I74 SCIENCE ＆ TECHNOLOGY 科学与技术

habit，not will（指人或动作）机械似的；呆板的：He was asked the same questions so many times that the answer became mechanical.同样的问题问了他这么多次，他的回答都变得机械了.-ly [adv Wa4]: The work is done mechani-cally.这工作是用机械操作的.

manual /'mænjuəl/ [Wa5] done with the hands 手做的；用手操作的：manual work 人手操作 -ly[adv]: He did the work manually, not me-chanically.这工作他用手工操作，没有用机械.

automatic /otə'mætik/ 1 (of a machine, system, etc) working by itself without needing a person to do anything（指机器、系统等）自动的：The movements are completely automatic； you only need to start and stop the machines. 这些机械的运转是全自动的，你只需启动和关闭就行了．2 done without thought，planning，etc 无意识的：Breathing is automatic； you do it with-out thinking.呼吸是无意识的，不需要你控制.-ally [adv Wa4]:Everything in the factory works automatically.这家工厂中的生产全都是自动化的.

I74 nouns 名词：the life sciences 生命科学

[ALSO → A1 LIFE AND LIVING THINGS]

life sciences [the P] all the sciences which relate to living things 生命科学

biology/ar'pləd3i/ [U] 1 the scientific study of living things 生物学：He studied biology at school．他在学校里学过生物学．2 the scientificlaws of the life of a certain type of living thing （生物的）生活规律和现象：The biology ofbacteria [→A37] can be quite hard to under-stand. 细菌的生活规律和现象很难理解.biologi-cal ［Wa5； B］ of or connected with biology 生物学上的-ly［adv Wa4］ biologist［C］a scientist who studies biology 生物学家

zoology/zu:'pləd3i/ [U] the scientific study of animals 动物学：She studied zoology at school. 她在学校里学过动物学．zoological ［Wa5； B］ ofor connected with zoology 动物学上的-ly［adv Wa4] zoologist [C] a scientist who studies zoology 动物学家

botany /'bptəni/ [U] the scientific study of plants 植物学：They studied botany at school. 他们在学校里学过植物学．botanical ［Wa5；B］1of or connected with plants or botany 植物（学）的：That city has a beautiful botanical garden．那城市有一个美丽的植物园．2 obtainedfrom plants 从植物中提炼的：These：are all botanical drugs.这些都是从植物中提炼出来的药物． -ly ［adv Wa4］ botanist ［C］a scientist who studies botany 植物学家

anatomy /ə'nætəmi/ [U] the scientific study of the nature of living bodies, esp by cutting into them 解剖学［ALSO→B169］ anatomical［B］ of or connected with anatomy 解剖学的-ly［adv Wa4] anatomist [C] a person skilled in anat-omy解剖学家

physiology / fizr'pləd3i/ [U] 1 the scientific study of how the bodies of living things and

their various parts work 生理学 2 the system by which any particular living thing keeps alive 生理系统：The pictures showed the physi-ology of the horse.这些图片表示出马的生理系统.physiological [Wa5; B] of or connected with physiology 生理（学）的-ly［adv Wa4］physiol-ogist ［C］a person skilled in physiology 生理学家

ecology/r'kpləd3i/[U] the scientific study of the pattern of the natural relations of plants, animals, and people to each other and to their surroundings 生态学 ecological［Wa5；B］ of or connected with ecology 生态学的ecologist［C］ a scientist who studies ecology 生态学家

I75 nouns 名词： the physical sciences 自然科学

physical sciences [the P] all the sciences which relate to the nature of matter, force, structure，etc 自然科学

physics/'fiziks/ [U] the science concerned with the study of matter and natural forces (such as light， heat， movement， etc）物理学：He specializes in the physics of light.他专攻光学物理.She has a degree in physics.她有物理学的学位.They took a physics examination.他们参加了物理考试.physicist ［C］ a scientist who specializes in physics 物理学家

mechanics /mi'kæniks/ [U] 1 the science of the action of forces on objects 力学 2 the science of making machines 机械制造学；机械学

chemistry/'kemistri/ [U] 1 the science which studies the substances (elements) which make up the earth, universe, and living things, how these substances combine with each other and how they behave under different conditions 化学：She is studying chemistryat university.她正在大学里学化学.I think morechemistry should be taught in our schools.我认为我们学校应该多教点化学．2 the chemicalmake-up and behaviour of a substance 化学成分与反应；化学性质：Do you know much aboutthe chemistry of life？有关生命的化学性质你知道得多吗？He＇s trying to learn more about the chemistry of lead.他正努力多学些铅的化学性质.chemical [B] of or connected with chemistry 化学的-ly［adv Wa4］chemist ［C］1 a scientist who specializes in chemistry 化学家 2 BrE a pharmacist（def 2）药店老板；药商

pharmacy /'fa:məsi/ 1 [U] the making and/or giving out of medicine 制药；配药：She is a student of pharmacy．她是读药学的学生．2［C］a (part of a) shop where medicines are given out or sold 药房；药店 pharmacist 1 AmE also 又作 druggist ［C］ a person skilled in the making of medicine 药剂师 2 also 又作 BrEchemist, AmE druggist [C] a person who owns or runs a shop where (esp) medicines are sold 药店老板；药商 pharmaceutical ［Wa5； B］ of or connected with pharmacy 药学的；药物的

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pharmacology / fa:mə'kpləd3i/ [U] the scien-tific study of medicines and drugs 药理学；药物学 pharmacological ［Wa5； B］ of or con-nected with pharmacology 药理学的；药物学的-ly [adv] pharmacologist [C] a scientist who specializes in pharmacology 药理学家；药物学家geology /d3r'pləd3i/ [U] the scientific study of the materials (rocks, soil, etc) which make up the earth and their changes in the history of the world 地质学 geological ［Wa5；B］ of or connected with geology 地质学的-ly ［adv Wa4］ geologist [C] a scientist who specializes in geology 地质学家；地质工作者

meteorology / mi:tıə'rpləd3i/ [U] the study of weather conditions and the activities and changes around the earth (esp in the air) that cause such conditions 气象学 meteorological ［Wa5； B］ of or connected with meteorology气象学的 -ly ［adv Wa4］ meteorologist ［C］ a person who specializes in meteorology 气象学家

I76 nouns 名词：the social sciences 社会科学

social sciences [the P] all the sciences which relate to people＇s lives and natures 社会科学

sociology /səosı'pləd3i/ [U] the scientific study of societies and human behaviour in groups 社会学 sociological ［Wa5； B］ of or connected with sociology 社会学的-ly ［adv Wa4］ sociol-ogist [C] a scientist who specializes in soci-ology 社会学家

anthropology /,ænθrə'ppləd3i/ [U] the scien-tific study of the nature of man, including the development of his body， mind， and society 人类学 anthropological ［Wa5； B］ of or con-nected with anthropology 人类学的-ly［adv Wa4] anthropologist [C] a scientist who specializes in anthropology 人类学家

psychology /sar'kpləd3i/ 1 [U] the study or science of the mind and the way it works, and of behaviour as an expression of the mind 心理学：She studies psychology.她研究心理学.He was reading a psychology book.他在读一本心理学著作．2［U9］a branch of this 心理学的分支：His main interest is criminal/educational psychology.他特别对研究犯罪／教育心理学感兴趣.[ALSO→G6] psychological [Wa5;B] of or connected with psychology 心理学的-ly ［adv Wa4] psychologist [C] 1 a person who has studied or is skilled in psychology 心理学家2 infml a person who understands people's characters and what influences their behav-iour 懂得他人心理的人：You need to be apsychologist to be able to sell goods to people who don＇t really want to buy them.你要洞彻顾客的心理，才能卖出他们不真正想买的东西.

psychiatry/sar'karətri/[U] the study and treat-ment of diseases of the mind 精神病学；精神病治疗法 psychiatric［Wa5；B］of，concerning，or by psychiatry 精神病学的；精神病治疗的：A

I79 SCIENCE ＆ TECHNOLOGY 科学与技术

person who suddenly begins to steal may be in need of psychiatric treatment.一个突然开始行窃的人也许需要接受精神病治疗.psychiatrist［C］a doctor trained in psychiatry 精神病医生；精神病学家

criminology /,krımə'npləd3i/ [U] the scientific study of crime and criminals 犯罪学；刑事学criminologist [C] a person who specializes in criminology 犯罪学家

penology/pi:'npləd3i/[U] the study of matters concerned with the punishment of criminals and the operation of prisons 刑罚学；监狱（管理）学 penologist［C］ a person who specializes in penology刑罚学家；监狱学家

177 nouns 名词： the historical sciences 历史科学

archaeology also 又作 esp AmE archeology /,a:kr'pləd3i/ [U] the study of buried remains of ancient times, such as houses, tools, and weapons 考古学 archaeological ［Wa5；B］ of or connected with archaeology 考古学的-ly [adv Wa4] archaeologist [C] a person skilled in archaeology 考古学家

pal(a)eontology/pælipn'tpləd3i/ [U] the sci-ence that deals with life on earth in earlier times， esp millions of years ago 古生物学paleontological [Wa5; B] of or connected with paleontology 古生物学的 -ly ［adv Wa4］ paleontologist [C] a scientist who specializes in paleontology 古生物学家

I78 nouns 名词：the laboratory，etc ［C］ 实验室等

laboratory /lə'bprətri/ a building or room in which a scientist works, with apparatus for the examination and testingof materials 实验室lab／læb／infml laboratory实验室

workshop /'w3:k,fop/ a room or place as in a factory or business where heavy repairs and jobs on machines are done 车间；工场；作坊：I＇ll have to send the broken sewing machines away to the workshop.我得把坏了的缝纫机送到工场去修理.I＇ll just go through to the work-shop to see if the shoes have been mended yet. 我就到工场去，看看鞋子是否已经补好了.

I79 nouns 名词：equipment used in laboratories［C］实验室用的器材

test tube a glass tube, closed at one end,in which liquids are tested in chemistry，etc 试管Bunsen burner /,bansən 'b3:nə/ a burner used

in science in which gas is mixed with air before burning 本生灯

retort /rr'to:t/ a bottle with a long narrow bent neck， used for heating chemicals 曲颈瓶

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I80 SCIENCE ＆ TECHNOLOGY 科学与技术

pipette /pr'pet/ a thin glass tube used in chem-istry into which small amounts of liquid can be sucked and taken from one place to another（玻璃制的）吸管；滴管

flask /fla:sk/ a type of bottle used in labor-atories 细颈瓶；长颈瓶；烧瓶［ALSO→H170］

的）试验；实验：He developed the theory over ten years and proved it by experiment.他用了十多年时间研究这理论，并用实验证实了它.Theymade/carried out/performed an experiment. 他们做实验.Much of our knowledge is based on experiments.我们的许多知识都是通过实验得来的.

test/test/[C] 1 an examination, esp of sub-

stances, often done in laboratories to find out

if they behave in certain ways（实验室进行的）

试验：The tests show that the medicine is safe

and can cure people.多次试验证明这种药是安全

的，并很有疗效．2 a short medical examination

体格检查；化验：He was given an eye test.医生给

他检查眼睛.She＇s gone to hospital for tests on

her heart．她已到医院检查心脏．3 a practical

examination 实际试验；实际检查：The govern-

ment is carrying out tests to see if there is

enough coal for mining here.政府正在做试验，

以了解这里是否有足够的煤可供开采.Before

buying the car he went for a test drive.买那辆

车之前，他先试了试车.They are making atom

bomb tests．他们在进行原子弹试验．4 something

used as a standard when judging or examining

something else 检验标准：Employers will use

this settlement as a test in dealing with future

wage claims.雇主将依照这一次的解决办法来处理

未来的工资问题．5 a number of questions，jobs，

etc, set to measure someone's skill, clever-

ness, or knowledge of a particular subject; a

short examination 测验；考查；小考：They had a

history test.他们有一个历史测验.We have a test

at the end of each month and an examination

once a year.我们每个月底有一次小考，每年有一

次大考.Ýou can＇t drive by yourself until you＇ve

passed your driving test.在通过驾驶测试之前，你

不能单独驾驶汽车.put something to the test

to find out thequalities of something by using

it in certain conditions 检验某物

trial /'traiəl/ [C; U] a test or tests done usu over a long period of time（通常指长时期的）试验；考验：The trials show that the medicine is safe for most people.试验证明该药对大多数人来说是安全的.trial and error a way of getting the best results by learning from one＇s mistakes 反复试验；不断摸索：He learnt how to cook bytrial and error.他靠自己不断摸索学会了烹调.

try／trar／［C］infml a test 试；尝试：Let＇s give it a try！我们来试它一试！

I81 verbs 动词：experimenting and

testing 实验与试验

[ALSO→ N360 INVESTIGATING & EXAMINING]

wire gauze

with asbestos centre

石棉芯铁丝网；石棉网

I80 nouns 名词： experiments and tests 实验与试验

[ALSO → N361 FINDING & DISCOVERING]

experiment /ik'sperəmənt/ [C;U] (a) trial made in order to learn something or prove the truth of an idea，esp in science（尤指科学上

experiment /ik'sperəmənt/ [Iø] to make an experiment 进行实验；进行试验：The engineers experimented with new materials.工程师试验新材料.Some scientists experiment on animals. 有些科学家用动物做实验.If we don＇t exper-iment， we won＇t learn.我们如果不实验，就学不到东西.experimental ［B］ for the purposes of experimenting 实验（性）的；试验（性）的：This

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work is at the moment purely experimental.目前此项工作纯在试验阶段．-ly ［adv Wa4］experimentation [U] sometimes deprec the act of experimenting 试验（工作）；实验：Stop all this experimentation and do some useful work！把试验全部停下来，干些有益的工作吧！

test /test/ [T1] to do a test on (something or someone）对（某人／物）进行检验；试验：Havethey tested the new medicine fully？这种新药作过充分的试验吗？Test the students before you begin the course.你开课之前先测验一下学生.

try/trai/[T1] to use (something or someone) in order to learn whether it, he, or she is what one wants or needs 试；试用；试验：Have you tried the new medicine yet？你试服过这种新药了吗？He tried it and liked it.他试了它一下，很喜欢.

try out ［v adv T1］ to try fully 彻底试验：Try out the new medicine for a year and we'll see how well it works.试用这种新药一年，我们就可看到其效果如何.

I82 nouns 名词：agents， catalysts，etc

［C］起作用的事物、催化剂，等等

agent/'eid3ənt/ a thing that works to produce a result 起作用的事物：Rain and sun are agents which help plants to grow.雨水和阳光是促进植物生长的因素.

catalyst/'kætəlist/ a substance which,without itself changing, causes chemical change in other substances 催化剂

precipitate /pri'sipətit/ a solid substance that has been separated from a liquid by chemical action 沉淀物

solution /sə'lu:fən/ a mixture made by putting a solid or gas into a liquid 溶液

Industry and work

工业与工作

[ALSO→I1-2]

industry /'ındəstri/1 [U] (the work of) facto-ries and large organizations generally 工业： The country is supported by industry.工业是该国的支柱．2［U］ the private owners and shareholders of such factories and organiza-tions（总称）工业的资方；工业界：Does industryagree with the government？工业界是否同意政府的意见？3［C9，（C）］ a particular sort of work， usu employing lots of people and using machinery and／or modern methods（某类）工业；生产业：He works in the clothing industry.

