情罢工者.

C154 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：

persons of the same social level 同一

社会阶层的人

establishment/r'stæblifmənt/[the GU; A often

cap]esp BrE, often derog the powerful organ- equal/'i:kwəl/[C] a person who is the same as

C153 nouns 名词： levels in societies 社会

上的阶层 [ALSO→C72]

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C155 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 社会阶层

another, esp\_ socially, mentally [→ G7], inferior/in'fiərə/ 1 [Wa5; B] lower in social or

other rank 下级的；下等的：These people occupy

an inferior position in local society.这些人在

当地社会的地位低下．2［C］sometimes deprec a

person of lower social or other rank 下级：He＇s

their inferior socially. 他的社会地位比他们低.

Don't be afraid of making your inferiors work

harder.不要怕要求下属工作更卖力气.They

regarded their servants as their inferiors in

every way.他们处处都视仆人为下等人.

subordinate /sə'bo:dmneit/ 1 [Wa5; B] of a

lower rank or position 从属的；下级的：He has a

very subordinate position in the company.他

在公司里职位十分低下.She is subordinate to

her husband in every way.她在各方面都依从丈

夫．2［C］ a person who is of lower rank in a

job下属；下级：He treats his subordinates well，

but expects them to work hard.他对下级不错，

但期望他们努力工作.

C157 nouns 名词：persons and ranks in

societies 社会成员与等级

physically［B2］，etc同等的人；相等的人：They are equals in these matters.在这些事情上他们是半斤八两.Though she is not his social equal， he is determined to marry her.虽然她与他不门当户对，他决心和她结婚.

peer /pıə/ [C] an equal in age, rank,quality,or worth，etc 同辈；同等的人：Older boys and girls form groups of their peers/form peer groups. 年纪大一些的男孩和女孩自成一伙.These peopleare peers in all except name.这些人除名字不同外其他方面都属近似.

egalitarian /I,gælə'teəriən/, also less common equalitarian /I,kwplə'teəriən/ 1 [C] a person who believes that all people are essentially equal 平等主义者；主张人人平等的人：He is anegalitarian in social matters.在社会问题上，他是一个平等主义者．2［B］relating to any idea orset of ideas which take all people as equals 平等主义的；主张人人平等的 egalitarianism，equalitarianism [U] the system of all people being equal; any situation where such principles are used 平等主义；平均主义

C155 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to levels in societies 有关社会各阶层的

noble /'nəubəl/ [A; (B)] esp old use belonging to the upper class 贵族的；上层阶级的：He is ayoung man of noble family／birth.他是个出身上层阶级的年轻人.

titled/'taitld/ [B] having a social title[→G233] and therefore belonging to the upper class 有爵位的；有头衔的：She is a member of the titledaristocracy.她是个有封号的贵族.

common /'kpmən/ [Wa5; B] esp old use not noble 平民的；非贵族的：He is a commonfellow.他是个平民.

betters /'betəz/ [P] those people whom the speaker regards as higher socially than the person spoken to／about 长辈；上司；胜于己者： You must not speak so rudely to your betters! 你不应对长辈如此粗鲁地说话！He shows norespect towards his betters.他对长辈十分不敬.

C156 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：(relating to) persons of higher or lower social position（有关）社会地位较高或较低的人

superior/su:'pıərıə/1 [Wa5; B] higher in social or other rank 上级的；较高的：They occupy a very superior position in local society. 他们在当地社会地位很高．2［C］ a person of highersocial or other rank 上级；上司：Tell him to address his superiors more politely.告诉他，和上级说话要客气些.I＇ll speak to your superiorabout this careless work！我要和你的上级谈谈有关这件马虎工作的事！I must pass this report tomy superior.我必须把这份报告转给我的上司.

noble/'nəubəl/[C] esp old use a person who has a title passed down to him in his family （世袭）贵族：The king was surrounded by his nobles.国王身边围着他的贵族.

nobleman/noblewoman [C] old use a man／woman of noble birth 出身贵族的男人／女人：The king summoned the local noblemen to the castle.国王召集当地的贵族男子到城堡里去.

