M167 SHIPPING 船舶

无帆的船只）启航；开船；出航：They set sail lastnight for Jamaica.他们昨晚启航去牙买加.Theship set sail two days late.这船迟了两天才开.

sail／serl／1［IØ］ to set sail 启航；开船：The ship sailed last night.该船昨晚启航了.When are you sailing？ 你们什么时候开船？2［IØ］（of a boat，ship，etc） to move through the water（指船只） 航行；行驶：Ships sail through the English Channel all year round（＝all the time）.一年到头都有船只通过英吉利海峡．3［T1］ to cause（aboat，ship，etc） to move through the water 驾驶（船只）航行：He sailed the ship north.他驾船北行.

weigh anchor [IØ] tech to take up the anchor ［M157］and leave 起锚；启碇；开船：The ship／ They weighed anchor during the night and was／were gone by morning.这船／他们夜间起锚， 到早上已走了.

cast off [v adv IØ] (of a boat or a person in a boat） to untie and move away from land（指船或船员）解缆启航；开航：We cast off tonight.我们今晚开航.Cast off！开航！

cruise/kru:z/ [IØ] to make a sea journey, esp for pleasure 海上旅游：They are cruising in the Caribbean at the moment.他们此时正在加勒比海作海上旅游.

voyage/'vor-Id3/ [IØ] esp old use to go on a long journey by sea （a voyage）航行；航海远航： They voyaged in a sailing ship to the China Seas.他们乘大帆船航行到中国海去.

steam /sti:m/ [L9] to move through water under the power of steam engines 借蒸汽力航行：The warship steamed out of the harbour. 这艘军舰驶出港口了.The ships steamed past.船只开过去了.

row /rəu/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause a small boat) to move by using one or more oars 划（小船）： They rowed the boat across the lake.他们划船到湖对岸去.He rowed upstream （＝ up the river）．他向上游划去．2［S］a trip by this means 划船：Come for a row！ 来划船呀！It＇s a longrow to Stavanger.划船去斯塔万格要很长时间.

paddle /'pædl/[IØ; T1] to (cause a small boat, etc to) move by using one or more paddles ［→M167］用桨划（小船）：He paddled the boat across the river.他用桨划船过河.They paddled downstream （＝ down the river）.他们向下游划去.

M167 nouns 名词：oars and paddles ［C］ 橹与桨

oar/o:/a long pole with a flat end used in small boats, esp rowing boats [→M152],to push them through the water（尤指划艇的）桨；橹：A rowing boat usually has two oars, one on each side.划艇通常有两枝桨，每边一枝.

rowlock /'rəu,lpk/ BrE, oarlock/'o:,lok/ AmE a support esp on the side of a rowing boat to keep the oar in position 桨架；桨叉

paddle /'pædl/ a short oar with very broad rounded end at one or both ends, used for

pushing canoes[→M152], etc through the water（一头或两头扁而椭圆的短）桨

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M168 verbs 动词：floating and sinking， etc 漂浮与沉没等

float/fləut/[IØ] to stay on or very near the sur-face of a liquid， esp water 漂；浮：Some sub-stances float，but others don＇t.有些物质能浮，有些则不能.Ships have a special shape which helps them float in the water.船的特殊形状使其易于漂浮.The great ship was like a floating building.那艘巨轮活像一幢漂浮的大楼.

submerge/səb'm3:d3/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) go under the surface of water, esp at a planned speed（使）潜入水中；潜没：The submarine［→H249］ submerged slowly． 潜水艇慢慢潜入水中．(fig) Her happiness at seeing him submerged her former worries.她见到他时的愉快心情把她原来的焦虑压了下去.

dive／darv／［IØ］to submerge quickly 潜水；迅速下潜：The submarine dived when the planes approached.飞机临近时，潜艇迅速下潜了.

crash-dive /'kræf'daıv/ [IØ] to dive very quickly 急速潜水：The submarine crash-dived to es-cape the planes.潜艇急速潜入水中以躲避那些飞机.

capsize /kæp'saız/1 [IØ] (esp of a boat or ship) to turn over（尤指船）倾覆；翻转：The boat will capsize if you don＇t sit down.如果你不坐下，船就会翻的．2［T1］ to turn （esp a boat or ship） over 使（船）倾覆；使翻转：The large shipcapsized the little boat.大船把小船弄翻了.If you move suddenly in the boat you'll capsize us！如果你在小船上动作过猛，就会使我们翻船！overturn /,əuvə't3:n/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) turn

over（使）倾覆；（使）翻转：The boat overturned but didn＇t sink.船翻了，但没有沉.（fig）He over-turned their plans and won after all.他推翻了

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他们的方案，终于胜利了.

sink /sijk/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) go under the surface of water and esp not to return to the surface again（使）沉；沉下；沉没：The ship sank.船沉了.The big guns sank the ship.大炮把船击沉了.Help，we＇re sinking！救命啊！我们的船要沉了！Many ships have sunk on （＝ be-cause of hitting） these rocks.许多船在此触礁沉没.

go down also 又作 go under ［v adv IØ］ emot （of ships） to sink （指船）沉没：The warship went down with all hands(= no sailors es-caped）.军舰连同全体水兵都葬身海底.The shipwent under in a few minutes.船几分钟就沉没了.

go to the bottom emot to sink 沉没：Many good ships went to the bottom during the war. 在战争期间，许多很好的船只都沉了.

surface/'s3:fis/[IØ] to come to the surface of water 浮出水面：The submarine surfaced near the island.潜艇在该岛附近浮出水面.

M169 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

wrecking and marooning，etc 船只失事与处境孤立等

wreck/rek/ 1 [T1 esp pass] to destroy com-pletely 彻底毁坏；使失事：The ship was wrecked in a storm off Jamaica.那条船在牙买加附近海面遇暴风雨而失事．2［C］ a ship lost at sea or（partly）destroyed on rocks etc 失事的船；（失事船舶的）残骸：The wreck sank in deep water.那艘失事的船沉于深水之中.

shipwreck /'fip,rek/ esp emot 1 [T1 usu pass] to cause to suffer the wrecking of a ship 使（船只）失事；使遭受海难：They were shipwrecked in the Pacific.他们的船在太平洋遭到海难.He wasshipwrecked on a desert island (= marooned, by being shipwrecked, on an island where no one lived）．他由于乘坐的船沉没，流落在荒岛上．2[C;U] the occasion or result of being ship-wrecked 船只失事；海难；失事的船：They sufferedshipwreck in the Pacific.他们的船在太平洋遭到海难.

maroon /mə'rumn/ [T1 often pass] 1 to put (someone) off a ship in a place where no one lives 把（某人）从船上放逐到无人烟之地：He wasmarooned on a desert island.他被弃置于荒岛上．2 to leave （one or more persons） alone， with no means of getting away 使处于孤立无援又无法脱逃的境地：They tried to cross the roadin the wrong place and ended up marooned in the centre of the traffic.他们试图在不能横穿的地方过马路，结果被川流不息的车辆困在路中间了.

strand /strænd/ [T1 usupass] to run (a ship) onto the shore 使（船）搁浅：The ship was stranded on the rocks.船触礁搁浅了.（fig）They were stranded in the mountains when their car broke down（＝stopped going）.他们的车子在山里抛了锚，使他们被困在山里.

shanghai/'Jænhai/[T1] 1 to make senseless by a blow or by drink and then put on a ship to serve as a sailor（把人打昏或灌醉后）劫到船上当

M180 AIRCRAFT 航空器

水手2［（into）］（fig）infml to trick or force into doing something unwillingly 诱骗；拐骗；胁迫做： She shanghaied him into taking her mother to a film.她强使他带她的母亲去看电影.

pressgang /'pres,gæn/ 1 [GC] formerly a group of sailors under an officer which goes out to get men by force to work as sailors on their ship（强拉他人当水手的）拉伕队；水兵强募队2 ［T1 esp pass］ to force （someone） by this means to work as a sailor 把（某人）强拉去当水手：He was pressganged into the navy［→C290］．他被拉伕去当海军．3［T1］（fig）to force 强迫：Stop trying to pressgang me into doing things I don＇t want to do！请不要强迫我做我不愿做的事！

Aircraft

航空器

M180 nouns 名词：aircraft and aviation 航空器与航空

[→ H250 MILITARY AIRCRAFT]

aircraft /'eə,kra:ft/ [Wn3; C] any kind of flying machine in which a person or persons can travel 航空器；飞行器；飞机：He bought a bookabout aircraft.他买了一本有关飞行器的书.He＇san aircraft engineer.他是一位飞机工程师.

aeroplane /'eərəplein/ BrE, airplane /'eə-,plein/AmE [C; by U] a flying machine, esp with wings and a tail and one or more propellers ［→M186］飞机：The aeroplanes flew overhead.飞机从头顶掠过.The Mosquito was a twinengined aeroplane aeroplane with two engines，one on each wing）.蚊式飞机是一种有双发动机的飞机.

plane ／plem／ ［C； by U］ infml an aeroplane 飞机： Can you fly this kind of plane？你能驾驶这种飞机吗？They went by plane.他们坐飞机去.

airliner /'eə,laınə/ [Ĉ; by U] a large passenger aeroplane（见940页彩图）班机；客机

seaplane /'si:,plemn/ [C; by U] an aeroplane that can land on water 水上飞机

aero-/'eərəu/ [comb form] of the air, flying, or aeroplanes 空气的；气体的；空中的；航空的；飞机的：That factory makes aero-engines （＝ engines for aeroplanes）.那家工厂制造飞机发动机.

aerospace /'eərəuspeis/ [U] 1 the atmosphere of the earth (= its air) and space beyond, con-sidered together 航空与航天空间（指地球大气层及其外层空间）2（the making of） all aircraft， space vehicles，their parts，etc航空与航天器（总称）；航空与航天器制造业：He works in theaerospace industry.他在航天工业部门工作.

aviation /,ervı'eıfən/ [U] 1 the act, skill, science, etc of flying aircraft 航空；飞行；航空学；飞行术：Aviation is still quite a recent human activity. 航空仍然是人类一项相当新的事业．2 the makingof aircraft 飞机制造业：The aviation industry is

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M181 AIRCRAFT 航空器

very important in the USA.航空工业对美国是非常重要的．3 the whole activity of flying aircraft 航空事业：He is in aviation／in the aviation business.他从事航空业.