I101 INDUSTRY ＆ WORK 工业与工作

他从事制衣业.The tourist trade has become a real industry.旅游业已经成为一种真正的行业.industrial [B] of industry and the people who work in it 工业的；生产业的：This is an indus-trial area. They are all industrial workers here.这是工业区，他们全都是工厂的工人.-ly[adv] industrialist [C] a person who owns a factory，etc 实业家；工业家：There are a lot of big (= important) industrialists in the hotel at the moment.许多工业界巨子现正云集这所旅馆.industrialize, -ise [Wv5; T1] to build up the industries of （esp a country， place）使···工业化： Glasgow was heavily industrialized in the nineteenth century.格拉斯哥在十九世纪变得高度工业化.industrialization，-isation ［U］ the act of industrializing 工业化

heavy industry [U] industries such as the coal and steel industries, the making of large machines，ships，etc 重工业

light industry [U] industries which make smaller machines，products，etc轻工业

service industry [C] any of the industries which move things and people from place to place, do certain services (such as providing food，entertainment，protection），etc服务行业

manufacturing /mænju'fæktfərn/[U] genl the business of making （manufacturing）things 制造业：Manufacturing is an important part of industry generally.制造业是工业整体中的重要组成部分.He is in one of the manufacturing industries.他从事某一行制造业.

processing/'prəusesi/ [U] the act, esp in an industry, of passing materials through a process [→I42] to produce a finished object, product，etc 加工；处理

I101 nouns 名词：work工作

work/w3:k/[U]1 activity which uses effort, esp with a special purpose， not for amusement 工作；劳动：It takes a lot of work to build a house．盖房子很费工夫．2（the nature or place of）a job or occupation 职业；业务；工作的性质或地方：His work is in medicine， as a doctor. 他行医，是位医生．She goes to work at 9．她九点上班.What time do you get home from work？ 你什么时候下班回家？Ieat at work.我在工作的地方吃饭．3 what one is doing， esp for payment （尤指一个人为了报酬而）正在做的工作；活儿：Ihear you've changed jobs; is the work difficult at the new place？我听说你已换了工作，新环境工作难吗？I＇m taking some work home to do this evening.今晚我要带些工作回家去做.Don＇t stayinside today sewing; bring your work out into the garden.今天别呆在屋里做针线，把活儿拿到花园里来做．4 what is produced by work， esp of the hands 产品；成果；工艺品；（尤指）手工制品：This mat is my own work （＝I made it）.这张席子是我亲手编织的.

labour BrE, labor AmE /'leibə/1 [U] work, esp if hard or heavy（尤指艰苦的）劳动：Itneeds／takes a lot of labour to build a road. 修筑道路需要大量的劳力．2［U］people doing such

I100 nouns 名词：industry and processing 工业与加工

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I102 INDUSTRY＆ WORK 工业与工作

work 劳力；劳动力；劳工：Industry often has difficulties getting labour/has labour difficul-ties．劳工短缺是工业界经常遇到的困难．3［C］olduse ＆ pomp a piece of hard work 一件艰苦的工作：His labours are now at an end，and he can rest.现在他的艰苦工作已经结束，可以休息了.

industry/'indəstri/ [U] often fml & pomp hard work 艰苦的劳动；勤奋：They earned the money through their own industry.他们靠自己的勤劳挣来这些钱.

diligence /'dıləd3əns/ [U] usu fml the ability to work hard；careful hard work 勤勉；细心而努力

chore /tfo:/ [C] 1 a small bit of regular work, quickly and easily done;daily necessary job, esp in a house or on a farm（尤指家庭或农场的）杂务；日常的零星工作：Each morning shewould get up, do the chores, then go next door for a talk with her neighbour.每天早晨她起床， 做家务，然后去隔壁邻居家聊天．2 a piece ofuninteresting， difficult， or disliked work 一件枯燥无味、困难或烦人的工作：It＇s such a chore todo the shopping every day.每天要去商店买东西，真烦人.

effort/'efət/1 [U; S] strength, force, etc,that must be used (in an attempt) to do some-thing；hard work 努力；艰苦劳动：It is really an effort to do this work. 干这工作可真费劲.Weneed more effort if we want to win.如果我们想要取胜，就得再加一把劲.What an effort it was toget the work done！ 完成这件工作费了多大的劲啊！2［C］often deprec an attempt to do some-thing 尝试：He did the work， but the result was a poor effort.他做了这项工作，但结果很不理想.effortless [B] (usu of something that is diffi-cult to do）easy（通常指难做的事）容易的；不费劲的：I couldn＇t lift the box， but it looked effort-less when he lifted it.我搬不动这只箱子，但是他像不费吹灰之力就把它提了起来.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

assiduity/æsə'dju:iti/ fml & pomp 1 [U] care-ful continual attention 刻苦；勤勉不懈；专心致志：He did the work with admirable assiduity.他兢兢业业地工作，令人钦佩．2［C］an example ofthis 勤奋的实例；专心致志的事例

I102 verbs 动词：working 工作

work/w3:k/1[IØ] to do something which uses effort， esp as employment 工作；干活：He works in a factory. 他在工厂工作.She＇s work-ing on a new book．她正忙于写一本新书．2［T1］to make （a person） work 使（某人）工作：They work us too hard in this office.在办公室里他们让我们干得太辛苦了．3［T1］ to run （a place ofwork） 办；管；经营：They have worked this coalmine for years.他们开采这煤矿已有多年了.

labour BrE,labor AmE /'leibə/1 [IØ;I3] often fml ＆ pomp to work，esp hard 劳动；（尤指辛苦地）工作：They laboured to complete the job. 他们努力完成这工作．2［IØ］（of the engine of amotor vehicle) to be working with difficulty at too low a speed（指汽车引擎）缓慢而费力地运转：The labouring engine could not take the car

up the hill very quickly.引擎吃力地运转着，没法把汽车很快地开上山.

slave/sleiv/ [IØ (away)] not fml to work like a slave；work hard with little rest（像奴隶一样）拼命工作；（几乎毫不休息地）苦干：He slaved awayall weekend digging in the garden.整个周末他都在花园里辛苦地翻土.

I103 verbs 动词：machines，etc， working 机器等在运转

[ALSO→N123]

work /w3:k/1 [IØ] (of a machine, moving part, plan, etc) to be active in the proper way, with-out failing（机器、转动的零件等）运转；正常运作；起作用；（计划等）行得通；取得成功：Does thislight work？ 这盏灯亮吗？The machine works on electricity.这台机器是电动的.The clock hasn't been working since the electricity was off.断电之后这钟一直没有走过.Your idea won＇twork in practice．你的想法实际上行不通．2［T1］to make a machine work 开动（机器）；使转动；操作：Stand there and work the machine.站在那里开机器.The machine is worked by hand／ electricity.这台机器是手动／电动的.

go/gəu/ [IØ] not fml (of a machine or its parts that move，turn，etc） to work（机器或其转动的零件）运转：The car won＇t go.汽车开不动了.Thewheel went round（＝ turned）.轮子转动了.The car went off down the road.汽车沿着道路开走了.

run／ran／ ［IØ； T1］ to （cause to） work（机器等）运转；开动（机器等）：The car engine was running （well／badly）.汽车引擎运转（良好／很差）.He runs the machines himself； no one helps him.他自已开这些机器，没人帮他忙.

operate /'ppəreit/ often tech 1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to）work 操纵（机器等）；运转：He operates a machine／a factory. 他操纵机器／经营工厂.Thenew machines operate day and night.这些新机器昼夜运转．2［L9；I3］ to produce effects 起作用：The new law doesn＇t operate in our favour； it operates to destroy our advantage.这项新法律对我们不利，它有损我们的利益．3［L9］to be inaction 在活动；执行任务；作军事行动：The armyis operating over a large area.部队正在很大范围内进行军事活动.That business operates in several countries.那家商行在好几个国家做生意.operation 1 [U] (a state of) working; the way a thing works 操作；运转；工作：The operation of a big new machine can be hard to learn.学习操纵一台新的大机器会是一件很难的事.It＇s not inoperation．它已停止运转．2［U］a state in which effects can be produced 生效：When does the law come into operation？这项法律什么时候开始生效？3［C often pl］ a thing（to be） done；an activity（待）完成的事；行动：Let＇s begin our operations now.我们现在开始行动吧.This is adifficult operation.这是件难办的事.opera-tional 1 ［A］ of or about operations 操作上的； 业务上的：Operational costs are high.经营成本很高．2 ［F； （B）］ （of things） in operation； ready

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for use 正在运转的；可以使用的：The newmachines are not yet operational.新机器还未能使用．-ly ［adv］ operative 1 ［F；（B）］ （of plans， laws， etc） in operation； producing effects （计划、法律等）实施中的；生效的：The law is nowoperative．法律现在生效．2［A］ most important 最重要的（esp in the phr operative word（s）重要文字；契约中有法律效力的文字）-ly［adv］

co-operate,cooperate/kəu'ppəreit/ [IØ (with)] to work together for some purpose 合作；协力： All the people co-operated happily to get the work finished.所有人都愉快地互相合作，共同完成这项工作.I wish she would co-operate more fully with us.我希望她会跟我们更充分地合作.co-operation, coop- [U] the act of co-operating 合作；协力：Can we have your full co-operation in this matter？在这件事情上我们能不能得到你的充分合作？co-operative，coop-1［B］willing to co-operate 愿意合作的：She isn＇t a very co-operative person.她不是一个十分愿意合作的人．un-［neg］-ly ［adv］ 2 ［C］ a business which is owned by the people who work in it 合作社；合作企业

I104 adjectives 形容词：relating to work

［B］与工作有关的

laborious／lə＇bo：rrəs／1 requiring great effort 吃力的；费力的：This is very laborious work.这是非常费力的工作．2 showing signs of being donewith difficulty（文体等）矫揉造作的；佶屈聱牙的；艰涩的；不流畅的：He has a laborious style ofwriting.他的文体艰涩难读.-ly［adv］

hard-working／，ha：d＇w3：ki／working hard 努力工作的；勤劳的：She is a hard-working girl.她是一个勤奋工作的女孩.

industrious /mn'dastriəs/ often fml & pomp hard-working 勤勉的；勤劳的：What industrious people they are！他们真勤奋啊！-ly［adv］

demanding /dr'ma:ndi/ that needs a lot of attention or effort 很费心思的；很费精力的：Anew baby and a new job can both be very demanding.照顾新生婴儿和处理新工作都是很费精力的.

strenuous /'strenjuəs/ 1 taking great effort; needing a lot of work 费劲的；须用全力应付的：It＇s been a strenuous day！今天真辛苦！I don＇t like this job；it＇s too strenuous.我不喜欢这工作， 它太费力了．2 showing great activity 活跃的：She is a strenuous supporter of women＇s rights.她是女权的热心支持者.-ly［adv］

diligent /'dıləd3ənt/ (of people and behaviour) hard-working； showing steady effort 孜孜不倦的；勤奋的；用功的：He＇s a diligent worker and deserves more pay.他是个卖力肯干的工人，应该得到更多的报酬.He made a diligent attempt to learn Russian.他勤奋地学俄语.-ly［adv］

painstaking /'peinz,teikin/ 1 careful and thor-ough 极其细致的；小心周到的：Producing adictionary is painstaking work.编字典是件极其细致审慎的工作．2 hard-working and thorough （不辞）劳苦的；辛勤的；苦干的：He is not very

I106 INDUSTRY ＆ WORK 工业与工作

clever but he is painstaking； he works hard.他虽不十分聪明，但很刻苦，工作勤奋.-ly［adv］

menial /'mirnəl/ (usu of work) unimportant, uninteresting， and not very pleasant（通常指工作）低下的；琐碎的；乏味的：He did not likedoing the menial work in the house.他不喜欢做琐碎的家务.-ly［adv］

assiduous/ə'sıd3uəs/ fml & pomp having or showing careful and continual attention 勤奋的；坚持不懈的；殷勤的：They are assiduousworkers.他们是勤劳的工人.He was assiduous in visiting me in hospital.他颇为殷勤，常来医院看我.-ly［adv］

I105 adjectives 形容词：busy忙的

busy／＇bizi／［Wal；B］1 working 忙的；正在工作的； 无空闲的：He is busy now and cannot see you. 他现在很忙，不能见你.He is busy writing.他正忙于写作.She＇s busy with some important work. 她在忙着做重要的工作．2 full of work or activity忙碌的；热闹的；繁忙的：I＇ve had a busy day.我忙碌了一天.This is a busier place than that one．这个地方比那个地方要热闹些．3 esp AmE（of telephones） in use；engaged（电话）接不通； 占线：I＇m sorry the （telephone） line is busy.对不起，电话占线.-ily［adv］

active /'æktrv/ [B] 1 doing things or always ready to do things; able or ready to take action 积极的；活跃的：Although he is over seventy he is still active.他虽然年逾古稀，仍然十分活跃.He has an active brain.他头脑灵敏.Heleads an active life．他过着活跃的生活．2 able toproduce a particular effect or act in particular way 活性的；起作用的：Be careful！ That danger-ous chemical is still active！小心！那化学药品仍有危险性！-ly［adv］

engaged /mn'geid3d/ [F (on)] esp fml busy; working 忙的；忙于从事···的：He is engaged at the moment; he will be able to see you later. 现在他正有事，待会儿才能见你.She＇s engaged onsome important matter.她正忙着办一些重要的事.

occupied /'pkjupaid/[F (with)] esp fml busy; working 忙于工作的：He is fully occupied with some special work at the moment;he will be able to see you tomorrow.现在他正忙于一些特别的事，明天才能见你.Are you occupied justnow or can I come and talk to you？这会儿你有事吗？我能不能找你谈一谈？

I106 adjectives 形容词：not busy［B］不忙的

idle／＇ardl／［Wa1,3］ 1 a not working 没有事做的； 闲着的：Men are left idle when machines break down.机器坏了，工人闲着没事干.b（of time）notused for doing anything（指时间）没有用来做任何事情的；闲着没事做的：Idle hours flew by.闲散的时间飞逝而去．2lazy懒惰的：An idle worker isa waste of money.雇用懒惰的工人就是浪费金钱.

