N321 verbs 动词：severing and

disconnecting 切断与断开

sever /'sevə/ [T1; IØ] 1 to break or (be) cut up, esp into two parts 切断；割断；断；断裂（尤指分成两部分）：She used scissors to sever the threads. 她用剪刀把这些线剪断.The rope severed underthe heavy weight.绳子在沉重的负荷下断了.Thetwo countries have severed their relations (= ceased to deal officially with each other）.这两个国家已断绝关系了．2［（from）］to（cause to） goapart，esp with force；separate（使）分离；把··· 分隔开：The handle of the cup severed when it hit the floor.茶杯掉到地上时，杯柄摔断了.Theisland is severed from the mainland by 50 miles of water.这个岛与大陆之间相隔五十英里水域.

shear/frə/1 [T1] to cut off (esp wool) from esp sheep（尤指从羊身上）剪（羊毛）：He sheared thesheep.他给羊剪羊毛.His hair is so long it needs shearing，not cutting！他头发很长，需要大剪，而不是小剪！2［T1］ esp lit to cut off （hair）or hair from 剃（头发）；剪去毛发：He lookedstrange with his closely shorn head.他头发剃得很短，看起来很怪．3 ［IØ；T1： （off）］tech a （esp of thin rods, pins, etc) to break in two under a sideways or twisting force（尤指细针等）截断；拧断 b to cause （esp a thin rod， pin， etc） to break in this way 使（细针等）截断或拧断 beshorn of to lose by the action of another 剥夺： The king was shorn of his power by his nobles.国王的权力被贵族剥夺了.

disconnect /,diskə'nekt/ [T1] 1 [(from)] to undo the connection of （material things）切断（物体）；使分离：disconnect the telephone 切断电话；disconnect a water pipe from the main supply 把水管关闭，切断供水2 to break the tele-phone connection between （two people） 把（两人间的电话）通话切断：I think we＇ve beendisconnected. Will you ring that number again，please？我想我们的通话被切断了.请你再拨一次那个电话号码好吗？

N322 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

separating and dividing 分离与隔开

separate /'sepə,reit/1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) be apart or separate［→M121］分离；分开：Separate the longer ones from the shorter ones.把长的和短的分开来.The outside parts have begun to separate from the inside parts.外面的部分已开始和里面的部分分开了．2［T1］to keep apart 分开；分隔：The policeman separated the two fighters．警察把两个打架的人拉开．3［IØ］to moveapart 分居；分手：They were happily married when I last saw them in 1990, but now they have separated．1990年我最后一次见到他们时，他们是一对恩爱夫妻，但现在却分居了．separation 1[U] the state of being separated or the act of separating 分离；分开：Separation of the two groups is necessary; if not, they will kill each

N322 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

other.把这两伙人分开是必要的，否则他们会互相残杀．2 ［C usu sing］ an example or result of this 分离；分居；分离物：After a separation of three years they are living together again as husband and wife.他们在分居三年之后又再成为夫妇重新生活在一起了.

part /pa:t/ [T1; IØ] 1 esp fml, lit & emot to separate, esp into two groups, parts, positions, places， etc； to （cause to）be apart（使···）分开（尤指一分为二）：The soldiers parted as the king＇s men approached.国王的卫队到来时，士兵们分散到两边去.We must part you now，＇hesaid sadly to the mother and child.“现在我们得与你们道别了，”他难过地对那母子俩说.Theywere parted by the war.战争把他们分开了.Wewere parted as children and did not meet again for 20 years．我们儿时分手，二十年以后才再见面.（fig）I don＇t agree with you； we must part (company) on that point (= we must disagree）.我不同意你的看法，在那一点上我们只好分道扬镳了．2a（of the hair） to separate into two（指头发）分缝b to separate（one＇s hair）把（头发）梳向两边：He parts his hair in themiddle／on the left.他把头发从中间／从左边分开.parting1 ［U］ the act or occasion of parting 离别；分别：Their parting was very sad.他们依依惜别.The parting of the crowd allowed the king＇s men to pass through.人群分散开来，让国王的卫队通过．2［C］a separation of the hair into two parts 头发的分缝：He has a middle parting.他的头发在中间分缝.Her parting is onthe right．她的头发在右面分缝．3［À］on leaving临别的；离别的：His parting orders were for them to continue the fight.他临走时给他们下的命令是继续战斗.

divide /də'vaid/1 [T1; Iø: (into)] to (cause to) become two or more 分；分成（两部分或几部分）；划分：Does this table divide？-Yes； it divides into two separate parts.这张桌子能拆开吗？-能，可以拆成两半.This class is too large；we shall have to divide it.这个班太大，必须分班.Divide this line into 20 equal parts．把这条线分成二十等分．2［T1（from）］ to be that which sep-arates (two things) or comes between (two parts of one thing） 分开；隔开：The new road will divide the farm.新修的路将把农场分成两部分.A low brick wall divides our garden from／ and our neighbour＇s garden.一堵矮砖墙把我们的花园和邻居的花园分开来．3［T1（between）］touse (different amounts of the same thing) for different purposes 分配：He divides his time between reading and writing.他把时间分别用在阅读和写作上．4［T1（by or from）］ to separate into groups according to some system 把···分类；分组：Divide the books according to subject／by subject.把这些书按学科分类.Divide the younger children and/from the older chil-dren.把年幼的孩子和年龄大的孩子分开来.Dividethem by age．按年龄大小把他们分开来．5［T1（up，between, among or with)] to separate and give out or share 分享；分摊：This fruit is forall of you so divide it equally.这个果子是给你们大家的，你们平均分掉吧.Divide the cake（up）between／among you.你们把这块蛋糕分着吃.

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N323 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

Divide the cake with your sister.和你妹妹分吃

这块蛋糕．6［T1］ to be an important cause of

disagreement between; to separate\_into

opposing groups 使对立；使（意见）分歧：I hope

this disagreement does not divide us. 我希望

这个意见分歧不会使我们对立.Opinions are

divided on the question.关于这个问题意见有分

歧．7［T1；IØ］to （cause to） vote by separating

into one group for and one group against（使）

分赞成和反对两组进行表决：Parliament divided

on the question and the Government won

narrowly.议会就这个问题进行表决，政府以微弱多

数获胜.The opposition tried to divide Parlia-

ment again soon afterwards.反对派试图使议会

不久以后再度进行表决．division 1［U］ the act，

occasion or result of dividing or being divided

分开；划分：Division of the work is necessary；

one person cannot do it all.分工是必要的，一个

人做不了全部工作.The division of the money

among them was fairly done.他们分钱分得很公

平.The division. of the children into groups

was according to age.孩子们是按照年龄划分小

组的．2 ［C］ a result of dividing； one part into

which something is divided 划分；部门：Was

that a fair division of the work／money？工作／

钱分得公平吗？He runs the sales division of the

company．他掌管该公司的销售部．3［C］a

dividing line，etc 分界线：The wall serves as a

division between the land of the two families.

这堵墙是这两家的土地之间的分界线.In England

divisions between social classes are still clearly

marked.在英国，社会阶级之间的界线仍然十分清

楚．4［C］ a separation into two groups for

voting purposes 分组表决：There was a division

in Parliament on the matter, and our party

won the vote.议会就此事进行了表决，我们党获

胜.divisive ［B］ causing divisions 引起分裂的；

造成不和的：These plans are divisive； they will

divide the country into opposing groups.这些

计划将引起意见分歧，它们将把全国分成对立的派别.

split/split/1 [IØ; T1: (up)] not fml to divide into

parts，groups，etc 分；分裂；分开；裂开：After the

class the students split up.课后学生便散开了.

They split the class into three groups.他们把全

班分成三组.Let＇s split up the money now.我们

现在就把钱分了吧．2［C］not fml a division 分裂：

His ideas have caused a split in the group;

some like them， some don＇t.他的意见在小组内

引起分歧，有的人喜欢，有的人不喜欢．3［C］a long

narrow break，cut or tear 裂缝；裂口：There＇s a

split in this piece of wood/down the back of

her coat.这块木头／她外衣背后裂开了.

break down [v adv; T1] infml to divide,split,

etc 分开；分解：The scientists tried to break

down the substance into its parts.科学家们试图把这物质分解.The weather slowly breaks down rocks into soil.气候缓慢地把岩石风化成土壤.

sunder /'sandə/ [T1] fml & lit to separate or break into two parts 分开；隔开；切断（成两部分）：Their friendship was sundered by the news.这消息使他们绝交了.

disengage /,disi'geid3/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) separate or detach (a person, oneself or a

thing from some other person or thing）（使） 脱离接触；解开；脱离：The two armies disen-gaged.这两个部队脱离接触了.The driver of thevehicle disengaged the gear.汽车司机把排挡脱开.disengagement［U］

detach/dr'tætf/ [T1; (IØ)] to unfasten and take away；to separate （one thing from another） 拆开；分开；分离：He detached all the tops from the bottles. 他把所有的瓶盖都揭开了.detach-ment[U]

partition/pa:'tıfən/ [T1] to divide, esp a country 分开；分割（尤指国家）：British India was par-titioned into India and Pakistan.英属印度被分为印度和巴基斯坦．partition off ［v adv；T1］to divide (one part of a place) off from another by using a partition［■D22］（用隔板等）隔开： He partitioned off a corner of the big room.他把大房间的一角隔开来.

branch /bra:ntf/ [IØ] to divide into branches like parts of a tree 岔开；分支：The road branched and hewent left.路分岔了，他走左边的岔道.

N323 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：cutting off and isolating［T1］隔绝与孤立

cut off ［v adv］1 ［also 又作 D1（for）］ to separate by cutting 切掉；割开：She cut off a small piece of cake and gave it to me.她切了一小片蛋糕给我．2 to disconnect 切断：We were cut off in the middle of our telephone conversation.我们通电话时，话说了一半线就断了．3［（from）］to blockoff or surround so that further movement out or in is impossible 隔断；隔绝：The enemy cut off all the supplies from the advancing army. 敌人切断了前进部队的一切供应.When the citywas cut off, everyone knew that total defeat was certain.该城一被封锁，大家便知道肯定要彻底失败了．4 to take from （a person） the right to have one＇s property when one is dead 剥夺（某人的）继承权：If you marry that girl I＇ll cut you off completely／without a penny！如果你和那少女结婚，我将完全剥夺你的财产继承权！

isolate /'arsəleit/ [often pass] 1 to cause to be alone or separated from others 使孤立；使隔绝： His illness isolated him from other people.他的病使他断绝了与别人的来往.Several familieshave been isolated by the lack of buses.由于没有公共汽车通行，有好几个家庭已与外界隔绝了．2to keep apart (from other people) so that a disease will not be spread 使隔离：He has been isolated until we know whether he has caught the disease.在我们确定他是否已染上这种病之前，他一直要被隔离．3 to separate one substance from others so that it can be examined alone （把一个物质和其它物质）分离开来（以便单个分析）；分解；使离析：They have isolated the virus ［→A37］in its pure form． 他们把这种病毒的纯形式分离出来了.isolation［U］ the act，occasion or result of isolating or being isolated 隔离；孤立；分解；分离：This is a dangerous disease； isolation ofall the people who have been close to the dead man is necessary.这是一种危险的

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疾病，有必要把所有接近过死者的人全部隔离起来.All the people must be kept in isolation until it is clear that they don't have the dis-ease.必须把所有的人都隔离起来，直到弄清楚他们没有染上这种疾病.He lived on a small island，in isolation from modern life.他住在一个小岛上，与现代生活隔绝.

insulate/'Insju,leIt/1 to use a material as or act as a protection against unseen forces passing through another 使绝缘；使隔热；使隔音：Manyhouses could be warmer if they were insulated so that heat is not lost.许多房子要是能隔热，使热气不散失，就会更加暖和.My flàt is sound-proof because some material in the walls insulates it from the next one.我的寓所是隔音的，因为墙内有一种材料使隔壁的声音传不过来.Always insulate the wires which carry an elec-tric current．任何时候都要把导电的电线绝缘．2[(from)] (fig) to protect (a person) from ordi-nary experiences 使隔离：Don＇t insulate your mother from everyday difficulties even if she is old.即使你母亲年事已高，也不要让她与日常事务隔绝．insulation ［U］1 the act or result of insulating or being insulated 绝缘；隔热；隔音： These electric wires need insulation.这些电线需要绝缘．2 the materials used for this 绝缘（或隔热、隔音）材料：This thick cloth is a good insulation against the cold.这种厚布是御寒的好材料. insulator ［C］ a substance， material， ap-paratus, etc that insulates, esp an electrical apparatus for supporting wires 绝热体；隔音体； （尤指）绝缘体

N324 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：piercing and probing 刺穿与探查

pierce／pIəs／［T1］1 ［also 又作 IØ］ （to use some-thing sharp or pointed in order) to go into or through（something）（用尖锐物）刺穿；刺破；戳入：The needle pierced her finger.针刺破了她的手指.He pierced the rubber ball with a knife. 他用一把小刀刺破了这个橡皮球.Arrows andspears are weapons that pierce.箭和矛是锋利的武器．2 to make （a hole） using a pointed in-strument穿（洞、孔）：This bird pierces holes in trees with its beak［→A122］．这鸟用喙在树上啄洞．3 to force or make （a way） into or through （something）闯入；突人；突破：Wepierced our way through the thick forest.我们披荆斩棘穿过密林.（fig）He couldn＇t pierce her unfriendly manner．他未能突破她那冷淡的不友好态度．4（oflight, sound, pain, etc) to be suddenly seen, heard or felt in or through (someone or some-thing）（指光、声、痛苦等）突然被看到、听到或感到：A cry of fear pierced the silence.一声惊叫刺破了寂静.The cold pierced him to the bone.他突然感到寒冷刺骨.No light has ever pierceddown here.任何光线都从未射到这下面来过.

prick /prik/1 [T1 (with, on)] to make a very small hole or holes in the skin or surface of (something or oneself) with a sharp-pointed object 刺（穿）；扎（穿）：When she was sewing

N324 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

she pricked her finger and made it bleed.她做针线活时，被针扎了一下手指，使手指流血了.A beepricks the skin with its sting.蜜蜂用刺螫人.She pricked herself on a needle．她被针扎了一下．2 [T1 (off,out, in)] to make (a small hole or other mark) in a surface by using a pointed tool刺出；（刺穿小孔）标出：Prick a few holes inthe centre of the pastry. 在点心中间扎几个眼.He pricked out a circle in the metal.他在这块金属上刺了一个圆圈．3［T1；IØ］to（cause to） feela sensation of light sharp pain on the skin 把···刺痛；（使）刺痛：The leaves of this plant prick if you touch them.如果你摸这种植物的叶子，它会刺手的.My skin pricks sometimes if I get too hot.有时在我热得很厉害时，我的皮肤就有刺痛的感觉.The pepper in the food pricked the back of his throat.食物中的胡椒辣得他喉咙刺痛.（fig）Her conscience pricked her.她受到良心的责备．4［C］ a small mark or hole made by pricking 刺痕；刺孔：There were pricks at the top of the papers where they had been pinned together.这些文件上端曾被钉在一起的地方上面有针眼．5［C usu sing］ an act of pricking 一扎； 一刺：He burst it with a slight prick of the needle．他用针轻轻一扎，就把它扎破了．6［C］asmall sharp pain 刺痛：He felt a sharp prick when he stepped on an upturned nail.他踩在一枚翘起的钉子上，感到一阵刺痛.（fig）She feltthe pricks of conscience (= discomfort of the mind after wrongdoing）.她感到内疚.

penetrate/'penə,treit/1[IØ (into, through);T1] to enter, pass, cut or force a way into or through （something）刺入；透过；穿透：The knife penetrated his stomach. 刀子刺入他的腹部.This nail will not penetrate.这钉子敲不进去. Rain has penetrated right through this coat. 雨水湿透了他的外衣.No noise penetrated theroom．噪音传不进房间来．2［IØ］（of sound） to be easily heard at a distance（指声音）传得很远： You can hear him all over the building; he doesn＇t know how his voice penetrates.整栋楼里都能听到他的声音，他不知道自己的声音传得有多远．3［T1］to see into or through 看透；看穿：My eyes could not penetrate the darkness.我的眼睛在黑暗中什么都看不见．4［T1］ to understand了解：It was a long time before scientists could penetrate the mystery of the atom.科学家们费了好长时间才了解到原子的奥秘．5［Wv5（with）；T1］ to fill 充满：The whole country is pene-trated with discontent． 全国怨声载道．6［IØ］ infml to come to be understood 被理解：I heard what you said but it didn＇t penetrate.我听见了你说的话，但不懂你的意思．7［T1］to cometo understand the truth behind (something false）看穿（esp in the phr penetrate some-one＇s disguise ［→F208，N356］识破某人的伪装）penetration ［U］ the act or result of penetrating or being penetrated 刺穿；贯穿：He was killed by penetration of the stomach by a sharp instrument，probably a knife.他被一利器，也许是一把刀刺穿腹部而死亡.

puncture /'panktfə/1 [T1 often pass] to make a hole in (something, esp a tyre) esp so that the air inside gets out（尤指车胎等）刺破；穿孔：My

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N325 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

bicycle tyre is punctured．我的自行车胎穿孔了．2［C］ such a hole（刺穿的）洞；小孔：I＇ve got a puncture in my tyre.我的车胎上有个洞.