peer／prə／［C］（in Britain）（在英国）1 a member of any one of five ranks of noblemen (baron, viscount，earl，marquis，and duke）（男爵、子爵、伯爵、侯爵和公爵中的任何一员）贵族2 anyperson who has the right to sit in the House of Lords （＝ the upper house in Parliament）上议院议员 peer of the realm a peer whoreceived his rank from a king or queen through his parents, and who passes it to his eldest son when he dies 世袭贵族 life peer a peer who holds his rank only during his own lifetime and cannot pass it to his eldest son （不传代）终身贵族

peeress／＇piəris／［C］ a woman peer 女贵族；贵妇； 上议院女议员；贵族夫人

peerage /'piərid3/ 1 [U;C] the whole group of peers（总称）贵族2［C］the rank of a peer 贵族爵位

aristocrat /'æristəkræt/ [C] a person of noble family and/or with the ideas and inclinations of the nobility 贵族中的一员；贵族政治论者aristocratic [B] of or like an aristocrat orthe aristocracy［→C153］贵族的；贵族式的；主张贵族制度的：He has a very aristocratic manner.他很有贵族风范．-ally［adv Wa4］

gentleman /'d3entlmən/ [C] 1 old use a man of a higher social position but not of a noble family，esp one who serves a king or nobles 有身分的上流人士（但非贵族出身，尤指王室的侍从）2 (formerly) a man who had money and did

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not need to work 富有而不从事任何职业的人3aman who behaves well towards others and who can be trusted to keep his promises and always act honourably 绅士；君子4［also 又作（pl）N］ polite a man 先生：A gentleman called to see you.一位先生前来看你.Ladies andgentlemen，let us begin.各位先生、女士，我们开始吧！

lady /'leidi/ [C; (pl) N] polite a woman, esp a woman of higher social position or of good manners and education 女士；贵妇：She＇s a real lady.她是一位真正的贵妇.Ask the ladies tocome in.请女士们进来.There＇s a lady to see you，sir.先生，有一位女士要见你.

commoner/'kpmənə/ [C] a person who is not noble 平民：There are stories of nobles marrying commoners, but these are unusual; the two groups normally did not intermarry. 贵族娶（嫁）平民的事会有，但不常见；这两类人之间通常是不通婚的.

C158 nouns，etc 名词等：ranks and titles of the British aristocracy，etc 英国贵族的等级头衔等

|  |
| --- |
| Ranks according to sex and position按性别和地位厘定的等级 |
| sexposi-性别tion 地位 | male男 | female女 |
| highest最高lowest最低 | duke公爵marquis,marquess侯爵earl伯爵viscount子爵baron男爵baronet从男爵knight爵士 | duchess女公爵；公爵夫人marchioness女侯爵；侯爵夫人countess女伯爵；伯爵夫人viscountess女子爵；子爵夫人baroness女男爵；男爵夫人lady从男爵夫人lady爵士夫人 |

duke／dju：k／［C；A］（the title of） a prince（王子的爵位）公爵：Prince Charles is also the Duke of Cornwall.查尔斯王子也是康瓦耳公爵.DukeWilliam of Normandy invaded England.诺曼第的威廉公爵入侵英格兰．ducal［Wa5；B］relat-ing or belonging to a duke or duchess 公爵的； 女公爵的

count/kaunt/[C; A] (a title for) a nobleman in Europe 伯爵（贵族头衔，用于欧洲）countess［C；A](the title of) the wife of an earl or count,