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3 of no use； not producing anything good 无用的；无效的：I knew what would happen， but it was idle to warn them； they wouldn＇t listen.我知道会发生什么事，但是提醒他们也无济于事，他们不听别人的话.idly［adv］-ness［U］

vacant /'veikənt/ 1 empty; not filled with anything 空的：There is a vacant piece of land near the house；we can build there.房子附近有块空地，我们可以在那里盖房子．2（of a house，room or seat） not being used or lived in（指房子、房间或座位）空着的；没人住的；未被占用的：The house has been vacant for several months．这所房子已经空了好几个月了．3（of aposition in employment) not at present filled （职位）空缺的：I＇m looking for work； are there any positions vacant in your firm？我正在找工作，你们公司有空缺吗？The part of a newspaperin which jobs are advertised is often called ＇situations vacant＇.报上登载招聘广告的那部分常常叫做“职位空缺”.

I107verbs 动词：relating to being busy or not 与忙或不忙有关的

busy/'bizi/[T1 (with)] to make or keep (esp oneself） busy 使（尤指自己）忙于：To forget his troubles, he busied himself with answering letters.为了忘掉烦恼，他让自己埋头写信.

Idle /'aıdl/ [Wv3; IØ;T1 (away)] to waste (time) doing nothing 虚度（时光）；闲混：Please stop idling and do something！别再无所事事了，还是干点什么吧！He just idles his time away doing nothing.他只是虚度光阴，什么事也不做.

I108 nouns 名词：factories and mills 工厂与制造厂

factory /'fæktəri/ [C] a building or group of buildings where goods are made, esp in great quantities by machines 工厂： That city is full of factories.那个城市工厂比比皆是.The factoryworkers go home at 5．工厂工人五点下班．

complex /'kpmpleks/[C] a number of factories, etc 联合企业；综合企业：There is a big chemicalcomplex near the city.城市附近有一个大型的化工联合企业.

plant /pla:nt/[C; U] machinery, buildings,etc, used for some special， often stated purpose 工厂；机器：There is a big chemical plant near the city.城市附近有一个很大的化工厂.We need newplant; the old machinery isn't good enough any more.我们需要新机器；旧机器已经不行了.

works/w3:ks/[Wn3; C often in comb] a factory 工厂：He has a job at the local （steel） works. 他在当地的（钢铁）工厂工作.The WorksManager spoke to the men.工厂经理跟工人讲了话.

mill /mil/ [C often in comb] a building or factory in which work with a (stated) material is done 制造厂：Cotton cloth is made in a

cotton mill.棉纺厂生产棉布.Paper is made in a paper mill. 造纸厂造纸.She works at the local mill.她在当地的工厂工作.

I109 nouns 名词：kinds of factories and mills，etc 各类工厂与制造厂等

waterworks /'wo:tə,w3:ks/ [P] buildings, pipes, and supplies of water forming a public water system（城市等的）供水系统

water mill [C] a mill whose power is gained from moving water 水车；（以水作动力的）磨坊

windmill /'wind,mil/ [C] a mill whose power is gained by causing the wind to turn special moving parts 风车；（以风作动力的）磨坊

flourmil /'flavə,mil/[C] (a building containing) a machine for crushing corn or grain into flour 磨坊；磨粉机 miller ［C］ a person making flour from grain in a mill，esp formerly（尤指旧时的）磨坊主

paper mill [C] a building where paper is made 造纸厂

gasworks/'gæs,w3:ks/ [Wn3; C] a place where gas for use in the home is made from coal 煤

power station [C] a large building in which electricity is made 发电厂；发电站

refinery /rI'famnəri/ [C] a building and appara-tus for refining (= making pure) metals, oils, sugar，etc 提炼厂；精炼厂：He works in the local （sugar）refinery.他在当地的制糖厂工作.

distillery /dr'stıləri/ [C] a place or business firm where whisky， etc， is distilled （＝ made）酿酒厂brewery /'bru:əri/ [C] a place where beer is brewed（＝made）啤酒厂

I110 nouns 名词：industrial workshops， etc 车间、工场等

shop/Jop/[C] a place where things are made or repaired 车间；工场：He works in the body shop in a car factory.他在一家汽车厂的车身制造场工作.

workshop/'w3:k,Jop/ [C] a usu large room, esp in a factory where heavy work on or with machines is done 车间；工场；作坊：He went into the workshop to see if the work had been done yet.他到车间去看看工作完成了没有.Work-shop conditions are often noisy and dirty.车间里通常嘈吵而肮脏.

repair shop [C] a place where repairs [→I21] are done 修理工场；修理店：Take the radio tothe radio repair shop；they＇ll fix it for you.把收音机送到收音机修理店去，他们会帮你修好的.Hewent to the shoe repair shop to get his shoes. 他到修鞋店去取鞋子.

shop floor [the R;A] not fml the place regarded as where ordinary workers (not those who direct them, the management) do their work; the general work area in a factory

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一般工人工作的场所：What＇s the feeling ontheshop floor about the rise in pay？一般工人对这次加薪有什么反应？There was a shop-floorquarrel between the two unions.车间里两个工会之间发生了争吵.

I111 nouns 名词：assembly lines，etc［C］

装配线等 [ALSO→H140 TOOLS]

assembly line an arrangement of workers and machines in which each person has a particu-lar job and the work is passed, often on a moving band (a conveyer belt), directly from one worker to the next until the product is complete 装配线；流水作业的生产线

conveyer belt an endless moving belt that carries objects from one place to another 传送带

automation/o:tə'merfən/ [U] any system of producing goods in a factory, etc, by the use of machines with the smallest possible number of persons operating them 自动化；自动操作 automated ［B］ working by automation 自动化的：We have a fully automated system now.现在我们的系统完全自动化了.

I112 nouns 名词：workers［C］工人

worker/'w3:kə/1 a person or animal that works 工人；劳动者；工作者；干活的动物 2 a hardworker 努力工作的人；实干家：She＇s a realworker, she gets twice as much done as anybody else.她是个埋头苦干的人，她一个人做的工作抵两个人的．3 also 又作 working man aperson who works with his hands rather than his mind； a working-class man 工人；体力劳动者；工人阶级的一分子

blue-collar worker esp AmE a worker who does hard or dirty work with his hands and has to wear special clothes for it 蓝领工人（指干重活、脏活的工人）；体力劳动者：Blue-collarworkers have formed blue-collar unions.蓝领工人组成了蓝领工会.

white-collar worker a person who does not work with his or her hands; an office worker, indoor worker，etc（指不干体力劳动的）白领工人；脑力劳动者；办公室职员：White-collarworkers have jobs where they don't get dirty. 白领工人的工作不会弄脏衣服.

manual worker a person who works with his or her hands 体力劳动者；靠双手吃饭的人

skilled worker a person who has learnt a special skill and uses that skill in his or her work 熟练工人

unskilled worker a person doing simple kinds of work that need no special skill 非熟练工人

workman /'w3:kmən/1 a man who works with his hands， esp in a particular skill or trade（尤指有特种技能的）工人：The workman fixed thewater system．工人修好了供水系统．2［C9］aman who is silled to a stated degree, esp in

I113 INDUSTRY ＆ WORK 工业与工作

work with the hands 手艺···的人：He is a clever workman. 他是个能工巧匠.A bad workmanalways blames his tools.拙匠常怪工具劣.

work force [GC] the people who work in factories and industry generally, considered as a body（一个国家或工厂等的）劳动力；劳工（总称）：The work force of this country consists of millions of people.这个国家的劳动人口有好几百万人.

labourer BrE, laborer AmE/'leibərə/a worker whose job needs strength rather than skill（从事的工作着重体力而不着重技术的）工人；劳工

operator /'ppəreitə/ 1 a person who works a machine， apparatus，etc（机器等的）操作人员： We have many skilled operators here.我们这里有许多熟练的操作人员．2［C9］infml ＆ oftenderog a person whose operations(in business, love,etc) are successful but perhaps unfair （做生意、爱情等方面）精明圆滑的人：He is aclever／smooth operator； be careful of him.他是一个精明／圆滑的人，你得提防他.

operative /ppə'reitiv/ esp fml a worker or ope-rator 技工；工人：Send one of our best ope-ratives.派一名我们最优秀的技工来.

hand/hænd/1 [now usu in comb] a workman 工人；人手：More hands are needed for the building work.这项建筑工程需要增添人手.He isa farmhand（＝He works on a farm）.他是个农场工人．2 one of the sailors on a ship 船上的水手：Get one of the hands to do the work. 叫一个水手去做这件工作.All hands on deck！（a callfor all sailors to come up to deal with some trouble）全体船员到甲板上集合！3［C9］usuinfml a performer 做某种工作的人：He＇s a good hand at making cakes. 他是个做糕点的能手.She's an old hand (= a very experienced person）at this game.她是玩这种游戏的老手.

factory hand a person working in a factory at a simple job（工厂里做简单工作的）工人

shift/jift/ [C]1 a group of workers who take turns with one or more other groups（轮班工作的）一班职工：The men are working in shifts to repair the railway line.工人正在轮班修理铁路线.2 the period of time worked by such a group 轮班工作的时间：a working day divided into three 8-hour shifts 一个工作日分三班工作，每班工作八小时 day／night shift ［C］ the shift work-ing during the day／at night 日／夜班：He＇s on the night shift now.他在上夜班.

I113 nouns 名词：mines and excavations 矿场与发掘点

mine/main/1 [C often in comb] a deep hole or network of holes under the ground from which coal, gold, tin, and other mineral substances are dug 矿场；矿井；矿坑：This is a tin mine.这是个锡矿.Many men were buried when there was an accident at the mine.矿场发生事故时，许多人被埋在地下．2［S（of）］（fig）aperson from whom or thing from which one can obtain a great deal (of something, esp

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information or knowledge）（尤指知识的）宝库； 源泉：The old man has lived in the village all his life and he's a mine of information about its history.这位老人一辈子住在这个村子里，对村子的历史了如指掌.

pit/pit/[C] 1 [usu in comb] a deep hole dug in the ground to get materials out 矿坑：There＇s an old chalkpit near here.这儿附近有一个旧白垩矿坑．2［often pl］ a coal mine 煤矿 3 ［often pl] the workers, machinery,etc, connected with a coal mine 跟煤矿有关的工人、机器等

colliery /'kpljəri/ [C] a coal mine and the buildings， machinery，etc， connected with it 煤矿（包括建筑物和设备等在内）

quarry/'kwori/ [C] a place from which stone, sand， etc， are dug out of the ground 采石场；采砂场

workings/'w3:knjz/[P] the parts of a mine that have been dug out 坑道；矿坑：These workings aren＇t used any more.这些矿坑已废弃不用了.

diggings/'dignjz/[P] the place or places where （esp） miners dig for a particular purpose 矿区： Work has stopped at the digings.矿区工作已停止了.

dig/dig/[C usu sing] 1 an ancient place, town, or building being uncovered and studied by archaeologists (= students of ancient times) （考古的）挖掘地点 2 the digging up of a placelike this（考古的）挖掘：go on a dig 进行遗迹的挖掘

dugout/'dag,aut/ [C] a rough usu covered shel-ter made by digging a hole， esp by soldiers掩蔽壕；（尤指）避弹壕；防空洞

excavation /,ekskə'verfən/1 [C] a place where a hole or holes, usu large, have been dug in the earth 挖掘的洞穴；挖掘地点：He＇s working at theexcavation.他在挖掘现场工作.They made several excavations to find what they wanted. 他们挖掘了好几个地方，为的是寻找他们想要的东西．2［U］ the act of excavating 发掘；挖掘

shaft /Ja:ft/ [C esp in comb] a long narrow passage going usu in an up and down or sloping direction in the ground,a building, etc，esp in a mine（通常垂直或倾斜的）井状通道；（尤指）矿井；竖井

tunnel /'tanal/[C often in comb] an under-ground or underwater passage, esp for a road or railway or in a mine, through a hill or under a river，town，etc 隧道；坑道；地道；隧洞

I114 verbs 动词：digging and mining ［lØ； T1］挖掘与开矿

dig/drg/1 to turn over (earth) with the hands, tools，etc；make （a hole） in （the ground） 掘土； 挖（洞等）：The dog was digging in the garden. 狗在花园中扒土.The men dug a hole／dug deepinto the ground.这人挖了一个洞／往地里挖得很深.The man was digging for gold.这人在掘土找金子．2［T1（up，out）］to get by digging 挖取：The man was digging potatoes.那人正在挖马铃薯. They dug up an old metal box.他们掘出了一只旧的金属盒子.He dug the stones out.他把一块

块石头挖出来.dig in ［v adv］ to dig holes for（oneself）挖壕沟（藏身）；挖战壕（防守）：Thesoldiers dug in/dug themselves in for the night． 士兵们挖壕以度过夜晚．digger ［C］1 aperson digging 挖掘者 2 any tool or machine used for digging 挖掘工具；挖掘机

excavate /'ekskəvert/ to make (a hole) or uncover (something) by digging;(fml) to dig 发掘；挖：They excavated a large hole／the remains of an old Roman house.他们挖了一个大洞／发掘出一处古罗马房屋的遗址.They werestill excavating when Ileft.我离开时他们还在挖掘.excavator ［C］ a machine used for digging 挖土机

mine /main/ to dig in (a place) for (esp metals and coal）开矿；开采（矿物）：The men were busy mining.这些人正忙于开矿.They mined thewhole area for coal.他们为挖煤开采了整个地区.burrow /'barəu/ [(into)] to dig (a hole like a tunnel), in earth, etc, as such animals as rabbits do 掘（洞穴）；（像兔子那样）打（地洞）：The rabbits burrowed into the ground.兔子打地洞.The animals burrowed holes in the ground.动物在地里打洞.The miners burrowed （their way） into the side of the hill.矿工们在山坡上挖巷道.

tunnel /'tanal/ to make a tunnel through a place 凿隧道穿过：The miners tunnelled（their way） through the mountain.矿工们挖的隧道穿过了整座山.They have been tunnelling for weeks and found nothing.他们接连几星期都在挖地道，但是什么也没有发现.

bore/bo:/1 to make round holes in something, esp by using a tool that turns round and round 钻（圆孔）：He bored a hole in the piece of wood.他在这块木头上钻了个孔.Can youbore through this wood？你能钻透这木头吗？2to do this while mining，etc 开矿等时挖（洞）： The miners bored a tunnel under the moun-tain／sea.矿工们在山底／海底挖了一条隧道.

drill/dril/1 to make a hole with a drill [→H146] 用钻头钻（孔）：He drilled two holes in the wood.他在木头上钻了两个洞.He drilledthrough the wall．他钻穿了这堵墙．2［IØ（down）］ to do this esp while mining, looking for oil, etc（采矿、找石油时）用钻探机钻：They are drill-ing for oil in the North Sea and in some places have drilled down a very long way.他们正在北海钻探石油，某些地方已钻得很深了.

prospect/'prospekt/[(for)] to examine (land, an area, etc) in order to find something, esp gold，silver，oil，etc勘察（地方）；勘探（金、银、石油等矿藏）；探矿：He＇s been prospecting in these hills for years，prospecting for gold.多年来他一直在这些山中勘探金矿.The government isprospecting the sea bed for natural gas.政府正在勘探海床下的天然气.prospector ［C］a personwho prospects 勘探矿藏的人；探矿者