N325 verbs 动词：joining and linking 连接与联系

[ALSO→J17]

join/d3omn/ [T1;IØ:(together, up, with)] 1 to (cause to) come together; to (cause to) become one or nearly one thing 连接；（使）接合；（使）结合：The two rivers joined.这两条河汇合了.Three roads join （together） near here.三条路在此附近交汇.He joined （up） the twopieces of wood together with nails.他用钉子把两块木头接起来.He joined one piece of woodto the other with nails.他用钉子把一块木头接到另一块上.The priest joined the man and woman in marriage.牧师主持婚礼使那对男女结为夫妇.They joined the two islands with a bridge．他们用一座桥把两个岛连接起来．2 tobecome one （of）； to enter 参加；加入：He joined us at the restaurant.他和我们一起在饭店吃饭.Won＇t you join（our club）？你不加入（我们的俱乐部）吗？Please join with us in this work.请你跟我们一起做这项工作.They joinedtogether to do the work.他们一道做这项工作.

connect/kə'nekt/ [T1; IØ: (together,up,with, to, by)] esp fml & tech to join; to fix together 连接；接合：Connect these wires together.把这些电线接起来.He connected（up）the wires.他把这些电线接了起来.You must connect this wirewith／up to that one.你必须把这条电线和那条接起来.This road connects with the other at Newtown.这条路在新城和另一条路连接起来.Hepicked up the telephone and asked to be con-nected with London.他拿起电话筒，要求（接线生）接到伦敦去.She has been connected with our company (= She has worked with us) for many years.她已为我们公司工作了多年.He isconnected to our family by marriage.他和我家是姻亲.The two families are connected by marriage.这两家是联姻.The towns are con-nected by good road and rail services.这几个城镇之间有良好的公路和铁路交通相连.discon-nect [T1(from)] usu tech to separate (one thing from another） 切断；挂断（电话）：He disconnected the wires／our telephone.他切断了线路／我们的电话.

attach /ə'tætf/ 1 [T1 (to)] to join or fix (one thing to another）缚；系；连接；贴上；附着；附加：He attached the rope to his boat.他把绳子系在他的船上.The house has a garage attached to it.这房子附有一个汽车间.（fml）Attached youwill find(= You will find attached) a copy of his letter to us.随函附上他给我们的信的副本.(fig)They attached themselves to the poli-tician because they hoped he would become president one day.他们依附于这位政治家，希望他有朝一日会当总统.（fig）Do you attach muchimportance to what she says?-Yes; I attach a lot of importance to her words.你认为她说的

话很重要吗？-对，我认为她的话十分重要．2［L9，esp to］（fig） to be put；come 归属；相关联：We know it was his fault;no blame attaches to you．我们知道这是他的过错，你无需受责．3［T1usu pass] to send on duty for a limited time （临时）委派；指派：He was attached to the special group in Greece for two months.他被指派为特别小组成员在希腊工作两个月.

combine /kəm'bamn/ [IØ;T1:(with, into)] to （cause to） come together；join or mix（使）结合；（使）联合：The two groups combined to do the work. 这两个小组联合起来做这项工作.Theycombined the two groups into one.他们把这两个小组合成一个.She combined a visit toScotland with a trip to London.她趁访问苏格兰之便到伦敦去一下.

affix /ə'fiks/[T1 (to)] often fml to attach, stick or fasten （one thing to another thing）贴上；粘上；使···固定；附加上：He affixed the stamp to the letter.他把邮票贴在信封上.When＇-ness＇is affixed to an adjective it forms a noun.形容词后加上“-ness”就成了名词.affixation［U］

unite /ju:'nait/ 1 [T1; IØ] esp emph to join together into one（使）合成一体；（使）联合；（使） 连接：They united the two pipes.他们把这两根管子接起来.The two colours mixed and united. 这两种颜色混合成一种了．2［IØ（in）；I3］ to acttogether for a purpose（为一定目的）联合行动；一致行动；团结：They united （in their attempts） to form a club．他们齐心协力筹办一个俱乐部．3［Ti］ to join in marriage 使结婚：They were united by the local priest.当地牧师把他们结合成夫妻．4［IØ］to join in an agreement 缔约：The countries united for trading purposes.这些国家为了进行贸易而缔约.

unify ／＇ju：nifai／ ［T1］ 1 to make all the same 使一致；使一元化：Let＇s unify the systems.我们来把这些制度统一起来吧．2 to make（parts） into one（whole）使成一体；统一：They tried to unify the nations／to unify the country.他们试图统一各民族／这个国家.

integrate /'intə,greit/ [T1] 1 to make (some-thing） complete from a number of parts使（许多部分）成整体；使成一体：The group is nowfully integrated and workig well.现在这个小组团结无间，工作得很好．2 to bring （something orsomeone) into a group from a position out-side it 使并入；使结合起来：She has been fullyintegrated into the group.她已完全和这个小组结合在一起了.integration ［U］

link／lngk／1 ［T1（together）］ to join or connect 联结；连接；联系：The road links all the new towns.这条路把所有的新市镇联结在一起.I can＇tlink him with those people; I don't think he knows them at all.我无法把他和那些人联系在一起，我想他根本不认识他们．2［IØ（together，up）］to be joined 连接起来；联系着：The pieces link together.这几块东西连接在一起.

coalesce /,kəuə'les/ [IØ] to grow together or unite so as to form one group, body, mass, etc 接合；结合；愈合；联合；合并coalescence［U］

amalgamate /ə'mælgə,meit/ 1 [IØ] (of busi-nesses） to join or unite（指公司）合并2［T1］to join （businesses） into one 使（公司）合并：The

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two companies（were）amalgamated.这两家公司合并了．amalgamation 1 ［U］ the act or result of amalgamating 合并 2 ［C］ an example of this 合并的事例

band together [v adv; IØ] to come together; unite 结合；联合：They banded together to form a new political party.他们联合起来，组成一个新的政党.

N326 verbs 动词：tying and tethering 绑与拴

[ALSO →D152,M64]

tie/tar/1[T1 (together, up)] to join the ends of （pieces of thread， rope，etc） together 把（线、绳子等的头）扎在一起；打结：He tied the ropes(together) in a knot that would be difficult to untie again.他用一个结把几条绳子扎在一起，那结将很难解得开．2［IØ（together）］to be fastened together 捆在一起；连接：How do these things tie（together）？这些东西怎么连接在一起？3［T1（down）］（fig）to be kept busy by 忙于···脱不了身：His work ties him down a lot； he doesn＇t get a holiday very often.他工作太忙，使他难得有个假日．4［T1 up］（fig）to agree 同意：They want to tie up the agreement/tie the matter up as soon as possible.他们希望能尽早达成这项协议／解决此事.

bind /baind/1 [T1 (up)] esp lit,fml& emph to tie 捆；绑：Bind the prisoner with rope.用绳子把囚犯捆起来.Bind the prisoner＇s arms.把囚犯的胳膊绑起来.（fig）He stood there，bound by the magic of her voice.他站在那里，被她声音的魅力迷住了．2［X9］to put by tying 缚；绑：Bind the prisoner to his chair with rope.用绳子把囚犯绑在椅子上.Bind the prisoner＇s arms together.把囚犯的胳膊绑在一起.He bound a cloth roundhis head．他在头上裹了一块布．3［T1（up）］ to tietogether 扎在一起：She bound（up） her hair.她把头发扎起来．4［T1（up）］to put bandages［→B175］ on or round 用绷带包扎：She bound（up） his wounds．她为他包扎伤口．5［T1］to fasten together and enclose in a cover 装订：They bound the book．他们把这本书装订好．6［T1］tostrengthen or ornament with a band of material 给···镶边：The edges of the floor mat are coming undone because they have not been bound properly.地毯四边没有很好地绲边，所以开始散了．7［T1；IØ］ to（cause to） stick together（使）粘固；（使）粘合：The cold weather has bound the earth so hard that planting is difficult.寒冷的天气把地冻得硬硬的，使种植很困难.This type of soil binds （hard） （easily） in cold weather.这种类型的土壤在冷天（很容易）冻结（得硬硬的）．8［IØ；（T1）］ to make it hard for （someone） to move the bowels（使）便秘：Eggs are considered a binding food.人们认为鸡蛋是一种会引起便秘的食物．9［T1］ to cause to obeyesp by a law or a solemn promise 使受（法律或诺言的）约束：I am bound by my promise.我受到自己诺言的约束.I have bound myself by anagreement.我签了协定，因而受其约束.It was a

N327 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

binding agreement.这是一项具有约束力的协定．10［T1（together）］ esp emot to unite 团结： Many things bind us （together）.许多事情使我们团结在一起．11［IØ］ to have a uniting， limiting or controlling effect 具有约束力：These prom-ises and agreements are binding.这些诺言和协定具有约束力．12［V3］ to make or declare itnecessary for（someone） to do something 使··· 受约束；使···承担义务；使保证做某事：They boundme to remain silent.他们让我立约保持沉默.Ibound myself to pay back the debt I owed.我保证偿还我所欠的债.

bond /bpnd/ [Wv5; T1 usu pass] to fix or join (esp the surfaces of materials) securely to-gether，esp with heat， glue［→H9］，etc（尤指通过加热或用胶等）粘合：Are the sheets properlybonded？书页粘合好了吗？

fuse/fju:z/ 1 [T1;IØ; (together)] to join or be-come joined by melting 熔合； 熔接： Copper and zinc are fused to make brass.铜和锌熔合成黄铜.The aircraft came down in flames and the heat fused most of the parts together into a solid mass.飞机在熊熊大火中坠落，高温把大多数零件熔合成一大团．2［T1（together）］ to unite； make into one 联合； 合并： The two small politi-cal parties were fused into a powerful group by one powerful leader.这两个小政党由一位强而有力的领袖撮合，合并成一个大党．3［T1；IØ］to（cause（metal） to） melt in great heat （使）（金属）在高温中熔化：Lead will fuse at a lowertemperature than some other metals.铅的熔点比其它一些金属低.

yoke /jəuk/[T1 (together)] to join with or as if with a yoke 给···上轭；用轭连结；结合：Yoke theoxen together.用轭把牛套在一起.Yoke the oxen to the load.把牛套在这车货物上.（fig）They areyoked in marriage.他们被婚姻结合在一起了.

tether/'teðə/[Wv5; T1] to fasten (an animal) with a tether 拴系（动物）：The rider tethered his horse to a fence.骑手把马拴在篱笆上.Thecows were tethered in the middle of a field.这些牛被拴在田野的中间.

N327 nouns 名词：relating to joining， tying，etc与连接、捆绑等有关的

junction/'d3Agkfən/1[U] fml the act, occasion or result of joining or being joined 连接；会合： They hope to effect a junction(= meet or cause things to meet） soon.他们希望很快能促成一次会合．2［C］ an example of this； a place where things （esp roads， railways， etc）meet 连接；会合（指事例）；（公路、铁路等的）交叉点；会合点：London is a junction of many roads and also of many influences.伦敦是交通枢纽，也是各种影响汇集的地方.

conjunction /kən'd3ankfən/ [C9; U] fml & pomp a junction, esp a coming together of events 结合（尤指事件的同时发生）：This is avery unusual conjunction of sad happenings,' he said when he heard the bad news.他听到这坏消息时说：“真是祸不单行呀.”

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N327 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

adjunct/'æd3agkt/[C (to)] usu tech something added or joined to some other thing that is larger or more important, in order to change it（in some useful way）附属物；附件

connection /kə'nekfən/1 [U] the act, occasion or result of connecting or being connected 连结；连接：We are waiting for the connection of our new telephone.我们正在等待我们的新电话接通．2［C］an example of this 联系；连接（指事例）：Is there any connection between what you said last month and what he has now done? -No; no connection at all.-Yes; there's a close connection（between the two）.你上月说的话和他现在做的事之间存在什么联系吗？-没有，一点联系也没有.-有，（这两者之间）存在着密切的联系．3 ［C］ a thing which connects； a place where things connect 连接物；连接点；连接部分；接头：The apparatus has several connections by which it can be fixed to the larger machine. 这仪器有好几个接头，通过它们可以把仪器装到较大的机器上.I can＇t see any connection between these wires；is there one？我看不到这些电线之间有接头；有没有呢？4［C］a vehicle，ship，plane， etc which comes at a particular time just after another, so that passengers can go from one to the other（与另一到达的车、船、飞机等在时间上相衔接，便于旅客换乘的）联运列车、船、飞机等：His train was late so he missed his connec-tion to Paris.他的火车误点，因此他没赶上去巴黎的联运列车（或轮船、飞机）．5［C usu pl］some-one one knows in business，etc 交往的人物；在生意上有往来的人；关系人物：He has good con-nections in Birmingham.他在伯明翰有相当多的关系.in connection with fml about 关于： He wrote to me in connection with the new houses we are building.他写信给我谈及我们正在建造的新房子的事.

connexion /kə'nekfən/ esp BrE now rare=con-nection

relation ／rr＇lerfən／， also 又作 relationship ／rI-'leıfən,fip/ [U; C] connection, esp of cause and effect［■N153］关系（尤指因果关系）：What is the relation between wages and prics in that industry？在那个工业里，工资和产品价格之间有什么关系？bear no／little／some relation to to match not at all/not much/partly, in number, amount or size 与···毫不／不大／有些相称：Theactual cost bears no relation to what we thought it was going to be.实际费用和我们原来所想的极不相称.in／with relation to fml con-cerning; with regard to (used in business letters）关于；有关（用于商业信函中）：What arethe prices like， in relation to costs？关于成本方面，不知产品价格如何？

attachment/ə'tætfmənt/1 [U] the act, occasion or result of attaching or being attached 附着； 系上；连接；贴上：The attachment of the rope to the boat was easy．把绳子系在船上很容易．2［C］something (which can be) attached, esp some-thing smaller to something larger for a special purpose 附属物；附加装置；附件：He has a lot ofattachments to his camera for taking pictures under special conditions.他的照相机有许多附件，用来在特殊情况下拍照.

combination / kpmbə'nerfən/1 [U] the act of combining or result of being combined 结合； 合并；组合2 ［C］ an example of this； a group of persons or things combined for some purpose 结合；合并（指事例）；结合体；组合物；团体：Acombination of several mistakes led to the terrible plane crash.好几个错误加在一起酿成了这次可怕的坠机事故.

combine/'kombain/ [C] not fml a group of people who have combined for a particular pur-pose，esp in business， politics，etc（尤指商业、政界等为某种目的而联合的）团体；组合；联合企业：a local business combine 一个当地的联合企业

unity/'ju:nəti/ 1 [U;C] the state of being one complete whole or condition of being united 统一；团结；协调：a new unity between different branches of the church 教会各个不同教派之间一种新的协调关系；unity of colour in a picture 画面颜色的调和2［U］ agreement of aims and interests.（目的与利益的）一致；团结：The argu-ment spoilt their former unity.争论破坏了他们昔日的团结．3［U］tech the number one（当作数量单位的）一

unification /ju:nəfə'keıfən/ [U] 1 the act or result of unifying （any groups）统一；一致；单一化：the unification of a country 国家的统一2 the state of being unified 统一的状态

union /'ju:niən/1 [U] the act of joining or state of being joined into one 联合；合并；结合；连接2[C] (often cap) a group of countries or states joined together 合众国；联邦；联盟：The Presi-dent gave his speech on the state of the Union．美国总统就国情发表演说．3［U］a state ofagreement and unity 一致；和睦；融洽，团结：They lived in unspoilt union.他们生活十分和睦. 4 ［C；U］（unity in） marriage 婚姻：joined in perfect union 结成美满婚姻；a union blessed by children 有儿女添福的美满姻缘 5［C］（esp innames and titles） a club or society（尤见于名称、名衔中）联合会；协会：to join the students＇union 参加学生会

fusion/'fju:3ən/1[U] the act, occasion or result

of fusing 熔化；熔合：The fusion of copper and zinc makes brass．铜和锌熔合而成黄铜．2［Cususing] an example of this; an act of joining, uniting，etc（政党等的）联合；合并：There has been a fusion of political interests; several parties have suddenly joined together.近来出现了一种政治利益的大融合，有好几个政党突然合并了.join/d3oin/[C] the place where two things,esp pieces of material, are joined or held together usu by some other thing 接合点；接合处；接缝：Can you see the join (between the pieces of wood)?-No; I wouldn't have known there was a join ifyou hadn＇t told.me.你看得出（这两块木头之间的）接缝吗？-看不出，你要是不说，我还真不知道这里有接缝呢.

link /ligk/ [C] 1 something or someone that serves to connect or unite other things or persons 连接；联系：That one mountain road is their only link with other places.那条唯一的山路是他们与其它地方联系的仅有纽带.He is thelink between the two groups.他是这两个小组的联系人.Although they live here now， they still

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have many links with the country in which they were born.他们现在虽然住在这里，但和他们出生的国家仍保持很多联系．2 one ring in a chain［→H46］（见H46插图）链环；环节：One of thelinks is broken.链条的一环断了.（fig）There is a missing link in the chain of evidence[→N221］．在这一系列证据中缺少了一个环节．linkup［C］a point of joining or connection 连接；接合处：a road linkup 道路连接处；a television link-up between America and Europe 美国与欧洲之间的电视联网

tie/tai/ [C] esp emot something that holds or keeps people together 联系；关系；纽带：There are many ties of friendship between the two countries.这两个国家之间有着许多友好关系.Family ties were always strong even though the different family members lived far apart. 即使家庭的成员天各一方，他们之间的联系总是非常密切的.There are ties of blood （＝ is a blood relationship） between the two families.这两家有血缘关系.

bond /bpnd/ 1 [C] esp emot something that joins or unites people； a tie 联系；连接物： There are strong bonds of friendship between them. 他们之间有着密切的友好关系.A bond of affec-tion unites them.一种亲切的感情使他们结合在一起.Common experiences form a bond between us．共同的经历把我们联系在一起．2［S］a join，esp if strong and made by heat, glue [→H9], etc 连结；结合；粘合：They pressed the two sur-faces together to get a good，firm bond.他们把两个平面压紧，使它们牢固地粘合．3［C usu sing］a an agreement esp in law that one or more persons or groups must keep 契约；合同b the paper on which such an agreement is written or printed 契约文件

yoke/jəuk/1 [C] a wooden bar used for joining two animals, esp oxen together in order to pull heavy loads，farm vehicles，etc 牛轭；轭2 [Wn2; C] two animals joined together by such a bar（同轭的）一对牲口：six yoke（s）of oxen六对共轭牛3［C］a frame fitted across a person＇s shoulders for carrying two equal loads 轭状扁担4［C］that part of a garment from which the rest hangs, as the part of a dress around the shoulders or the part of a skirt around the waist 上衣的披肩；裙子的腰5［the R（of）］（fig）power，control，etc 势力；残暴的统治；严厉的管辖：They were brought under the yoke of the king．他们在国王的残暴统治之下．6［C（of） ususing] (fig) something that binds people or things together 束缚：the yoke of marriage 婚姻的束缚

tether /'teðə/ [C] a rope or chain to which an animal is tied so that it is free to move within a limited area（拴牲口的）系绳；系链 at the endof one's tether unable to suffer something any longer 智穷力竭；穷途末路；忍无可忍