M181 nouns 名词：jet aeroplanes ［C；by U］喷气式飞机

jet (plane) /d3et (plein)/ a kind of aeroplane that is pushed through the air by one or more engines producing a flow of hot gas （jet）喷气式飞机；喷射机：They shot down two enemy jets. 他们击落两架敌人的喷气式飞机.Jet planes werefirst built at the end of the Second World War.喷气式飞机是在第二次世界大战末问世的.

turbojt/'t3:bəud3et/ (a jet plane with) an en-gine which produces a very powerful jet 涡轮喷射引擎；涡轮喷气式飞机

turboprop /'t3:bəuprpp/ (an aeroplane with) a kind of jet engine combined with propellers ［→M186］涡轮螺旋桨引擎；涡轮螺旋桨飞机

M182 nouns，etc 名词等：balloons，etc［C； byU］气球等

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balloon /bə'lu:n/ a large bag made of a light material such as silk or plastic filled with a gas lighter than air so as to rise and float above the ground and having a basket or similar container fixed below for passengers or scien-tific instruments 气球

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airship /'eə fip/ a kind of large balloon which can be moved under power through the air 飞艇；飞船

glider／＇glaıdə／1 a plane without an engine 滑翔机 2 a person who uses such a plane 滑翔员

kite/kait/ a frame of very light wood or metal covered with paper or cloth for flying in the air, often as a plaything, at the end of a long string 风筝

parachute /'pærə fu:t/ 1 [C] an apparatus which looks like a large umbrella, fastened to persons or objects dropped from aircraft in order to make them fall slowly 降落伞：a para-chute jump 跳伞2［X9；L9］to（cause to） drop by means of a parachute（使）空降；（使）伞投； （使）跳伞

M183 nouns 名词：helicopters ［C； by U］

直升飞机

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直升飞机

helicopter/'helikpptə/ a kind of aircraft which is made to fly by fast-turning metal blades (rotors) and which can land in a small space, take off without running along the ground and stay still in the air 直升飞机；直升机

chopper／＇tfopə／esp AmE sl a helicopter 直升飞机

M184 nouns 名词：spaceships［C；by U］ 太空船

[ALSO→H121,251]

spaceship /'speis,fip/ a vehicle for travel be-yond the earth in space 太空船；宇宙飞船

spacecraft ／＇spers，kra：ft／ ［Wn3］ a space ship 太空船；宇宙飞船

rocket/'rokit/1 a flying machine driven by burn-ing gases from an engine （rocket）火箭2 also 又作 rocketship older use a space vehicle of this kind 火箭太空船：He wrote a book called ＇Rocket to the Moon＇.他写了一本书，书名为《飞向月球的火箭》.

space shuttle/'speis Jatl/a vehicle for carrying people and supplies between the Earth and a space station 太空穿梭机；太空梭；航天飞机

M185 nouns 名词：airports ［C］航空站

airport /'eə,po:t/ an area of land with its

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buildings, open spaces, etc where aircraft can land and take off, be kept, repaired, etc, esp for non-military purposes（尤指非军用）飞机场； 航空站：They left early for the airport， to flyto New York. 他们提早去机场以便搭飞机去纽约.Heathrow Airport is near London.希思罗机场在伦敦附近.

airfield／＇eə，fi：ld／1 a military airport 军用飞机场： The enemy attacked one of our airfields.敌人袭击了我们的一个机场．2 a small airport 小型机场 3 a piece of flat land on which aeroplanes can land and take off 简易机场

airstrip /'eə,strip/ a small airfield (defs 2 and 3）小型机场；简易机场：They only have a singleairstrip where small planes can come in.他们只有一个供小型飞机降落的简易机场.

aerodrome /'eərədrəum/ esp older use an air-field 飞机场

runway／＇ran，wei／1 an airstrip 小机场；简易机场2 a long hard stretch of land,one of a number in an airport or airfield, on which aeroplanes can land and take off 飞机跑道：They are coming in to land on Runway 6．他们将在六号跑道降落.

hangar/'hænə/ a big building (shed) where planes are kept 飞机库

control tower the tower in an airport or airfield from which aeroplanes are directed to land，take off，etc机场指挥塔

departure lounge the large room, etc in an airport where passengers wait before board-ing (= getting on to) their particular aero-planes 候机室

M186 nouns 名词：parts of aircraft［C］（见940页彩图）飞机部件

fuselage /'fju:zəla:3/ the main body of an air-craft, in which travellers and goods are car-ried 飞机机身

propeller /prə'pelə/ two or more blades fixed to a central bar that is turned at high speed by an engine, used for driving a ship or aircraft 螺旋桨

cabin/'kæbin/ the room at the front of an air-craft in which the pilot sits 驾驶舱；座舱

joystick/'d3oistrk/1 a stick whose movement directs the movement of an aircraft（飞机的） 操纵杆 2 infml a stick whose movement con-trols the movement of any other machine（任何其它机器的）控制手柄

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M187 verbs 动词：landing and taking off 降落与起飞

land /lænd/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) come down onto the ground again from the air（使）降落： The plane landed smoothly.飞机平稳地降落了. He landed the plane in a field.他将飞机降落在田里.When are we landing？我们什么时候着陆？crash-land /'kræf lænd/1 [IØ] (of a plane) to

M189 AIRCRAFT 航空器

crash in a controlled way so that as little dam-age as possible is done（指飞机）紧急降落；强行着陆2［T1］to cause （a plane） to crash in this way 使紧急降落；使强行着陆：The pilot crash-landed the plane after it had been struck by lightning.飞机遭雷击后驾驶员便将它强行着陆了.

take off [v adv IØ] (of an aeroplane, etc) to leave the ground（指飞机等）起飞：When do we take off？ 我们什么时候起飞？They took offsmoothly at 0800 hours．他们于上午八点平稳地起飞了.

blast off [v adv IØ] (of a rocket, etc) to leave the ground or a surface（指火箭等）发射：The rocketship blasted off from the surface of the moon.火箭太空船从月球上发射升空.

ground/graund/[T1 usu pass] to order (a pilot, aeroplane，etc） not to fly 使（驾驶员、飞机等） 停飞：I＇ve been grounded until the doctor says I can fly again.我被停飞了，一直要到医生同意我才能再飞.All aircraft are grounded due to bad weather.由于天气不好，所有飞机都停飞了.

M188 nouns 名词：landing and taking off ［C］降落与起飞

landing ／＇lændin／ an act of landing 降落；着陆： The plane made a smooth landing.飞机平稳着陆.The landing place was a field， not an air-strip［→M185］．着陆地点是一块田，而不是机场．

crash landing an act of crash landing 紧急降落； 强行着陆：The pilot made a crash landing in some trees; none of the crew or passengers were hurt.驾驶员在树林中紧急降落，机组人员和旅客无一受伤.

takeoff /'teik-pf/ an act or occasion of taking off 起飞：When is the takeoff？-The takeoff time is 0800 hours．起飞时间是几点？--起飞时间是上午八点.It was a smooth takeoff.那次起飞很平稳.

flight/flait/a trip by an aeroplane, esp carrying passengers on a regular service 搭机旅行；（尤指定期的）航班：When is your next flight to Rome？你们去罗马的下一次班机是什么时候？Would passengers for British Airways Flight 294 to Edinburgh please have their boarding passes (= cards giving permission to go on a plane） ready． 乘英国航空公司294次班机去爱丁堡的旅客请准备好登机证.

blast-off ／＇bla：st-pf／ ［also 又作 U］ an act or occasion of blasting off 发射；升空：Blast-off is in 3 minutes．三分钟后发射．

countdown /'kaunt,daun/ the act of counting down to zero (= 0) in preparing for blast-off （宇航火箭等发射前的）倒数报时：The countdownhas begun.倒数报时已经开始.

M189 nouns 名词：people working on and with aeroplanes 空勤和地勤人员

crew/kru:/[GC] the persons helping to fly an aeroplane or aeroplanes 空勤人员；机组人员：

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M200 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

The aircraft has a crew of four.这架飞机有四名机组人员.Captain Anderson and his crew went aboard the plane.安德森机长及其机组人员都上了飞机.

ground crew [GC] the persons at an airport, airfield, etc who help keep aircraft in good condition for flying 地勤人员；地勤组

air crew [GC] the persons who fly aeroplanes 空勤人员；空勤组

cabin staff [GC] the persons on a passenger aeroplane who look after the needs of the passengers 客机服务员

pilot /'pailət/ [C]a person who flies an aero-plane or who is trained to fly one or more kind of aircraft 飞行员；飞机驾驶员：Who is thepilot？谁是驾驶员？He has his pilot＇slicence（＝ he has been trained to fly）.他有飞机驾驶执照.

copilot/kəu'pailət/ [C] the second pilot on an esp larger aeroplane on an esp longer flight副驾驶员

navigator/'nævəgeitə/ [C] the person on a larger aeroplane who gives the pilot his or her position，knows where to go，etc 领航员

captain/'kæptin/ [C] the person in command of a larger aircraft， usu also the pilot 机长

flier, flyer /'flarə/ [C] infml a person flying an aircraft of any kind 飞行员

aviator／＇eiveitə／ ［C］ fml ＆ old use a flier 飞行员；驾驶员

astronaut /'æstrəno:t/ [C] a person who travels beyond the earth in space, or who has been trained to do so 太空人；航天员；宇航员

cosmonaut/'kozməno:t/ [C] a Soviet astronaut （前苏联的）航天员／宇航员／太空人

steward ／＇stju：əd／ also 又作 fem stewardess /'stju:ədis/ a member of a passenger plane's cabin staff who looks after the passengers' needs，esp their food and drink 客机上的服务员air hostess ［C］ esp BrE a stewardess 空中小姐

Location and direction

位置与方向

际上却很痛苦．4［Wa5］（of post） travelling by land and sea（指邮寄）平邮：He sent the letter by surface mail, which took longer than air mail.那封信他寄平邮，要比航空信慢.

edge/ed3/1 the narrowest part along the out-side of a solid 边线；边：Can you stand a coin on its edge？ 你能把硬币竖立起来吗？2 a border·边缘：He stood on the edge of the clifflat the water＇s edge.他站在悬崖边／水边.

rim /rm/ the outside edge or border of esp a round or circular object（尤指圆形物体的）缘； 边；框：the rim of a cup／wheel 杯口／轮圈；（fig） the rim of the world 世界的边缘

brim/brim/1 the outer edge of a cup, bowl, etc （杯、碗等的）边：He filled the cup to the brim. 他把杯子注满了．2 the bottom part of a hatwhich turns outwards to give protection from sun or rain 帽边；帽沿：The cowboy＇s hat had a wide brim.牛仔帽有宽帽边.

brink/brink/ (esp fig) the edge, esp of some-thing high，dangerous，etc（尤指陡峭、危险等东西的）边缘：He stood on the brink of the cliff／of danger.他站在悬崖边上／濒临危险的边缘.The country is on the brink of war.这个国家濒临战争的边缘.

crust ／krast／ a hard outer covering 外壳；外皮： the earth＇s crust 地壳；a pie crust 馅饼皮；a thin crust of ice 一层薄冰

M201 nouns 名词：higher and lower positions in objects， space，etc 物体、空间等的高位与低位

低 底部 底

high top

高

low base

M200 nouns 名词： surfaces and edges

［C］表面与边缘 [ALSO→J46,M122]

surface/'s3:fis/1 the outer part of something 表面：the earth＇s surface 地球表面；the surface of the table 桌面；smooth／rough surfaces 光滑的／粗糙的表面；A cube［→J44］has six surfaces． 立方体有六个面．2 the top of a body of liquid 液面：He swam （up） to the surface of the lake. 他游到湖面上来了.A piece of wood floated onthe surface of the water．一块木头浮在水面上．3（esp fig）that which can be seen 外表；外观（esp in the phr on the surface 表面上；外表上）：On the surface she was quite happy, but really/ underneath she was sad.她表面上很愉快，但实

top／tpp／1［C］ the highest part 顶部：He climbed to the top of the mountain.他登上山顶.Start reading at the top of the page.从这页的上端开始读. The mountain tops were hidden in mist. 山顶隐没在云雾之中.We have a gate at the topof our stairs to stop the baby.falling down/ over.我们在楼梯顶端装了一扇门以防婴儿掉下来.2［C］the upper surface 上面；上边：The top of his desk was covered with／in papers.他的办公桌上堆满了文件.The table top was dirty.桌面很脏．3［the R］ （fig） the most important or worthiest part of anything 最重要或最有价值的部分：He started life at the bottom and worked his way to the top.他出身低微，经过奋斗而逐渐升到最高位．4［C usu pl］（of a plant） the highest part（s），usu leaves（指植物）树梢；顶部：