I115 nouns 名词： persons working in mines，etc［C］在矿中工作的人

miner /'mamnə/ [often in comb] a worker in a

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mine 矿工：Those men are diamond miners.那些人是钻石矿工人.

collier /'kplrə/1 a person employed to cut coal in a mine 煤矿工人2 a ship for carrying coal 运煤船

quarryman／＇kworimən／a worker in a quarry 采石工人

I116 nouns 名词：work with wood，metal， etc木工、金工等

carpenter/'ka:pəntə/ [C] a person who is skilled at making and repairing wooden objects 木匠 carpentry ［U］ 1 the art or work of a carpenter 木工技艺；木工2 the objects made by a carpenter 木器（总称）

joiner /'d3oinə/ [C] a carpenter who makes doors, doorframes, windowframes, etc, inside a building 细工木匠；细木工人joinery［U］1 the art, skill, or trade of a joiner; woodwork in building 细木工技艺；细木工行业；细木工2 workdone by a joiner 细木工制品：In this house the joinery is very good.这座房子里的细木工活十分出色.

woodwork/'wud,w3:k/[U]1 the skill of making wooden objects， esp chairs，tables，etc 木工技艺（尤指做椅、台等的手艺）2 infml carpentry 木I3 the objects produced 木制品 4 not fml the parts of a house that ae made of wood 房屋的木建部分：There＇s a mouse behind the wood-work．木构件后面有只老鼠．5 the study andpractice (esp as a school subject) of making wooden objects（尤指学校里的课程）木工课

turner /'tз:nə/ [C] a person who shapes wood or metal on a lathe［→H142］镟工；车床工人；车工

fitter/'fitə/[C]someone whose work is either a putting together machines or electrical parts, or b cutting out and fitting clothes（a）装配机器或电器部件的工人；钳工（b）裁剪和试样的裁缝师；试样裁剪师

plumber /'plamə/ [C] a man whose job is to fit and repair waste pipes, bathroom articles, etc （安装及修理污水管、浴室设备的）铅管工；管子工

metalworker /'metlw3:kə/ [C] a person who makes things with or out of metal金属工人；金属匠 metalwork ［U］1 objects shaped in metal 金属制品 2 the study and practice （esp as a school subject） of making metal objects（尤指学校里的课程）金工课

I117 nouns 名词： persons in charge of workers［C］管理工人的人

[ALSO→C160]

foreman /'fo:mən/, fem forewoman /'fo:,WU-mən/a skilled and experienced workman who is put in charge of other workers（工人的）领班；工头

charge-hand /'tfa:d3,hænd/ the leader of a

I131 EDUCATION 教育

group of workmen 管理一组工人的领班；场长master /'ma:stə/ 1 fem mistress /'mistris/old use a man who employs workmen or servants 主人；雇主；老板2［À］a skilled workman with his own business 技艺熟练并自立门户的工匠：Heis a master builder.他是位搞建筑包工的师傅.

boss ／bps／ 1 ［also 又作 N］ infml a master， employer, or person having control over others 老板；雇主；上司：He asked the boss for more money.他要求老板多给他一点钱.Haveyou got a match， boss？ 老板，你有火柴吗？2AmE usu derog a political party chief 政党领袖supervisor / sju:pə'vaizə/ a person who keeps

watch over work and workers as the person in charge 监督者；督导者；管理人；监工 supervise[IØ; T1] to work as a supervisor over (some-one）监督（某人）；督导（某人）

overseer /'əuvəsiə/ a person who keeps watch over work，（esp formerly as done by slaves） 监工；工头（尤指过去监督奴隶工作的人）：The over-seer made them work very hard.监工逼他们拼命干活.

Education

教育

I130 nouns 名词：places for small children［C；U］照管幼儿的地方

playgroup ／＇pler，gru：p／ also 又作 playschool /'plei,sku:l/a kind of informal school for very young children in which they learn to play with other children and learn other things mainly through play 为幼儿设立的通过游戏进行学习的非正式学校；幼儿园

nursery school a school for young children of two to five years of age in which they learn mainly by playing（为二岁至五岁幼儿而设的）幼儿园

kindergarten /'kındəga:tən/ a playgroup, play-school，etc幼儿园；幼稚园

I131 nouns 名词：kinds of school 各类学校

school/sku:l/1 [C] a place of education for children 学校：Many new schools have been built by the government.政府建了许多新学校.They are children of school age (= old enough to attend school）.他们是学龄儿童.What school do you go to？ 你上什么学校？During the school holidays they went to France.学校放假期间，他们去了法国.（fig）He learned everything in the school of experience．他从经验中学到一切．2［U］ (without the) a attendance or study at such a place； a course of learning at such a place 上学；学校的课程：He began school at the age of five.他五岁开始上学.She always found school

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difficult.她一直觉得学校的课程很难.b one day＇scourse at such a place 学校一天的活动：School begins at 8.30．学校八点半开始上课．He walkshome after school．放学后他步行回家．3［GC］ (fig) the body of students (and teachers) at such a place 全体学生（和教师）：She is ateacher liked by the whole school.她是全校学生爱戴的教师.

state school [C] a school that is run bythe state 国／州立学校

comprehensive school [C] BrE a state school for children over the age of 11 of both sexes, all abilities, and from every kind of family in an area 一个地区内凡十一岁以上的学生（不分性别、能力和家庭背景）都能上的国立学校；综合中学

public school [C; U] 1 (in England) a mainly upper class school for older pupils where education is paid for usu by parents and the pupils live as well as study（英格兰的）公学（主要招收上层阶级年龄较大的自费住校学生）2（espin Scotland and US) a free local school supported by taxes（尤指苏格兰和美国地方办的免费）公立学校

private school [C] a school owned and directed by a person or group not supported by government money, where education must be paid for 私立学校

independent school［C］ a private school（独立办学的）私立学校

preparatory school [C] 1 (esp in Britain) a private school for pupils up to the age of 13 or 14,where they are made ready to attend a higher school, almost always a public school （def 1）（尤指在英国为十三、四岁学生升入公学作准备的）私立预备学校2（in the US） a privateschool that makes pupils ready for college（在美国为学生升入大学作准备的）私立预科学校

prep school ［C］ infml a preparatory school 私立预备学校；（美）私立预科学校

primary school [C; U] the school that a child attends from the age of 5 to the age of 11（五岁至十一岁儿童上的）小学

secondary school [C;U] the school that a child attends after primary school, usu at the age 11 or 12 until 16 to 18 years old（十一、二岁学生小学毕业后到十六至十八岁上的）中学

high school [C;U] esp AmE a secondary school，esp for children over the age of 14（尤指美国十四岁以上学生上的）中学

grammar school [C;U] 1 (in England) a school (usu) for children over the age of 11, where they study languages, science,etc,for examinations which may lead to higher education（在英国）普通中学（入学年龄一般为十一岁以上，学习语言、科学等课程以准备升入大学）；文法中学2（in the US）a primary school（在美国）小学

academy /ə'kædəmi/ [C] (in Scotland,esp in names) a secondary school that prepares pupils for higher education（在苏格兰，尤用于校名）为学生升入大学作准备的中学

secondary modern school [C] (in England formerly) a secondary school which does not prepare students for a university or further

study（从前在英格兰）不准备让学生升入大学的中学

single-sex school [C] a school where only boys or girls are taught 男校或女校

coeducational school [C] a school where boys and girls are taught together 男女兼收的学校coeducation [U] the system of educating boys and girls together in the same buildings and classes 男女生同校制度

I132 nouns 名词：places and things in schools［C］校内环境与东西

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

粉笔

classroom /'kla:s,rum/ a room in a school, college,etc, in which a class meets for a lesson 教室；课堂：We have to move to another classroom for the next lesson.下一堂课我们得到另一个教室去上.Classroom conditions in that school are not good.该校教室的环境并不好.playground /'plei,graund/1 a piece of ground kept for children to play on or in, esp at a school（尤指学校的）操场；运动场2（fig）an areafavoured for amusement 游乐场所：The south of France is the playground of the rich.法国南部是富人的游乐场所.

staff room a comfortable room in a school for the use of teachers 教员休息室：What is staff-room opinion on this matter (= What do the teachers think about it）？关于这件事老师们有什么意见？

language laboratory a room in which people can learn foreign languages by means of special teaching machines, esp tape recorders, etc（语言教学用的）语言实验室；语言教室

I133 nouns 名词：college and university， etc 学院与大学等

college/'kolid3/1 [C; U] a school for higher and professional education, often connected to a university 学院；高等（专科）学校：My son

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went to a teacher training college.我的儿子在师范学院就读.I went to business college when I was 28．我二十八岁时进商学院念书．When didyou leave college？你什么时候大学毕业？2［C；U] (in the United States) a school of higher learning giving a bachelor＇s degree（在美国）有权颁授学士学位的高等学校3［C］（in Britain）abody of teachers and students forming a separate part of certain universities（英国某些大学内的）学院：Oxford University is divided into colleges．牛津大学由多个学院组成．4［C；U］(in Britain) any of certain large private schools（英国的）大型私立学校5［C］ the build-ing or buildings used by any of these educational establishments 学院的校舍及校园： The college is just over the road from the station．学院校舍就在车站对面马路旁．6［C9］tech a body of people with a common profession， purpose， duties or rights 学会；团体：She is a member of the Royal College of Nurses.她是皇家护士学会会员.

university / ju:nə'vз:səti/ 1 [C often in comb; often cap] a place of education at the highest level， where degrees are given 大学：Several new universities have been built. 好几所新大学已经落成了.He studied at Edinburgh Univer-sity／the University of Edinburgh.他曾在爱丁堡大学念书．2［C；U］ one of these places when attended for a course of study（指上课之处）大学：Has she studied at university／been to university？ 她上过大学吗？3［the GU］ the members of this place, students and teachers 大学全体师生：The whole university is against the changes.全大学的师生都反对这些改革.

polytechnic /pplr'teknik/ [C] a place of education for people who have left school, providing training in many arts and (esp) trades connected with skills and machines 理工学院；工艺专科学院

academy /ə'kædəmi/ [C] a school or college for training in a special art or skill 高等专科院校：Sandhurst in England and West Point in the US are military academies.英国的桑赫斯特和美国的西点都是军校.She attends an academyof music.她在音乐学院上学.

school /sku:l/ 1 [C;U] an establishment for teaching a particular subject， skill，etc 学校：He worked all day and studied at night school in the evenings．他白天工作，晚间上夜校．2［C］（espin universities) a department or place where a certain subject is taught（尤指大学的）院、系等： medical school 医学院；the School of Law 法学院；London School of Economics 伦敦经济学院3［C；U］ AmE a college or university 学院或大学：She went to graduate ［→I144］ school in Los Angeles．她去洛杉矶读研究院．4［C］a groupof people with the same methods, opinions, etc 学派；流派：There is a new school of thought about this.现时在这方面又有了一个新的思想流派.

higher education [U;(C)] education at a university or college 高等教育

further education [U] education after leaving school， but not at a university（为已离校人士而

I134 EDUCATION 教育

设的）继续教育；延续教育

adult education [U] education provided for adults outside the formal educational system, usu by means of classes that are held in the evening 成人教育

I134 nouns 名词：teachers，etc［C］教师等

teacher／＇ti：tfə／ ［also 又作 A］ a person who teaches， esp as a profession 教师：My husband's a history teacher in a local school. 我丈夫是本地一所学校的历史教师.He is amember of the University Teachers' Associ-ation.他是大学教师协会会员.It is a.goodteacher-training course.这门师范课程办得很好.

master /'ma:stə/ 1 esp BrE fml a man who teaches in a school, esp a private school in England（尤指在英国私立学校任教的）男教师：The children liked their French master (= teacher of French）.孩子们喜欢他们的法语老师.2 [C9] a man who teaches subjects not usu taught inschool；a tutor 担任一般不在学校开设的科目的男教师：He is her riding master／dancing master.他是她的骑术教师／舞蹈教师.schoolmaster a master in a school 学校男教师

mistress /'mistris/ esp BrE fml a female teacher in a school（在学校任教的）女教师：Allthe girls like their new English mistress (= teacher of English）.所有的女孩子都喜欢新来的英语女教师.schoolmistress a mistress in a school学校女教师

lecturer /'lektfərə/ 1 a person who gives lectures [→G65], esp at a university or college （尤指在大学或学院）讲课者；讲演者 2 a personwho holds the lowest teaching rank at a British university or college （英国大学或学院中的）讲师 lectureship the position of a lecturer at a British university or college（英国大学或学院中）讲师的职位

professor ／prə＇fesə／ 1［also 又作 A；N］BrE (the title of) a teacher of the highest rank in a university department（大学或学院的）教授：My new history professor is Professor Ward.我的新历史教授是沃德教授.She is Professor ofHistory at my university.她是我们大学的历史学教授.Good-bye，Professor（Ward）.再见，（沃德） 教授．2［A； N； （C）］ AmE a teacher at a univer-sity or college（大学或学院中的）教师：Professor Smith has just started teaching here.史密斯老师刚开始在此执教．3［A；N；C9］（a title taken bythose who teach or claim various skills (often to add an undeserved importance to the position））教授（对执教某些技能的教师过分的尊称，或自诩具有某种技能的人所用的头衔）：Madame Chores, professor of dancing, gives lessons daily.舞蹈教授乔斯太太每天授课.pro-fessorial [Wa5; B] fml of or like a professor 教授的；教授似的-ly［adv］

dean /di:n/ (in some universities) a person in charge of a division of study or in charge of students and their behaviour（一些大学中的）系主任；学监；训导长

academic /,ækə'demik/ a person who teaches

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at a university 在大学任教的老师：Manyacademics, including several well-known pro-fessors，were at the meeting.包括好几位知名教授在内的许多大学教师出席了会议.

instructor /m'straktə/ a person who teaches one an activity 教师；教练：My driving instruc-tor is very helpful.我的驾驶教师对我帮助很大.instructress[fem] rare

tutor／＇tju：tə／1 a private or special teacher 私人教师；家庭教师：He is her tutor in French.他是她的法语家庭教师.Who is their dancing tutor？谁是他们的舞蹈教师？2 BrE a universitylecturer who looks after the studies of a group of students 英国大学的指导教师；导师

trainer /'treinə/ a person who trains sports-men， horses， etc， esp in sports and racing（尤指体育运动和比赛中的）教练；驯马师

coach/kəutf/1 a person hired privately to train a pupil or student for an examination（辅导学生准备考试的）私人教师；辅导教师：He is herEnglish coach．他是她的英语补习老师．2aperson who trains sportsmen for games, com-petitions，etc（训练运动员的）教练：He is the local football coach.他是本地的足球教练.