N328 verbs，etc 动词等：relating and associating 关系与联系

relate/rr'leit/[T1] to see, show, have, or be a

N329 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

connection to or between (esp words,ideas, difficulties，etc）显示出···与···的关系；使联系（尤指言语、思想、困难等）：I can＇t relate those twoideas.我无法把那两种思想联系起来.Does thismatter relate to what he did last year？这件事和他去年做的事有关系吗？

connect/kə'nekt/ [T1 (with)] (of words, ideas, etc) to bring together, esp for a particular reason，esp in the mind 把（言语、思想等）联系起来；联想：I always connect the colour blue with being sad because the 'blues' are a sad kind of music.我总是把蓝色和悲伤联系起来，因为“布鲁斯曲”（字面意思为“蓝调”）是一种悲伤的乐曲.

associate /ə'səufi,eit/1 [T1(with, together)] to see a close relationship or connection be-tween （two things）联系；联想：I always associ-ate him and her/him with her (in my mind). 我思想上总是把他和她联系起来.I always associ-ate them together.我总是把他们联在一起.Manypeople associate happiness with having money. 许多人把幸福和富有联系在一起．2［T1；I0（with）］to connect (esp oneself) esp in business, social life，etc（与···）联合；合伙；与···交往：I don't really want to be associated/to associate (myself) with them any more; I don't like their ideas.我真不想和他们再交往了，我不喜欢他们的想法．association 1［U］ the act， occasion or result of associating or being associated 联系；联想；交往：I want no further association with them．我不想和他们有进一步的联系．2［C］an example of this 交往；联想；联系（指事例）：Her English improved because of a long asso-ciation with British and American people. 由于与英国人和美国人长期交往，她的英语程度提高了.What associations does the colour blue have for you？蓝色能使你产生什么样的联想？

N329 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

affiliating and incorporating 隶属与合并

affiliate/ə'filr,ert/ [Wv5;T1;IØ(with, to)] to join or connect officially or socially 使隶属；入会：I think we should affiliate with the society from the next town.我想我们应该加入旁边那个城市的协会.He affiliated himself to the society.他加入了这个学会.The vote agreed that we should affiliate.我们表决赞成入会.All the affiliated organizations are in favour of the plan.所有附属组织都赞成这项计划．affiliation 1［U］the actof affiliating or being affiliated 人会；加入2［C］ an example or result of this 入会；加入

incorporate/m'ko:pa,reit/[T1 (into or with)] to make (something) a part of a group; to include 结合；把···合并；收编；包含：They incor-porated this new idea into their plans.他们把这个新的想法纳入计划中.The new planincorporates the old one.新计划中包含了旧计划的内容.They incorporated the new plans with the old.他们把新旧计划合并在一起.incorpora-tion1 [U] the act of incorporating or being in-

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N330 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

corporated 合并；结合2 ［C］ an example or result of this 合并；结合（指事例）；社团；公司

N330 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

correlating and interrelating 相关与相联

[ALSO→N226]

correlate/'kprə,leit/ [IØ; T1;(with)] to (show to) have a close shared relationship or causal ［→N152］ connection（使）相互关联：It is impossible to correlate the new discoveries with what we knew already so we must com-pletely change our previous opinions on the subject.我们不可能把这些新发现和已有的知识相互联系起来，因此我们必须完全改变以前对于这个课题的看法.This doesn＇t correlate with what we know already.这与我们已经知道的事情不能联系起来.Can science and religion be correlated？ 科学和宗教能联系起来吗？The doctors correlatedalcoholism and／with severe brain disease.医生把酒精中毒与严重的大脑疾病联系起来.corre-lation 1 ［UJ］ the act of correlating 相互关联： The two sets of figures need correlation.这两组数字需要联系起来.What is the correlation be-tween temperatures and the growth of plant life here？这里的温度和植物的生长情况有何关联？2 ［C usu sing］ an example of this 相互关系： There is a close correlation between the two sets of figures.这两组数字之间关系密切.

interrelate / Intərr'leit/ [IØ; T1 usu pass (with)] to connect (to each other or with something else) in a way that makes one depend on the other 相互关联：Wages and prices inter-relate／are interrelated.工资和物价是相互关联的.interrelation，also 又作 interrelationship 1 ［U］ an act of interrelating 相互关联2［C］an example of this 相互关系

N331 verbs，etc 动词等：tearing and

pulling to pieces 扯裂与撕碎

tear /teə/ 1 [Wv5; T1] to pull apart or into pieces by force, esp so as to leave irregular edges 撕；扯；撕裂；扯破：Why did you tear the cloth when I'd advised you to cut it with scis-sors？我叫你用剪刀剪这块布，你为什么要撕开它？How did you tear your coat？你是怎样把上衣撕破的？The boy tore the flesh of his legs climb-ing up a tree. 这男孩爬树时划破了腿了.Theuntidy girl tore the paper into little pieces and threw it across the room.那个不爱整洁的女孩把纸撕碎，然后朝房间的另一头抛撒.I＇ve only got anold torn dress to wear so I can't go to the dance.我只有一件破旧的连衣裙可穿，因此没法去参加舞会．2 ［X9］to make by doing this 撕出：The girl tore a hole in her dress climbing over the wall．这女孩爬墙时衣服被撕了一个洞．3［X9（away，off，out，up）］ to remove by force 撕掉； 拔掉；掀掉；抢去；夺走；扯掉：The nasty child tore

some of the pages out of his brother's book. 这讨厌的孩子从他哥哥的书中撕下了几页.Thestrong wind tore the flag off the pole.大风把旗帜从旗杆上扯了下来.Our roof was torn off inthe storm.我们的屋顶在暴风雨中给掀掉了.Theforeigners seized our country, tore the mineral wealth out of our ground and treated us like slaves.外国人占领了我国，夺走了我们的地下矿藏资源，把我们当奴隶看待.（fig）The unhappy chil-dren were torn from their parents.那些不幸的孩子被人从他们的父母身边抢走了．4［IØ］tobecome torn 撕裂；撕破：This material tears easily so be careful when you wear it.这种衣料容易撕破，所以你穿时要小心．5［T1（apart）usupass] to divide by the pull of opposing forces; destroy the peace of 破坏···的安宁；扰乱：a country torn apart by war 因内战而动乱不安的国家；a heart torn by sadness 被忧愁折磨的心；The prince was torn by loyalty to his family and his love for the girl.矛盾的感情使王子心情烦闷，他一方面必须效忠王室，另一方面又热恋着那女孩．6［L9］infml to move excitedly with great speed 狂奔；猛冲：The excited children tore noisily down the street.激动的孩子们在街上狂奔乱叫．7［C］ the result of something being torn 裂缝；裂口：There＇s a tear in my coat.我的上衣有个撕破的口子.

rip／rip／1 ［T1］ to pull and／or tear forcefully （用力地）拉开；撕；扯；撕裂：He ripped the cloth into small pieces．他把布撕成小块．2［X9］ to put or pull in this way 扯掉；撕掉：She ripped the paper off the box．她把盒上的纸撕掉．3［IØ］tobe torn 撕破：Her skirt ripped when it was caught on a nail．她的裙子被钉子钩破了．4［C］an example or result of this 撕破（指事例）；裂口：There＇s a rip in her skirt.她的裙子上有个裂口.

rend/rend/1 [T1 (apart)] lit & emph to divide by force；split（用力）使···分开；撕；扯；撕破：She wept and rent her garments.她一边哭一边撕扯自己的衣服.The quarrel rent the family （apart／in two）.争吵使这个家庭分裂（四分五裂／分成两派）.A terrible cry rent the air.一个可怕的喊声响彻四方．2［X9（from， off）］ to pull violently 夺去：The cruel soldiers were rending babies from their mothers＇arms.残暴的士兵把婴儿从母亲们的怀中夺走.

pull apart [v adv T1] to separate or tear to pieces by force 拉开；扯断；撕裂：He pulled the two fighting men apart. 他把两个打架的人拉开.The large animal pulled the smaller one apart with its great arms.大动物用巨大的爪子把小动物撕碎.

N332 verbs，etc 动词等：coming and falling to pieces 崩裂

come apart ［v adv IØ］ to come to pieces 散开； 碎裂：The apparatus came apart when he touched it and all the pieces fell to the floor. 他碰了一下仪器，它就散架了，所有的部件都掉在地板上.

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fall apart [v adv IØ] to fall to pieces; to fall in pieces to the floor，etc 碎裂；崩溃；瓦解：The plane fell apart and crashed to the ground.飞机裂开成几部分，坠毁在地面上.

disintegrate /dis'intə,greit/ [IØ; T1] fml & tech to (cause to) come apart (as if) into small pieces（使）瓦解；（使）分裂成小块；风化：Theancient walls were disintegrated by time and weather.由于天长日久，风吹日晒，这些古墙已土崩瓦解了.Is society beginning to disintegrate？社会开始解体了吗？disintegration［U］

N333 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：breaking 打破

break/breik/ 1 [T1;IØ] to (cause to) separate into parts with suddenness or violence,but not by cutting or tearing 打破；击破；（使）碎裂； （使）破碎；断：He broke a window／a leg.他打破了一扇窗／他摔断了一条腿.The rope broke whenthey were climbing.他们向上爬时，绳索断了.Thewindow broke into pieces．窗户破成碎片．2［X9； L9] to (cause to) become separated from the main part with suddenness or violence, but not by cutting or tearing（使）折断：He broke a branch off a tree.他折断了一根树枝.Alarge piece of ice broke away from the main mass．一大块冰从冰堆上断裂开来．3［T1；IØ］to(cause to) become unusable by damage to one or more parts（弄）坏；损坏；（使）破损：He broke his wristwatch by dropping it.他把手表掉在地上，摔坏了.This machine is broken and must be repaired．这台机器坏了，得修理一下．4［L7；X7] to (cause to) become suddenly or vio-lently（使）突然变为：The prisoner broke free／loose.犯人突然挣脱逃跑了.The box broke open when it fell.盒子掉下来时，盖子一下摔开了.They broke the door down． 他们把门撞倒．5［T1］to cut into 挫；伤；挖：to break the skin 擦破皮；to break the soil 挖土6［T1］to disobey， not help； not act in accordance with 违犯；破坏； 不遵守：to break the law／a promise 违法／违背诺言7［L9］to force a way （into， out of，or through）闯入；冲出；打进：He broke into the shop and stole £100．他闯进这店子，偷走了一百英镑．8［T1］ to bring forcefully under control 驯养；使驯服；制服：to break a horse 驯马；tobreak a child＇s spirit 挫孩子的锐气 9 ［T1］ to dobetter than 超越；打破（记录）：to break a record in sports 打破一项体育运动的记录 10［C］theresult of breaking or being broken 破裂处： There's a break in the fence and the animals got out through it.篱笆上有一个地方破了，牲口从那儿跑了出去．breakage 1 ［U］ the act orresult of breaking 破损；损耗：We lost a lot of bottles through breakage.由于破损，我们损失了许多瓶子．2［C］an example of this 破损物：There have been too many breakages lately.最近打破的东西太多.All breakages must be paidfor.一切损坏的东西都得赔偿.

smash/smæf/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) break into pieces violently 打碎；打烂；（使）碎裂：The dish smashed on the floor; the fall had smashed it.

N333 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

盘子落在地板上打碎了，是摔破的．2［T1；IØ］to go，drive, throw or hit forcefully, as against some-thing solid； crash 猛撞；猛冲：He smashed his foot through the thin door.他把那扇薄薄的门一脚踢穿了.They smashed their way out of the building.他们从大楼里猛冲出来.The carsmashed into a tree．汽车撞在一棵树上．3［T1；IØ: (up)] to (cause to) be destroyed or ruined; wreck 搞坏；击溃；破产；倒闭：He smashed（up） his car.他撞坏了自己的汽车.They smashed theenemy＇s defences.他们摧毁了敌人的防御工事.He lost all his money when his company smashed（up）．他的公司倒闭，他也倾家荡产了．4［C］ a powerful blow 重击； 猛击： It was a smash that sent his opponent to the floor.这一记重击把他的对手打翻在地．5［C］ a breaking intopieces；crash 粉碎；破碎：He heard the smash of glasses breaking on the floor.他听见杯子在地上摔碎的声音．6［C］（fig） a failure of a busi-ness 破产；经营失败

shatter/'Jætə/1 [T1; IØ] to break suddenly into small pieces；smash（使）粉碎；（使）破碎：A stone shattered the window; the glass shat-tered．石头打破了窗户，玻璃全碎了．2［T1；IØ］todamage badly；ruin；wreck 损毁；捣毁；破坏：The long illness shattered his health.痼疾损害了他的健康.Bad examination results shattered her hopes of university.她考试成绩差，使她读大学的希望破灭了．3［Wv4,5； T1］ infml to shock；have a strong effect on the feelings of 使震惊；强烈刺激：It was a shattering performance.这是一场惊人的演出.There was a shattered look on his face．他脸上一副沮丧的神色．4［C］a shattering粉碎；毁坏：He heard the shatter of breaking windows.他听见打碎窗户的响声.

blast /bla:st/ 1 [IØ; X9] to beak up (esp rock) by explosions 爆破（尤指石头）：The road is closed because of blasting.这条路因进行爆破而禁止通行.They are trying to blast away the face of this rock.他们正要炸掉这块岩石的表面.2 ［T1］to strike with explosives（用炸药）炸： The warships blasted the port until all the boats were sunk.那些战舰炮轰港口，直到把所有船只炸沉为止．3 ［T1］ lit to cause to dry up anddie esp by great heat，cold or lightning（尤指因严寒、高温或雷击而）使干枯；使死亡：Every greenthing had turned brown, blasted by the icy breath of winter.在严冬寒风的摧残下，所有绿色植物都枯黄了．4［T1］fml to kill；destroy 摧毁：His future was blasted by having been in prison．他因坐过牢，前途尽毁了．5［T1；IØ］euphdamn ［→G112,113］诅咒：Blast you！ Get off my foot！该死的！别踩我的脚！You can＇t take myown car away from me，blast it all！ Blast！你们不能抢走我的车呀，该死的！真该死！6［C］anunexpected quick strong movement of wind or air 一阵（风）；疾风：the icy blast（s） of the north wind 一阵阵寒冷的北风7［C；U］anexplosion or the very powerful rush of air caused by an explosion 爆炸气浪；冲击波：During the bombing many people were killed or wounded by the blast.爆炸的冲击波造成许多伤亡．8［C］ the very loud usu unpleasant sound of a wind instrument 管乐器响亮的声音（一般指

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N334 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

cracked five bottles of wine last night so you

can imagine how drunk we were.昨夜我们开

了五瓶酒，所以你可以想象得出我们喝得有多醉.

10 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) reduce to separate

pieces（使）裂化：This is a cracking plant

where oil is cracked.这是对石油进行裂化的裂化

工厂．11［C］ a loud long explosive sound 破裂

声；爆裂声：They heard a crack of thun-

der／cracks of thunder.他们听见了隆隆的雷声.

12 [(the) S] a sudden (repeated) explosive

sound 突然（连续）的爆炸声：The crack of the

guns could be heard.人们能听见枪声劈啪作响.

13 ［C］ a narrow space or opening 狭缝：The

door was opened just a crack.大门只开了一条

缝. I could see a narrow crack of light between

the curtains．我在窗帘之间能看到一道亮光．14

[C] a line of division caused by splitting;very

narrow thin mark or opening caused by

breaking， but not into separate parts 裂缝：The

cup had a crack in it so I refused to drink

from it.这只茶杯裂了，所以我不用它喝水.There

was a crack in the window.窗户上有一条裂缝.

15［C］ a sudden sharp blow（砰的）突然一击：

She gave him a crack on the head for dis-

obedience．他不听话，她就在他头上敲了一下．16

［C］ infml an attempt 尝试：This is her first

crack at writing a book.这是她第一次尝试写书.

I had a crack but failed.我曾作过一次尝试，但

失败了．17［C］also 又作 wisecrack a clever

quick forceful joke，reply，or remark 俏皮话；妙

语；挖苦话

splinter/'splintə/1 [IØ; T1] to break into small

needle-like pieces 使成碎片：The blow splin-

tered the glass.玻璃被击碎了.The glass splin-

tered．玻璃碎了．2［IØ（off）］to separate froma

larger organization 分裂：The dissatisfied

groups splintered off.那几个感到不满的小组分裂

出去了．3［C］a small needle-like piece broken

off something 尖片；碎片：He needed protection

from steel splinters thrown off by the machine.

他需要防护设备对付从机器甩出来的碎钢片.She

got a splinter in her finger．她手指上扎了根刺．4

[A] (of a group) that has separated from a

larger body（指团体）分裂出来的小派别：It is a

religious splinter groupla splinter organiza-

tion.这是分裂出来的一个宗教小组／组织.

snap/snæp/ 1 [IØ] to break suddenly in two

pieces 突然折断：The piece of wood snapped

（in two）.这块木头突然裂成两块.The rope

snapped and he fell.绳子啪地一下断了，于是他

摔了下来．2［IØ］ to make a short sharp sound，

like a piece of wood breaking 发出啪地一声响

（像木头折断的声音）3［C usu sing］（the sound

of） a snapping action 折断；劈啪声：He heard

the snap of pieces of wood.他听见木块断裂的劈

啪声.