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Birds were flying through the treetops.鸟群飞越林梢．5［A］the highest one of several 顶上的； 最高的；最上面的：Put the book on the top shelf.把书放到书架的最上面一层.They live on the topfloor.他们住在顶层.at the top of one＇s voice as loudly as possible 高声；尽量大声地：＇Be quiet！＇he shouted at the top of his voice.他扯着嗓子喊：“安静！”the top of the tree infml the highest position in a profession 行业中的最高地位：He was a very successful lawyer and soon reached the top of the tree.他是一个很有成就的律师，很快成为该行业的翘楚.Sir George is rightat the top of the tree in the medical pro-fession.乔治爵士是医务界的佼佼者.at topspeed not fml very fast 很快；高速 on top of the world infml very happy 非常高兴：I feel on top of the world today！今天我感到非常高兴！from top to toe （of a person） completely（指人）从头到脚：She was dressed in green from top to toe. 她从头到脚穿了一身绿.from top tobottom (of a place or organization) all through；completely（指地方或组织）完全地；全部地：They had the house painted from top to bottom.他们把这房屋从上到下全部油漆了一遍.He learnt the business from top to bottom.这个行业的一切他全都掌握了．on（the）top（of）1over；above；resting on 在···上方；在···上面；在··· 上边：a glass of milk with cream on top 一杯上面浮着乳脂的牛奶2 in addition（to）此外；还有···；另加：He lost his job and on top of that his wife left him.他失业了，此外，他的妻子也离开了他.get on top of to conquer or be too much for 征服；完全控制；过多：Things have beenrather getting on top ofme lately.最近事情有点令我吃不消.I found the job difficult at first， but I soon got on top of it.起初我感到工作难做，但很快就得心应手了.

tip/tip/[C] 1 the usu pointed end of something 末端；尖端：She burnt the tips of her fingers.她烫伤了手指尖．2 a small piece or part serving as an end， cap，or point 用作顶端、尖端的东西：Ionly smoke cigarettes with tips.我只吸有过滤嘴的香烟.have（something） on the tip of one＇s tongue to be about to remember (a name, word，etc）话到嘴边；差一点就要想起来（某人姓名、某个单词等）：It＇s on the tip of my tongue but I still can＇t remember your name.你的名字已到我嘴边，但就是想不起来.

apex/'eipeks/ [C] tech the top or highest point of a triangle［→J44］，etc 三角形的顶点；最高点：（fig） He was at the apex of his profession.那时他是该行的顶尖人物.

middle/'midl/1 [C] the central part, point, or position 中间；中央；中部：He put the box in the middle of the table.他把盒子放在桌子中央.Heplanted rose trees in the middle of the garden. 他在花园中央栽了玫瑰树.This bill must be paidnot later than the middle of the month.这帐单必须在月中之前支付.When they went to thetheatre, he sat in the middle between his wife and daughter.他们上剧院看戏时，他坐在妻子和女儿中间.A good story should have a beginning， a middle，and an end.一个好的故事要有头有尾，又有中间情节．2［C］infml the waist or the part

M202 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

below the waist 腰部；腰以下的部位：As a mangrows old he often becomes fatter round the middle．人渐老时，腰身往往粗起来．3［A］oneequal in distance from either side 在中间的；当中的：He had the middle position.他占有中间位置.in the middle of something／doing some-thing in the course of or busy with some-thing／doing something 在···中间；在···中途；正忙于···的时候：She was in the middle of cooking when the children came in.她饭菜做了一半，孩子们便进来了.They were in the middle of aprivate conversation.他们在密谈中.

centre BrE,center AmE /'sentə/ [C] 1 precise the exact middle point of a circle, globe [■H48］，etc 圆心；球心2 loose middle 中间；中央：She was standing in the centre of the room／group.她站在房间中央／人群中间.She livesin the centre of the city／the city centre.她住在市中心.

core/ko:/[C]1 the harder centre part of some fruits（见425页彩图）果心2（fig）the cèntral part of an idea，argument，etc（思想、辩论等的） 中心；核心；要点：Lack of money layat the core of the trouble.缺少资金成了问题的中心.

heart /ha:t/ [C] (fig) the central part of a matter or idea（问题或思想的）中心：They tried to get to the heart of the matter.他们想抓住问题的症结所在.

bottom/'bptəm/1 [C] the lowest part of any-thing 底；底部：He waited at the bottom of the hill.他在山脚下等候.What word is that at the bottom of the page？那页最后一行的字是个什么字？The ship lay on the bottom of the sea／the sea bottom．那条船沉在海底．2［A］the lowest one of several 最低的：Put the book on the bottom shelf.把这本书放在书架的最下面一层.They live on the bottom floor.他们住在最底下的一层．3［the R］（fig） the least important or worthy part 最不重要的或最无价值的部分：Shestarted at the bottom in her job and rose to the top position.她由基层开始工作，渐渐升到最高职位.

base/beis/ [C]the lowest part of (something) on which the other parts rest， are built，etc 根基；基础；底座：The statue has a base made （out） of stone／a stone base.这尊塑像的底座是石头做的／有个石头底座.

M202 nouns 名词：front， back， and sides 前面、后面与侧面

front/frant/1 [the R (of)] the position directly before someone or something 前面；前部：The teacher called the boy out to the front ofthe class.教师把这个男孩叫到全班同学的前面.Apretty girl was walking past behind them, but the officer told the soldiers to look to the front.有位漂亮少女从士兵们的身后走过，但军官叫士兵们朝前看．2［the R（of）；A］ the surface or part facing forwards， outwards， or upwards 前面；正面：The front of the cupboard is made of glass.这碗橱的正面是玻璃做的.The front of the

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postcard shows a picture of our hotel.明信片的正面是我们旅馆的画像.This dress fastens atthe front.这件衣服在前面扣钮扣.He took a seatat the front／a front seat.他在前面就座／他坐在前排的位子上．3［the R（of）］the most forward or important position 最前面的位置；最重要的位置：The chief guest at the concert was led to a place at the front of the hall.参加音乐会的主宾被带到大厅的前排就座.He walked along to thefront of the train.他走向火车的前部.（fig）This new writer is rapidly coming to the front (= becoming important）.这位文坛新秀正在迅速脱颖而出．4［C］a the most important side of a building, containing the main entrance; the side of a building facing the street 建筑物的正面：The front of the school faces south.这座学校坐北朝南.Our house front is being repainted. 我们房子的正面正在重新油漆.In cities，shopfronts are often partly made of glass.城市里商店的门面有些部分往往是用玻璃制成的.b a side ofa large important building 大建筑物的侧面：The west front of the church contains some fine old windows.教堂的西面有几扇精致的古式窗子.5 [the R; (C)] a road, often built up and having a protecting wall, by the edge of the sea, esp in a town where people go for holidays（海滨避暑地的）海滨人行道：The hotel is right on the seafront.这家旅店坐落在海滨.The holidaymakers walked along the front to enjoy the air.度假者沿着海滨散步，享受着清新的空气．6 ［S9］ themanner and appearance of a person 容貌；模样；态度：Whatever his difficulties， he always presents a smiling front to the world.不管遇到什么困难，他总是对人满脸笑容.She was nervousmeeting strangers, but she put on a bold front (= acted as if she wasn't afraid) and went to the party.她见到陌生人就会紧张，但还是装着不怕的模样去参加晚会了．7［C］part of a garmentcovering the chest 衣服的胸前部分：I＇ve spilt soup down my front． 我把汤洒在衣襟上了．8[the R (of)] (of a book or newspaper) the beginning（书籍或报纸）头版；卷头：Write your name at the front of this dictionary.把你的名字写在这本辞典的首页上面．in front ［adv］1ahead; in the position directly before some-one or something 在前面；在前方：The grand-mother walked slowly, and the children ran on in front．祖母慢慢地走着，孩子们在前面奔跑．2in or at the part facing forwards 在前部：This dress fastens in front．这件衣服在前面扣钮扣．3in the most forward or important posi-tion 在最前面或最重要的位置：The driver sits infront and the passengers sit behind.司机坐在车的前座，乘客坐在后座．in front of ［prep］1 inthe position directly before 在···的前面：We couldn't read the notice on the board because several people were standing in front of it.我们看不见牌子上的布告，因为牌子前面站了几个人．2in the presence of 当···在场时：You shouldn＇t use such bad words in front of children.孩子们在场时你不该说这种脏话.in the front of inthe most forward or important position 在最前面或最重要的位置：He＇s sitting in the front ofthe car with the driver.他与司机并肩坐在汽车的

前排.In the front of the picture is the figure of a man.那幅画的前部画着一个人.out front infmlin or amongst the people watching a theatrical or other performance 在观众席上：My family are out front this evening, so I hope you give a good performance.今晚我们全家都在观众席上，所以希望你演出水平来.up front infml， esp sportin the most forward position 最前位置：In foot-ball, the players who play up front get the most chances to score.在足球比赛中，踢前锋的球员最有机会得分.

face/fers/ [C] the front of (something,esp if it is flat or like a person＇s face）（尤指平面或有如人面部的物体的）正面；前面：He climbed up theface of the building.他沿着这栋楼的正面往上爬.The face of the clock/the clock face was dirty. 钟面很脏.

back /bæk/1 [the R (of); A] the part of some-thing or someone opposite the front 背部；背面；后部；后面：The boy sat at the back of the class.这男孩坐在全班的后面.She was at theback （of the car） when it happened.事情发生时，她正坐在（车子的）后面.He took a seat atthe back／a back seat.他在后面就座／他坐在后排的位子上．2［the R；C］the surface or part facing backwards 反面；背面：The back of the cupboard is made of wood.那碗橱的背面是木头做的.This dress fastens at the back.这件衣服在后面扣钮扣.

rear／riə／［the R（of）；A］ esp fml the back 后面； 背面：There is a garden at the rear of the house.房屋的后面有一座花园.He climbed inthrough a rear window.他从后窗爬了进去.The rear wheel of the bicycle was bent.自行车的后轮弯了.bring up the rear to come last （as in a procession）走在最后

USAGE［用法说明］British speakers say at the rear for something that is behind outside 英国人用“at the rear”指物体（以外）的背后：agarden at the rear of the house 房子后面的花园and in the rear for the back part of some-thing 而用“in the rear”指物体（本身）的后部：Walk in the rear of the procession.走在队伍的最后.American speakers prefer in the rear for both 美国人则二者均用“in the rear”

side/said/1 [the C (of)] a more or less upright surface of something, but not the top,bottom, front，or back 侧面；旁边：There is a hole in the side of the box/the right side of the box/the right hand side of the box, but not the left/left hand／other side.箱子的一边／箱子的右边，而不是箱子的左边／另一边有个洞.She went in to thebuilding by a door at the side/by a side door. 她从侧门进入大厦.She went in by the side （ofthe building），not the front.她从（大厦）侧面进去，没走前面．2［C］any of the fat surfaces of something 边；面：A square has four sides， but a circle has no sides.正方形有四条边，而圆没有边.A cube has six sideslis a six-sided object. 立方体有六个面／是六面体．3［C］ either of thetwo surfaces of a piece of paper，cloth，etc 纸、布等的正面或反面：The other side（of the sheet） is a different colour.（纸的）另一面的颜色不同.Write on this side of the paper only.只在纸的

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这面书写．4［C］ one of the inside or outside surfaces of something（物体内部或外部的）面：Stand nearlto that side of the room.站到房间的那边去.The sides of the building were mainly of glass.那楼房的四壁主要是用玻璃制成的．5［C（of）］an area thought of as relating to positions on the left or right of a point or ine 物体的左边或右边：He was on this side （of theline） and I was on that side／the other side.他在（线的）这一边，我在那一边／另一边.Takewhichever side you want.随你取哪一边.Stand to one side， please！请站到一边去！6［GC］（fig） part of a family 家系：He is German on his father＇s side.他的父系是德国血统.Her mother＇s side of the family aren't happy about her marriage．她母亲家的人对她的婚姻不满意．7［C(of)](fig) way of looking at life,a difficulty, etc 观点；方面：There are many sides to this question and we must think carefully about it. 这个问题有许多方面，我们必须仔细考虑.Tryto/and look on the bright (= good) side of things； everything isn＇t bad.要尽量看事物的光明面；不是所有事物都不好的.on／from all sides（from）everywhere（从）四面八方：Attacks came from all sides.攻击来自四面八方.On allsides there were difficulties.到处都有困难.take sides to support one group against another 支持某一方；袒护；偏袒：I won＇t take sides in thisargument.我在这场争论中不会偏袒任何一方.

sideways /'sard,weiz/ [adv; Wa5; B] 1 towards or from one side 斜向一边（的）；从一边（的）：Hemoved sideways a little，to let her pass.他向旁边挪了一点儿，以便让她过去.She looked side-ways at him．她扭头斜着看了看他．2 with oneside first一边向前地（的）；斜着地（的）：Bring thetable through the door sideways.把桌子斜着搬进门来.

sidelong /'said,lpg/ [Wa5; A; adv] to or from one side 打横的（地）；斜的（地）；侧面的（地）：Shegave him a sidelong look (= She looked at him without turning her head）.她瞟了他一眼.