C158 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 社会阶层

or a woman of the same rank 伯爵夫人；女伯爵baron／＇bærən／ ［C］ 1 ［also 又作 A］ （a nobleman with) the lowest rank in the House of Lords 男爵（上议院的最低等级）2［also 又作A；N］（thetitle of） certain European noblemen（欧洲）男爵：Come，Baron，we must talk.男爵，来，我们得谈一谈．3 esp AmE a very important and powerful businessman 大老板；商业巨头：He is a newspaper baron. 他是报界巨头.The cattle barons held a meeting.养牛业巨头们开了一次会议.baroness ［C； A］（the title of） the wife of a baron，or a woman of the same rank 男爵夫人； 女男爵

baronet /'bærənit/ [C] (a man who has) a rank below that of a baron and above that of a knight，but is not a peer 从男爵（不属贵族）：Sir George is a local baronet; his title is heredi-tary[→C17] and he wasn't personally knighted.乔治爵士是当地的从男爵；他的头衔是继承的，他本人并未受封.

knight/nait/1[C](formerly) a noble soldier on horseback， usu serving a ruler 骑士；武士：The knights charged the enemy．骑士向敌人冲去．2 [C] a man who has been given a certain title of honour by a king or queen of Great Britain， with a rank below the rank of lord 爵士（英王赐予的荣誉头衔，在贵族之下）：GeorgeSmith was made a knight for his service to his country and thereafter was known as Sir George（Smith）.乔治·史密斯由于对国家有贡献而获封为爵士，此后就以乔治（史密斯）爵士知名于世．3 ［T1］ to make into a knight 封为爵士：The king knighted George Smith.国王封乔治·史密斯为爵士.knighthood ［U；C］ the status of being a knight 爵士地位；爵士身分

lord／b：d／ ［C］1 a peer［→C157］贵族：The king summoned his lords． 国王召见贵族．2 any nobleman with power 任何有势力的贵族：Several great local lords attended the hunt.当地几位贵族大老爷都去打猎了．3［also 又作A；myN often cap] the title of a lord, king, bishop, etc阁下；君王；大人；老爷；勋爵（对贵族、国王、主教等的尊称）：There is good news，my Lord.老爷，有好消息.Lord George came to see Lady Jane.乔治勋爵来见琼夫人.

lady/'leidi/[C; A; my N often cap] a title of a marchioness, countess,baroness; the wife of a baronet or a knight 女侯爵；女伯爵；女男爵；从男爵夫人或爵士夫人（的称谓）：Lady Mountbattenvisited the hospital.蒙巴顿夫人参观了医院.SirGeorge and Lady Smith were among the guests.客人当中有乔治爵士伉俪.

Sir／s3：／［A］ the title of a knight or baronet 爵士或从男爵（的称谓）：Sir George is a knight， not abaronet.乔治爵士是个爵士，不是从男爵.

squire/skwarə/[C]1(formerly) a young man attending a knight until he himself became a knight 骑士的随从（直至他成为骑士为止）2（inEngland) the chief landowner, often titled (= having a title），in a country parish（英国）乡绅； （某一教区）最大的地主：Sir George is the squirehereabouts.乔治爵士是这一带最大的地主.

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C159 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 社会阶层

C159 nouns 名词：persons in social

positions［C］不同社会身分的人

toff /tof/ sl esp BrE a person of social impor-tance，esp well-dressed 纨袴子弟；花花公子；时髦人物：Some toffs gave him the money； he didn＇t steal it！钱是几个纨袴子弟给他的，不是他偷的！

snob /snpb/ deprec a person who thinks it important to be of a high social class and dislikes (and does not want to know) those of a lower class and their ways 势利的人；谄上欺下的人：I＇m afraid she is a bit of a snob.我恐怕她有点儿势利眼.Those people are all snobs.那些人都是势利鬼.-bery ［U］ snobbish ［B］ like a snob 势利的；谄上欺下的：Don＇t be snobbishabout people.对人不要势利.-ness［U］-ly［adv］ upstart /'Ap,sta:t/ deprec a person who has risen suddenly or unexpectedly to a high position and who is felt to be taking advan-tage of the power he has gained 发横财的人；暴

发户

social climber often deprec a person who wants to join a higher social class and .tries to do this by friendship with people from this class 想办法挤入上流社会的人；攀高结贵者；结交权贵向上爬的人