N334 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

pressing， rubbing，and crushing 挤

压、摩擦与碾碎

[ALSO → D176 CRUMPLE, M58 PUSH, N154 FORCE]

bottle）for drinking（砰地一声）打开（酒瓶）：We press／pres／1 ［T1］ to push steadily or strongly

胡乱吹奏的声音）：He blew several loud blasts on his horn.他在喇叭上吹了几个响亮难听的音.（at） full blast （of work， activity，etc） fully（指工作、行动等）全速地；竭尽全力地：He was work-ing (at) full blast in order to complete the order before the holidays.为了在假日前完成定货单的任务，他正竭尽全力地工作.

split/split/1 [T1; IØ] to break or cu into parts esp along a length 劈开；裂开；破裂：He split the piece of wood with an axe.他用斧头劈开木头.This wood splits easily.这木头容易劈开.Her ·coat split down the back．她外衣背后裂开了．2［C］ an act or result of splitting 劈开；裂开（指事例）；裂缝：There＇s a split in the wood／the back of your coat.木头上／你的外衣背后有条裂缝.

crack /kræk/ 1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) make a sudden explosive sound（使）发出爆裂声；劈啪地响：The guns cracked. 枪响了.When the slaves began to weaken their master would crack his whip threateningly.奴隶们一有点松劲， 他们的主人就会把鞭子打得啪啪响，吓唬他们.Thewhip cracked threateningly.鞭子凶狠地抽得啪啪响．2［Wv5；IØ；T1］ to （cause to） break with-out dividing into separate parts； split （使）裂开：Don＇t pour hot water into the glass or it will crack.别把热水倒入这个玻璃杯，否则它会炸的.The labourer cracked the rocks with a heavy hammer.那个工人用重锤子砸裂石头.You've cracked the window but luckily you've not broken it.你把窗子砸裂了，幸亏还没有打破！Idon＇t like drinking from cracked cups.我不喜欢用裂了的杯子喝水．3［IØ；T1 （open）］to（cause to） break open（使）砸开；打开：The plant will not grow until the seed has cracked open.种子裂开后才能长出植物.This nut＇s shell is verystrong， I can＇t crack it.这个果仁的壳很硬，我砸不开.Although the criminals used explosives they were unable to crack the safe.虽然犯罪分子使用炸药，他们还是不能把保险柜炸开．4［IØ；T1］to (cause to) change suddenly or sharply in direction，level，loudness，etc（使）（方向、程度、音量等）突变；（使）突然变哑；变嗓子：His voicecracked with strong feeling as he spoke about his dead brother at the funeral.在葬礼上，当他说到他那去世的弟弟时，声音激动得都发哑了．5［IØ(up)] to fail as a result of difficulties from inside or outside; lose control or effectiveness 疲惫不堪；衰退；垮掉：Pressure of work caused John to crack up.工作的重担把约翰的身体压垮了．6［T1］ to strike with a sudden blow（砰地一声）打：The teacher cracked the disobedint pupil＇s fingers with his ruler.老师用戒尺啪的一声打这不听话的学生的手指．7［T1；IØ（against）］to （cause to） strike with a sudden blow （使） 碰；撞：The boy fell and cracked his head against the wall.这男孩跌倒了，头撞在墙上.Hishead cracked against the wall.他的头撞在墙上. 8［T1］（fig） to discover the secret of 揭开（秘密）：The police cracked the case and caught the criminals.警察破了案，并把罪犯逮捕了.Haveyou been able to crack the code (= secret writing） used by the enemy？你有没有破译敌人使用的密码？9［T1］（fig） infml to open （a

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against 压；揿；按；推：He pressed the soft clay into a flat shape.他把黏土压成扁形.Her finger pressed the button and the machine started （working／moving）.她的手指按了一下电钮，机器就开始转动起来.（fig）The enemy soldiers pressed the attack （＝ kept on attacking）.敌军不断地发动进攻.（fig）The enemy pressed us hard．敌人紧逼我们．2［L9］ to push or move with force 推挤：They pressed closer.他们更加逼近了.The people pressed past the guards and attacked the building.人们突破卫兵的警戒，并袭击了大楼．3［T1］ to push， esp fromopposite sides 紧握；紧抱：He pressed her hand （hard）.他用力握她的手.He pressed her to him （＝ against his body）．他紧紧地搂着她．4［IØ］ （fig） to need action or attention 紧迫；急迫： His work presses heavily on him.他的工作压力很重.This is pressing business； it must be done now．这是紧迫的事，必须现在就做．5［IØ on］tohurry； keep moving 突进；赶路：The tired travellers pressed on in the hope of finding an inn before night fell（＝began）.疲惫的旅行者继续向前赶路，希望在天黑之前找到一家旅店．6［T1；IØ for］ to urge or ask strongly， forcefully 迫切要求；催逼；强要：I don＇t want to press you，but I must get my money back soon.我并不想逼你， 但我必须马上要回我的钱.The people werepressing for changes in the law.人民迫切要求修改法律．7 ［T1 （out）］ to make by pressing 压出： They pressed the shapes out by means of a machine．他们用机器压出各种形状．8［C ususing］ an act of pressing 紧压； 紧握； 揿；推； 挤：Hegave her hand a hard press.他紧紧地握了一下她的手．9［C］a machine for pressing 压榨机：a wine press（压汁酿酒的）榨葡萄机

compress /kəm'pres/ [T1] 1 to press together esp to get （something） into a smaller space 压缩：This machine compresses air.这机器可压缩空气．2 to put into fewer words； condense or summarize使简短；缩短；总结：He managed to compress everything into ten pages.他设法把全部内容压缩到十页纸里.compression［U］

depress／dr＇pres／［T1］1 fml to press down 压下； 按下：Depress this button in case of fire.发生火警时，请按此钮．2 to cause to sink to a lowerlevel or position 压低：Does mass unemploy-ment depress wages？大批人失业会降低工资吗？depression 1 [U; C] an act of pressing down or the state of being pressed down 压下；按下； 降低；压低2［C］a part of a surface lower than the other parts 凹地；洼地：The rain collected in several depressions on the ground.雨水聚积在地面的几个低洼处．3［C］ an area where thepressure of the air is low in the centre and higher towards the outside 低（气）压：A de-pression usually brings bad weather.低气压通常带来坏天气.

rub /rab/ 1 [IØ] to move (one thing) against another， esp while pressing 摩擦；擦：He rubbed his hands together.他搓手.The metal is rubbing when the wheel turns.轮子转动时金属在摩擦.Rub some oil on your skin.在你的皮肤上擦些油．2［IØ］（of surfaces） to slide in this way esp so as to wear or cause pain（一表面在

N334 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

另一表面上）摩擦；擦到：The metal rubs againstthe wood when the wheel turns.轮子转动时，金属在木头上摩擦．3［X9］ to remove by thismeans 擦掉：He rubbed the oil off with a cloth.他用布把油擦掉.Rub out those words； they are not needed.把那些字擦掉，它们是多余的．4［C usu sing］ an act of rubbing 摩擦：Give your arms a good rub.把你的两条胳膊好好擦一擦.

crush/kraf/1 [T1] to press with great force so as to break, hurt or destroy the natural shape or conditions 压扁；压坏；压碎；压伤；压毁：Don＇tcrush this box； there are flowers inside！别压这个盒子，里面有花！The tree fell on top of the carand crushed it.树倒在车顶上，把车压坏了.Ifthat rock had fallen on us it would have crushed us to death.如果那块岩石落在我们身上，就会把我们压死.For centuries the weight of the sea crushed the decaying bones of sea an-imals and turned them into chalk.几百年来，海水的重量把海洋动物的尸骨压碎，使其变成白垩．2［T1］ to break into a powder by pressure 捣碎； 碾碎：This machine crushes wheat grain to make flour．这部机器把麦粒碾压成面粉．3［IØ；T1］ to press tightly 塞；挤；榨；使挤入：The people crushed through the gates as soon as they were opened.大门一开，人们就挤了进去.Wecan't crush any more people onto this train; it＇s too full already.我们无法把乘客再往这列火车上塞，它已经太挤了．4［Wv4；T1］to destroycompletely，esp by using force 压倒；压服；击溃： Ten years of marriage had not crushed his spirit.十年的婚姻生活并没有磨灭他的精神.Themilitary government has successfully crushed all opposition.军政府成功地粉碎了一切反抗.Itwas a crushing defeat／a crushing reply.这是一次大溃败／一个使对方无言以对的回答．5［T1；IØ］tocrumple［→D176］弄皱；揉皱；起皱；变皱：Don＇t crush my dress！别弄皱我的衣服！6［S］un-comfortable pressure caused by a great crowd of people 拥挤：There was such a crush on the train that I could hardly breathe.火车上挤得我连气都透不过来．7［C usu sing］ infml a socialgathering attended by an uncomfortably great number of people 人群拥挤的集会

squeeze/skwi:z/1 [T1, X7] to push hard from all sides or opposite sides 压；榨；挤压；紧握；紧捏：He squeezed her hand.他紧握她的手.She squeezed the orange. 她榨橙汁.She squeezed the orange dry (= squeezed all the liquid out of it）．她把橙子榨干．2 ［T1 often pass］ to getcaught tightly and painfully 压住；夹住：He squeezed his fingers in the door/got his fingers squeezed in the door when she closed it too suddenly.她关门关得太突然，以致他的手指被门夹住了．3［X9］to get，move or force by squeez-ing 挤：He squeezed the toothpaste out of its tube.他把牙膏挤出软管.The bus was full ofpeople,but they managed to squeeze (their way） onto it.公共汽车内挤满了乘客，但他们还是设法挤上去了．She squeezed past．她挤了过去．4［IØ］ to be squeezed 榨；压：Oranges squeeze quite easily．橙子很容易榨汁．5 ［C usu sing］ an act of squeezing 紧握；压；榨；挤：He gave her a

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N335 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

squeeze.他紧紧握了一下她的手.Give the orangeanother squeeze.把这橙子再榨一榨.

squash/skwof 1[Wv5;T1;IØ] to force or be forced into a flat shape；crush（被）压扁；压碎：I sat on my hat and squashed it.我坐在自己的帽子上，把它压扁了.Some of the berries at thebottom have been squashed.一部分放在底下的浆果被压烂了.A squashed orange lay on the floor．地上有个压烂的橙子．2［X9；L9］ to pushor fit into a small space 挤进：May I squash in next to you？ 我能挤到你旁边吗？Will you beable to squash all your furniture into such a small house？ 你能把全部家具塞进这么一幢小房子里吗？3［T1］（fig） to force into silence or inactivity 迫使缄默；压服：She was／felt squashed by the unkind remark.那句不友善的话使她完全缄默了／感到被压垮了．4［S］a large numberespof persons close together 挤压在一起的东西；（尤指）拥挤的人群：The squash in the doorway was terrible． 在门口人群拥挤得很厉害．5［S］asound of squashing 压碎声；（挤压时发出的）叭哒声：The fruit landed with a squash.水果叭哒一声掉在地上.

N335 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：hitting， striking，bashing，and bruising 击、揍、撞与撞伤

hit/hit/1 [T1] genl to bring something against （something else） forcefully 猛击；撞；碰；打：He hit the other man (hard) with a stone/his hand.他用石头／用手（使劲）打那个人.Don＇t hitme again！别再打我了！The car hit a wall.汽车撞在墙上．2［T1］to cause to suffer 使痛苦；使受到打击：The bad news hit him hard.这坏消息使他受到很大打击.The men were hard hit by theloss of their jobs.这些人因失业受到沉重的打击.3 [C] an act of hitting, esp by throwing, drop-ping，etc something 打击；击中；打中：The plane dropped a bomb, making a direct hit on the house.飞机投下一颗炸弹，炸中了这所房子

strike/straik/1 [T1] esp emph, lit or emot to hit 打；猛击：＇He struck me！＇she cried.她喊道：“他打我！”He struck the other man hard on the face.他使劲打那人的脸.He struck him a blowon the face．他在他脸上猛击一下．2［T1］tomake something by using force 打制；打出；擦： He struck a match and lit the fire.他划了一根火柴，并把火点燃.（fig）We must strike abalance (= find a middle point) between the two ideas.我们必须在这两种意见中求得平衡.They struck a bargain (= agreed) about the price of the house.他们对这所房子的价格取得了一致的意见．3［IØ；T1］（of clocks） to make a striking sound（指钟）敲；响：The clock struck （four）．钟敲了（四点）．4［IØ］to attack 攻击：The enemy struck at night．敌人夜间出击．5［C］an attack 攻击：The enemy made a night strike.敌人进行了一次夜袭.

knock/npk/1 [IØ; T1] to strike a blow (on),esp making a noise at the same time 敲；击：He knocked on the door.他敲门.She knocked her

head against the wall．她把头撞在墙上．2［X9］ to cause to move，fall，etc by striking 撞；撞倒： He knocked the girl off her bicycle.他把那女孩撞下自行车.The car knocked the old man down．汽车把老人撞倒．3［C］an act or noise of knocking 敲门（声）；撞：He heard a knock on／at the door. 他听见敲门声.He got a badknock from a car.他被汽车猛撞了一下.

kick/kik/1 [T1; IØ] to hit (someone or some-thing） with the foot 踢：He kicked the boy／ball （hard）.他（使劲）踢那男孩／球.Don＇t kick！别踢啦！He kicked the ball away．他踢走那球．2［IØ］ to move the feet forcefully 踢着脚：The child was pulled away， kicking and shouting.这孩子又踢又叫地被拖走了．3［IØ］ to move backforcefully 反冲：That gun kicks when you fire it．那枪射击时有后坐力．4［C］an act of kicking踢；反冲；后坐：He gave the ball a （hard） kick. 他把球（猛力地）踢了一下.That gun has quite akick.那枪的后坐力很大.

bash /bæf/ 1 [T1 (in or up)] usu infml to hit hard, so as to crush, break, or hurt in some way 猛击；猛撞；砸；打：He bashed his finger （with a hammer）.他（用锤子）把自己的手指砸伤了.He bashed the door in and entered the room.他把门撞开，闯进屋去.If you speak to melike that I＇ll bash your face in！你要是用那种态度跟我说话，我就把你的脸揍扁！I bashed up mycar and it＇s a total loss.我把车撞坏了，完全报废了．2［S］ usu infml a hard or fierce blow 猛击： He gave him a bash on the nose.他猛击一下他的鼻子.have a bash（at） BrE sl to make an attempt （at） 尝试：I＇ve never rowed a boat before but I don't mind having a bash (at it). 我从未划过船，但也不妨试一试.

bruise/bru:z/1 [Wv5; T1] to cause one or more discoloured spots on 撞伤；使青肿；使受淤伤；打出青肿：She fell and bruised her knee.她摔了一跤，使膝盖淤伤了.He had a bruised knee.他的膝盖青肿了．2［IØ］to show one or more such spots 出现青肿；出现淤伤：Her skin／The skin ofsoft fruit bruises easily.她的皮肤／软质水果的皮容易碰伤．3［C］ a discoloured place where the skin of a human, animal, or fruit has been injured by a blow but not broken（人体、动物、或水果等碰伤后，表皮变色但未破裂的）青肿；挫伤；淤伤；伤痕

blemish /'blemif 1 [T1] to spoil the beauty or perfection of 有损···的完美：Her beautiful face was blemished by the marks of an old wound. 一处旧伤留下的疤痕使她那美丽的脸有所逊色.(fig) His character had been blemished by suggestions of dishonesty. 不诚实的迹象使他的人品受到玷污．2［C］ a mark which blemishes； （fig） esp poet a fault（小）缺点；瑕疵；过错：She has no blemishes of any kind.她没有任何缺点.

N336 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：bursting， etc 爆炸等

burst /b3:st/ 1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) break suddenly，esp by pressure from within（使）破

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裂；爆炸；胀破：The bottle／tyre burst.这瓶子／车胎炸了．He burst a blood vessel［→B36］．他的一条血管破裂了.She burst the chains that held her. 她挣脱了绑她的链条.（fig）The storm burst andwe all got wet.突然下起了暴雨，我们都淋湿了.（fig） My heart will burst （with grief／joy）.我（悲痛得／高兴得）心都要炸了．2［X9；L9］to(cause to) come into a stated condition sud-denly，often with force 猛然进入某种状态；突然发生：She burst free（from the chains）.她挣脱了（锁链的束缚）.She burst out of the chains.她从链条的束缚下挣脱出来.She burst through thedoor into the room.她一下打开门走入房间.Inspring the young flowers burst open.春天花蕾绽开.The police burst open the door.警察猛然砸开大门．3［IØ（with），3］（in the -ing form）to be filled to breaking point (with a sub-stance or usu pleasant feeling）（用-ing 形式） 胀破；充满：That bag is bursting （with pota-toes）.那只袋子装得满满的（装满了马铃薯）.Iambursting with joy.我满怀喜悦.He is bursting to tell you the news．他急着要告诉你这个消息．4[C] a sudden outbreak or effort, noise, light, etc 爆发；爆炸；迸发；突发：There was a burst oflaughter／of speech.突然爆发出一阵笑声／突然发了一阵言.He heard several bomb bursts.他听见好几下炸弹爆炸声.

explode /rk'spləud/1 [Wv5; IØ; T1] a (esp of a bomb or other explosive) to blow up or burst （尤指炸弹或其它爆炸物）爆炸：an unexplodedbomb 一颗未爆炸的炸弹 b to cause（esp abomb or other explosive) to blow up or burst 使（尤指炸弹或其它爆炸物）爆炸：The soldiersexploded a bomb under the bridge.士兵们在大桥下面爆炸了一颗炸弹．2［IØ（in，with）］（of aperson） to show sudden violent feeling（指人） 突然表露强烈的感情：to explode with／in anger 勃然大怒； If I have to wait much longer I shall explode．如果要我再等下去，我准会气炸的．3［IØ］（of a feeling） to burst out suddenly（指感情）激发：His anger exploded．他勃然大怒．4［Wv5；T1 often pass］ to destroy （a belief） 打破；破除（信念）；推翻：The idea that the earth goes round the sun was exploded long ago.地球绕太阳转的看法很久以前曾被推翻过.It is an explodedbelief．这是一种被推翻了的信念．explosion［C］1(a loud noise caused by) an act of exploding 爆炸（声）：When she lit the gas there was a loud explosion.她点燃煤气炉时，听到一声很响的爆炸声．The explosion of an atomic ［→H8］ bomb destroyed a whole city.原子弹的爆炸把整整一个城市摧毁了．2 a sudden bursting out （ofthe stated feeling or its expression）感情等的爆发：He could hear explosions of loud laughter. 他能听见一阵阵的大笑声．3（fig） a suddenincrease 剧增（esp in the phr the population explosion 人口爆炸）explosive 1［B］ able or likely to explode 会爆炸的；易爆炸的：Thesesubstances are highly explosive.这些物质极易爆炸．2 ［C］an explosive substance 炸药；爆炸物

erupt /I'rapt/ [IØ] (of a mountain with fire inside it （volcano）） to pour out fire（指火山） 喷火；爆发：Mount Vesuvius hasn＇t erupted for a good many years.维苏威火山已有好多年没爆

N337 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

发了.（fig）He erupted with anger.他大发雷霆. eruption [C;U] 1 (an example of) the action of erupting 喷发；爆发：The volcano was in a state of eruption.火山处于爆发状态.（fig）There were several eruptions (= outbreaks) of infec-tious disease.曾发生了好几次传染病的突然蔓延.2 (the sudden appearance of) an unhealthy spot or area on the skin（发）疹

go off ［v adv IØ］ not fml to explode 爆炸：The bomb went off，killing four people.炸弹爆炸导致四人死亡.

blow up [v adv T1; IØ] not fml to (cause to) explode； to destroy or damage in this way（使） 爆炸；炸毁：The enemy soldiers blew up the bridge to stop our trains crossing.敌兵炸毁桥梁，是为了阻挡我方火车通行.The bridgesuddenly blew up; the soldiers had planted (= put） a bomb under it.大桥突然爆炸；原来士兵们在桥下埋了一枚炸弹.