I135 nouns 名词：head teachers，etc ［C］ 校长等

head teacher the teacher in charge of a school 校长

headmaster/,hed'ma:stə/ the male teacher in charge of a school 男校长

headmistress/,hed'mistris/ the female teacher in charge of a school 女校长

head /hed/ infml abbrev a headmaster or mis-tress 校长（简称）

principal /'prınsəpəl/ the head of some univer-sities，colleges，and schools（一些大学、学院或学校的）校长

director /də'rektə/ a person who directs an （educational）organization（教育）机构的主管

I136 nouns，etc 名词等：pupils and students，etc［C］小学生与大、中学生等

schoolboy/girl/child /'sku:l,bor/,g3:l/,tfarld/ a boy，girl，or child who goes to school（中、小学）男生／女生／学童

pupil /'pju:pəl/ esp BrE a person, esp a child, who is being taught（尤指年幼的）学生：The school is large enough for about 500 pupils. 这所学校很大，足够容纳大约五百名学生.MissSmith takes private pupils in singing and piano-playing.史密斯小姐私人教授学生唱歌及弹钢琴.

student /'stju:dənt/1 a person who is studying at a place of education（在校就读的）学生：She is a High School student．她是个中学生．2BrE a person studying at a university or college 大学或学院的学生3 AmE a person studying at aschool or college 学校或学院的学生 4［of］a

person with a stated interest 学者；研究···的人： He is a student of human nature.他是一位研究人性的学者.

scholar／＇skplə／1 the holder of a scholarship 享有奖学金的学生 2 old use ＆ fml a child atschool 学童；上学的孩子 scholarship ［C］ an amount of money given to a student to help him or her to continue studying 奖学金 scho-lastic [Wa5; B] esp fml & pomp relating to schools， education，etc 学校的；教育的：The child's scholastic abilities are not being given a chance to develop.这个孩子的学习才能没有得到机会发展．-ally［adv Wa4］

trainee /trer'ni:/ a person who is being trained 受训练的人：She is a trainee reporter.她是个见习记者.

apprentice /ə'prentis/1 a person bound by an agreement to serve, for a number of years and usu for low wages, a person skilled in a trade, in order to learn that person＇s skill 学徒2［T1］ to make or send as an apprentice 使···当学徒： We apprenticed our son to an electrician.我们把儿子送去跟一位电工当学徒.He apprenticedhimself to an electrician.他给电工当学徒. apprenticeship 1 [U] the condition of being an apprentice 学徒的身分2［U；C］the time or period this lasts 学徒的年限、期间3［C］an example of such a condition 学徒身分：Several apprenticeships could not be filled.有几份学徒工找不到人做：

cadet /kə'det/ a person studying to become an officer in'one of the armed forces or the police 军（警）校学员：He is a police cadet.他是个警校学员.cadetship［U；C］ the condition of being a cadet；an example of this 军（或警）校学员的身分（或地位）

disciple /dr'saipəl/ 1 a follower of any great teacher（esp religious）（尤指宗教的）信徒；门徒： Martin Luther King considered himself a disciple of Gandhi.马丁路德·金视自己为甘地的信徒．2 ［often cap］ one of the twelve first followers of Christ（通常大写）耶稣十二门徒之一beginner /br'ginə/ a person who begins some-

thing, esp a person without experience; a learner in the first stages of learning 初学者；毫无经验的新手：It＇s the first time she has played； she＇s just／only a beginner.这是她的首次演出，她只是个新手.

novice /'npvis/ a person without training or experience in a skill or subject（未受过训练或毫无经验的）生手；新手：He is a novice swimmer（＝a novice at swimming）.他是个游泳新手.

I137 nouns 名词：classes and seminars 班级与研讨会

class /kla:s/ 1 [GC] a group of pupils or students taught together 班级：Our class is the biggest in the school.我们这一班是学校里人数最多的.How many students are there in your history class at college？你们大学有多少学生跟你一起上历史课？How much class work must

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be done？有多少课堂作业需要做？2［GC］espAmE a number of students in a school or university doing the same course in the same year 同年入学修读同一课程的学生 3［C］ theoccasion when such a group is taught（一节） 课：I must go or I＇ll be late for my English class.我得走了，不然我英语课要迟到了.

lesson /'lesən/ [C] 1 something to be learnt or taught， esp in a school， etc， esp in a class 课；功课；课业：Did you enjoy that lesson？你喜欢那堂课吗？Afternoon lessons start at 2 o＇clock．下午的课两点开始上.The teacher was working onhis lesson plans．这位教师正在写教案．2（fig）an experience or event seen as teaching some-thing 教训：He learned many lessons in life while working there.他在那里工作期间，吸取了许多做人的教训.The child has learnt her lesson and won＇t go near fire again.这孩子已经得到教训，不敢再靠近火了.

lecture /'lektfə/ [C] an occasion on which one must lecture or listen to someone lecturing 演讲；讲课；听课：I must go now or I＇ll be late for my lecture.现在我得走了，不然我上课要迟到了.She has a lecture at ten.她十点钟有课.

tutorial /tju:'to:riəl/ 1 [C] esp BrE an occasion on which students meet a tutor 大学导师的辅导时间；辅导课；指导课：I＇ve a tutorial at 10．十点钟我有辅导课．2［A］ of or relating to a tutor or tutorials 有关辅导或导师的

seminar /'seməna:/ [C] a small class of (ad-vanced) students at a university, etc, meeting to study some subject with a teacher（大学）研讨会；讨论课；研究班

course/ko:s/[C]a set of lessons on one subject 课程：What courses are you taking？你修哪些课程？a French course and a course in history-门法语课和一门历史课

homework /'həum,w3:k/ [U] work which a student is expected to do at home, not in school，etc家庭作业；（在家里做的）功课

prep／prep／［U］ infml BrE 1 homework 家庭作业2 also 又作 fml preparation （at schools in which the pupils go home only in holiday periods）（寄宿学校中）a studying and getting ready for lessons 预习：We have two hours＇ prep every evening.我们每晚预习两小时.b thetime during which this is done 预习时间

I138 nouns 名词：terms and sessions ［C］ 学期

term/t3:m/any one of usu three periods into which a year at a school, college, or university is divided，as in Britain（英国的学校、大学一学年分三学期的其中一个）学期

semester /sə'mestə/ either of the two periods into which a year at a university is divided, esp in the US（尤指美国大学一学年分两学期的其中一个）学期

session /'sefən/ AmE & ScotE one of the parts of the year when teaching is given at a univer-sity；a term or semester 学期（即一学年的二分之

I140 EDUCATION 教育

一或三分之一）

I139 nouns 名词：educational subjects， etc 学科、课程等

subject /'sAbd3ikt/ [C] something which is spoken, written about, looked at, or studied, etc学科；科目；题目；主题：What subject shall we discuss today？我们今天讨论什么题目？Hismain subject at university is the French language／is economics.他在大学主修法语／经济学. subject matter ［U］ whatever is being stud-ied, etc, at a particular time, in a particular book，etc题材；主题；论题

topic/'topik/ [C] a subject, esp when it is being discussed， written， or spoken about，etc（讨论等的）题目：My main topic today is the history of the English language.我今天的主要论题是英语语言史.

discipline /disəplin/ [C] usu fml a branch of learning studied at a university（大学的）学科： You're no good at history, so you'd better choose one of the other disciplines.你不适宜学历史，最好还是另选一科吧.

field/fi:ld/[C] genl a branch of knowledge or activity（研究、活动的）领域；范围；方面：Whatfield does he work in？ 他从事哪一方面的工作？She is a lawyer famous in her own field/in the field of criminal law.她是一位在法律界出名的／知名的刑法律师.That matter is outside my field （＝ not my special subject）.那件事不属于我的研究范围.

study /'stadi/often fml1 [U] the act of studying one or more subjects 学习；研读；研究：He spent the afternoon in study.他把下午的时间花在学习上．2 ［U；C often pl］a subject studied 学科；研究项目；研究的对象：You must give time to yourstudies.你必须在学业上花些时间.The school-children find nature study very interesting. 小学生们觉得自然课很有趣．3［C］ an exercise， esppiece of writing，on a particular subject 专题分析研究（尤指文章）：He made a study ofShakespeare＇s plays.他对莎士比亚的戏剧进行研究.

I140 nouns， etc 名词等：educational exercises，etc 教学上的练习等

exercise /'eksəsaiz/ [C] a question to be answered by a pupil for practice 练习；习题： The teacher told them to begin Exercise 14．教师叫他们开始做练习十四.

project /'prod3ekt/ [C] (a plan for) work or activity of any kind, esp in a classroom or course（尤指课堂上或课程内的）工作或活动（计划）；研究课题：The boys were given a project building a little house in a tree; they carried out their project in a few days.男孩们接到一项任务，要在树上搭一间小屋；他们在几天内就完成了任务.This student is doing a special project

639

I141 EDUCATION 教育

concerned with local government.这个学生正

在进行一项特别的研究报告，内容与当地政府有关. 可以加句点或不加.

Bachelor of Arts 文学士

drill /dril/ 1 [U; C] training or instruction in a BA

subject, esp by means of repeating and follow- BSc

ing exact orders（根据要求反复进行的）练习；训 BEd

练：This is a good drill for learning how to use

French verbs.这是学习法语动词用法的很好的练 BLitt

习．2［T1；IØ］ to instruct or exercise by repeat- MA

ing 反复进行练习；训练：Let＇s drill them in MSc

English grammar.我们来教他们练习英语语法吧. MEd

Science 理学士

BPhil Education 教育学士

Philosophy 哲学学士

Letters文学士

Master of Arts 文学／文科硕士

Science 理学硕士

MPhil Education 教育硕士

MLitt Philosophy 哲学硕士

I141 nouns 名词：educational MD Letters 文学硕士

Doctor of Medicine 医学博士

qualifications［C；A］教育资格 MB Bachelor of Medicine 医学学士

ChB Surgery 外科学士

PhD,DPhil Doctor of Philosophy 哲学博士

I144 nouns 名词： students at

universities，etc［C；A］大学的学生等

undergraduate /,Andə'græd3uit/ 1 a university

student who has not yet taken his or her first

degree 大学生；大学肄业生 2 relating to

undergraduates or their work 大学生的

graduate /'græd3uit/1 a BrE a person who has

completed a university degree course 大学毕业

生 b AmE a person who has completed a

course at a college，school，etc 学院、学校的毕

业生2 relating to graduates 毕业生的；已获得学

士学位的

postgraduate／pəust＇græd3uit／ also 又作 esp

AmE graduate /'græd3uit/ (a person doing

studies that are) done at a university after one

has received a first degree 研究生；大学毕业后所

做的；研究院的：He＇s taking a postgraduate

course in teacher training.他在修读师范研究生

课程.

certificate /sə'tifikət/a sheet of paper (docu-ment) on which is written or printed a state-ment, usu made by a person officially given power to make it, that a certain fact or facts are true 证书：When they passed the examina-tion，the students got their certificates.学生考试合格后，得到了证书.The doctor signed thedeath certificate.医生在死亡证书上签了字.

diploma /dı'pləumə/ an official paper showing that a person has successfully finished a course of study or passed an examination 毕业证书；文凭：He holds／has been awarded（＝ given）a diploma in social studies.他持有／被颁授予社会学科的文凭.

degree／dr＇gri：／a title given by a university（大学颁发的）学位：She has the degrees of BA，MA， and PhD.她有文学士、文学硕士和哲学博士学位.

doctorate /'dpktərit/ the degree,title,or rank of a doctor，esp a non-medical one 博士的学位、头衔或等级（尤指非医学博士）：He got hisdoctorate in 1977．他于1977 年获博士学位．Where did she do her doctorate？她的博士学位是在哪里攻读的？

I142 nouns 名词：kinds of degrees ［C］各种学位

bachelor's (degree) /'bætfələz (dr'gri:)/ the first degree in most universities in Arts, Sciences，Education，etc（文、理、教育等）学士（学位）

master's (degree) /'ma:stəz (dr'gri:)/ the second degree given in most universities in Arts， Sciences， Education，etc（文、理、教育等） 硕士（学位）

doctor's (degree) /'dpktəz (dr'gri:)/ the highest degree given in universities in any subject（大学任何学科的）博士（学位）

I143 nouns 名词：particular names for kinds of degrees 各种学位的名称

NOTE［说明］These abbreviations may be written with or without full stops.下列各词缩写时，后面

I145 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：students leaving universities, etc, successfully 从大学等毕业的学生

graduate /'græd3uit/1 [IØ] to obtain a degree at a university 取得学位2［IØ］ AmE to com-plete an educational course 毕业 3 ［T1］ to declare that (someone) has completed such a course and passed the examinations 准予···毕业

graduation /,græd3u'erfən/ 1 [U] the act of graduating 毕业 2 ［C］ a ceremony at which one receives proof of having gained a univer-sity degree 毕业典礼；颁授学位的典礼

qualify /'kwoli,far/ [IØ (as), 3; V3] to (cause to) gain a certain level of knowledge or a qualification（使···）具有某种水平的知识；（使···） 获得某种资格：Being the son of a member ofparliament doesn't qualify him to talk about politics.他是国会议员的儿子，却并不因此就有资格谈政治.He qualified as a doctor of medicine this year.他今年取得医学博士的资格.