M203 adverbs ＆ prepositions，etc 副词和介词等：about and around，etc 在周围、在附近等

about /ə'baut/1 [adv] esp BrE here and there; in all directions or places；on all sides 到处；遍地；四面：The children were rushing about.孩子们到处乱窜.Waste paper was lying about every-where.遍地都是废纸.They go about together most of the time.他们大部分时间在一起到处逛.The visitors sat about on the floor.参观者在地上到处坐．2 ［adv F］ esp BrE in the area；in a near place 在周围；附近：Is there anybody about？附近有人吗？3 ［adv］esp BrE from one place to another 由一地到另一地：He has trav-elled about for years．他周游了好多年．4［adv］ esp BrE so as to face the opposite way 倒转；掉转；朝相反的方向：The ship turned about and left the battle．那艘军舰掉转头来，撤离了战场．5［adv］infml in existence 现存；现有：He＇s one of

M203 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

the best writers about at the moment.他是当代最优秀的作家之一．6［adv F］esp BrE movingfrom place to place, as after getting out of bed；active 在活动中；在起作用；起床活动（esp inthe phr up and about 起床走动）： Is he about yet？-He may still be asleep. 他起床活动了吗？-他可能还在睡呢．7 ［adv］ infml almost；nearly 将近；大约；差不多：I＇m about ready.我快准备好了．8［prep］ esp BrE here and there in； in all directions or places of; on all sides of; around 在···各处；去···各处；在···四周：They walked about the streets.他们在街上到处逛. Books were lying about the room.房间里到处摆着书．9［prep］ esp BrE in the area of； near 在···周围；在···附近：I lost my pen about here.我在这附近丢了钢笔．10 ［prep］ with regard to；concerning 关于；对于：Tell us about what happened.告诉我们发生了什么事情.Do youhave a book about the stars？你有没有关于恒星的书？He doesn＇t care about money.他对于钱毫不在乎.What about father？ We can＇t just leave him here.父亲怎么办？我们总不能把他撇在这里．11［prep］on or near the body of 身边；手头：There is a strange smell about him.他身上有一股怪味.I have no money about me.我身无分文．12 ［prep］ in the character of 具有某种特点：There is a sense of power about him.他具有权力观念．13 ［prep］ busy or concerned with 从事；忙于：Go to the market now and while you＇re about it buy yourselfa pair of shoes. 现在就到市场去一趟，顺便给你自己买双鞋子．14［prep］ near in number（数目）在···左右；大约： There were about 20 people in the house．房子里约有二十人.

around /ə'raund/1 [adv] esp AmE about(defs 1,2,3,4,5）同about（释义1,2,3,4,5）：The children were rushing around.孩子们到处乱窜. Waste paper was lying around everywhere.到处都是废纸.The visitors sat around on the floor.参观者在地上到处坐.Is there anybodyaround？附近有人吗？He has travelled around for years.他周游了好多年.He turned around when he heard a noise behind him.他听到身后的声响便转过身来.He is up and around and it＇sonly two days since his operation！他动了手术才两天，就已经能起来走动了！2［adv E］esp AmEin circular measurement； round 围绕；周长： The tree is five feet around.那棵树周长五英尺.3 ［adv］ infml being in existence 现存；现有：He is one of the finest writers around.他是当代最优秀的作家之一．4 ［prep］ on all sides of； allround； surrounding 在周围；环绕着：We sat around the table.我们围着桌子坐.He put aframe around the picture．他把相片上了框．5 [prep] not fml in some place near (to); in the area of 在···附近：He lives somewhere around London.他住在伦敦附近.Stay around the garden．留在花园附近．6［prep］ from one place to another in；here and there in 在···各处；到处： I travelled around the world for a few years. 我在世界各处漫游了几年．7［prep］ so as to havea centre or base in 以···为中心；根据：The society was built around a beliefin God.该社团是基于对上帝的信仰建立起来的．8［prep］so as

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M203 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

to avoid or get past；round 绕过；回避；逃避： Let＇s go around the town， not through it. 我们绕过这城镇而不要从中间穿过去吧.（fig）How canwe get around the new taxes and keep some more money for ourselves？我们如何能逃避新税，为自己多留点钱呢？

round /raund/ 1 [adv] esp BrE with a circular movement or movements; spinning in or as if in a circle 旋转地；绕圈地：The earth turns round once in 24 hours．地球二十四小时自转一周.The wheels went round （and round）.轮子不停地转动.（fig） Your birthday will be／come round again soon．你的生日又快到了．2［adv］ esp BrE in a circular position; surrounding a central point 成圆形地；围绕在周围：The fieldhad a fence（all）round.场地四周围有篱笆.The children gathered round to hear the story.孩子们围拢过来听故事.Everybody round can hearthe noise．周围的人都能听到那嘈杂声．3［adv］esp BrE all over the place; in or into all parts; everywhere in an area 逐一地；在各处；往各处：Hand round the glasses.把酒杯递给各位.Send the invitations round.把请柬寄给各人.A strange story has been going round.到处都流传着一个奇异的故事.Let＇s go into the palace andhave a look round．让我们进皇宫去游览一番．4[adv] esp BrE so as to face the other or stated way 朝反方向；转过来：Turn the picture round to face the wall.把图画转过来对着墙壁.He＇s gothis hat on the wrong way round.他把帽子前后戴反了．5 ［adv E］ esp BrÉ in circular measure-ment 围绕；周长：The tree was five feet round. 这棵树周长五英尺．6［adv］（of journeys）a not going the straightest way 绕道地：Walk／go／ drive round by the cinema instead of coming straight home.绕道走／经／驶过电影院而不直接回家.b to someone＇s home 探访；去某人的家：Come round and see me sometime！改天来看看我！They invited us round for drinks.他们邀请我们去他们那儿喝酒．7 ［prep］ with a circularmovement about （a central point）绕着；环绕： The earth goes round the sun.地球绕着太阳运行.Drake sailed （right／all） round the world and came back to England.德雷克驾船环绕地球一周，然后回到英国.They danced round（andround） the holy tree．他们绕着圣树跳舞．8[prep] in a circular position on all sides of (a central point） 围着：Sit round the fire／round the table.请围着火／桌子坐.Tie the belt round your waist．把皮带扎在腰上．9 ［prep］ into all parts of； all over （a place）在···各处；向···四周： Have a look round the shop.到商店里四处看看吧.Let him show you round the castle.让他带你去参观一下城堡．10［prep］ to or at the otherside of, not going straight but changing direc-tion 绕过···；兜绕···：He disappeared round the corner.他在拐角的地方不见了.She＇ll be cominground the mountain (= not over or through the mountain）．她将绕着山来．11［Wal；B］circu-lar 圆形的；环形的：Give me a round plate.给我一个圆碟子．12［Wal；B］shaped like a ball 球形的；圆的：It was as round as an orange.它圆得像个橙子．13［Wal；B］（of parts of the body） fat and curved（指身体各部分）丰满的；圆胖的：The

child had round red cheeks.那小孩的面颊圆乎乎，红润润的．14［Wa5；A］（of numbers） full； complete（指数字）整的；十足的：A round twenty people came. 整整来了二十人. in roundfigures (of numbers) not exactly, but to the nearest 10, 100, 1,000, etc without troubling about small amounts（指数字）大约：The car cost £9,778; that's £10,000 in round figures. 那汽车价格是九千七百七十八英镑，也就是说约一万英镑.-ness［adv］

round (about) /raund (ə'baut)/1 [adv] in the neighbourhood 在附近；在四周：He lives some-where round （about）．他就住在附近．2［prep］ (with times, places, etc) more or less; about （指时间、地点等）大约；附近：They arrived round（about）5 o＇clock．他们在五点左右到达．It＇ll cost somewhere round（about）£50．它的价格大约是五十英镑.

all over 1 ［adv］ in every part of place 到处：I feel hot all over.我浑身感到热.They went／looked all over but couldn＇t find him.他们到处找他，但没找到．2［prep］ in every part of 遍及···：We looked all over the house, but couldn't find the money.我们找遍了全屋，但未发现那些钱.Thenews is all over (the) town that he is coming. 他即将到来的消息已传遍全镇.

everywhere /'evriweə/ [adv] in, at, or to every place 各处；到处：I can＇t find it though I＇ve looked everywhere.我到处找了，但哪儿也找不到.Pink elephants follow him everywhere he goes. 无论他走到哪儿，幻觉就跟到哪儿.We must cleanthe house；everywhere looks so dirty！我们一定要清扫一下房屋；到处都显得那么脏！I am work-ing as hard as I can, but I can't do everything, or be everywhere at once (= at the same time). 我在拼命干，但我不能同时做所有的事，也不能同时出现在所有的地方.

everyplace/'evripleis/ [adv] AmE everywhere 到处；各处

here and there from one place to another 各处；到处：He ran about here and there，looking for his friends.他四处奔跑，寻找他的朋友.

around and about in many places 在各处；在许多地方：She goes around and about， buying anything she wants.她到处跑，想要什么就买什么.on/pn/ [prep] 1(for objects like fingers, sticks, etc）around（指物体套在手指、杆子等的上面）环绕：He had a gold ring on the third finger of his left hand．他左手的中指上戴着一只金戒指．2about 关于；论及：He wrote an interesting book on photography.他写了一本关于摄影的有趣的书.concerning ／kən＇s3：nı／ about （def 10）关于：I must write to him concerning his payment for last month＇s work.关于他为上个月的工作支付报酬的事，我要写信给他.

regarding ／ri＇ga：di／ fml about （def 10）关于： Regarding his wish to help us, I must say that...关于他想帮助我们一事，我应该说···

with regard to also 又作 as regards more fml regarding 关于：With regard to your request for more money, the committee wishes to state that...关于您要求得到更多的钱一事，委员会谨表示···

934

M204 adverbs, prepositions & adjectives 副词、介词和形容词：in，into，at，etc 在···里、到···里、在···旁等

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in/In/1 [adv] (so as to be) contained or sur-

rounded; away from the open air, the outside,

etc 在里面；进入：Open the bag and put the

money in.打开袋子，把钱放进去.Give him a

cup of tea with sugar in.给他一杯放了糖的茶.