N337 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：hurting and harming 伤害与损害

[ALSO→B122,129]

hurt 1/h3:t/ [IØ; T1] to give pain or cause injury to（a person，animal，etc）使（人、动物等）疼痛； 伤害：She accidentally cut her finger with a knife and it hurts.她不小心被刀割破手指，伤口很痛.He hurt his arm when he fell.他摔倒时跌伤了胳膊.The child was more afraid than hurt. 这孩子感到害怕多于疼痛.Did she hurt herselfwhen she fell？她跌倒时摔伤了吗？My shoes aretight and they hurt like mad （＝ hurt a lot）.我的鞋子很紧，穿起来痛得要命．2［T1；IØ］ to cause（someone） to feel upset 使苦恼；使伤心：His angry words hurt（her）.他愤怒的话实在伤人（伤了她的心）.I felt hurt when you didn＇t come to see me．你没来看我使我感到很难过．3［it Iø］ notfml cause trouble 带来痛苦；危害；有妨害：It won't hurt if we wait a few days before answering his letter.我们等几天再回他的信并不碍事．4［U］ esp old use a cause of pain or trouble 创伤；痛苦：Did he suffer any hurt？他受到什么创伤了吗？I meant her no hurt.我无意伤害她.It was a real hurt to his feelings.这的确伤了他的感情.

spoil/spoil/[T1] 1 to cause to be in a bad con-dition; to make worse or less satisfactory （than before）损坏；搞糟；破坏；毁掉：He spoiled his painting by putting too much red paint on it.他在画上涂了太多红色，把画弄糟了.She hasspoilt her work by being careless.她粗心大意把工作搞坏了.Bad weather will spoil our holiday. 坏天气将会破坏我们的假期．2［Wv5］ to do toomuch for (esp a child); to be too kind and gentle to 宠坏；溺爱（尤指孩子）：You＇ll spoil that child if you give him everything he wants as soon as he starts crying.孩子一哭，你就有求必应，这样会把他宠坏的.They have only onechild and they really spoil her.他们只有一个孩子，因此真是把她宠坏了.What a spoilt child！真是一个宠坏了的孩子！

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N338 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

damage /'dæmid3/1 [Wv5; T1] to break, spoil or cause loss of value to (things) without destroying 损害；损坏：He damaged my car with a stone.他用一块石头砸坏了我的汽车.Thebus was badly damaged when it hit the wall. 公共汽车撞在墙上，受到严重损坏.Sea waterdamaged the ship＇s goods.海水损坏了船上的货物.His angry words damaged their marriage. 他气愤的话损害了他们的夫妻关系.Her chancesof winning the game were damaged by some bad moves at the beginning.比赛开局不好，使她丧失了取胜的机会.People won＇t buy damagedgoods at the same price as undamaged goods. 人们不愿以相同于完好商品的价格购买损坏了的商品．2［U］ the result of damaging or being damaged；loss 损失；破坏：The fire caused a lot of damage （o the buildings）.火灾（给这些大楼）带来了巨大的损失.The storm did greatdamage to the farms.暴风雨使这些农场遭受了很大的损失.Who will pay for all this damage？谁来赔偿这一切损失？damages［P］ law moneyasked for or given to someone because of damage，trouble caused，etc 损害赔偿费

harm /ha:m/ esp emot 1 [T1] to hurt,spoil or damage 损害；危害；伤害：Smoking a lot of cig-arettes can harm and·even kill over a long period of time.长期大量吸烟会危害身体健康，甚至导致死亡.Did he harm the child？-No；she wasn＇t harmed／she＇s unharmed.他伤着孩子了吗？-没有；她没伤着.There was a fire in ourstreet but our house wasn＇t harmed.我们街上发生了火警，但我们家安然无恙.Come on；gettingup early won＇t harm you！起来吧，早起不会对你有害处的！2［U］a condition which harms 损害； 伤害；危害：The storm did a lot of harm.暴风雨造成了巨大的危害.Keep the child out of harm＇sway（＝ away from harm）.把孩子带到安全的地方.He didn＇t mean any harm （＝ he didn＇t intend to harm anyone）.他并无恶意.There＇s no harm in going to see him，is there？去看看他总没有害处吧，对不对？There＇s no harm intrying；let＇s do it.不妨试一下，没有坏处的；来吧.

mar／ma：／［T1］esp emph ＆ emot to spoil 弄坏； 弄糟：Age cannot mar her beauty.年龄无损于她的美貌.The noise marred the peace of the night.吵闹声破坏了夜间的宁静.

impair ／ım＇peə／ ［T1］ fml to spoil or weaken 损害；削弱：Too much study impaired his abili-ties.他学习过度，能力受到了损害.-ment［U］

adulterate /ə'daltə,reit/ [T1] to make (some-thing, esp food) less good or pure by adding some other thing（尤指食物）掺杂；掺以劣等或不纯的物质：He adulterated the good oil with cheaper stuff, but sold the mixture at the same high price.他把廉价油掺进好油中，却以相同的高价出售这种混杂油．adulteration 1［U］theact or result of adulteration 掺杂；掺假：This adulteration of our food must stop,' he said. 他说：“必须停止在我们食品中掺假．”2［C ususing］ an example of this 掺杂物；掺假货

wrong /ron/ 1 [T1] to do something wrong or bad to（someone）伤害（某人）；委屈；冤枉：He greatly wronged her by what he did.他的所作所为大大地伤害了她．2［U］wrong things done 邪

恶；不当；虐待；冤屈：He did her wrong.他冤枉了她.The wrong he did her was great.他令她受到很大的委屈．3［C］a wrong thing done 不公正的对待；错误；坏事：These wrongs have gone on too long；they must end！这些坏事持续得太久了，必须予以制止！

slight/slait/[T1] to treat (someone) rudely as if unimportant or not very good， useful etc 轻视； 藐视：When he talked about their work， he slighted her several times.他在谈论他们的工作时，几次轻蔑地提到她.She felt slighted by whathe said.他说的话使她觉得自己受到藐视.

N338 verbs 动词：destroying 摧毁

[ALSO → A8,13 KILL; I14 DEMOLISH]

destroy/dr'stroi/ 1 [T1; (IØ)] to tear down or apart; ruin; put an end to the existence or effectiveness of （something） 毁灭；摧毁：The enemy destroyed the city.敌人摧毁了这座城. The storm has destroyed my crops.暴风雨毁了我的庄稼.He seems to like nothing but hating and destroying.他似乎什么也不喜欢，惟独仇恨和破坏是他的兴趣.（fig）You have destroyed my life and all my hopes.你毁了我的一生和我的一切希望．2［T1］euph to kill （esp an animal） 杀死（尤指动物）：The dog is mad and ought to be destroyed.这只狗疯了，应该把它杀掉.destruc-tion [U] 1 the act of destroying or state of being destroyed 毁灭；消灭；破坏：They watched the destruction of the forest by fire.他们看着大火把森林烧毁.The army left the enemy town in （a state of） complete destruction.大军把敌城彻底摧毁后离去．2 that which destroys 毁灭的原因；破坏手段：Pride was her destruction，for it caused the loss of all her friends.傲慢是她失败的原因，因为它使她失去了所有的朋友.destruc-tive ［B］ 1 causing destruction 危害的：What a destructive storm！这风暴的危害多大啊！2 want-ing or tending to destroy 破坏（性）的：He＇s very good at making destructive arguments against things, but he never offers any ideas of his own.他很善于对事物提出些破坏性的论点，但是从不提出任何自己的主张.-ly ［adv］-ness［U］

wreck/rek/1 [Wv6; T1] to cause (esp a ship or vehicle） to be destroyed 使（尤指船、车等）失事； 使毁坏；使遭难：The ship was wrecked on the rocks．这艘船触礁失事．2［T1］ esp emot todestroy 破坏：The weather has completely wrecked our plans.天气完全打乱了我们的计划.3 ［C］ something that has been wrecked 被毁的物体：The car was a wreck.汽车已坏得不成样子.[ALSO→M169] wreckage [U] material from something that has been wrecked（被毁物的） 残骸；破片：The road was covered with wreck-age from the explosion in the building.大楼里发生爆炸后，路上到处都是破砖烂瓦.

ruin /'ru:in/ 1 [Wv5; T1] to destroy or spoil （completely）（彻底地）毁坏；毁灭：The rain will ruin the crops.这场雨将把庄稼毁坏.An explosion ruined this building.一次爆炸毁了这座大楼.Itwas an ancient ruined city.这是一座古城的废墟．2［Wv5；T1 usupass］ to cause total loss of

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money to 使破产：I was ruined by that law case； I＇m a ruined man！我被那一宗案子毁了，我现在是个破了产的人了！3［U］the state of beingruined 毁灭； 破产； 崩溃； 覆灭：He was faced withcomplete ruin.他面临彻底破产.The castle fell into ruin（＝became ruined）．这座城堡倒塌了．4 ［C］something ruined 毁坏了的东西（如倾圮的建筑物等）；废墟，遗迹：The castle is now a ruin.现在城堡成了一堆废墟了.He walked among theruins of ancient Rome.他在古罗马的废墟中漫步.The city was in ruins after the war.战后这座城变成了废墟.ruinous ［B］ causing ruin； being a ruin 毁灭性的；灾难性的-ly ［adv］：Wefound the house ruinously expensive (=it cost too much and ruined us）.我们发现这房子贵得简直会令人倾家荡产.

obliterate /ə'blitə,reit/ [T1] to remove all signs of；destroy 去掉···的痕迹；使消失：The village was obliterated.那个村庄被彻底消灭了.obliter-ation [U]

eradicate /r'rædr,keit/ [T1] to destroy com-pletely and put an end to（something bad）根除；杜绝；消灭（不好的事物）：These diseasesmust be eradicated.必须根除这些疾病.eradi-cation [U]

sack /sæk/ 1 [T1] (espof an army in former

times) to destroy buildings, take things of value, and usu harm or kill people in (a con-quered place， esp a city）（尤指旧时军队）洗劫（尤指被攻占的城市）2［（the）S］ the action ofsacking a city 洗劫：the sack of Troy 洗劫特罗伊城；put the city to the sack （＝sack it）洗劫这城市annihilate /ə'narə,leIt/ [TI] to destroy com-pletely 彻底消灭；歼灭：The army annihilated the enemy.部队歼灭了敌人.（fig）His argument was annihilated.他的论据被推翻了.annihi-lation [U] 1 complete destruction, esp of armies， enemies，etc 彻底消灭；歼灭（尤指军队、敌人等）2 the destruction of body and soul 灵魂与肉体的毁灭

wipe out [v adv T1 usu pass] esp emot to de-stroy completely 彻底摧毁；毁灭；消灭：The village was wiped out in the fighting.整个村子在战火中被摧毁了.The soldiers were wiped outto a man（＝all killed）.士兵全部被歼灭.

root out [v adv] 1 [T1] to get rid of completely; destroy （something bad）根绝；根除；消灭（不好的事物）：This disease could easily be rooted out．这种疾病很容易根绝．2［D1（for）；T1］ tofind by searching 搜寻：I＇ll try and root you out something dry to wear.我试试给你找一件干衣服穿.

stamp out [v adv T1] to put out, stop,or destroy 熄灭；扑灭；踩灭：He stamped out the fire with his foot.他用脚把火踩灭.（fig）Doctors are trying to stamp this disease out com-pletely.医生们正在设法彻底根治这种疾病.

N339 verbs 动词： undermining and disrupting 损害与破坏

[ALSO→C133]

undermine /,Andə'mam/ [T1] 1 to wear away

N350 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

the earth beneath，removing support 削弱···的基础：The house is unsafe since the founda-tions were undermined by floods.由于房子的地基遭受洪水的破坏，这房子已不安全了．2 toweaken or destroy by stages 逐渐削弱或损害：Her continued unkindness undermined his belief in her gentleness.他原以为她是个温柔的女子，但她持续不变的冷淡态度渐渐削弱了他的信心.Ifyou always say she is wrong you'll undermine her confidence.如果你总是挑她的错，你将损害她的自信心.Illness undermined his strength.疾病削弱了他的体力.

disrupt/dis'rapt/ [T1] to bring or throwinto disorder 使混乱；使瓦解；破坏：to disrupt apublic meeting by continual shouting 不断以高声大叫扰乱公众集会；An accident has disruptedrailway services into and out of the city.进出该城的铁路服务因交通事故而被打乱了.disrup-tion 1 [UJ] the act, occasion or result of dis-rupting 破坏；混乱；瓦解 2 ［C］ an example ofthis 破坏、混乱或瓦解的事例

N340 verbs 动词：getting worse 恶化

deteriorate /dr'trəriə,rert/ [IØ] to become worse 恶化；变坏：Her work was once very good but lately it has deteriorated badly.她原工作得相当不错，但近来越来越糟糕了.deterioration［U］

worsen/'w3:sən/ [IØ; (T1)] to (cause to) get worse（使）变坏；（使）恶化：Conditions in the city worsened as the disease spread.随着疾病的蔓延，城里的情况不断恶化.The rain hasworsened our difficulties.雨给我们增添了困难.

Showing,hiding,finding,

saving,and similar words

显示、隐藏、寻找、救援与类似的词

N350 verbs，etc 动词等：showing and indicating 显示与指示

show/fəu/1 [T1, 5; D1] to let (something or someone) be seen; to cause (something or someone） to be seen 出示；给···看；显示：He showed me the book.他给我看那本书.Heshowed the book to me.他把那本书给我看.Sheshowed that she wasn't happy by leaving the room.她离开房间以示不满.That short dressshows a lot of leg！那件短连衣裙使腿露得太多了！(fig) He showed great courage in coming here tonight．今晚他到这里来显示了他巨大的勇气．2［D；T：（1,6a，b）］（fig） to make clear 说明；表明： Please show me what I did wrong/where I went wrong． 请指出我什么事做错了／哪里错了．3［D1（to）；T1］（fig）to give 给予：Show him some kindness.对他客气些.She showed a lot of kindness to him．她对他挺友好．4［IØ（on， in）］ to be seen 显出；显露：Her anger showed

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N351 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

（on her face／in her actions）.她的愤怒（在她的脸上／行动上）流露出来.Does the dirty mark stillshow on my shirt？我衬衣上的污点还看得出来吗？show itself to be easily seen 显而易见；露头：His anger showed itself clearly.显而易见他在生气.show oneself esp deprec to be present 出席；露面：Do you think he will dare （to） show himself at the meeting after what he said？你认为他说了那番话之后还敢在会上露面吗？showone＇s face deprec to let oneself be seen 露面：I don't dare show my face there again after what I did！我干了那件事之后，再也不敢去那里了！point /point/1 [IØ; T1] to (raise a hand, finger, stick, etc to) show the position or direction of （something or someone） 指出；指向：He pointed to the house.他指向那栋房子.She raised her hand to point the way.她抬手指路. He pointed towards the men and said, 'It was those men who did it.＇他指着那些人说：“是他们干的.”He just stood there， pointing and saying nothing．他只站在那里用手指着，什么也没有说．2[IØ; T1: (at, towards)] to direct or be directed 把···对准；瞄准：He pointed the gun straight at her.他用枪直接对准她.The gun pointed to-wards them.枪对准了他们.The big guns pointed out across the valley.大炮指向山谷的对面.

indicate /'indikeit/ often fml 1 [T1] to point to 指向；指示：I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite.我问他我的姐姐在哪里，他指了指对面那家商店.The sign-post indicates the direction of London from here．路标指明了从这里去伦敦的方向．2［T1,5a］to make or be a sign （for）象征；表示：He in-dicated that I could leave.他表示我可以走了.His answer indicated that I could leave.他的回答表明我可以走了.In many writing systems acircle indicates the sun.在许多文字体系中，圆圈表示太阳．3［T5a，b］ to make clear 表明：Iindicated that his help was not welcome.我表示不欢迎他来帮忙．4［T1 often pass］ to show aneed for；suggest 表明需要；预示：The change in his illness indicates the use of stronger drugs.他病情的变化表明须用重药.His argumentis weak； a lot of re-thinking is indicated.他论点无力，这预示着他要反复再思考．5［T1；IØ］toshow (the direction in which one is turning in a vehicle) by making signs with the hand or flashing the special coloured lights on the sides of a car at front and back（驾车转弯时）打手势；闪动指示灯：He＇s indicating left.他示意要向左转.I wish he＇d indicate（clearly）.我真希望他能（清楚地）打手势.Do taxis in London everindicate？伦敦的计程车拐弯时亮不亮指示灯？

point out [v adv T1, 5a] not fml to show or make clear 指出；表明：He pointed out the house I was asking for.他指出了我正在找的那幢房子.She pointed out that his help was not welcome.她表示不欢迎他的帮助.