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qualification/kwpləfə'kerfən/1 [U] the act of qualifying 合资格2［C］a an example or result of this 资格 b the training which leads to this 获得资格的必要训练 c the papers，etc，whichshow this 证明资格的证书：He is a doctor withthe very best qualifications.他是一位具有最佳资历的医生.What qualification does he have in this subject？他在这方面有何种资格？

I146 nouns 名词：special rewards in

education 教育的特别奖

prize/praiz/ [C; A] a reward, usu a book, given to a student at school or college for specially good work（给予优异学生的）奖品（通常赠送书籍）：He has won the history prize.他获得了历史奖.

award /ə'wo:d/ [C] something that is given as a result of an official decision， esp a prize 经正式决定而发给的东西（尤指奖品）

distinction /dı'stıkfən/ [C] a special mark of honour 荣誉；荣衔；殊勋：These are the highest distinctions that have ever been given in that subject.这些是那一学科所颁发过的最高荣誉.Hegained a first-class certificate [→I141] of distinction in French.他获得了法语一等荣誉证书.

honours BrE, honors /'pnəz/ AmE [P often cap]1 a a specialized kind of first degree at a British university 英国大学的荣誉学士学位b alevel gained in examinations for this degree 学士学位考试中获得的优等成绩：He graduated withhonours （in History／Science，etc）.他以（历史／ 科学等）优等成绩毕业.She had a First／SecondClass Honours degree.她有一级／二级荣誉学位.2 a mark of high quality in an American university degree（美）大学中的优等成绩

I147 nouns 名词： experts and scholars

［C］专家与学者

expert/'ekspa:t/ a person having some special knowledge, skill, experience, etc, esp one who is qualified by special training and employed to do certain things because of this（受过专门训练、具有专业知识和经验的）专家：She is an ex-pert in／at teaching small children.她是幼儿教育专家.That doctor is one of the country＇s leading experts on the human brain.那位医生是该国最有名的脑科专家之一.expertise［U］ theability of an expert 专门知识（或技能）；专长：Sheshowed great expertise in doing the difficult work.她在进行这项艰难的工作时，表现出丰富的专业知识.

master /'ma:stə/ a person, usu a man,of great skill，knowledge， and experience 名家；大师： What a master of the subject he is！他真是这门学科的专家！masterly［B］in the manner of a master 巧妙的；高明的：His argument against the new law was masterly.他反对新法律的辩驳

I148 EDUCATION 教育

相当高明.

scholar/'skplə/ usu apprec a person who has great knowledge of a certain usu academic subject, such as literature, history, etc (and an ability to pass it on to others） 学者：He is one of the country＇s leading scholars.他是全国最具名望的学者之一.She is a language scholar ofsome note/standing (= an admired expert in one or more languages）.她是一位颇具名气的语言学者.scholarly ［B］ apprec of or like a scholar 学者的；博学的；学者风度的：His workshows great scholarly care.从他的工作可以看出他做学问一丝不苟的态度.scholarship［U］ thework of a scholar 学识；学问；学术成就：Hisscholarship is not good; he makes many false statements.他的学问不行；好些说法都站不住脚.scholastic [B] esp fml relating to scholars and their work 学者的；学术的：His scholastic ability is not of the highest （＝ is not very good）.他的学问并非很好．-ally［adv Wa4］

authority /o:'Oprəti/ [(on)] a person who is known to be an expert （on something） 权威： She is one of the world's leading authorities on fish.她是世界上最权威的鱼类专家之一.

consultant /kən'sAltənt/ a person to whom people go for advice 顾问：He is a consultant on business in South America.他是南美商务顾问.She is an art consultant for a big pub-lishing company.她是一家大出版公司的艺术顾问．consultancy 1［U］ the business of being a consultant顾问的事务2［C］the money paid by esp a business company to an expert whom they can then ask for special advice when they want it 担任顾问职务的报酬

specialist /'spefəlist/ a person who has special interests or skills in a limited field of work or study（对某一方面进行专门研究或具有专长的）专家：a government specialist in foreign affairs 政府的外交专家 specialize，-ise ［I0（in）］to study (some particular thing) so much as to become an expert in it 专门从事；专门研究：Hespecialized in tropical diseases.他专门研究热带疾病．specialization 1 ［U］ the act of special-izing 专门化2 ［C］ an example or result of this 专门化的事例或结果 speciality also 又作specialty [C] infml something one specializes in专长；专业

I148 adjectives 形容词：relating to

education［B］与教育有关的

[ALSO→G32-36 LEARNING AND TEACHING]

educational /edju'keifənəl/ relating to educa-tion; serving to educate or teach or to help someone learn 教育的；与教育有关的：This workhas great educational value.这工作有很大的教育意义.-ly ［adv］ educationist also 又作 educa-tionalist, educator [C] a person who does educational work 教育者；教育家

educative／＇edjukətrv／ fml educational 教育的；

有教育意义的-ly［adv］

educable /'edjukəbəl/ usu tech able to be ed-

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I148 EDUCATION 教育

ucated，taught，etc 可教育的：He thinks that some children are less educable than others. 他认为有些孩子比其他孩子要难教些.in-［neg］

instructional /In'strakfənəl/ fml relating to in-structing or being instructed 教授的；教学的

instructive /in'straktiv/ serving to instruct; educational 有教育意义的；有教育作用的：What Isaw was very instructive； I learned a lot.我所见到的事情很有教育意义，我学到了很多东西.un-[Ape]A-[8əu]

academic /,ækə'demik/ 1 of or like schools, colleges, academies, etc (and therefore placing importance on thought, ideas, etc, rather than practical work） 学术的；学院（式） 的；着重思想而非实际工作的：She wants herchild to have an academic education and to go to university.她要她的孩子受教育，并上大学.

She thinks that the quality of academic life is not as good as it once was.她认为现在学术活动的水准不如从前那么好.The child is better atpractical rather than academic work.这孩子读书不行，但擅长于实际工作.non-［neg］ neutralun- [neg] deprec 2 sometimes deprec very theoretical and therefore of little or no practi-cal use 偏重理论因而不切实际的：This idea isonly of academic interest to us; let us decide what we actually do next！这个意见对我们来说只是纯理论上的东西，让我们决定下一步实际该怎么办吧！3 no longer of practical importance 不再具有实际重要性的：Last week these matterswere important, but this latest news makes them academic.上星期这些事确是很重要，但这个最新的消息却使它们实际上变得无足轻重了.-ally[adv Wa4]

J

Numbers, measurement, money, and commerce

数字、计量、货币与商业

Numbers and quantities

数与量

J1 nouns 名词：kinds of numbers ［C］各种数

number/'nambə/ 1 a member of the system used in counting and measuring 数： Let x bea number from 1 to 10．设x为1到10之间的一个数．2 a written form for one of those 数字（指书写形式）：The page numbers are in the right-hand corners of the book．页码在书的右角．3any such from 0 to 9由0到9之间任何一个数字：This machine is able to print numbers as well as letters．这台机器不仅能印字母，还能印数字．4［also 又作 in U］ quantity or amount 数量：The number of chairs in the room is 10．房间里椅子的总数是十.The members of the club are four hundred in number．俱乐部会员的人数是四百．5[A] (before a number, usu written No./no.) （having） the stated size， place in order，etc（用于数字前，常写成No.／no。）号码；编号：My roomis Number Four／No．4．我的房间号码是四号．Welive at No. 17 (= our house has the number 17）．我们住在十七号．any number of infml ＆usu emph a large quantity of； many 大量；许多： I've told you any number of times to keep the door shut！我已跟你讲过许多次，要把门关上！bynumber in a way that uses numbers 用数字的方式；按数字：He knows all the rooms in the building by number; he'll tell you who is in room 106．他知道这建筑物里所有房间的号码；他会告诉你谁住在106室．

cardinal number one of the numbers 1,2,3, etc 基数（如1,2,3等）

ordinal number one of the numbers first (1st), second (2nd), third (3rd), etc, giving the order of any thing or things 序数（如第一、第二、第三ISr个］（

distributive number a number that states how many times or occasions something happens 频率数：＇Once＇ and ＇twice＇ are distributive numbers ［→J10］．“一次”和“两次”是频率数．

prime number a number that can be divided exactly only by itself and the number one 质数； 素数：Iwenty-three／23 is a prime number．23是一个质数.

odd number one of the numbers 1, 3, 5, 7,etc 奇数；单数（如1、3、5、7等）

even number one of the numbers 2, 4,6,8,etc 偶数（如2、4、6、8等）

serial number a particular number given to one of a large group 序号；编号：A soldier＇s name,rank, and serial number are all that he may tell an enemy.一个士兵可以告诉敌人的只是他的姓名、军衔和编号.What were the serialnumbers of the stolen banknotes？被窃钞票的编号是什么？

whole number a number which is not or does not contain a fraction［→J3］整数

J2 nouns 名词：special terms for numbers，etc［C］表示数字的应用词语等

numeral /'nju:mərəl/ any of the system of signs used for representing a number or numbers 数字；代表数目的符号

digit／＇did3it／tech， also 又作 figure／＇figə／any of the numbers from 0 to 9由0到9之间任何一个数字：The number 1977 contains 4 digits／ figures．1977这个数是个四位数．He has a five-figure income (= He makes at least £10,000 a year）.他的收入达五位数（＝他一年至少收入一万英镑）．digital ［Wa5；B］ relating to calculation with digits 数字的

unit/'juinit/1 the smallest whole number; the number one 最小的整数（指1）2 any fixedamount used in measuring，etc 计量单位：In most countries the unit of length is the metre. 大多数国家的长度单位是米（公尺）.

integer ／＇intəd3ə／ tech a whole number 整数integral [Wa5; B] 1 of, concerning, or likean integer 整数的2 necessary to make something whole 构成整体所必需的：His work is an inte-gral part of what we do.他的工作是我们所做事情的一个组成部分.-ly［adv］

multiple /'mAltipəl/ a number which contains a smaller number an exact number of times 倍数：3x4＝12，so 12 is a multiple of 3． 3x4＝ 12，所以12是3的一个倍数．

factor /'fæktə/ a whole number that can be multiplied by another to form a given number 因子；因数：2,3,4，and 6 are all factors of 12． 2,3,4,6都是12的因子．

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logarithm/'logəriðəm/,infml abbrev log/lpg/a number which represents a value (power [→J38]) of another number and which can be used for additions instead of multiplying the original number 对数 logarithmic ［Wa5；B］1 of or containing logarithms 对数的2 increas-ing by multiplication 依等比级数增加的-ally [adv Wa4]

base /beis/ a number, such as 10, which is the starting point for a logarithmic or other number system（对数的）底；（数系的）基数

·J3 nouns 名词：fractions of numbers ［C］ 分数

fraction /'frækfən/1 math a division or part of a whole number 分数；小数：1／3,5／8 and 0.392 are fractions． 1／3和5／8是分数，0.392是小数．2genl a very small piece or amount 小部分；小块； 微量：She＇s careful with her money， and spends only a fraction of her earnings.她花钱仔细，只会花掉收入的一小部分.

decimal (fraction) /'desəməl ('frækfən)/ a number like ．5，．06，．375，etc 十进位小数（如．5， ．06，．375等）-ly ［adv］： Counting decimally is easy to do. 十进位制便于计算.decimal pointthe dot at the left of a decimal 小数点

vulgar fraction a fraction expressed by a number above and a number below a line （rather than as a decimal） 普通分数：3／4 and 107／8 are vulgar fractions．3／4和1078是普通分数.

percentage /pə'sentid3/1 [C] an amount given

as part of a whole which is 100 百分率：Give

me the answer as a percentage.用百分率来回答

我．2［U］ proportion 比例：What percentage of

the people want change？想要变革的人占多大比

例？per cent（sign ％） for each hundred（符号

是％） 百分之···：twenty per cent（20％） ＝twenty

in a hundred 百分 百里面的二

十

J4 nouns 名词：the cardinal numbers 基数词

1one-

2 two 二

3 three 三

4 four 四

5 five 五

6 six六

7 seven 七

8 eight 八

9 nine 九

10 ten+

11 eleven 十一

12 twelve十二

13 thirteen十三

14 fourteen 十四

15 fifteen十五

16 sixteen 十六

17 seventeen十七

18 eighteen 十八

19 nineteen 十九

20 twenty 二十

21 twenty-one 二十一

22 twenty-two二十二

23 twenty-three 二十三

30 thirty 三十

38 thirty-eight 三十八

40 forty 四十

50 fifty 五十

60 sixty 六十

70 seventy 七十

80 eighty 八十

90 ninety 九十

100 a／one hundred 一百

1,000 or 或1000 a／one thousand一千

10,000 or 或10 000 ten thousand一万

100,000 or 或 100 000 a／one hundred thou-sand十万

1,000,000 or或1000 000 a／one million一百万

J5 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：the ordinal numbers 序数词

1st first 第一

2nd second 第二

3rd third 第三

4th fourth 第四

5th fifth 第五

6th sixth 第六

7th seventh 第七

8th eighth 第八

9th ninth 第九

10th tenth 第十

11th eleventh 第十一

12th twelfth 第十二

13th thirteenth 第十三

14th fourteenth 第十四

15th fifteenth 第十五

16th sixteenth 第十六

17th seventeenth 第十七

18th eighteenth 第十八

19th nineteenth 第十九

20th twentieth 第二十

21st twenty-first 第二十一

22nd twenty-second 第二十二

23rd twenty-third 第二十三

30th thirtieth 第三十

38th thirty-eighth 第三十八

40th fortieth 第四十

50th fiftieth 第五十

60th sixtieth 第六十

70th seventieth 第七十

80th eightieth 第八十

90th ninetieth 第九十

100th a／one hundredth 第一百

1,000th a／one thousandth 第一千

10,000th ten thousandth 第一万

100,000th a／one hundred thousandth 第十万

1,000,000th a／one millionth 第一百万

J6 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：first and second 第一与第二

first/f3:st/1 [the GU] 1st; the first person or thing or group of people or things (to do or be something）第一个（批）人或事物：He wasthe first who was there／the first to be there.他是第一个到那里的.They were the first who werethere／the first to be there.他们第一批到达那儿.He was one of the first to collect Picasso paintings.他是最早收集毕加索画的人之一.Hewas among the first(ppeople) who collected them．他是最早收集毕加索画的人之一．2［C］infml a first thing or act of its kind; something never done before 首例；首次的事或行为；从未有过的事：The college scored a first by being the first to give degrees to women.那所学院因最先颁授学位给女生而开创了先例.at first at thebeginning 首先；起初：At first I didn＇t like him but now Ido.起初我不喜欢他，可是现在我喜欢他了.first and last always and most importantly 总是；终归是：Although he served in govern-ment he was first and last a great soldier.虽然他在政府工作，但他终归是一位伟大的军人.

second／＇sekənd／1 ［the GU］ 2nd 第二2 ［C］a person who helps another (a principal), esp someone who is fighting another person 助手； 副手（尤指打斗时的帮手）3 ［C usu pl］ an articleof imperfect quality for sale at a lower price 次品；等外品：If you want to buy dishes cheaply，you ought to get factory seconds.你要买廉价碟子的话，应买工厂的次品.

J7 adjectives 形容词：primary，etc［Wa5； B］初级的等

primary /'praiməri/ first or earliest in order, time，or importance 最初的；原生的；主要的：Primary rocks are in the lowest level below the earth＇s surface.原生岩石在地球表面以下的最底层.The primary cause of his failure is lazi-ness.他失败的主要原因是懒惰.-ily ［adv］：I＇mprimarily interested in this， not that.我主要感兴趣的是这个，而不是那个.

secondary /'sekəndəri/1 of second or less than first，rank，value，importance，etc 第二位的；第二等的；第二级的；次要的：In addition to themain question, there are various secondary matters to talk about.除了主要问题外，还有各种次要的事情要谈.In this job，speed is secondary in importance to carefulness.在这项工作中，重要的是小心谨慎，速度倒是其次．2 later than，developing from, taken from, etc, something earlier or original 继发性的；第二期的：He has asecondary infection brought on by a cold.他患了由感冒引起的继发性感染.

tertiary/'t3:fəri/ of third rank, value, impor-tance，etc 第三位的；第三等的；第三级的；第三纪的：Tertiary education （＝ at a college， univer-sity,etc) comes after primary and secondary education.高等教育（指在学院、大学所受的教育）

J10 NUMBERS ＆ QUANTITIES 数与量

继初等教育和中等教育之后进行.Tertiary rocksare much nearer the surface than primary and secondary rocks.第三纪岩石比第一纪和第二纪岩石更接近地球表面.

quaternary/kwə't3:nəri/ rare of the fourth rank，etc 第四位的；第四级的

J8 adjectives 形容词：singular，etc ［Wa5；

B］单一的等 [ALSO→G262]

singular /'sıngjulə/1 of a word or form repre-senting exactly one 单一的；单数的 2 esp olduse very unusual 非常的；异常的：Some singular events led up to the murder.一些异常事件导致了这宗谋杀案.-ly ［adv］

dual /'dju:əl/1 consisting of two parts or having two parts like each other； double 双的；二重的2 having a double character or nature 二元的； 双重性格的

plural /'pluərəl/ of a word or form representing more than one； consisting of many parts 复数的；由多部分组成的

J9 adjectives ＆ suffixes 形容词和后缀：-fold 倍

-fold /-fəuld/ by the stated number of times··· 倍：His money has increased fourfold in five years.他的钱在五年内增加到原先的四倍.Therehas been a tenfold increase in club members. 俱乐部会员增加到原来人数的十倍.

manifold /'mænə,fəuld/ [Wa5; B] many in number or kind 繁多的；多样的；多方面的：Hisinterests are manifold.他的兴趣是多方面的.He has manifold interests.他有多方面的兴趣.