Let＇s go in there where it＇s warm.我们到那里面

去吧，里面暖和．2［adv］ （so as to be） present

(esp at home or under the roof of a building)

在内；（尤指）在家；在屋里：I＇m afraid Mr Jones

is out, but he'll be in/he'll come in again

soon.恐怕琼斯先生出去了，但他很快会回来

的.Let＇s spend the evening in(=at home)

watching television.我们在家看电视度过这个晚

上吧.I couldn＇t find that book in the library； it

wasn＇t in. Someone had taken it out.我在图书

馆找不到那本书，书不在里面，有人拿走了.＇Come

in!'(said when someone knocks at a door)

“进来！”（有人敲门时说）The train isn＇t in

yet／will be in in five minutes.火车尚未进站／再

过五分钟就进站了．3［adv］ from a number of

people, or from all directions to a central point

收进；来自四方：Letters have been coming／pour-

ing in from everybody who heard the news on

the radio.收听到这一新闻的人都纷纷来信.The

crops were safely gathered in.庄稼安全地收进来

了.Papers／Marks must be in by Monday.星期

一前必须把论文／分数交来．4［adv］ so as to be

added or included where not formerly present

加进：The picture is almost finished； I can

paint in the sky later.这幅画已快画完，我可以随

后再加进天空的景色.I very much like your play；

could you write in a part for me？我很喜欢你的

戏，你能为我加进一个角色吗？5［adv］ playing to

score，ruling，etc 攻球；击球；当选；当政：Our

side were in／went in to bat first.我方首先击球.

The Labour Party are in (= elected) at the

moment．这次工党当选．6［adv］ （so as to be）

fashionable 流行；上市：Long skirts came in

M204 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

last year；they＇re in now.去年开始流行长裙子；现在长裙很时髦．7［adv］（of sea water） close to the coast；（so as to be）high（指海水）逼近海岸； 高涨：The tide＇s ［→L89］ coming in （opposite 反义词＝going out）.潮水正在上涨.The tide isright in．现在是涨潮．8 ［prep］（so as to be） contained by (something with depth, length, and height）；within；inside（指有长、深、高度的物体）在···中；在···内：She lives in this house.她住在这所房子里.He keeps the money in a box.他把钱存放在匣子里.He sat in the car.他坐在车子里.They went swimming in the sea.他们去海里游泳.It was wrapped in a cloth.那东西包在一块布里.He put the key in the lock.他把钥匙插进锁里.She was lying in bed.她躺在床上，盖上了被子.（compare 比较 lying on the bed，outside the covers 躺在床上，不盖被）I＇ve got a sweet inmy mouth.我嘴里含了一块糖.（not fml）Hecame in（＝into） the room.他走进房间.Get in （＝into） thecar！上车吧！（fig）I wonder what＇s in his mind？我真想知道他脑子里在想些什么？9［prep］ infml through in an inward direction 进入；穿过：He came in the door.他穿过那扇门走了进来．10［prep］ surrounded by （an area）； within and not beyond 在···范围里；在···区域里： The cows were in the field.牛在田野里.I saw my face in（＝framed by） the mirror.我在镜子里看到自己的脸.There was a plant in thewindow（＝on a shelf just inside）.窗子里有一棵植物.It was in the corner of the room.那东西在房间的角落里.（compare 比较at the corner ofthe street 在街道的拐角处）They live in thecountry.他们住在乡村.They were dancing in the streets.他们在大街上跳舞.Everybody in the village/in New York/in Indialin the world knows this.这一点全村／纽约／印度／全世界的人都知道.I saw it in the distance／in the skylin the east.我在远处／在天上／在东方看见它.He waswounded in the stomach. 他腹部受伤.They were.walking in the forest.他们在森林里散步. Please move；you＇re in my way.请挪动一下；你挡了我的路.（fig）Everybody in the family／in the club knows her.家里／俱乐部里所有的人都认识她．11 ［prep］ surrounded by（material con-ditions）在···环境下：in the rain 在雨中；in the dark 在黑暗中；in the sun 在阳光下；out in theopen air 在户外 12 ［prep］ attending； present at (certain sorts of place or establishment, named without ＇the＇）（指明所在地点；不加 the） 在···里：He＇s in school／in prison／in church.他在上学／坐牢／做礼拜.The ship is in port／inharbour．那只船停泊在港内．13［prep］（showing that something is included as part of）（表示包含在内之义）在···中：I saw it in the newspapers. 我在报纸上看到它.I read it in a book.我在一本书上读到它．There are 12 months in a year．一年有十二个月.In my opinion，he is a fool.依我看，他是个傻瓜．14［prep］（showing employ-ment）（表示从事职业）：She＇s in business／in politics／in insurancelin the law.她从事商业／政治／保险业／法律.He took a university degree in history.他在大学读历史学位课程.He＇s in （＝works with， at） plastics／building／furniture.他在经营塑料／从事建筑／经营家具．15［prep］ wear-

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M204 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

ing 穿着；戴着：She has dressed in silk／in red／

in a fur coat.她穿着丝绸衣服／红衣服／毛皮外套.

He saw men in armour／in uniform.他看见穿戴

盔甲／穿制服的人．16 ［prep］ towards （a direc-

tion）向···方向：in this direction 向这个方向；in

the wrong direction 朝错误的方向；in all

directions at once 同时向四面八方17［prep］

using (a stated thing) to express oneself;with

or by means of 用（某物）表达：Write it in

pencil／in ink／in French.用铅笔／用墨水／用法语

写.Paint it in oils.把它画成油画.It was printed

in red.它是印成红色的.Say it in a few words／in

a loud voice.用简单几个字／响亮的声音表达.Put

it in writing．把它写下来．18 ［prep］（with

certain periods of time) at some time during;

at the time of（用于一段时间）在···期间：in

January 在一月；in Spring 在春天；in 1976 在

1976年；in the 18th century 在十八世纪；in the

（early） afternoon 午后（compare 比较 on

Monday afternoon 在星期一下午）；in the night

在夜晚（compare 比较 at night 晚上）；in his

youth 在他年轻时；in the 1930s 在二十世纪三十

年代；in the First World War 第一次世界大战期

间；in the past 在过去；in the middle of the

summer 在仲夏 19［prep］（showing the way

something is done or happens）（表示进行的方

式）：in public

（＝publicly）在公共场合；in secret

（＝ secretly）暗中；in fun 开玩笑地 20［prep］

(showing division and arrangement) so as to

be（表示分法和安排）：Pack them in 10s（＝10 in

each parcel)/in rows/in groups/in the follow-

ing orderlin pairs.把它们打包，十个一包／分成一

排排包／按组包／按下列顺序包／一对对包.They

stood in a circle. 他们站成一个圆圈.Cut it in

two （＝ into two pieces）．把它一切为二．21

［prep］（showing relation）（表示比率）：It was a

slope of 1 in 3．该斜坡的坡度为一比三．He pays

a tax of 40p in the £．每一英镑他要付40便士税．

22 ［prep］（showing quantity or number）（表示

数量）：They came in large numbers.他们来了许

多人.They arrived in （their）thousands.他们来

了成千上万的人．23 ［prep］ as to； when one

considers (esp something that changes or can

be compared）在···方面（尤指有变化或能比较的

事物）：She is weak in judgment／lacking in

courage.她的判断力不强／她缺乏勇气.This is

better in every way than that.这一个在哪一方面

都比那个好.They＇re equal in distance.它们的距

离相等.It is ten feet in length／in depth.长度／深

度为十英尺.There has been a change in

society．社会发生了变化．24［prep］ having or so

as to have （a condition）在···状态下：in diffi-

culties 处于困境；in trouble 出了麻烦；in danger

陷于险境；in good health 健康良好；in ruins 成废

墟；in a hurry 匆忙地；in doubt 怀疑地；in bad

temper 在发脾气；in tears 在哭；to be／fall in love

在恋爱25［prep］being a；as a；by way of 当作；

作为：What did you give him in return？你给他

什么作为答谢？She said nothing in reply.她以沉

默作答.

into／＇mtu：／［prep］ 1 to the inside of 向···内；到···

里：They broke into the shop.他们闯入店里.He went down some steps into the garden.他走下台阶进入花园.He＇s got to go into hospital.他必

须住院治疗．I put 10p into her hand．我把10便士放在她手里．2 so as to be in 转入：He fell intothe water.他跌进水中.He got into a temper.他发了脾气.She came into office （＝ took on an official position）.她走马上任了.It lasted well into this century.它一直持续到本世纪.He＇sgetting deeper into debt．他负债愈来愈重．3 so as to be 成为：He translated it into French.他把它译成法文.She joined them all into one company.她把他们全部联合成一间公司..Heturned the prince into a rabbit.他把王子变成兔子.Divide it into five parts.把它平均分成五份.She developed into a beautiful woman.她长成一个漂亮的女子．4 math（used when dividing one number by another）（数学）除：3 into 6 goes twice．六除以三等于二．5 sl keen on；interested in （a subject or belief）爱好；对···感兴趣：He＇s given up photography now and he＇s into religion and modern music.他现已放弃摄影，而对宗教及现代音乐热衷起来.

home／həum／［adv］ into position 达到正确的位置； 到位：He pushed the piece of wood home （＝ into its place）.他把那块木头推到应放的位置上.She drove the nail home (= fully into the wood）with a hammer.她用锤子把整个钉子敲了进去.

at/æt/[prep] 1(with something seen as a point in space）（与地点连用）：He was at the door／at the shoplat the bus-stoplat the end of the road.他在门口／在商店／在公共汽车站／在路的尽头.He went to the door and stood at the door until I came.他走到门口，站在那儿直至我到来.He lives in London, and our plane stopped at London （airport） on its way to New York.他住在伦敦，而我们的飞机在飞往纽约的途中就在伦敦（机场）作短暂停留.Imet him at Paul＇s （home）. 我在保罗家遇见了他.I got it at the baker＇s（shop）．我是在面包店买到这个的．2（with a pointin time）（与时间点连用）：at 10 o＇clock 在10点钟；at Christmas 在圣诞节；at the moment 在此刻3（with an intended aim， or object towards which a thing or action is directed）（与对准的目标或物体连用）：After aiming （his gun） care-fully at the bird， he missed it completely.尽管他（用枪）仔细瞄准那只鸟，但还是完全打偏了.Heshot at the General （but missed）.他向将军开枪（但没打中）.（Compare 比较 He shot theGeneral（and killed him）.他开枪打中了将军（把他打死了）.）He threw the ball at me（＝ intend-ing to hit me）.他用球扔我.（Compare 比较 Hethrew the ball to me (= hoping that I would catch it）.他把球投给我.）The dog bit at my leg （several times）（but missed）.那只狗朝我的腿咬了（几次）（但没咬着）.（Compare 比较 The dogbit me on the leg and I had to go to hospital. 那只狗咬了我的腿，我必须上医院.）He ran at mewith a knife （but never reached me）.他拿着刀向我冲来（但一直没追上我）.（Compare 比较 Heran to me and kissed me.他跑到我面前亲了亲我.）He shouted at me（angrily）.他（生气地）对着我吼叫.（Compare 比较 He shouted to methat I should be careful.他对我大嚷，叫我小心.）(infml) I don't really play tennis very well, you know; I just play at tennis (= for amusement).