N351 verbs 动词：showing and

demonstrating，etc 展示与示范等

show／fəu／［T1］to show in public 展出；陈列：

When do you intend to show the dog？你打算什么时候让这只狗参展？

show off [v adv]1 [IØ] usu deprec to behave so as to try to get admiration for oneself,one's abilities，etc 炫耀；卖弄：Stop showing off！别再炫耀自己了！ 2 ［T1］ to allow to be seen as some-thing fine or beautiful 使显眼；使夺目：She loves showing off her new clothes.她喜欢炫耀自己的新衣服.That dress shows herfigure off very well.那件衣服很好地显出她的身材.

demonstrate /'demən,streit/ 1 [T1, 5, 6a, b] to show clearly 说明；表明；显示：Please demon-strate how the machine works.请说明这台机器是怎样运作的．2［T1,5］to prove or make clear， esp by reasoning or giving many examples 示范；论证：She demonstrated that 2 and 2 are 4． 她论证了2＋2＝4.3［T1］ to show the value or useof，esp to a possible buyer（尤指向准备购物的顾客）说明；示范；表演：Let me demonstrateour wonderful new machine to you，sir.先生， 我来为你示范操作一下我们这台绝妙的新机器．4[Iø] to arrange or take part in a public show of strong feeling or opinion, often with march-ing，big signs，etc 举行示威游行（或集会）：Thestudents demonstrated in favour of better teaching.学生们游行示威要求改进教学.de-monstrative [B] 1 [Wa5] for the purpose of demonstrating something 指示的：This＇is a demonstrative pronoun.“this”是个指示代词. 2 showing feelings openly 感情外露的：He isn＇t a demonstrative person.他不是个感情外露的人.un-[neg]-ly [adv]: She welcomed him de-monstratively，with a kiss.她热情奔放地用亲吻来欢迎他.demonstration ［U；C］ the act of demonstrating 表明；示范；论证；示威游行：Shewent to a cookery demonstration.她去参加了烹调示范表演.

exhibit/rg'zibit/1 [IØ;T1] to show in public, as for sale, or in a competition (objects,some-times of an understood type） 展览；展出；展销； 陈列：Let＇s exhibit the paintings／flowers／new cars.让我们展出这些画／花／新车.He is a youngpainter who has not yet exhibited (his work). 他是一位还没展出过自己作品的年轻画家．2［T1］toshow other people that one possesses (a feel-ing，quality，etc）表示；显出；显示（感情、性质等）：They began to exhibit signs of fearlguilt.他们开始露出恐惧／内疚的神色.

display /dr'splei/[T1] esp fml & pomp to show 展示；展出；显示；陈列；显露；表现：He wants todisplay fruit in the shop/to display the na-tional flag in his window/to display his true feelings.他想在店里展出水果／在橱窗里摆一面国旗／表露出他的真实感情.

feature/'fi:tfə/1 [IØ (in)] to be seen, found, etc (in something else, esp of a person in a film, story，etc）（尤指在电影、小说中）出现；饰演角色（尤指主角）；主演：She features in the new film called ＇Strange Love＇.她在那部名为《奇怪的爱情》的新电影中饰演主角.These present difficul-ties featured largely in the chief minister's speech yesterday.眼前这些困难大部分已在首相昨天的演说中提到了．2 ［T1］ to have （someone orsomething） in a film，story，etc（在电影、小说等

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中）使主演；使占主要位置：The new film featuresthat great actor Henry Smith.新片由大明星亨利·史密斯主演.

N352 nouns 名词：showing and

indicating 显示与指示

show／fəu／1［C］an act of showing 表示；显示： They voted by a show of hands (= each one voted by raising his or her hand）.他们举手表决．2 ［S］ often deprec such an act， esp if done too much or without good intentions（过分或不怀好意地）显示；炫耀；卖弄：He made a greatshow of friendliness towards us.他对我们故作友好.

showing/'fəui/1 [C] an act of putting on view 显示；展览；陈列：a showing of new fashions 时装展览2［S］ a record of success or quality； performance 成绩；表现；表演：a good／poor showing by the local team 当地的球队出色／蹩脚的表演3 ［on S］a statement or understanding of a state of affairs（对事态的）陈述；（对事态的）理解：On any showing it＇ll be an interesting election.不管怎么说，这将是一次很有意思的选举.On the government's own showing they won't win by very many votes.根据政府自己的说法，他们不会以很大优势获胜.

indication/ Ində'keifən/1[U] the action of in-dicating 指示；表示：Please give me some indi-cation of what to do.请稍稍提示我该如何去做.2［C often pl（of， 5）］ a sign or suggestion 迹象； 示意：There are clear indications that the weather is changing.有明显迹象表明天气要变了.He gave an indication that our help might be needed.他示意有可能需要我们的帮助.

appearance /ə'pıərəns/ [C; (in) U] what shows or is seen 外表；外貌；外观；表象；现象；出现：Hisappearance was rather unsatisfactory; he looked tired and dirty.他的外表不很令人满意；他显得疲倦、肮脏.The young man had the ap-pearance of being older than he was/of being unhappy.那位青年外表显得比实际年龄更大／显得不高兴.Don＇t judge by appearances， because appearances can be deceptive (= things are not always the way they appear to be）.别凭表象作判断，因为外表的东西可能有假象.In appear-ance he was fair-haired, blue-eyed and about 30 years old．从外表看，他是金发碧眼，有三十岁左右.She had a slightly foreign appearance.她长得有点像外国人.

N353 nouns 名词：showing and

demonstrating 展出与示范

show /fəu/1 [C esp in comb] a collection of things that are shown esp to the public esp as part of a competition 展览；展览会（尤指公开及进行比赛的）：They went to the flower show.他们去看花展了.Is the horse show at the show-ground （＝ field，etc where shows are held）？马

N354 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

展是在展览场举行吗？2［S］the way in whichthings are shown 景象；表现；外观：The flowers made a fine show！这些花真是鲜艳夺目！3［Cesp in comb] a kind of public entertainment 演出；节目；娱乐：There＇s a film show on to-night；are you coming？今晚有电影晚会，你来吗？Some television shows are better than others. 电视节目有些好，有些差．［ALSO■K73］

exhibition /,eksə'bıfən/ [C] 1 a public show of objects 展览；展览会：an international trade exhibition 国际贸易博览会2［（of）］an act of exhibiting［→N351］显示；展示；表露：What an exhibition of bad temper！真是一次坏脾气的大暴露！make an exhibition of oneself to behave foolishly in public 出洋相；当众出丑：Get up off the floor and stop making such an exhibition of yourself！站起来，别躺在地上出丑了！on exhi-bition being shown publicly 展览；展出：Some of the children's paintings are now on exhi-bition at the school.孩子们的一些画正在学校里展出.

exhibit /rg'zibit/ [C] 1 something that is ex-hibited， esp in a museum（尤指博物馆的）展览品 2 something brought into a law court to prove the truth（呈上法庭的）证据；证物：Exhibit A was a knife which, the police said, belonged to the prisoner.物证甲是一把刀，警察说是犯人的.3AmE an exhibition 展览会

exposition /,ekspə'zifən/ 1 [C] an international exhibition of the products of industry（国际工业产品）博览会2［C；U］（an act of） explaining and making clear 说明；阐述；讲解；评注：a fullexposition of his political beliefs 他政治信仰的全面说明；The beginning of the book is mostly exposition, telling us who the characters are. 书的开头部分主要是向我们介绍书中人物的说明.

display /dr'splei/1 [C; (U)] the act or action of displaying ［→N351］显示；展出；陈列；显露；展现；表演；表现：We saw a display of great skill.我们目睹了熟练技能的表演．2［C］a collection ofthings displayed 陈列；展览：a display of fruit 水果的陈列；to put things in a display case 把展品放进陈列柜on display being shown publicly 公开陈列

demonstration /,demən'streifən/ 1 [U; C, C5] the act of demonstrating 示范；表示；证明：the demonstration of a machine 机器的示范表演； The demonstration that you are wrong will not be difficult，my dear sir.亲爱的先生，要证明你错了是不难的．2［C］also 又作 infml demo apublic show of strong feeling or opinion, often with marching，big signs，etc 示威游行；示威集会：a demonstration against the war 反战示威

N354 verbs 动词：revealing and

exposing 显露与暴露 [ALSO→F210]

reveal／rr＇vi：l／1［T1］ to allow to be seen 显露；暴露；泄露：The dress reveals part of her stomach. 这衣服暴露了她腹部的一部分.The curtainsopened，to reveal a darkened stage.幕拉开了，

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N355 SHOWING＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

露出的却是一个漆黑的舞台．2［T1（as），5；X（tobe）1， 7］ to make known （to be） 揭示；揭露；泄露：She suddenly revealed （the fact） that she was not married. 她突然公开自己并没有结婚.These letters reveal him as/reveal him to be an honest man.这些信揭示出他是个诚实的人.

expose/ik'spəuz/[T1] 1 [Wv5; (to)] to uncover, so as to leave without protection 使暴露（因而得不到保护）：She exposed her skin to the sun. 她让自己的皮肤在太阳底下曝晒.The soldierswere warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.士兵们被告诫要隐蔽好，别暴露自己.（fig）Her youth and beauty will expose her to many dangers.她的年轻美貌会使她面临种种危险.The house is in an exposed position， on top of a high hill.房子位于高山顶上，处于暴露位置．2 to leave （a baby） to die of cold and hunger out of doors 遗弃（婴孩）于户外使冻饿而死：The ancient Greeks are said to have exposed their unwanted babies.据说古希腊人把他们不想要的婴孩遗弃掉．3［（to）］ to makeknown （a seoretly guilty person or action）揭露；揭发（罪狍、罪行）：I threatened to expose him／the plan（to the police）.我威胁要（向警方） 揭发他／揭发那项计划．4 to place in view 陈列；展出：He exposed his goods for sale in the market．他在市场上展销他的商品．5 to uncover(a film) to the light, when taking a photo-graph 使（软片）曝光；使露光：This film hasalready been exposed.这个胶卷已经曝光了.expose (oneself or another) to to make （oneself or another）suffer使（自己或他人）遭受；招惹：His fatness exposes him to a lot of joking at the office.他长得很胖，在办公室常遭人嘲笑.

show up [v adv T1; IØ] to(cause to) be easily seen 露出；显出：The cracks in the wall only show up when the light shines on them.墙上的裂缝只是在光线照到上面时才显露出来.

N355 nouns 名词：revealing and exposing 显露与暴露

revelation / revə'lerfən/1 [U (of)] the making known （of something secret） 展现； 显露； 揭露 2[C; the C5] a (surprising) fact that is made known 揭示的（意外）事实；意想不到的发现：Welistened to her strange revelations about her past.我们听她讲她过去的奇怪经历.The revela-tion that the world is round surprised them.地球是圆的这一意想不到的发现使他们大吃一惊.Thisis quite a revelation to me; I had no idea that you were a priest.这真使我感到意外；我根本没想到你是神父.

exposure /ik'spəüзə/1 [U] the state of being exposed to the weather 暴露（于某种气候中）：He nearly died of exposure on the cold moun-tain．他在寒冷的高山上几乎冻死了．2［C；Uto］（acase of) being exposed (to a stated influence) 暴露；曝晒；处于（某种影响下）： much exposure todanger 常处于危险之中；a short exposure to sunlight 短时间的曝晒3 ［C；U（of）］a case of

exposing or the experience of being exposed 揭露；暴露：I threatened him with public exposure.我威胁要公开揭发他.There wererepeated exposures in the newspapers of the Government＇s mistakes.报纸上一再披露政府的过失．4［C］ the amount of film that must be exposed to take one photograph 未拍摄的胶卷张数：I have three exposures left on this film. 这胶卷上我还剩下三张未拍．5［C］ the length oftime that a film must be exposed to take a photograph（拍照片时的）曝光时间：You＇dbetter give it an exposure of 1/100 of a second. 你最好把曝光时间定为1／100秒．These twopictures were taken with different exposures. 这两张照片的曝光时间不一样．6［U］ the act ofexposing 暴露；揭露；揭发 7 ［S9］ the direction in which a room or house faces（指房间、房屋的） 朝向；方位：My bedroom has a southern exposure.我的卧室朝南.

N356 verbs 动词：hiding and covering

up 躲藏与掩盖 [ALSO→F208]

hide /haid/ 1 [Wv5; T1] to put or keep out of sight； to make or keep secret 把···藏起来；隐藏； 掩饰；向···守秘密：I hid the broken plate behind the table.我把破盘子藏在桌子后面.You＇rehiding some important facts.你在隐瞒某些重要事实.Don＇t hide your feelings； say what you think.别掩饰你的感情，怎么想就怎么说.The sunwas hidden by／behind the clouds.浮云遮住了太阳.His words had a hidden meaning.他的话里有话．2［IØ（from）］ to place oneself or be placed so as not to be seen 躲藏；躲避：I＇ll hide behind the door.我将藏在门背后.（fig）Where＇s that book hiding？ 那本书藏到哪里去了？He ishiding from the police.他正在躲避警察.Quick， hide！快，藏起来！3 also 又作 esp AmE blind[C] a place where a person can watch wild animals, birds, etc without being seen by them （观察野兽、鸟类等活动的）躲藏处 in hidinghiding oneself 躲藏着：The criminals were in hiding from the police.罪犯们正在躲避警察.Hehas been in hiding for months.他已经躲藏了好几个月.

conceal/kən'si:l/ [Wv5; T1 (from), 4] esp fml to hide; to keep from being seen or known 把···隐藏起来；隐蔽；隐瞒：It is wrong for a manto conceal things from his wife.丈夫对妻子隐瞒事情是不对的.Trees concealed the entrance to the park.树木遮住了公园的入口处.There is aconcealed entrance here.这里有个秘密入口处. He concealed having been there.他隐瞒了曾到过那里的事实.Conceal yourself，quickly！快藏起来！concealment ［U］ 1 the act of concealing 隐藏；隐瞒：Concealment of stolen property is a crime punishable by imprisonment.窝藏赃物是犯罪行为，可被判坐牢的．2 the state or conditionof being concealed 潜伏；隐藏：The criminals stayed in concealment until the police had passed.罪犯们一直藏到警察过去了才出来.

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disguise/drs'garz/ 1 [T1 (as)] to change the usual appearance, etc of, so as to hide the truth 假扮；假装；伪装；化装：She disguised herself as a man, but she couldn't disguise her voice.她女扮男装，但无法伪装她的嗓音.Thesecret door was disguised as a mirror.暗门伪装成一面镜子．2［T1］to hide （the real state of things）隐瞒；隐蔽；掩饰：He disguised his fear by looking angry/under an angry expression. 他假装生气来掩饰自己的恐惧.There＇s no dis-guising the fact/It is impossible to disguise the fact that business is bad.生意不景气是掩饰不了的事实／不能掩饰的事实.

cover/'kavə/[T1] to place one thing over or in front of (another) so as to hide or protect in this way 遮盖；覆盖；掩蔽：She covered the money with a cloth so that he couldn't see it. 她用布遮盖住钱，不让他看见.

cover up [v adv T1] not fml to cover or hide as fully as possible， esp so as to keep hidden 盖； 掩盖；掩饰：Cover up your legs and keep them warm.盖好你的双腿不要着凉.They tried tocover up their mistakes.他们试图掩饰自己的错误.cover-up［C］an act of covering up 掩盖；掩饰：We don＇t want another cover-up； tell us the truth！别又来遮遮掩掩那一套了，给我们讲实话吧！

secrete/sr'kri:t/ [T1] fml & pomp to hide or keep in a secret place 隐藏；藏匿：They have secreted the papers somewhere in the house. 他们把文件收藏在屋里某个地方.secretion［U］the act of secreting 隐藏；藏匿

obscure /əb'skjuə/ [T1] to make less clear, harder to understand， see，find，etc 使暗；使黑暗；使不明白；使不分明；使看不清：The view of thetown was obscured by smoke.烟雾使人看不清城镇的景色.He hopes to obscure the facts by telling lies.他想用谎话来掩盖事实.