J10 adverbs ＆ nouns 副词和名词：once， etc一次等

once／wans／ one time； on one occasion 一倍；一

次：I＇ve done it once； I won＇t do it again.这事

我已做过一次，不会再干了.He comes to see us

once a week／year.他每周／年来看我们一次.They

f

didn't even once of r to help！他们甚至连一次

也没有表示过愿意帮助！Once is enough；never

again.一次就够了；再也不要有第二次了.She did

it just the once (= that one time) and never

again.那事她就干过那么一次，以后再也没干过了.

twice／twais／two times；on two occasions 两倍； 两次：I＇ve done it twice； I won＇t do it again.那事我已干过两次，不会再干了.He comes to see ustwice a week／month. 他每周／月来看我们两次.Listen now; I won't say it twicela second time！好好听着，我不会说第二遍的！

thrice /θrais/ old use three times; on three occasions 三倍；三次

times /taimz/ [P9] the stated number of times

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J11 NUMBERS ＆ QUANTITIES 数与量

or occasions 倍数；次数：He came three／four／ many times.他来过三次／四次／多次.I told youthree times over.我对你讲过三次了.How many times must I tell you things？我得把事情对你讲几遍呢？Do you know your ten times table（＝ how to multiply by ten）？你背熟了（乘十的）乘法表吗？

J11 adjectives ＆ adverbs，etc 形容词和副词等：single，double，etc［Wa5］单一的、双倍的等

single／＇singal／1 ［A］ being （the） only one 单一的；唯一的；仅只一个的：The letter was writtenon a single sheet of paper.这封信只用一张纸写成.A single tree gave shade from the sun.只有一棵树遮挡阳光.His single aim was to makemoney.他唯一的目的就是赚钱.Not a single oneof her neighbours gave her any help.没有一个邻居帮过她忙.Can you give me one singlereason why I should do as you ask？为什么我该照你要求的去干，你能说出一个理由来吗？2［B］having only one part, quality, etc; not double or multiple 单式的；单一的；非双重或多重的：Fora strong sewing job use double, not single, thread.要缝得结实就要缝双线，别缝单线.A singleflower has only one set of petals［→A131］．单瓣花仅有一组花瓣．3［A］ separate；considered by itself 分别的；各自的：Food is our most important single need.食物是我们最重要的一项需要.There＇s no need to write down every single word I say.不必把我说的每一个字都记下来.singly ［adv］ separately； by itself or them-selves；one by one 分别地；单独地；个别地：Someguests came singly， others in groups.有些客人是单独来的，有些是结伴来的.These glasses aren＇tsold singly；you have to buy a set of six.这些玻璃杯不单卖，得六个一套一起买.

only /'əunli/ [A] having no others a in the same group 仅有的：This is my only example.这是我仅有的例子.They were the only people in the room.他们是房里仅有的人.She is the onlyperson who wants the job.她是唯一想做这项工作的人.b of the same quality；the best 唯一的； 最好的：Long skirts were the only thing to wear in those days.那时长裙是唯一的服饰.She is theonly person for the job.她是唯一适合这项工作的人.an only child／daughter／son one having no brothers or sisters／sisters／brothers 独生的孩子／独生女儿／独生子

alone ／ə＇ləun／ ［F； adv］ without others 单独的（地）；独自的（地）：He alone went there.他独自去那儿了.She works alone.她独自工作.

sole /səul/ [A] often emph 1 single;one and only 单个的；唯一的；独一无二的：He was the solemember of the group to go.他是小组里唯一去的成员．2 kept to only one person， group，etc只留给一（批）人的：We have the sole right to sell these books.我们有这些书的独家销售权.-ly［adv］ alone，only 单独地；仅仅：I did it solely for him.我只是为了他才做这件事的.

solo /'səuləu/ [B; adv] being one person alone;

without any other person 单独一个人的（地）；独自的（地）：He is a solo performer.他是个独唱（独奏）演员.He flew the plane solo.他独自驾机飞行.

double/'dabəl/1 [B] having twice (the amount, size，or quality） 双倍的：He got a double share of food.他得到双份食物.His share was double. 他的份额是双倍的．2［A］having or made up oftwo parts that are alike 双重的：The room had double doors.这房间有双重门.He put a double lock on the door． 他在门上安了双重锁．3［F］folded once 对折的：Is this cloth just 18 centimetres wide or is it double？这块布只有十八厘米宽还是双幅的呢？4［A］ made for twopeople，animals，etc 供双人用的；供两只动物用的：They bought a double bed.他们买了一张双人床.He asked for a double room in the hotel. 他在旅馆里要了一个双人房间．5［A］having twodifferent qualities, uses or ways in which to be considered 有两种不同用途的：This machine serves a double purpose．这台机器有双重用途．6[U] something that is twice another in size, strength， speed， and quantity or value 双倍；两倍：He paid me double what she offered to pay．他付给我的钱是她提出要付的双倍．7［adv］twice （the amount，size or quality） 两倍地：10 is double 5．十是五的两倍．They gave us double the amount we asked for.他们给我们的是我们要求的数量的两倍.His weight is double what itwas ten years ago.他的体重比十年前增加了一倍.8 [adv] two together; in groups of two or in pairs 成双地；两个一起：Mary and Jane cansleep double tonight and you can have one of their beds.今晚玛丽和珍可以一起睡，你可以睡她们腾出的床.I＇ve drunk too much； I＇m seeing double.我喝得太多了；我看见的东西都是重叠的.doubly ［adv］ by two times as much 双重地；加倍地：I＇m doubly happy today because my son has come home and we are moving to a better house，＇she said.她说：“我今天双喜临门，一来我儿子回家了，二来我们要搬到一幢更好的房子去.”

triple／＇tripəl／［B］1 three times repeated三重的； 三倍的：He played a triple beat on the drum.他用鼓打出三拍的曲子．2 having or made up ofthree parts 由三部分组成的

treble /'trebal/ [adv] three times as big, as much， or as many as；multiplied by three 三倍地；乘以三：He earns treble my wages.他赚的钱是我工资的三倍.

quadruple /'kwpdrupəl/ [B] 1 four times as big or as many as something mentioned or usual 四倍的2 having or made up of four parts 由四部分组成的

quintuple/'kwintjupəl/[B]1 five times as big or as many as something mentioned or usual 五倍的2 having or made up of five parts 由五部分组成的

n-tuple/'entjupəl/[B]n times (= as many times as one chooses) as big or as many as some-thing mentioned or usual n 倍的

multiple /'maltəpəl/ [B] having or made up of many parts，types，etc 由多部分组成的；多重的；多样的

646

J12 verbs 动词：doubling，etc［T1；lØ］ 加倍等

double/'dabal/1 to make, be, or become twice as great or as many 使加倍；增加一倍；（使）增至两倍：I must double the amount， or it won＇t be enough.我必须把数量增加一倍，不然会不够.Sales doubled in five years.五年内销售额增加了一倍．2 to cause to fold or bend sharply or tightly over 把···对折；折叠：Double the cover and put it over the child.把被子折叠起来盖在小孩身上.

triple /'tripəl/1 to make or become three times as great or as many（使）增至三倍：He tripled his income last year．去年他的收入增加了两倍．2to multiply （a number or amount） by three 乘以三

treble／＇trebal／ less common to triple（使）增至三倍

quadruple /'kwodrupal/ to multiply by four （使）增至四倍

quintuple／＇kwintjupəl／ to multiply by five（使） 增至五倍

J13 adjectives 形容词：binary and ternary ［Wa5；B］双重的与三重的

binary /'bainəri/ 1 consisting of two things or parts；double in form 由两部分（事物）组成的；双重的：A binary star is a double star， con-sisting of two stars turning round each other. 双星是由彼此环绕的两颗星组成的．2 using thenumber 2 as a base 二进制的：A binary system of numbers is used in many computers [■J34］．许多电脑使用二进位制．

ternary/'t3:nəri/1 consisting of three things or parts； triple in form 由三部分（事物）组成的；三重的 2 third in position or rank 第三位的 3using the number 3 as a base 三进制的

J14 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：part and whole 部分与整体

[ALSO→N252]

half /ha:f/ [C;A] (being) one of two equal parts；1／2 of something 半；一半（的）：He gave me half （of）his apple.他把苹果分给我半个.Have halfan apple； it＇s all I can give you. 吃半个苹果吧，我只能给你这么多.He cut the applein halves.他把苹果切成两半.Half（of） the money is his.一半的钱是他的.I＇ve lived here half my life.我在这里住了半辈子.

quarter／＇kwo：tə／also 又作 less common fourth ／fo：θ／［C］ a fourth part；1／4 of something 四分之一：A quarter of the money is his.四分之一的钱是他的.He cut the apple in（to）quarters.他把苹果切成四等分.

three-quarters /'θri:'kwo:təz/ [P] three out of four parts；3／4 of something 四分之三：Three-

J16 NUMBERS ＆ QUANTITIES 数与量

quarters of the people went home.四分之三的人回家去了.He got three-quarters of the money.他得到四分之三的钱.

third ／03：d／［C］ a third part；1／3 of something 三分之一：He got one third／a third of the money. 他得到三分之一的钱.One-third part is his.三分之一是他的.

whole/həul/ [S] the sum of the parts of some-thing 全部；整体：The two halves make a whole.两个一半组成一个整体.The whole isoften in some way more than the sum of its parts.整体在某种情况下往往多于其各部分的总和.

sum /sam/ [C usu sing (of)] the full amount obtained by adding numbers together 总和： What is the sum of 10, 9 and 8? The sum (of 10,9 and 8）is 27.10加9加8的和是多少？其和是27．

total／＇təutəl／［C］ esp fml ＆ tech sum； whole 总和；总数；全部：If you add 10,9 and 8 the totalis 27．要是你把10、9和8加起来，其总和是27．Check your totals: I think two of them are wrong.把总数检查一下，我觉得其中有两处错了.

J15 verbs 动词：making parts［T1］ 分成部分

halve／ha：v／1 to divide into halves 把···分成两半： Let＇s halve the work between the two of us.让我们俩平分工作吧．2 to reduce to half 减半：They halved our lunch hour.他们把我们的午餐时间减了一半.

quarter ／＇kwo：tə／ to divide into four parts 把··· 分成四份：He quartered the body of the pig.他把猪身分为四大块.

J16 nouns 名词： pairs and other sets 成对与成套

[ALSO → J40 SET]

pair /peə/1 [C9] something made up of two parts that are alike and which are joined and used together 一件（由两个相似的部分连接而成，并一起使用的东西）；一把：a pair of trousers 一条裤子；a pair of scissors 一把剪刀2［C9］a two things that are alike or of the same kind and are usu used together一双（相似并一起使用的东西）：a pair of shoes 一双鞋子；a beautiful pair of legs. 两条漂亮的腿 b two playing cards of thesame value but of different kinds （suits）（纸牌）一对：a pair of kings 一对老K3［C］a twopeople closely connected 一对（关系密切的人）： a pair of dancers 一对舞蹈者；a pair of friends 一对朋友 b a couple of people 一对夫妇；已订婚的一对；一对情侣 c sl.two people closely con-nected who cause annoyance or displeasure （令人讨厌的）一对：You＇re a fine pair coming as late as this！你们这么晚才来，真是一对宝贝！What a pair you are！你俩可真是一对活宝！4[C] two animals (male and female) that stay together for a certain length of time or for life 一对（动物）

647

J17 NUMBERS ＆ QUANTITIES 数与量

couple/'kapəl/[C] 1 two things related in some way but not necessarily matched or part of a set；two things of the same kind 两件有关而不成对的事物；同类的两个：I found a couple ofsocks in the bedroom but they don't make a pair．我在卧室里找到两只袜子，却不是一对．2aman and a woman together, esp a husband and wife 一对男女（尤指夫妻）：Bob and Jeanmake a lovely couple.鲍勃和琴真是可爱的一对.Would all the married couples come this way please？请所有已婚夫妇往这边走．3 infml a few；several； a small number 一些；几个：I＇ll just have a couple of drinks and then I'll come home.我只喝几杯，然后就会回家去.Let＇s go toParis for a couple of days.我们去巴黎住几天吧.dozen／＇dazən／［C； A］ a group of12 十二个；一打：

Can I have a dozen eggs please？请给我一打鸡蛋.He bought several dozen eggs.他买了几打鸡蛋.I＇ll take a dozen（of them）.我买一打.by the dozen in groups of 12 按打：He buys them by the dozen；it＇s cheaper.这些东西他是成打买的，这样比较便宜．in dozens in groups of 12成打：Eggs are usually sold in dozens and half-dozens.鸡蛋通常是成打或成半打卖的.dozens（and dozens） of infml lots （and lots） （of） 许多：I＇ve been there dozens of times.-How many？-Oh，30 times at least．我已去过那儿许多次了.-到底有几次？-哦，至少有三十次了.doz[abbrev]

half a dozen also 又作 （a） half dozen six；a set of six 半打；六个：Can I have a half a dozen eggs，please？请给我半打鸡蛋好吗？Can I have ahalf dozen，please？请给我半打好吗？

score/sko:/[C; often in comb] (a group of) 20 二十（的组）：threescore or three score（＝60）六十；fourscore or four score 八十 scores (and scores) (of) large numbers (of); numbers (of) which are larger than dozens but smaller than hundreds 许多（多于 dozens， 但少于 hundreds）： Scores of people， perhaps 80 or more， attended the meeting．很多人，也许有八十多人，参加了这次会议.

gross／grəus／ ［Wn3； C］ 144； twelve dozen 十二打；罗（计数单位，等于一百四十四个）：He boughta gross of pencils.他买了十二打铅笔.