936

K198：golf 高尔夫球

iron

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sledge 溜冰鞋

skateboard ski 雪橇

滑板 滑雪板

937

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排气管

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M102: the chassis and the (internal combustion) engine

M103： parts of a bicycle 自行车的部件

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M157：parts of ships 船的组成部分

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你知道，我网球打得并不怎么好，只不过玩玩而已.(infml) I'm leaving you,dearest,because-how shall I put it?-you always seem to be talking at me rather than to me.我要离开你了， 最亲爱的，因为-叫我怎么说好呢？-你说话时似乎总是在教训我，而不是在跟我谈话.＇Up and atthem, boys!' shouted the general as we at-tacked.我们进攻时将军喊道：“冲上去消灭他们，弟兄们！”（fig）He looked at me.他看着我. Who（m）did he look at？ 他看着谁？（fig）He smiled at me．他朝我笑．4（with words，actions， or ideas that are the cause of feeling or behaviour）（与表示感情或态度的言语、行动、思想连用）：I was surprised／amused／pleased at （＝ by）his words.我对他的话感到惊讶／有趣／高兴.Iwas angry at his behaviour.我对他的行为很生气.I laughed at his foolishness （and also 又作： I laughed at him）.我笑他傻.He smiled at my foolishness.他对我的愚蠢轻轻一笑.I smiled atthe thought of my future happiness.想到自己将来的幸福，我不禁微笑起来．5AmE ＆ ScotE(with people and objects that are the cause of feeling or behaviour）（与引发情感或行为的人、物连用）：I was angry at（＝with）John.我生约翰的气.I was pleased at （＝with） John＇s present. 我喜欢约翰送的礼物．6（with the field or areaabout which a judgment is made）（与评价的领域或范围连用）：He＇s good／clever／bad at organ-izing things. 他擅长／不擅长组织工作.He＇sgood／bad at games.他擅长／不擅长运动.She＇s getting on very well at her job．她工作得很好．7 （before superlatives）（用在最高级的前面）：at best/at the bestlat worst/at the worst/at the earliest／at the latest 至多／充其量不过／无论怎样坏／最坏的情况／最早／最迟8 （used before certainnouns to express states, conditions, feelings, etc）（用于某些名词前表示状态、情况、感觉等）：atwork／at rest／at warlat school 正在工作／正在休息／在交战中／在上学9（with prices）for（与价格连用）以：I bought 90 pencils at （a price or cost of）10 cents each．我买了九十枝铅笔，每枝一角．10（before the rate， degree， or position of something in a set or group）（用于比率、程度、位置之前）：at first 起初；The temperature was at 90．温度曾是九十度．11（before ages）（用于年龄之前）：at（the age of）90 在九十岁时 12（before speeds and rates）（用于速度、速率之前 ）： at （a speed or rate of） 90 miles an hour 以每小时九十英里的速度；He left at a run.他跑着离开了．13（before levels）（用于表示水平的字眼之前）：The water stopped rising at （a level of） 90 feet．水位升至九十英尺时便不再上涨了．14（before distances）（用于距离之前）：at（a distance of） 90 miles 在（距离）九十英里处 ata/an 1 as a result of one; with or by means of one 以一（个）；以一次动作：He reduced prices ata stroke.他一下子降低了价格.At a word fromme she will come running.只要我说一句话，她就会跑来的．2 during one； in the course of one 一段时间；一段过程：He ran up the stairs two ata time.他一步跨两级跑上楼梯.They finished thedrink at a sitting．他们一口气把酒喝完．at all 1in any degree 在任何情况下；全然：He doesn＇tsmoke at all.他完全不抽烟.He doesn＇t seem at

M204 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

all interested in my plan.他似乎对我的计划毫不感兴趣.If you feel at all ill come and see me without delay.如果你感到有点不舒服，就立即来找我．2 ever在任何时候：Do you go there at all？你也有去那里的时候吗？not at all 1（answeringa question） No；Not a bit（回答问题）毫不：The place itself doesn't encourage you?- Not at all．那地方本身不令你振奋吗？-一点儿也不．2(answering an apology) That's all right; It doesn＇t matter（用于答复他人道歉）没有关系；不要紧：I＇m sorry to trouble you.-Not at all.麻烦您了.-没关系.

inside /In'said/1[the R (of); A] the area that is in (something else); the part that is nearest to the centre, or that faces away from other people or from the open air 里面；内部：Let＇s paint.the inside of the house.让我们把房子里面油漆一下.This coat is fur on the inside and cloth on the outside.这件外套里面是毛皮，外面是布的.The inside of his left foot was painful.他左脚的内侧很痛.What are the inside measurements of the box？那只箱子里面的尺寸是多少？2 ［the R］ the side near the buildings when one is walking on the path beside a road （沿马路走时靠建筑物的）一侧：Walk on theinside，away from the traffic.靠马路内侧走，避开来往车辆．3［A］（fig）the heart or centre of the action 内情；内幕：our inside man（＝some-one who lets us know what's happening in a secret and／or important event）我们的内线人； the inside story (= the details of something in the news esp as reported in the newspaper）内幕新闻；an inside job（＝ theft done by some-body connected with the place, organization, etc which has been robbed）内贼所作的盗窃行为4［prep］on or to the inside of 在···里面：The girl was sitting inside the car.那女孩坐在汽车里面.Just inside the wals of the city was a large building.紧贴着城墙里边就有一座高大的建筑物.5［adv；Wa5；F］to or in the inside 向内的；在里面；在内部：These chocolates have cream inside.这些巧克力里面有奶油.The cream（which is） inside is very good. 里面的奶油好吃极了.The children are playing inside because it＇s raining.因为下雨了，孩子们都在室内玩.Heopened the box and looked inside.他打开箱子， 朝里面看．6［adv；Wa5；F］ sl， esp BrE in prison 坐牢；在狱中：He＇s inside for murder.他因杀人而坐牢.They put him inside for life.他们判他无期徒刑.

inside out [adv] in (or to) a form with the usual inside parts on the outside 里朝外地；里外翻转地：He put his socks on inside out.他把袜子翻转来穿.

within/wr'ðin/1 [prep] inside the limits of (esp time or distance）； not beyond or more than 在（尤指时间、距离范围）以内；不超过：They werewithin shouting distance.他们在一喊就听得见的地方.（fig）He kept within （＝ did not break） the law.他没有犯法.Somebody within the or-ganization told me.该组织里的某个人告诉了我.2 ［prep］ esp old use ＆ lit inside （a place）在（某处）里面：Within the walls of this house lies a secret．这所房子里藏着一个秘密．3［adv］inside

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M205 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

a place 在里面：＇This building to be sold. Enquire within＇（on a notice）.“此楼出售.询问详情请入内”（招贴语）.（lit ＆ poet） A voicewithin (= inside himself) told him what to do. 他内心有个声音告诉他该怎么办.

inward /'mwəd/ [Wa5; B] 1 (placed) on the inside 在里面的；朝里的；置于里面的：Which sideshould belgo inward?-This is the inward side．哪一面朝里？-这一面朝里．2 movingtowards the inside 向内的：The inward move-ment from the doors crushed the people at the front of the room.那些门向里推时，把房间前面的人都给挤了．3 of the mind or spirit 内心的；心灵上的：He has an inward faith／happiness.他有一种内在的信念／喜悦.-ly［adv］：He was outward-ly happy but inwardly sad.他表面上很快活，但内心却很痛苦.

inwards ／＇inwədz／ also 又作 inward／＇Inwəd／ AmE ［adv］ towards the inside 向内地：The door slowly moved inwards.门慢慢向里推开.

inner /'mə/ [Wa5; A] well inside; further in; inside some other thing 里面深处的；往里去的；在内的：The inner parts of the fruit taste better. 水果里面那部分好吃些.He is a member of theclub and of its special inner circle.他是俱乐部的成员，而且是特殊的核心人物之一.

inmost ／＇in，məust／ also 又作 innermost ／＇inə-məust/[Wa5; A; (F)] furthest in(side);(fig) most difficult to discover 最内的；最深处的；最难发现的：He was not allowed to visit the inmost part of the holy place.他未获准参观圣地最里面的部分.In her inmost heart she hoped he would return.在她内心深处，她是希望他回来的.She did not tell him her innermost feelings.她没有向他倾吐内心深处的感情.

interior /ın'trərə/ 1 [Wa5; A] inside;indoors; farthest from the edge or outside (as of the inland areas of a country）内部的；户内的；内地的；离边缘最远的：interior furnishings 内部装修2［C］ esp fml the inside part of（something）内部；内地：The interior of the building was empty.那座楼房里边是空的.He travelled intothe interior（of Africa）.他到（非洲）内地去旅行. internal /mn't3:nəl/ [Wa5; B] 1 of or in the inside，esp of the body 内部的；内在的；（尤指）体内的：The damage was internal；it was internal damage．伤在内部；是内部损伤．2 not foreign 国内的；内政的：internal trade 国内贸易-ly ［adv］：The medicine is to be taken internally.那是一种内服药.

M205 adverbs, prepositions & adjectives 副词、介词和形容词：out，from，etc 在外、从、等等

out/aut/1 [adv]away ( from the inside); in or to the open air， the outside，etc（从里面）出去；到外面去；在户外：Open the bag and take themoney out.打开手提包把钱拿出来.Pour out thetea.把茶倒出来.It＇s not in my pocket； it must have fallen out.它不在我口袋里，一定是掉出来了.He pulled my tooth out.他把我的牙拔出来

了.Shut the door to keep the wind out.把门关

上，别让风刮进来.He put his tongue out.他伸出舌头．2 ［adv］ away（from home or from a building），so as to be absent 出外；不在家；不在室内：I＇m afraid Mr Jones is out／has gone out； he＇ll be back soon.恐怕琼斯先生出去了／已经出去了，他很快就会回来的.Let＇s sleep out （in thegarden）.我们在外面（花园里）睡吧.She staysout late at nights． 她经常很晚才回家．3［adv］away (from land, a town, or one's own country) 出海；出城；出国：He went out to Africa.他出国去非洲了.They live right out in the country.他们住在城外的乡下.The ship was a mile out atsea/was a day (= a day's sail) out from New York.那艘船驶出海有一英里了／离纽约有一天的航程．4［adv］ to a number of people or in all directions 给一些人；向四面八方：He gave out allthe tickets／spread out the cloth.他把所有的票都派发出去了／把布摊开来．5［adv］ completely；tothe end；so as to be finished 完全；彻底；终结： Clean out the room.把那间房彻底清扫干净.I＇mtired out.我疲倦极了.He＇ll be back before the month is out （＝is ended）．他在月底前会回来．6［adv］ so as not to be there or not to exist 去掉： Wash out the dirty marks.把那些污迹洗净.It can easily be rubbed out.它很容易擦掉.You＇ve left out an important word.你漏掉了一个很重要的词．7［adv］ in a loud voice；aloud 大声；高声： Sing／Cry／Shout／Call out！ 大声唱／哭／喊／叫！ Read out the names.把这些名字大声读出来.Spell out the word．把这个词大声拼出来．8［adv］a (of a player in a game such as cricket) so as to be no longer allowed to take part according to the rules（指板球等球类运动员）出局：Sussexwere all out for 351．索塞克斯队以351分全部出局.How＇s that？-Out！怎么回事？-出局了！ (fig) The Labour Party were then out (= not in power；not ruling）.工党那时已下台.b（of the ball in a game such as tennis) outside the line （指网球等球类的球）出界9［adv］ so as to beclearly seen，shown，understood，etc 现出来；显露出来；明白；易懂：Think／Plan it out properly. 要把这事考虑清楚／计划好.Find out the facts.把事实调查清楚.The secret／The sun came out／is out.秘密泄露了／太阳出来了.The black treesstood out against the snow.黑色的树木在雪地中显得格外清晰.The new book came out lastweek．新书上星期出版了．10 ［adv］ so as to be nolonger fashionable 过时；不流行：Short skirts went out last year；they＇re out （opposite 反义词in）this year．短裙去年不再流行；今年不时兴了．11[adv] (of a flower) so as to be fully open and ripe（指花）盛开：The roses are all coming out／are out now．玫瑰花盛开了．12［adv］ not fml（after a superlative） ever；existing（用于最高级的后面）迄今为止；存在着：He＇s the stupidestman out．他是所有人中最愚蠢的．13［adv］（of afire or light） so as to be no longer lit（指火或灯）熄灭：Put the light out.把灯熄了.Blow out the candle.把蜡烛吹熄.The fire＇s gone out；it＇s been out for hours．火灭了，已经灭了好久了．14［adv］ away a from a surface 突出来地：I tore my stocking on a nail that was sticking out from that wooden bax.那只木箱上突出来一颗钉