N357 verbs 动词：finding and

discovering 找到与发现

find/faind/1 [T1] to get or get back (something or someone that has been lost, hidden, un-known， not expected，etc）找到；找回：I lost my knife but I＇ve found it again.我丢了一把刀，但已经找回来了.Did you manage to find thebook that you＇d lost？你设法找回丢失的那本书了吗？She found some money in the pocket of an old coat.她在旧外衣口袋里找到一些钱.Oilhas been found in large quantities off the coast of Scotland.在苏格兰沿海找到了大量石油.We must find an answer to this problem.我们必须找到这个问题的答案.He was found dead inhis garden．人们发现他死在花园里．2［T1,5］toknow or learn by finding, looking, studying, etc 发觉；发现；感到；了解到：How do you findher?-I have always found her to be honest and helpful. 你觉得她如何？-我一直觉得她诚实、乐于助人.The next day we found that he had gone with all the money.第二天，我们发现他已经带着所有的钱逃跑了.I＇m sorry；I find that

N358 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

I can't help you (= I thought I could, but now I can＇t）．对不起，我发觉自己无法帮助你了．3［Wv6；X7,9］ law to decide someone to be 裁决；判决：She was found guilty of murder （＝ It was agreed in a court of law that she murdered someone）．她被判谋杀罪．4［T1］to come to naturally 自然地形成；自然地来到；流向：Water always finds its own level．水往低处流．5 [X9 usu pass] to know that (something) exists or happens 发现（某物存在）；找到：Lions arefound in Africa.非洲有狮子.He can be found in that restaurant most evenings.大多数晚上你都能在那家餐馆中找到他.

discover/dr'skavə/1 [T1,5,6; V3] to learn (a fact or the answer to a question）了解；发现；发觉；知道（事实、答案）：We soon discovered the truth.我们很快了解到真相.Did you everdiscover who sent you the flowers？你到底是否弄明白那些花是谁送给你的？We never dis-covered how to open the box.我们始终没有找到打开那箱子的方法.Scientists have discovered that this disease is carried by rats.科学家发现这种病是由老鼠传播的．2［T1］ to find（some-thing existing but not known before, often a place or a scientific fact）发现（已存在但未为人所知的事物）：Columbus is said to have discovered America in 1492．据说哥伦布1492年发现了美洲.Oil has been discovered under the North Sea.在北海海底发现了石油.I discovereda fly in my coffee.我在我的咖啡里发现了一只苍蝇.

track down [v adv T1] to find (someone or something） by hunting or searching 追踪到；跟踪搜索到：The police tracked him down.警察找到他了.

trace/treis/[T1] 1 to follow the course or line of （something or someone）沿着···走；跟踪；追踪： The soldiers traced the river down to the sea. 士兵们顺河而下来到河流的入海处.The criminalwas traced to London．那罪犯被追踪到伦敦．2[(back)] to find the origins of by finding proof of by going back in time 追溯：His family can trace its history back to the 10th century．他的家史可追溯到十世纪.The whole false story wastraced back to an opposition politician.整个谣言被追溯到一位反对派政客的身上．3 to follow thecourse， development or history of 追溯；探索（···的经过、发展、历史）：He tried to trace the beginning of the labour movement.他试图追溯工运的起源．4 to find or discover by looking in many places，etc 找出；查找：I can＇t trace the letter you sent me.我查不到你寄给我的那封信.

N358 verbs 动词：finding out 发现

find out [v adv] 1 [T1, 5, 6a, b; IØ] to find or learn by asking, studying, talking to people, searching，etc 找到；找出；查明；发现；了解到：How did you find out his name？你是如何打听到他的姓名的？They soon found out that he was lying.他们很快发现他在说谎.I don＇t knowbut I＇ll try to find out.我不知道，不过我会设法弄清楚的.Where is my book？-Find out！我的书

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N359 SHOWING ＆ HIING 显示与隐藏

呢？-去找呀！2［T1］to discover that（some-one） is not honest 查明；查出（某人不诚实）：Hewas stealing their money, but they soon found him out.他在偷他们的钱，但他们很快就查出来了.

get at [v prep T1] infml to manage to find out 了解到；找到；得到：I＇m afraid we just can＇t get at the information；no one will help us.恐怕我们无法弄到那材料；没有人帮助我们.

determine /dr't3:mın/ [T1, 6a, b] fml to find out exactly 确定；断定：The police wanted to deter-mine all the facts／what exactly happened.警察想搞清楚所有的事实／到底发生了什么事.We＇reonly trying to determine the truth.我们只想弄清真相.determination［U］ the action of find-ing out 确定：The determination of all the facts is not easy.弄清所有的事实是不容易的.

detect/dr'tekt/[T1] esp fml & tech to find out 发现；发觉；察觉；侦查出；测出：We have beenable to detect some improvement as a result of the medicine.我们能察觉到一定程度的好转，这是由于用了药物的结果.I seemed to detectsome anger in his voice.我似乎从他的声音里听出一点生气的意思.The soldiers detected abomb in the building.士兵在大厦里探测出一颗炸弹.detection［U］ the act ofdetecting 发觉； 察觉；发现；侦查；探测：The detection of crime is the business of the police.侦查犯罪案件是警察的职责.detector ［C］an apparatus for detecting something 探测器：a lie detector 测谎器；a metal detector 金属探测器

N359 verbs 动词：seeking and searching 寻求与搜索

seek/si:k/1[T1 (out);IØ (after, for)] usu fml, old use or lit to make a search (for); look （for）；try to find or get （something）找；寻觅；寻求：＇Seek and you shall find＇（the Bible）.“你只要找就能找到”《圣经》.He sought shelter from the rain／sought out his friend in the crowd.他寻找避雨处／在人群中寻找自己的朋友.She willseek (after) the truth in the matter/seek public office （＝ an official postion）.她将弄清该事的真相／谋求官职.He was seeking among his untidy papers for the right one.他在杂乱的文件中寻找想要的那份．2［T1］fml（to go） to ask for 征求；请求：You should seek advice from your lawyer on this matter．你应该就此事征询你律师的意见．3［T3］ esp lit to try； make an attempt 试图；企图： They sought to punish him for his crime but he escaped．他们想惩罚他的罪行，但他逃跑了．4［T1］ to move naturally towards 自然地走向；自然地流向：Water seeks its own level.水往低处流，直到形成水平面.The compass pointer always seeks the north. 罗盘针总是指向北方.not far toseek easily seen or understood 易见；易懂：The reason for his failure was not far to seek; he was ill during the examination.他不及格的原因不难找到；他在考试时生病.seeker［C］a personwho seeks something or someone 追求者；探索者；搜查者：He says he is a seeker after truth.他说自己是真理的追求者.

search /s3:tf/ [IØ (through, into);T1(for,

after)] to look at, through, into, etc or exam-ine (a place) carefully and thoroughly to try to find something 寻找；搜查；搜索；探求；细看：They searched the woods for the lost child.他们在树林中搜寻那个丢失的孩子.He searched（through） his pockets for a cigarette.他摸遍了口袋寻找香烟.She searched her Bible for a word of comfort.她翻看《圣经》，寻找慰藉.（fig） He had spent his life searching after fame.他终身追求功名.The police searched the thief but found no weapon on him.警察对小偷进行搜身，但发现他身上没有武器.The scientists weresearching for a cure for the common cold.科学家们正在寻找治疗普通感冒的方法.I＇vesearched my conscience (= tried to find fault with myself) and I still think I did the right thing.我扪心自问，仍然觉得我做得对.searchme！ infml I don＇t know！ 我不知道：What＇s the time？-Search me：I haven＇t got a watch.几点啦？-我不知道：我没表.searcher［C］aperson who searches 搜寻者；探究者；探求者search party [C] a group which is searching for someone or something 搜索队；搜索救援组

hunt /hant/ [T1; IØ] 1 to go after (animals and birds) in order to catch and kill them, either for food or sport 追猎；狩猎；追捕（鸟兽）2 tosearch（for）搜索；搜寻；追捕：The police are hunting the murderer.警察正在追捕凶手.They hunted everywhere／high and low.他们到处搜索. hunter ［C］ a person who hunts esp animals 猎人；搜寻者

stalk /sto:k/1 [T1] to hunt (esp a wild animal) by moving slowly and quietly nearer without being seen 偷偷接近（以便捕到猎物）；悄悄地追踪（尤指野兽）：The lion stalked the deer.狮子悄悄地靠近鹿．2［S］such a hunt or hunting action 潜随；潜猎；悄悄追踪：He was on a stalk.他正在潜猎.stalker［C］ a person who stalks or is stalking 潜猎者

poach /pəutf/ [IØ; T1] to hunt or steal(esp birds, small animals, etc) on someone else's land（在别人的土地上）偷猎；偷捕（尤指鸟类、小动物）：He has been poaching on her land for years， poaching mainly fish and rabbits.多年来他在她的领地上偷猎，主要是偷猎鱼和兔子.poacher ［C］ a person who poaches 偷猎者

prey on／upon ［v prep T1］ to hunt and eat 捕食； 攫食：Cats prey on mice.猫捕食老鼠.

track /træk/ [T1] to follow the track of (an animal，aircraft， ship，person，etc）跟踪；追踪： We tracked the rabbit to its hole.我们追兔子一直追到兔窝那里.Some special scientific instru-ments are used for tracking planes.有些科学仪器是专门用来追踪飞机的.tracker ［C］ a personwho tracks esp animals 猎人；追踪者

scout/skaut/1 [IØ; T1] to go through (a place) ahead of others to get information 侦察：He used to scout for the army.他曾为部队侦察.They scouted the hills for enemy positions.他们在山里侦察，看看有没有敌人的阵地．2［C］aperson who does this 侦察员：He was a scout for the army／an army scout.他曾经是侦察兵.

comb/kəum/[T1] not fml to search thoroughly 彻底搜查：The police combed the hills for the

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murderer.警察在彻底搜山追捕凶手.

rifle/'raifəl/[T1] to search thoroughly and with-out care, esp so as to steal anything of value from（a place， container，etc）搜劫：She rifled the cupboards for everything of any value.她搜遍橱柜找值钱的东西.

bag /bæg/ [T1] 1 to catch and esp put in a bag, esp after hunting and killing 捕获；（尤指）把··· 装进袋里：He bagged several rabbits.他捕获到了几只兔子．2 infml to kill 捕杀：He bagged anelephant.他捕杀了一头大象.

N360 verbs 动词：investigating and examining 调查与检查

investigate /in'vestə,geit/ [T1] to examine thor-oughly the reasons for，the character of，etc 调查：to investigate the crime 调查罪行；He has been investigated and found blameless.他的情况已经调查过，未发现任何可指责之处.investi-gator ［C］ a person who investigates 调查者；侦查员

probe/prəub/ [IØ (into); T1] 1 to search with a long thin metal instrument（用探针等）探查： The doctor probed gently insde the man's ear; he probed without finding anything wrong.医生用探针在那人的耳朵里轻轻地探查，没查出什么问题.He probed the mud with a stick， looking for the ring he had dropped.他用棍子在泥中拨弄着，寻找他失落的戒指．2 to examine（some-thing） thoroughly；search into 调查；探查：She tried to probe my mind and discover what I was thinking.她想探察我的思想，看看我在想什么.Stop probing！别刨根问底了！We intend to probe into this matter until we're satisfied there's been no deception.我们准备把这件事查个水落石出，直到我们认为其中无欺诈行为为止.

explore /ik'splo:/ [T1] 1 to travel into or through (a place) for the purpose of discovery 探险；探测；勘探；踏勘：He explored Central Africa．他到过中非进行探险．2 to examine care-fully (esp a subject or question), in order to learn more 钻研；探究：Let＇s explore the vari-ous ways of saving moneylexplore all the possibilities.让我们探讨省钱的各种办法／各种可能性.explorer ［C］ a person who explores，esp places which are unknown or not well known 勘探者；（尤指）探险者：Livingstone and Stanley were famous 19th-century African explorers (= They explored Africa）.利文斯通和斯坦利是十九世纪著名的非洲探险家.

examine/rg'zæmin/ [T1] 1 to look at (a person or thing) closely, in order to find out some-thing 细查；检查：The doctor examined her carefully.医生仔细地检查了她.My bags wereexamined when I entered the country.我入境时几件行李都被检查了.The employer examinedthe workers＇complaints.雇主仔细研究了工人们的投诉．2［（in or on）］ to ask （a person） questions, in order to measure knowledge or find out something, as in a school or a court of law 对···进行考试；审查；审问：The teacher ex-amined the children on/in English literature.

N361 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

老师对孩子们进行了英国文学考试.need（one＇s）head examined to seem foolish or slightly mad 显得愚蠢；显得有点疯狂：If she wants to goswimming in this weather she needs her head examined！如果这种天气她要去游泳，那她真是疯了！ examiner ［C］ a person who examines something or esp someone 检查人；审查人；主考人：His examiners listened to his answers.考官听着他的回答.

check/tfek/[T1] to look at or examine in order to see that／if something is all right 检查；检验； 核对：I＇ve added all the numbers； would you please check them/check my addition,please? 我已经把所有的数字都加过一遍了，请你核对一下好吗？He checked the list of names to see that no one had been left out.他核对了名单，确保没有把谁漏掉.

inspect /m'spekt/ [T1] fml (esp of an official examining, checking, etc) to look carefully at, esp to see if everything is as it should be（尤指正式的）检查；查验；视察：He inspected thechild＇s hands to see if they were clean.他检查孩子的手是否干净.They inspected the work ofthe school.他们视察了学校的工作.inspector［Coften in comb] a person, esp an official, who inspects something or someone 检查员；视察员； 监察员：The school inspector was pleased with the school＇s work.督学对学校的工作表示满意.

check up [v adv IØ (on); T1] to make inquiries （about）检验；查问；查询：When is the tain leaving?-I don't know; I'll go and check up. 火车什么时候开？-不知道；我去查问一下.Hewent to check up the times of the trains.他去查询火车的时刻表.

check on [v prep T1, 6a, b] to make inquiries about the activities of or facts about (some-thing or someone） 检查；检验；调查：They tried to check on her past life.他们试图调查她过去的历史.Stop checking on me／on where I go and what Ido！不要老是查我的事／我去哪儿和做什么！check over [v adv T1] to examine or look care-fully at （as a machine） 检查；仔细查看：He checked over the car's engine before they left. 他们出发之前，他仔细检查了汽车的引擎.

scrutinize, -ise /'skru:tınaız/ [T1] fml & emph to examine closely 仔细看；细阅；仔细检查；详审：This report should be scrutinized and any mistakes reported to me.仔细审阅这份报告，若发现错误向我报告.

vet /vet/[T1] not fml to inspect (a plan, etc) before giving esp official approval 审查（计划等）：His plan needs careful vetting； vet it thoroughly.他的计划需要仔细审查；彻底检查一下.research /rr's3:tf/ [Wv5; T1] to do research on; study the history and general information on 调查；研究：She has researched the subject well. 她对这个课题的研究很深入.This is a well-researched book.这是一本悉心研究之作.

N361 nouns 名词：finding，discovering， etc 找到、发现等

find/farnd/1 [S] esp apprec something or some-

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N361 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

one found 发现物；被发现的人：Getting thatbook was a real find; I've been looking for it for months！弄到了那本书真不简单；我找了好几个月！My new secretary is very good； quite a find，in fact.我的新秘书很不错；真是个难得的人才．2［C］ an act of finding 发现：They were looking for oil and made several exciting finds off the Scottish coast.他们正在寻找石油，终于在苏格兰沿海有几个重大发现.

findings /'farndinz/ [P] an opinion, decision, etc, esp of a judge, etc, after studying the facts or evidence［→N221］，etc结论；（尤指法官对事实或证据进行研究所作出的）判决：What were hisfindings in the matter？他对这件事的调查结果如何？The committee＇s findings are not available to the public.委员会的结论不会公布.

discovery /dr'skavəri/1 [the U5, 9 esp of] the event of discovering 发现：The discovery ofoil on their land made the family rich.他们家的地里发现了石油，这使他们富裕起来.She wasshocked at the discovery that he was a thief. 她震惊地发现他是个贼．2［C］a case of dis-covering something 发现：They made an important scientific discovery.他们获得一次重大的科学发现．3［C］something discovered 被发现的事物：A collector of rare insects will show us some of his latest discoveries.一位珍稀昆虫收集家将给我们看他最新收集到的品种.

trace/treis/[C] 1 a mark or sign showing the former presence or passage of some person, vehicle or event 踪迹；足迹；遗迹；痕迹：Wecould find no trace of an ancient ruin.我们连古代废墟的痕迹都没找到.Did the police findany trace of the murderer？警察发现了凶手的踪迹吗？We＇ve lost all trace of our daughter （＝ we no longer know where she is）.我们完全不知道女儿的踪迹．2 a very small amount of some-thing 少量；微量：There are traces of poison in the dead man＇s blood.死者的血里有微量的毒药.

search／s3：tf／［C；in U］ an act of searching 搜寻； 搜查：They made a long search for the lost child.他们长时间搜寻丢失的孩子.He went insearch of a doctor for his sick wife.他去为生病的妻子寻找医生.The birds were flying south in search of winter sun.鸟儿在冬天飞向南方寻找阳光. The police search discovered no illegal drugs on the ship.警察搜查该船后没有发现违禁毒品.He made a search of the public records. 他仔细查阅了公共档案.

hunt/hant/[C often in comb]1 an act of hunt-ing 打猎：a long hunt through the countryside 乡间长时间狩猎；a bear hunt 猎熊；an elephanthunt 猎象2a fox-hunt； the people who regu-． larly hunt foxes together; the area they hunt 猎狐；猎狐队；猎区 3a search 搜索；搜寻：Ourhunt for a house is at last at an end.我们找房子的事终于告终.

investigation/mn,vestə'gerfən/1[U] the act of investigating or being investigated 调查；被调查2 [C] an examination of facts to find reasons, causes，etc研究；调查

exploration /,eksplə'reıfən/ [C; U] an act or the action of exploring 探究；探测；勘探；探险：He went on a journey of exploration into China.