J17 verbs 动词：pairing and coupling 配对与成双

pair /peə/[T1; IØ; (up, off)]1 to (cause to) form into one or more pairs（使）成对；配对：The cupboard filled with shoes fell over and it took half an hour to pair （up） the shoes.装满鞋子的柜子倒了，花了半个小时才把鞋子配成对.Birds often pair for life.鸟类常常终生配对.Will everyone pair offand we will start the dance? 请每人都找好舞伴，我们要开始跳舞了.（infml）For the tennis match, Smith and Jones paired off．史密斯和琼斯搭档参加网球比赛．2 to makeor join with somebody to make a pair 配合；组成一对：These two members of Parliament often pair （with each other）in the voting.这两位议员在投票时常常互相配合而对等弃权.

couple/'kapal/ [Wv3; T1] to join (two or more things or sets of things） together；connect 连接；接合：The scientist coupled the two electric systems together so that power could pass from one to the other.科学家把两个电气系统接通，这样电力可以从一个电气系统流到另一个.Thetrain will be ready to leave when all the carriages have been coupled.所有的车厢都连接起来后，火车就可以开出了.

J18 nouns ＆ pronouns 名词和代词：nothing and nought 没有什么；零

nothing /'nAθn/ 1 [pron] not any thing; no thing 无事；无物；没什么东西：There＇s nothing inthis box；it＇s empty.盒子里什么也没有；是空的.Nothing ever happens in this town.这个镇从来都没有什么事情发生.If you have nothing to do，come with me.如果你没有事做，跟我来吧.Thishotel leaves nothing to be desired (= it has everything）.这家旅馆应有尽有.There＇s nothing unusual about my leaving the office early (=I do it often）.我提早离开办公室不是什么了不起的事．2［C］ genl the number 0 数字0；零：He wrote several nothings after the 5．他在5后面画了几个0．

nil／nil／［R］1 tech nothing 无；没有什么；零：The new machine reduced labour costs to almost nil.新机器把劳工费减少到近乎零.The office sentin a nil return to head office (= they sent head office a letter or form saying that nothing was needed, nothing had been done, etc）.办事处给总公司发了一封表示无事需要处理的回信．2 BrE esp in sport a total of no points， marks，etc 零（比赛中没有得分）：In the matchthey won by four points to nil.他们在比赛中以四比零获胜.It was a four-nil victory （usu writ-ten or printed 4-0）．这场比赛以四比零获胜（常写作4-0）．

zero /'zərəu/1 [C] tech the name of the sign 0 and of the number it stands for 数字0；零2a the point between ＋ and-on a scale（刻度上的）零点 b on the centigrade scale， the tem-perature at which water freezes（摄氏温度计上的）零度：It was five below zero last night.昨天夜里是零下五度．3［U］（often written or printed 0）nothing； no size or quantity（常写作0）无； 没有：Our population has reached zero growth （＝is not growing any more）.我们的人口达到零增长率（即人口不再增长）.

cipher,cypher/'saifə/ [C] 1 rare the figure 0; zero零；0.2（fig） deprec a person of no impor-tance 无足轻重的人：He＇s a cipher，forget him. 他是个无足轻重的人；不用管他.

o ／əu／ ［C；U］ infml the figure 0；zero 零；0：His telephone number is 041-220-6060 (= spok-en as，o-four-one，two-two-o，six-o-six-o）.他的电话号码是041-220-6060．He was born in1906（＝often said as， nineteen-o-six）．他生于1906年．

nought BrE, naught AmE /no:t/ [C; U] esp old use or math the figure 0； zero 零；0：0.6 is usually read as 'nought point six', and .06 is

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usually read as ＇point nought six＇． 0.6常读作“nought point six”，．06常读作“point nought six”.

J19 adverbs，determiners，etc 副词、限定词等：not，no，and none 不、没有、毫无

not/npt/[adv] 1 (used with verbs for changing a word or expression to one with the opposite meaning）不（与动词连用表示否定）：Thou shaltnot kill＇（the Bible）.“你不可杀人”《圣经》.I will not do it！我不干！I won＇t do it.我不干.I＇ve not seen him this week/I haven't seen him this week.我这星期没有见过他.If you did not／didn＇tlike it，you were wrong not to say so.你要是不喜欢，就不该不说出来.Not saying anything wasa bad idea．什么也不说是个坏主意．2（used withother words for changing a word or expres-sion to one with an opposite meaning）不（与其它词语连用表示相反的意思）：Not everyonelikes that book (= Some people don't like it). 并非所有人都喜欢那本书.It＇s a cat， not a dog.那是猫，不是狗.The question is not easy to answer.这问题不容易回答.Do you want a job？-Not me don＇t， but others may）！你要找工作吗？-我不要（也许别人要，但我不要）.Notall his work was successful (= Some was un-successful）.并非他所有的工作都是成功的.Notall his work could save him (= All his work, taken together， could not save him）.他所做的一切都救不了他．3（with the indefinite article showing that something did not or will not happen or be done）不；没有（与不定冠词连用表示某事没有或不会发生）：Not a single soldier waskilled.没有一个士兵阵亡.How much did thiscost？-Not a penny（＝nothing）！这东西要多少钱？-一分钱也不用！4（used in place of awhole expression, often after verbs marked ［5b］）不（用来代替一个词组，常用于标有［5b］的动词之后）：Will he be here or not？他会不会来这儿？Will it rain today？-I hope not （＝ I hope it won＇t rain）.今天会下雨吗？-我希望不会.Have you got £5 to lend me?-I'm afraid not. 你能借我五英镑吗？-恐怕不能.Drop that gun.If not，you＇ll be sorry.把枪放下，要不，你会后悔的．5 esp pomp （used with negative words，esp those beginning with un- and words meaning small,slow, etc, to give force to the opposite meaning）不（与表示否定意义或表示小、慢等的词连用，以加强相反语气）：He is a not unwelcomeguest here（＝He is very welcome here）.他在这儿并非一个不受欢迎的客人（是个极受欢迎的客人）.She is not slow to complain, and not without reason.她动不动就抱怨，而且不是没有道理的.Hedrank not a little (= drank a lot) of the wine. 他并没少喝（＝喝了不少酒）.He had many ene-mies,but found he was not without friends as well.他有许多敌人，但也并非没有朋友.not at allan answer to polite praise or thanks 一点也不； 没什么（对赞扬和感谢的回答）：Thank you verymuch for all the trouble you took.-Not at all；I was glad to.你花了那么多功夫，真得感谢你.-没什么，我乐意做的.not...but to show

J19 NUMBERS ＆ QUANTITIES 数与量

one choice instead of another 不是···而是···： Shakespeare was not a musician but a writer. 莎士比亚并不是音乐家，而是作家.Othello said heloved not wisely but too well.奥赛罗说他不是爱得明智，而是爱得太深了.not only...but also toshow a second choice in addition to a first one 不仅···而且···： Shakespeare was not only a writer but also an actor.莎士比亚不单是个作家，而且是个演员.not but what although 虽然：He＇snever walked that far, not but what he could do it if he tried.他没有走过那么远的路，虽然他尝试的话是可以做到的.not that not fml I don＇tmean that；although...not 并不是说；虽然不： Not that it matters, but how did you spend the money I gave you？倒不是说有什么关系，可是你是怎样花掉我给你的钱的？Who were you withlast night， not that I care，of course？你昨晚跟谁在一起？当然，我对此并不在乎.not to say notfml and almost；perhaps even 几乎；也许；甚至： He sounded impolite， not to say rude.他的口气听起来不礼貌，几乎可以说是粗暴的.It would befoolish,not to say mad, to sell your car now. 你现在就把汽车卖掉未免太蠢了，简直可以说是发疯了.

no/nəu/1 [determiner] not a; not one; not any 无；没有；毫不：I＇ve no money／no idea what to do.我没有钱／不知该怎么办.There＇s no sugar inthe bowl／no telephone in our house.碗里没有糖／我们家里没有电话.There are no buses in thispart of town. 城里这一地区没有公共汽车.Youcan＇t lie to me；I＇m no fool！你不能对我说谎，我才不是傻瓜呢！2［determiner］ in formal com-mands, warnings, road signs, etc, expressing what is not allowed 不准（用于命令、警告、路牌等）：No smoking. 不准吸烟.No parking here. 此处禁止停车.No bicycles against this wall，by order．根据命令，此墙不得停靠自行车．3 ［deter-miner］ infml very little；hardly any 很少；几乎没有：We＇re almost home； we＇ll be there in no time（＝very soon）.我们快到家了，我们马上就要到了.Ìt＇s no distance at all to the school； only a short walk.到学校去近得很，只要走很短一段路.4 [adv] (used before numbers and 'other', meaning not）不（用于数字与 other 前，相当于not ): No two people are the same (= Every-body is different）.没有两个一模一样的人.Noother man would do these things (= He is the only man who would do them）.别人是不会做这些事的（＝只有他才会做这些事）．5［adv］（withcomparative adjectives）not any 毫不；一点也不（与比较级形容词连用）：It is no bigger now thanit was last year.它现在并不比去年大.She coulddo no more(= There wasn't any more she could do）．她已尽力而为．6［determiner］ （meaning the opposite）（表示相反之意）：He is no friend ofours（＝He is an enemy）.他决不是我们的朋友．7 ［C usu sig］ an answer ordecision of no 否定；拒绝：He got a clear no to his request for more money.他要更多钱的请求遭到毫不含糊的拒绝．8［C usu pl］ a vote orvoter against a question to be decided 反对票； 投反对票的人：The noes won and the idea wasdropped（＝not accepted）.投反对票的人获胜，这项意见因而被搁置下来了.

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J30 MATHEMATICS 数学

none/nan/[pron] 1 not any; no amount or part 毫无；一点也没有；什么也不：Have you got anybooks?-No,I haven't got any; none at all. -No，none whatever.-None.你有书吗？-不，我没有，一本也没有.She had none of hermother＇s beauty.她丝毫没有她母亲的美貌.Noneof your foolishness, please (= Stop being fool-ish）！请别发傻了！2 not any， not one （usu of a group of more than two） 一个也不（用于两个以上的人或事物）：None of my friends evercome（s） to see me.我从来没有一个朋友来看我的.（Compare 比较：Neither of my friends...我的两个朋友都不···）None of the telephones is／are working. 没有一部电话是可以用的.If youneed a repairman, there's none better than my brother.如果你要修理工人，任何人都比不上我弟弟．3 usu lit not any such thing or person 没有这样的人或事：Once I had a brother，but now I have none.我曾有过一个兄弟，可现在没有了.none but often lit not any thing or person except 只有：None but the best is good enough for her.只有最好的才配得上她.None but astrong man could have lifted it.只有强壮的人才可能举起它.have none of to take no part in； not allow；not accept 不参加；不允许；不接受：I＇ll have none of your stupid ideas！我才不会接受你的愚蠢意见！He was offered a job but he saidhe would have none of it, because they were breaking the law.他们愿意给他一份工作，但他说他决不接受，因为这些人正在干违法的事.noneother (than) used for expressing surprise,no one else（but）不是别人（正是···）（用来表示惊讶）：It＇s none other than my old friend Bill！原来正是我的老朋友比尔！Can it really be Bill？-None other！难道真的是比尔吗？-那还有谁呢！none the (before a comparative word) not; in no way（用于比较级词前面）毫不；决不：He spenttwo weeks in hospital, but he's none the better for it.他在医院里住了两星期，但一点也没好转.You'll be none the worse for a holiday (= You should have a holiday）.你还是休休假为好.none the wiser not knowing about or not discovering a fact，secret，trick，etc 不知道；不察觉（事实、秘密、诡计等）：If we take only onepiece of cake, mother will be none the wiser. 如果我们只吃掉一块蛋糕，妈妈是不会发觉的.nonetoo (before an adj or adv) not very or not at all（用于形容词或副词前）不很；毫不：The servicein this restaurant is none too fast.这家餐馆上菜太慢了.He gave a none-too-believable excuse for being late.他为自己迟到编了一个难以令人信服的借口.

Mathematics

数学

J30 nouns 名词：kinds of mathematics 各种数学

mathematics /,mæθə'mætıks/ [U] the study or science of numbers 数学：He was always good

at mathematics；it is his best subject.他一直擅长数学，那是他学得最好的一门课.maths BrE，math AmE infml abbrev mathematics 数学mathematical [B] 1 [Wa5] of or concerning mathematics 数学的2（of numbers，reasoning， etc） exactly correct（数字、推理等）精确的-cally [adv Wa4] mathematician [C] a person who studies and knows about mathematics 数学家

arithmetic /ə'rıθmə,tık/ [U]1 the science and techniques of using numbers 算术 2 the adding,subtracting, multiplying, and dividing of numbers； calculation by numbers 计算arithmetical sometimes arithmetic [Wa5; B] of or concerning numbers 算术的 -cally ［adv Wa4］：We found the answer arithmetically．我们通过计算找到了答案.

sums／samz／［P］ not fml arithmetic 算术：The boy was doing his sums.那男孩正在做算术.

algebra /'æld3əbrə/ [U] a branch of mathemat-

ics in which signs and letters are used instead

of numbers 代数（学）：We learn in algebra that

if 我们在代数中学到：如果2x＝

6，那么 algebraic [Wa5; B] of or con-

cerning algebra 代数的-cally ［adv Wa4］

statistics /stə'tistıks/ 1 [U] a branch of math-ematics which presents facts, measurements, information， etc， in the form of numbers 统计学2 ［P］ such facts， measurements， informa-tion，etc，in the form of numbers 统计数字；统计资料 statistical［Wa5；B］ of or concerning statistics 统计的 -cally ［adv Wa4］ statistician ［C］ a person who studies and uses statistics 统计学家；统计员

geometry /d3r'pmətri/ [U] the study in math-ematics of the angles and shapes formed by the relationships of lines, surfaces, and solids in space 几何（学）geometric（al）［Wa5；B］ of or concerning geometry 几何学的；几何图形的-c(al)ly[adv]

trigonometry /,trigə'npmətri/ [U] the branch of mathematics that deals with the relation-ship between the sides and angles of triangles （＝ three-sided figures） 三角（学）trig infml abbrev trigonometric(al) [Wa5; B] of, concerning，or like. trigonometry 三角（学）的-c(al)ly [adv Wa4]

logarithms /'logərıðəmz/ [P] the techniques of using logarithms ［■J2］对数：Are you good at logarithms？你擅长对数吗？logarithmic ［Wa5； B］ of or connected with logarithms 对数的-cally [adv Wa4] logs [P] infml abbrev loga-rithms 对数

calculus /'kælkjuləs/ [U] a way of making calculations about quantities which are con-tinually changing, such as the speed of a fall-ing stone or the slope of a curved line 微积分（学）

J31 verbs，etc 动词等：counting and numbering 点数与计算

count/kaunt/1[IØ] to say or name the numbers

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