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子，把我的长袜钩破了.b from a set of things 出自一组东西中： Pick out the best of the apples. 拣出最好的苹果．15［adv］ so as to be no longerworking because one is on strike ［→J238］罢I: The fishermen came outlare out in sympathy with the sailors.渔民举行罢工声援海员.They will stop／stay／walk／be out （on strke）. 他们将罢工．16［Wa5； A］ used for sending something away from one， to someone else 往外去的；发向另一人的：Put the letter in the outtray．把信件放在待发文件格中．17［Wa5；F］im-possible 不可能的：I＇m sorry， but that＇s com-pletely out; it can't be done;it's really out of the question.对不起，那是完全不可能的；不可能办到；确确实实无法考虑．18［Wa5；F］（of a guessor sum, or the person responsible for it) in-correct（指猜测或计算或作此猜测或计算的人）不正确的：He＇s badly out in his calculations.他的计算很不准确.You would not be far out inthinking... (= would not be very wrong if you thought．．．）你如果认为···，那也不会怎么错．19[prep] not fml (used for showing an outward movement） out of（用于表示向外的动作）向外面：He went out the door.他走出门去.

for direction

out of ［prep］ 1 from inside 从里向外：She walked out of the room. 她从房里走了出去.He ismoving out of Orchard Gardens.他将搬出“果园”．2 from a state of 从···状态中出来：He wokeup out of a deep sleep．他从沉睡中醒来．3 be-yond the limits of 在···范围之外：The ship was now out of sight． 这时船已看不见了．4 fromamong 从···之中：Three out of four people choose Silver Box chocolates.四分之三的人选择银盒牌巧克力．5 in or into a state of loss ornot having 缺乏；没有：We＇re out of water！我们没有水了！6 because of 出于；由于：I came outof real interest,not just to have a good time! 我来是由于真有兴趣而不是仅为了娱乐！7from orwith （ a material）从；用（一种材料）：It＇s made out of wood.这是木头做的.

from/from/[prep] 1 (showing a starting point in place） having left；beginning at （the）（表

M205 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

示空间的起点）从；从···起：The train starts fromLondon.火车从伦敦开出.It goes from London northwards.它从伦敦北上.It goes from London to the north. 它从伦敦开往北方.A cool windblew from the sea.一阵凉风从海上吹来.Theboy was covered in mud from head to foot (= all over）.这个男孩浑身是泥.She went fromshop to shop trying to find what she wanted. 她从一家商店走到另一家商店，想找到她要买的东西.These birds have come from over the sea. 这些鸟是从海那边飞来的．2（showing a startingpoint in rank, order, or position) beginning with；beginning as（表示等级、次序、位置的起点）自；从；从···起：Boys from the Third Class downwards usually take their examinations in the main hall of the school.三年级以下的学生通常在学校的大礼堂考试.He rose from officeboy to director of the company in 15 years．他在十五年的时间里，由公司的勤杂员跃升为董事．3(showing a starting point in price or number) starting at； at the lower limit of（表示价格或数的起点）从···到···：These coats are from ten pounds（＝ the cheapest cost ten pounds）.这些外套的起价是十英镑．There were from 60 to 80people present． 有六十到八十人出席．4 sent，given, supplied, produced, or provided by; originating in； out of 由···送来；由···给予；由···供应；由···产生或供给；起源于；由···来：I had a letterfrom her yesterday.我昨天收到她的一封信.Eggsare obtained from hens.鸡蛋产自母鸡.Meat from New Zealand is sold in shops in Britain. 新西兰来的肉类在英国商店里有售.The boy fromthe baker＇s has just called.面包店送货的男孩刚来过电话.A bright light shone from the room. 一道亮光从房间里射出来.He gets his good looksfrom his mother.他的英俊相貌是从母亲那儿得来的.Light comes from the sun.光来自太阳.He claims to be descended from a race of kings. 他自称是帝王的后代.Where are you from？-I＇m from Scotland（＝I＇m Scottish）.你是哪里人？-我是苏格兰人.Tell your brother from me that I want him to return my book.告诉你哥哥，说我要他把书还给我.This music is fromone of Mozart＇s operas.这曲子来自莫扎特的一部歌剧．5 based on；using；out of 根据；用；由： Bread is made from flour.面包是用面粉做的.The plastic of which this dish was made, is made from chemicals.用以制造这个盘子的塑料是用化学物制成的.The shape of the car wasdeveloped from that of the horse carriage.汽车的形状是由马车演变而来的.I＇m speaking fromexperience.我在凭经验说话.She played the music from memory.她凭记忆演奏了这支曲子.All the characters in the book are drawn from real life．这本书里所有的人物都来自现实生活．6(expressing the lessening or ceasing of an unwanted state） instead of（表示减轻、消除不利状态）代替；顶替：He needs a rest from work.他的工作太繁重，需要休息一下.This medicine maygive you some relief from the pain in your head （＝ it will help make the pain less）.这药能减轻你的头痛．7（showing the first of two states, where a complete change of condition is expressed） out of； after being（表示状态改变

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M205 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

前的起点）从；由···到···：From being a thin weak

boy，he became a healthy active soldier.他原

是一个瘦弱的孩子，现在成了一个健康而富有活力的

士兵.Her behaviour is going from bad to

worse.她的行为越来越糟了.Translate this letter

from English into French.把这封信由英文译成

法文．8（expressing difference） compared with；

as being unlike（表示差异）与···比较；不同于···；

He's different from his brother in character.

他和他的弟弟性格不一样.I don＇t know anything

about cars; I don't know one kind from

another.我对汽车一无所知，根本不知道这种车与

那种车之间有什么不同．9（showing a point of

view）using...as a position（表示观察点、观点）

据；从：From the top of this hill you can see

the sea.从这座小山顶上能看到大海.From a

child's point of view, this book isn't interest-

ing.从儿童的角度看，这本书没有什么意思.It is a

picture of a car seen from below.这是一幅从汽

车下面往上看的汽车图.He was looking at me

from over the top of a newspaper.他从报纸的

上面看着我．10（in a state of separation）with

regard to（表示分离状态）离开；分开：His

absence from class was soon noticed.他旷课的

事很快就受到注意了.It＇s hard for a child to be

parted from its mother.要小孩离开母亲是很难

的.He lives apart from his family.他和家人分

开生活．11 distant in regard to 距；离：The

village is five miles from the coast.那村庄离海

岸五英里.It＇s only a few steps from here to the

post office．从这儿到邮局只有几步路．12 out of；

off;out of the reach of; out of the possession

of 脱离；离开；达不到；不占有：She took the

matches away from the child.她把火柴从小孩

那里拿开.Why did you move the books from

the table？ 你为什么把书从桌上拿走？If you

subtract 10 from 15,5 remains／you get 5.15减

10得5.13（in a state of protection，prevention，

or separation） with regard to 保护；防止；以免：

She saved the child from the fire.她从火中救出

那孩子.A tree gave us shelter from the rain.树

下成了我们避雨的地方.They kept the bad news

from the sick woman.他们不让这个病妇知道坏

消息．14 because of； as a result of；through 因

为；由于；经由：She suffered from heart disease.

她患有心脏病.He wasn＇t ill； he stayed in bed

from laziness.他没有病，是由于懒惰才呆在床上.

From no fault of their own,they lost all their

money.他们损失了所有的钱，但并非出于他们自己

的过错．15 judging by；considering 从···来判断；

考虑到；鉴于：From his appearance， you

wouldn＇t think he was old.从他的外表看，你不

会认为他是老人.From the noise they were

making， they might have been fighting.从吵闹

声听来，他们可能打起来了.

outside /aut'said/1 [the R (of); A] the part of

an object that is not inside; the part that is furthest from the centre, or that faces away towards other people or towards the open air 外部；外边；外面：Paint the outside of the house. 把房子外面油漆一下.This coat is fur on theinside and cloth on the outside.这件外套里面是毛皮，外面是布.The outside of his left foot is painful．他左脚的外部很痛．2［Wa5；A］facing

the outside 外面的；外头的：He took off the outside covering／wrapping of the box.他拆开那盒子外部的包装.What are the outside measure-ments of the box？那盒子的外围尺寸是多少？3［Wa5；A］ the open air 野外的；室外的；户外的：Outside workers need warm clothes in winter. 野外工作者在冬天需要穿保暖的衣服．4［Wa5； A］coming from or happening elsewhere 外来的； 外界的：We can＇t do it ourselves； we must get outside help.这件事我们自己做不了，必须找外援.She only thinks of her house and babies and doesn't pay much attention to the outside world.她只想着她的房子和孩子，不怎么关心外界的事情.She needs some outside interests and activities．她应有些户外兴趣和活动．5 ［Wa5；A］(of a chance or possibility) slight; unlikely; distant（指机会或可能性）极微小的；不大可能的；遥遥无期的：She hasn＇t even an outside chance of winning．她绝无可能获胜．6［Wa5；A］（of things that can be measured) greatest; most that can be allowed or accepted（指能度量之物）最大的；极度的：an outside figure of £100最大数目是一百英镑7 ［prep］ on or to the outsideof 在···的外面；在···的外边：People were waiting outside the door.人们在门外等候.There was a sign outside the cinema.电影院外边有一个招牌.8 ［prep］ beyond the limits of； not in 超越界限： He lives somewhere outside New York.他住在纽约市外某地.（fig）It＇s quite outside my experi-ence.这远远超出我的经验范围.People outsidethe organization don＇t understand it.组织以外的人是不理解这一点的．9 ［prep］ more than（something that can be measured）多于（某种可以度量之物）：I＇m afraid that＇s outside the figure I＇d calculated on.恐怕那已超出我所指望的数字．10［adv］ to or on the outside 向外面；在外面：Go and empty it outside.去把它倒在外面.The children were playing outside in the street.孩子们在外边街上玩耍.It＇s quite darkoutside；there＇s no moon.外边天很黑，没有月亮. It looks bigfrom outside.从外边看它很大.at the (very) outside at the most; and not more 至多；充其量：I won＇t spend more than £100 at the outside.我要花的至多不会超过一百英镑.outward /'autwəd/ [Wa5; B] 1 (placed, seen, or

happening）on the outside 外面的；外表的；在外的；从外面看的；在外面发生的：His outwardappearance was clean．他的外表很整洁．2 moving towards the outside 向外的；外出的： The outward movement from inside the hall forced people into the streets.从大厦里涌出的人潮把人们挤到街上.-ly［adv］：He was outwardly happy but inwardly sad.他外表上愉快，但内心却很忧伤.

outwards /'autwədz/ [adv] towards the outside 向外：This door opens outwards.这扇门向外开.

outer／＇autə／ ［Wa5； A］ on the outside 外部的；外面的：The outer hall leads to two inner halls. 外厅通向两个内厅.His outer garments （＝clothes） were dirty.他外面的衣服脏了.

outermost /'autəməust/[Wa5; B] esp lit far-thest from the inside，centre，etc 最外面的；离中心最远的：The outermost parts of the city are the newest.这城市最外面的区域是最新开辟的.