他曾去中国进行探察.They made a full explo-ration of all the reasons for and against clos-ing the railway.他们对关闭铁路的正反两方面的理由进行了全面探讨.

examination /ıg,zæmə'neıfən/1 [C (in or on)] a spoken or written test of knowledge 考试：She will enter for/sit (for)/take/pass/fail a public examination.她将参加／通过／通不过公开考试.Our teacher set us a stiff examination in English.老师给我们出了很难的英语试题.Theschool is holding the examinations this week. 学校本周考试．2［C；U］（an act of） examining 检查：The doctor carried out the medical ex-amination.医生给人们进行体格检查.You willhave to undergo (= have) a medical exami-nation.你得经过体格检查.The metal looked like gold, but on closer/further examination was found to be brass.那金属像金子，但仔细看原来是黄铜．3［C；U］（an act of） questioning some-one in a court of law 审查；审问：The exami-nation of all the witnesses took a week.全部证人出庭作证便花了一周时间.under examinationbeing examined； not yet decided 在检查中；未决定的：The matter of whether to increase the size of the navy is still under examination.是否扩充海军之事还在研究.

exam／rg＇zæm／［C］ infml an examination 考试： Did she pass all her exams？她所有的考试都及格了吗？His exam results were good.他的考试成绩很好.

probe /prəub/ [C] 1 a long thin metal instru-ment, usu with a rounded end, used by doctors to search the inside of a wound, a hole in a tooth，etc（医用）探针 2 an instru-ment of a like shape, used to feel inside a hollow or a deep place（探洞等用的）探针；探测器3 also 又作 space probe a an apparatus sent into the sky to examine conditions in outer space 航天探测器 b an act of sending such an apparatus into the sky 送航天探测器进入太空 4（esp in newspapers） a careful and thorough inquiry or examination（尤指报纸上的）彻底调查：A newspaper probe into hospital conditions has led the public to ask for improvements.一份报纸对医院状况的调查引起公众要求改善医院服务的呼声．5 an act of probing探查

check /tfek/ [C usu sing] an act of checking, of looking at (something or someone) to see if everything is all right 检查；核对：ľ＇ve added the numbers; please do a check on them to see if the addition is correct.这些数字我已加过了，请核对一下是否正确.He made a carefulcheck of all the names on the list, so that no one would be left out.他仔细核对了名单上所有的人名，以防遗漏.

checkup/'tfek,Ap/[C] not fml an esp short or quick examination， inspection or check 检查； 核对；核查：Do a quick checkup on his work； I＇m not satisfied with it.迅速检查一下他的工作；我不满意他的工作.She went to the doctor for acheckup.她去找医生作体格检查.

inspection/m'spekfən/1 [U] the act of inspect-ing or being inspected 检查；被检查：On inspec-

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tion the work was found to be unsatisfactory. 检查发现，这项工作不合格．2［C］an act，occasionor result of inspection 检查；查视；视察；检查结果：He made an inspection of the school.他视察了学校.The inspection showed that the work had been done well.检查结果表明工作做得很好.

scrutiny /'skru:tmni/ [U; (C)] (a) close studyor look；（a） careful and thorough examination 细查；细阅；详尽的研究；调查：The table looked old，but (a) closer scrutiny showed it to be a modern product.这桌子看上去是古物，但仔细一看原来是现代产品.Under the man＇s steadyscrutiny the girl began to feel uncomfortable. 由于那男子目不转睛地盯着，女孩开始感到不安.

research /'ris3:tf/ [U; C] careful examination of a subject in order to find out new facts about it or a new way of describing, understanding, using，etc it 研究；调查；探究：His work is main-ly（in）research. 他主要搞研究工作.He is en-gaged in research work.他致力于研究工作.His researches are nearly finished now.他的研究工作已基本完成.

N362 verbs 动词： losing and misplacing 丢失与放错

lose/lu:z/1 [D1; T1] to cause or come to have （something or someone） no longer 失；丢失；丧失：I＇ve lost my book／job.我的书丢了／我失业了.He lost his life in the war.他在战争中丧生.Carelessness lost her the job.她因粗心丢了差事. 2［T1］ to be too late for 错过；迟了：He stayed and talked so much that he lost his train.他呆在那里谈了又谈，结果误了火车．3［T1］ to beunable to see，hear，etc 看不见；听不见：I lost （sight of）him in the mist.他消失在雾里，我看不见他了.She didn＇t speak very loudly，so we lost a lot of what she said.她讲话声音不大，因此她的话我们有很多都没听见.

misplace /mis'pleIs/ [T1] often pass 1 to put in an unsuitable or wrong place or position 把··· 放错地方（或位置）：Among all this old furniture that modern chair looks misplaced.在这么多的古式家具当中，那把现代椅子显得不协调.Someof the pages in that book are misplaced; page 42 comes before page 36．那本书中有些书页颠倒了；42页错钉到了36页前面．2［Wv5］ to have(good feelings) for an undeserving person or thing 把（感情、信任等）误给（不值得的人或物）；错爱（人或物）：She treated the beggar with mis-placed kindness; he was neither grateful nor deserving.她不该同情那个乞丐，他既不感恩也不值得同情.Your trust in that man is misplaced； he＇ll deceive you if he gets the chance.你不该信任那人；他一有机会就会欺骗你的.He has amisplaced faith in his own abilities.他错误地信任自己的能力．3 to mislay 误置；放错；未放好：I＇ve misplaced my glasses again.我又把眼镜放错地方了.

mislay /mis'leı/ [Wv5; T1] to put (something) in a place and forget where; lose (something)in this way often only for a short time 把···放在记

N363 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

不起的地方；搁忘；（短时间）错放；失落：I wonderwhere I put the letter; I've mislaid it some-where.我不知把信放到哪里去了；我把它错放在什么地方了.He＇s always mislaying his keys；he never remembers where he＇s put them.他总是乱放钥匙；他从不记得把钥匙放在何处.He foundthe mislaid keys.他找到了失落的钥匙.

N363 verbs 动词：saving and rescuing 挽救与营救

save/serv/1[T1(from)] to rescue from danger; make safe 挽救；拯救；援救；救出：Help！Save me！救命呀！救救我呀！＇God save the King！＇“上帝保佑国王！”He saved his friend from falling. 他救起了要跌下去的朋友.The dog saved his life.那条狗救了他的命．2［IØ（up，for）］ to keep andadd to an amount of money for later use 储蓄： Children should learn to save.孩子们应该学会储蓄.We＇re saving（up）for a new car.我们正在存钱，打算买一辆新汽车．3［D1；T1（for）］to keepand not spend or use, as for a special purpose or use later 储存；节省；保留：It＇ll save me 50p if I buy the large size box.如果我买大盒的，可以节省五十便士.He saved his strength for an effort in the last minute of the race.他保存体力，准备在比赛的最后几分钟冲刺.It will save time if wedrive the car instead of walking.如果我们驾车而不步行，就会节省时间．4［D1；T1,4；（esp BrE）X4］ to make unnecessary（for （someone））使（某人）省去；省事：Will you go to the shop for me? It'll save (me) a trip./It'll save (me) going into town.你替我去一趟商店好吗？这样我就可以不去了.／这样就省得我进城了.A brush with along handle will save you from having to bend down so far to clean the floor.用长柄扫帚可以使你不必弯腰去扫地.It＇s a labour-saving instru-ment.这是节省劳动力的器具.

save on [v prep D1; T1] to save and not use so much, esp by spending or costing less money 节省（尤指金钱）；省下：We＇re saving on petrol by walking everywhere we can.能步行我们就步行， 以便节省汽油.Living near the shops saves us lots of money on petrol.住在商店附近使我们省了不少汽油钱.

keep/ki:p/[T1] to look after; have in a safe place 照顾；保存；保管：Keep my money and books till I come back.帮我保管我的钱和书，直至我回来.He kept the child out of harm＇s way （＝safe） until she came back.在她回来之前，他看管着孩子不让他出事.

preserve /pri'z3:v/[T1 (from, against)] to keep (someone or something) safe, healthy, in good condition, free from danger, change, outside influences，etc 保护；防护；维护；维持；保存；保持：He tried to preserve the child from danger.他试图保护那孩子免遭危险.They tried topreserve their customs against the effects of the modern world.他们努力维持自己的风俗习惯不受现代社会的影响.It＇s a fine old house；itshould be preserved.这是一幢精美的古老房屋，应该予以保留.To preserve your freedom you

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N364 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

must fight！＇he said.他说：“要维护自由就必须战斗！”

conserve/kən's3:v/ [T1] to use (a supply) care-fully without waste；preserve 节约；保存；保留； 保护：We must conserve our forests if we are to ensure a future supply of wood.为了确保将来的木材供应，我们必须保护森林.Try to conservesome of your strength for the last part of the fight.你该设法为最后阶段的战斗保存一些力量.

husband /'hazbənd/ [T1] usu fml to save care-fully or make the best use of 节俭地使用；节约：The soldiers husbanded their strength and their food， waiting for the enemy to attack.士兵们保存体力，节约食物，等待着敌人的进攻.

rescue /'reskju:/ [T1 (from)] to save (from harm or danger）； set free 拯救；援救；营救；救出：He rescued a man from drowning/a cat from a high tree/his stamp collection from the burning house.他救出了一个溺水的人／从很高的树上救下来一只猫／从燃烧的房子里抢救出他收藏的邮票.

salvage/'sælvid3/ [T1] tech to save (esp goods, ships, etc) from being destroyed or for some kind of use after being damaged 救出（尤指物资、船只等）；抢救；打捞：They salvaged the ship from the bottom of the sea.他们把船从海底打捞起来.Can you salvage anything from the fire？ 你能从火中抢救出什么东西来吗？

N364 verbs 动词：keeping back and

reserving［T1］保留与储备

keep back [v adv(from)] to refuse to give or tell 保留；留下；隐瞒；拒绝泄露：He kept themoney back for himself.他把钱留给自己.You are keeping something back; you must tell me！有些事你瞒着没说；快告诉我！They kept theinformation back from him.他们不把情况告诉他.

reserve /ri'z3:v/ esp fml to keep back, esp for later or one＇s own special use 保留；留下（以备后用）；储备：I reserve my right to be silent； I don＇t have to answer your questions.我保留缄默的权利；我不一定要回答你的问题.She reservedthe best wine for her own family.她把最好的酒留给自己的家人.Reserve your strength for later； you＇ll need it.保留后劲，你会用得着的.

withhold /wið'həuld/ [(from)] esp fml, tech & pomp to refuse to give 保留；拒不给予；隐瞒：They said that he was deliberately withholding information from the police (= that he chose to do so）.他们说他故意不向警方提供资料.Pleasedon＇t withhold anything； tell me everything！请不要隐瞒任何事，把一切都告诉我！

N365 verbs 动词：guarding and keeping safe 守卫与保护

[ALSO→C225]

keep safe [T1(from)] to keep (someone or

something) in a safe place or condition, away from danger， etc 保护；保卫；保管：Keep the child safe till I come back.好好照看孩子，等我回来.He kept the city safe from enemy attack. 他保卫那城市，免受敌人的入侵.

guard/ga:d/1 [T1 (against)] to keep (someone or something) safe, esp by being there to watch 守卫；看守；警戒：Guard the town well.好好守城.He guarded the family against every danger．他保护家庭免受一切危害．2［IØ against］to do something to stop something happening 预防；防止；防范：He tried to guard against every possible danger.他力图防范各种可能发生的危险.She put on warm clothes to guard against the cold.她穿了一些保暖的衣服来御寒.

protect /prə'tekt/ [T1] 1 [(against or from)] to keep safe (from harm, loss, etc) esp by guard-ing or covering 保护；保卫；防御：The hard shell of a nut protects the seed inside it.坚果的硬壳保护着里面的种子.A line of forts was builtalong the border to protect the country against attack.沿边界建筑了一系列碉堡以保卫国家免遭侵犯.He raised his arms to protect his face from the blow.他举起手臂护住脸，挡住了迎面击来的拳头．2［（against or from）］ to protect from being dangerous by separating，covering，etc 保护；防护；掩护：These electric wires are protected by a rubber covering．这些电线由橡胶包覆层保护着．3to help (one's country, industry or the sale of goods produced in one's own country) by taxing foreign goods of the same kind and so making them dear to buy（对进口的外国货征重税）保护（国内工业及产品的销售）4［（against）］toguard (someone or something) against pos-sible future loss, damage, etc by means of in-surance（针对可能发生的损失、危险等）给···保险：We are protected against loss of our travelling bags.我们的行李有遗失保险.protective［B］serving to protect 保护的；有防护作用的：Themen fighting the fire wore protective clothing. 救火的人都穿着防火衣.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

secure /sr'kjuə/ 1 [D1 (for); T1] to get esp as the result of effort（尤指经努力后）获得；得到：He's lucky to have secured himself such a good job.他获得这么好的工作真是幸运.Shesecured a nurse for her sick husband.她为生病的丈夫找了个护士．2［T1（from，against）］ to make safe 使安全；防卫；把···弄稳当：The officerin charge secured the camp against attack.主管的军官采取防卫措施使军营免受袭击．3［T1］tohold or close tightly 使牢固；紧闭；系紧：They secured the windows when the storm began to blow.风暴吹袭时，他们把窗户关紧.

keep/ki:p/ [T1] (esp in sport, esp in the phr keep goal 把守球门）to guard 把守（尤指体育上）：He keeps goal （＝ guards the goal ［→K121］）for our football team．他是我们足球队的守门员.

shield /ji:ld/[T1(from)] to protect or hide from harm or danger 保护；庇护；防御：She lied to the police to shield her guilty friend.她向警察说谎以庇护犯罪的朋友.He raised an arm toshield himself from the blow.他举起手臂挡住打来的一拳.

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ward off [v adv T1] to keep (something danger-ous or harmful） away， usu forcefully（用力）挡开；架住；避开：She warded off the man＇s blow with her arm.她用手臂挡开那男人的拳头.

N366 nouns 名词：losing，saving，etc 丧

失、挽救等

loss/lps/1 [U] the act or fact of losing pos-session 丧失；损失；遗失：His loss of blood was serious．他失血的情况很严重．2［U］ the harm，pain, damage, etc caused by losing something （由于失去东西而引起的）伤害；痛苦；损害：He wasunable to hide his great loss.他无法掩饰那巨大损失给他带来的痛苦．3 ［S］ failure to keep or use未能保持；未能利用；损失；损耗：The vehicledeveloped a loss of power.这辆车的动力降低了.4［U］failure to win or obtain 失败；输掉；未获得5［C］ a person， thing or amount that is lost 伤亡；失去的人或物；损失；消耗：The army sufferedheavy losses in the battle.军队在战斗中伤亡惨重.

rescue／＇reskju：／ ［C］ an act of rescuing 拯救；援救；营救：There have been 3 rescues of climbers lost on the mountains this Christmas.今年圣诞节已营救了三批在山上迷途的攀山者.A rescueteam are trying to reach the trapped miners. 抢救队正设法接近被困的矿工.come／go to some-one's rescue to come/go and help someone 来／去营救某人：She couldn＇t do her Latin exer-cise，but her father came to her rescue.她不会做拉丁文练习，幸亏有父亲帮忙.

safety /'seifti/[U] the condition of being safe; freedom from danger， harm，or risk 安全；平安； 稳妥：When birds learn to fly they leave the safety of the nest.鸟儿一学飞，就会离开安全的鸟巢.The safety of the ship is the captain＇s responsibility.保证船只的安全是船长的责任.Let's try to stay together in a group; there's safety in numbers.我们要设法待在一起，人多会安全些.

salvage /'sælvid3/ [U] 1 esp large goods and objects saved from damage 抢救出来的财物（尤指大型的）：Have you any salvage for sale？你们有什么抢救出来的物资出售吗？2 the act of savinggoods, a ship, etc from damage or for some kind of use after being wholly or partly de-stroyed 海难救援；（灾难时的）货物抢救；沉船打捞：The salvage of the ship was difficult work. 抢救／打捞那艘船是艰巨的工作．3 money paid forsuch work 抢救费；打捞费：How much is thesalvage on that ship？ 抢救／打捞那艘船需要多少钱？

save/seiv/[C] not fml, esp in sport an act of saving 救（球）：The goalkeeper＇s ［→K191］saves stopped the other team from winning.守门员屡救险球，使另一队无法取胜.

preservation / prezə'veifən/ [U] 1 [(of)] the act or action of preserving 保持；维持；保护；维护：New medical knowledge has helped in the preservation of life and health.新的医学知识在延长人的生命、增强人的健康方面起了很大作用．2

N366 SHOWING ＆ HIDING 显示与隐藏

the state of being or remaining in (a stated) condition after a long time 保存状况：The old building is in a good state of preservation ex-cept for the wooden floors.除了木地板之外，那幢旧建筑物保存得相当完好.

preserve /pri'z3:v/ [C] 1 rare a reserve for animals 禁猎区；野兽保护区2［often pl with singmeaning] something one considers to be specially one＇s own 独占的事物；独占的领域：Hesays that we should write about something different; we are on his preserves if we write about this.他说我们应该写别的东西，如果写这类题材就是侵犯他的领域.poach／trespass onsomeone's preserves 1 old use to hunt an-imals on another person＇s land 在别人的领地上打猎2（fig）to take a share in activities， in-terests,etc considered to be someone else's special subject，etc 侵犯别人的活动、利益、领域等

conservation /,konsə'verfən/ [U] 1 the act of conserving； preservation 保存；保护；维持；保持2 the controlled use of a limited supply to prevent waste or loss 节用；节约：Most people have come to accept the need for conserva-tion if we are to ensure a supply of minerals, food，forests，etc for the future.多数人已接受这种观点：如果我们要确保将来仍有矿藏、食物、森林等资源，我们现在就必须节约使用.conservation-ist [C] an active supporter of conservation （def 2）环境保护主义者；自然资源保护论者 con-servation of energy [(the) U] tech the scien-tific principle that the total amount of energy within the universe can never vary 能量守恒；能量不灭定律 conservation of mass／matter [(the)U] tech the scientific principle that the total mass within the universe can never vary 质量／物质守恒；质量／物质不灭定律

reservation / rezə'veifən/ 1 [U] the act of re-serving esp information from people, or things for later use 隐藏（消息）；保留（事物）；预留：His reservation of the money for his own use was a criminal act.他把钱扣压私用是一种犯罪行为．2［C］ a piece of land set apart for North American Îndians to live on（北美印第安人的）居留地；保留地：The Sioux returned totheir reservation.苏族印第安人回到他们的居留地.He left the reservation to work in the city. 他离开居留地去城市工作.

reserve /ri'z3:v/ [C usu in comb] a place set apart esp for animals（＝ game）（尤指猎物的）保留地；禁猎区：He works on an African game reserve／nature reserve.他在非洲一个禁猎区／自然保护区工作.

salvation /sæl'veifən/1 [U] esp fml preservation from loss，ruin，or failure（从丧失、毁灭或失败中）拯救；救助；解救：You＇re in trouble；your salvation depends on quick action.你遇到麻烦了，只有立即行动才能解救你.I can＇t help；you＇llhave to work out your own salvation.我爱莫能助，你得想办法自我解救．2［C usu sing］ some-thing that saves； a cause or means of saving 救助的东西；救济品；救星；解救的手段：＇God is oursalvation，＇said the priest.牧师说：“上帝是我们的救主.”（humor）That cup of tea was my

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