C160 nouns 名词：leaders and bosses ［C］领导与主管

leader/'li:də/1 a person who guides or leads a group，movement，etc 领导者；领袖；首领：The miners' leaders talked together and came to a decision．矿工领袖们商谈后作出了决定．2aperson or thing that leads or is in advance of others 领先的人或事物：That.paper is the national leader for political news.那家报纸的政治新闻堪称全国第一.

head／hed／（fig） a leader 首脑；领袖：He is the head of the group.他是这个组的头.The confe-rence is for heads of govemment.这是政府首脑会议.

lord /b:d/(formerly) a ruler; a man in charge of land and the people who work on it 统治者； 领主：He was a great lord and has four castles. 他是个大领主，拥有四个城堡.The lord of themanor ordered his men to kill any peasant［→C169］ hunting on his land．庄园主命令他手下的人，对任何到他领地上打猎的农夫格杀勿论.

lady/'leidi/ a woman in a position of command or control 女主人；主妇：She＇s the lady of the house.她是这家的主妇.The lady of the manor sent for him.庄园女主人派人去叫他.

chief /tfi:f/ a leader; ruler; person with highest rank; head of a party, organization, tribe,etc 头目；首领；首长；首脑；酋长；族长：Everyoneobeyed the chief of the clan [→C11]/obeyed the clan chief.大家都听命于氏族的首领.CrazyHorse was war chief of the Sioux nation.“疯

马”是苏族印第安人的军事首领.The chief ofpolice／The police chiefspoke to his men. 警长对他的部属讲话.-in-chief ［comb form］ having the highest rank 总···： In World War Two General Eisenhower was commander-in-chief of the armed forces.在第二次世界大战中，艾森豪威尔将军是武装部队的总司令.

chieftain /'tfi:ftin/ the leader of a (smaller) tribe or other such group 头子；首领 chief-taincy, chieftainship [U] the condition or status of being a chief or chieftain 首领地位

master /'ma:stə/ 1 a man in control of or owning people， animals， things 主人：After hard fighting the defenders were still masters of the city.经过激烈战斗，守卫者仍控制着那个城市.Only its master can ride that horse.只有马的主人能骑那匹马．2 a man who is the head of ahouse，etc 户主：Send for the master；there are strangers coming！派人去请主人来；有几个陌生人来了！3 （esp formerly） a man employing workers or servants 雇主（often in the phr masters and men 主人和仆人）：He is master of 1,000 workers． 他是一千个工人的雇主．beone＇s own master be independent 自由独立； 不受他人控制 mastery［U］ the position or power of a master 主人的地位；主人的权力

mistress /'mistris/ a woman who is in the position of a master 女主人：Better ask the mistress＇s permission before going. 走之前，最好先得到女主人的许可.She is mistress of thewhole house.她是一家之主.The servants obeyed their mistress in everything.仆人凡事都服从他们的女主人.

boss/bps/ often infml (esp in places of work) a leader，employer（尤指在工作场所的）工头；老板；掌柜：He＇s the boss here； better ask his permission.他是这里的头儿，最好先得到他的同意.Where＇s yourlthe boss，Bill？比尔，你的老板在哪里？She＇s the boss in that family， not her husband.她才是一家之主，不是她丈夫.bossy[Wal;B] infml deprec like a boss; inclined to give too many orders 擅权的；专横的；跋扈的；爱发号施令的-ily［adv］-iness［U］

C161 nouns 名词： servants and menials ［C］佣人与仆人

servant /'s3:vənt/ a person who works for another, esp in the other's house or in personal service 仆人；佣人；佣工：That family have always had plenty of servants.那家人向来雇有许多仆人.I＇ll get a servant to see you toyour car.我派个仆人送你上车.

servitor ／＇s3：vətə／ old use or fml a servant 从者； 仆从；侍从：An old servitor opened the door.一个老仆把门打开.

domestic (servant) /də'mestik ('saivənt)/ a servant in a house 家仆：Don＇t let the domestics know that he has left.不要让家里的仆人们知道他已经走了.

attendant /ə'tendənt/1 a person who goes with and serves or looks after another 随从；侍从：

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