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open-air/,əupən'eə/ [Wa5; A] happening or being outside in the open， not under a roof 户外的；野外的：They held an open-air meeting. 他们举行了一次露天集会.

outdoor /,aut'do:/[Wa5; A] happening outside a house，etc 户外的；野外的；室外的；露天的：Heplays a lot of outdoor games.他参加许多室外体育活动.outdoors also 又作 out-of-doors ［adv］ outside a house，etc 在户外；在野外：The chil-dren are playing outdoors somewhere.孩子们正在室外某处玩耍.

exterior /ık'stıərıə/ 1 [Wa5; A; F to] outer;on or from the outside (esp of places); out of doors 外部的；外面的；对外的；外用的：Heclimbed the exterior walls of the prison.他爬上监狱的外墙.The play begins with an exterior scene in a garden.这话剧的开场戏是一个花园的外景.The kitchen was exterior to the house.厨房在房屋的外面．2［C］esp fml the outside；the outer appearance or surface 外部；外表；外面： The exterior of the house was painted white. 房屋的外部漆成白色.You mustn＇t judge peopleby their exteriors.你切不可以貌取人.

external /Ik'st3:nəl/ [Wa5; B] 1 on, of, or for the outside 外面的；外部的；外用的：This medi-cine is for external use， not to drink.这药只供外敷，不能内服.An external student studies outside the university.校外授课生不在大学里面学习.An external examination is organized by people outside one＇s own school.校外考试是由学校以外的人组织的．2 that can be seen but isnot natural or real 表面的；形式（上）的：To all external appearances he was a quiet man, but he had a violent temper.从外表看他是个性情温和的人，其实他的脾气很暴躁．3 foreign 国外的：This newspaper doesn't pay enough attention to external affairs.该报对国外事务注意不够.-ly[adv]

M206 adverbs ＆ adjectives，etc 副词、形容词等：here and not here 在这里与不在这里

here／hrə／［adv］1［F］at，in，or to this place 这里； 在这里；向这里；到这里：I live（right）here／two miles from here.我（就）住在这里／住在离这里两英里的地方.Come here.到这里来.It hurts here.这里痛.He＇s here！他在这里！Ilive near here.我住在附近.Here is where I want to stay.这里就是我想停留的地方.Come over across to)here.到这边来.It＇s here（where）we met.我们就是在这里遇见的．2（often at the beginning of asentence） at this point of time（常在句首）这时； 此刻：I came to a difficulty and here I stopped. 我碰到困难，就停了下来．3（used for introducingsomething or somebody, usu followed by the verb unless the subject is a pron）（用来引入某人或某物，动词紧跟其后；如主语是代词，则动词跟在主语后）：Here comes John.约翰来了.Here he comes！他来了！Here＇s the book.那本书在这儿.Here is the news．．．现在报告新闻···4［F］infml (used after a noun) being present; in this

M206 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

place（用在名词后面）在场；在这里：This bookhere is the most useful.现有的这本书是最有用的.It＇s Professor Smith＇s secretary here （＝ speaking on the telephone）.我是史密斯教授的秘书（电话中用语）．5［interj］（used to call some-one＇s attention）（用来引起某人注意）：Here！ What are you doing？ 喂！你在做什么？Here goes! Now I'm starting this activity (esp some-thing difficult）现在我就要开始做这件事（尤指做某种难做的事）；马上动手：I＇ll try to throw it toyou-Ready？-Here goes！我试试把它扔给你-准备好了没有？-瞧，来了！Here you areHere＇s what you want（你要的东西）就在这里：Have you seen my book?-Here you are; it was on the table.你看见我的书没有？-喏，这不就是，在桌子上面.Look here also 又作 Seehere emph Now give attention to my warning 喂！注意；听我说：See here，I can＇t allow this bad behaviour in my house.听着，我不能容忍在我家里有这种不良行为.

there／ðeə／［adv］1 to，at，or in that place 在那里； 往那里：Do you often go there？你常去那里吗？He＇s hiding there， under the trees.他躲在那儿， 在树下.I like living there.我喜欢住在那儿.Goand stand over there.去站在那儿.（compare 比较Come and stand over here．来站在这里．）2 at that point of time 在时间的某一点上；在那时：Iread to the bottom of the page and decided to stop there．我读到页尾决定就此打住．3（used fordrawing attention to someoneor something, usu followed by the verb unless the subject is a pron）（用来引起对某人或某事的注意；除主语为人称代词外，通常后跟动词）：There goes John.看，约翰走了.There he goes.瞧，他走了.There＇s the book．瞧，书在那里．Hello there！喂，你好！4 infml (usu used after a noun) being present in that place（通常用在名词后面）在那里的：I livein that house there．我住在那边那座房子里．5(used as the first word in a sentence or clause or as the second word in a question, as the subject of the verb,esp of be, seem and appear, when the real subject follows later）（用作句子的第一个词或问句的第二个词，作为动词的主语，特别是动词be，seem和appear的主语，这时真正的主语在后面）：There＇s a man at the door.门口有一个人.Is there something／anything wrong？有什么地方出了毛病吗？There＇s a hole in yourtrousers.你的裤子上有个洞.There＇s been a car stolen.有辆汽车被偷走了.There＇s plenty to eat， isn＇t there？有很多东西吃，是吗？I don＇t want there to be any doubt about this.我不想对此出现任何怀疑.There＇s something （that） keeps making a funny noise.有个东西老在发出怪声音.Is there anybeer？-No，there isn＇t.有啤酒吗？-没有.There came a knock at the door. 传来了敲门的声音．6 ［interj］（used forcomforting someone or for expressing victory, satisfaction, encouragement, sympathy,sad-ness, etc the meaning changing according to the setting (context) and the way it is ex-pressed）（用来安慰某人，或表示胜利、满意、鼓励、同情、忧伤等，语意随情境变化）：There！ Do youfeel better now？怎么样？你觉得好了些吗？There，there；stop crying.好啦！好啦！不要哭啦！There；

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M207 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

I told you I was right！瞧！我对你说过我是对的嘛！There；now I can have some peace.好了， 我现在可以得到一点儿安宁了.There；You＇vemade me cry.你看，你把我弄哭了.But there！What can you expect for £5？可是想想看，就五英镑你能指望买到什么？get there to succeed inreaching an aim 到达那里；达到目的；成功：You＇llget there in the end if you work hard！如果你努力工作，最终将会成功的！There you are 1 hereis what you wanted 这是你要的：There you are！ A nice cup of tea．这是你要的茶，一杯好茶．2Itold you so 我这样告诉过你了：There you are.Iknew I was right.你瞧！我就知道我是对的.thereand back to a place and back again 往返；来回： It＇s 4 hours there and back．来回要四个小时．there and then also 又作 then and there at that time and place 在当时当地；当场立即：Thereand then he kissed her and asked her to marry him.他当场立即吻了她，并向她求婚.There you go infml you are doing again what you usually do 你又来这一套了：There you go，talking about people behind their backs again.你又来这一套了，又在背后议论人家.

absent/'æbsənt/ [Wa5] 1 [B (from)] not in or at a place 缺席的；不在的；缺勤的：Who is absentfrom the group？ 组里有谁缺席了？He wasabsent（from school） for two weeks.他已经缺席（缺课）两周了.Who are the absent people？ 哪些人不在？2［A］ not aware of what is hap-pening 茫然的；恍惚的；心不在焉的：He had anabsent look on his face. 他脸上一片茫然.-ly[adv]: He looked absently at the piece of paper．他心不在焉地看着那张纸．absence 1［Ú(from)] the fact or stateof not being in or at a place 缺席；不在；缺勤：His absence from the meeting surprised us.他没有出席会议使我们感到很惊讶．2［U］ failure to be in or at a place when one should be 应出席而未能出席：Yourabsence was noticed．你的缺席引起了注意．3［C（from）］ occasion or result of being absent 缺席；缺席时间；缺席事例：His absences from workcaused trouble.他多次缺勤引起了麻烦.Therewere 140 absences from school today．今天有一百四十人没来上课．4［U］lack of something 缺乏；缺少：Cold is the absence of heat.冷就是缺乏热量.absentee ［C （from）］ a person who is absent esp from work 缺席者；不在者；缺勤者：How many absentees today？今天有多少人没来？ present/'prezənt/ [Wa5; B] in or at a place,esp that which is being spoken or written about 出席的；在场的；在座的：How many of the groupare present to-day？组里今天有多少人到了？John Smith！-Present！约翰·史密斯！-到！ (fml) Is she here?-No; she is not in the present group.她来了没有？-没有，出席的人中没有她.presence ［U］ the fact or state of being in or at a place 出席；在场；在座：His presence at the meeting was unusual.他出席会议是不寻常的.in one＇s presence when one is there 在某人面前；当着某人的面：Don＇t talk about it inher presence；she＇ll be very angry.不要在她面前谈论这事，她会非常生气的.presence of mindability to think quickly 应变才能；急智；镇定；沉着：Thanks to his presence of mind， we saved

all the money.多亏他急中生智，我们的钱才丝毫未受损失.

M207 prepositions ＆ adverbs 介词和副词： across，through，etc 横过、穿过等

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

穿过

across/ə'krps/ 1 [prep] from one side to the other of 横过；从···的一边到另一边：They built abridge across the river.他们建了一座桥横跨河上.2 [adv; prep] to or on the opposite side (of) 到对面；在对面；在···的另一边：Can you jumpacross？你能跳过对面去吗？We swam across the river.我们游到河的对岸.We walked across the bridge.我们走过桥去.Now that we are across the bridge， we can sit down and rest.我们已经过了桥，可以坐下来休息一下了.They live justacross the road（from us）.他们就住在马路的对面（与我们相对）．3［prep］ so as to cross 交叉；成十字形：The two lines cut across each other.那两条线相交.

over /'əuvə/ 1 [adv] across a distance or open space, either towards or away from the speak-er 越过；越过···向外或向前：They went over tothe US.他们到美国去了.He＇s seen me！ Look！ He＇s coming over.他看见我了！瞧！他走过来了.He went over and collected the pictures.他走了过去，把图画收拾起来.We must ask somepeople over for coffee．我们得请些人来喝咖啡．2[adv] from one (person or group) to another 从（某一人或某一组）到（另一人或组）：Hand overthat gun！把枪递过来！He signed over the money to his son.他签字把财产转让给儿子.Hewent over to （joined） the enemy.他已经投向敌人了．3 ［adv］ so as to be in each other＇s posi-tions or be exchanged 相互交换位置；变换：Let＇s change these two pictures over and hang this

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one up there.让我们把这两张画调换位置，把这张挂到那儿去．4［adv］ right through；completely from beginning to end 从头至尾地；全部地；完全地：He read／looked over the poems.他全部读／ 看完了那些诗.You＇d better think／talk it over carefully.你最好通盘地仔细考虑一下／谈一谈这件事．5 ［adv］ （showing that something is re-peated）（表示某事被重复）：She＇s asked me several times over to buy her a fur coat.她多次要求我给她买件毛皮外衣．6［adv］AmE again 再：My sums were wrong and I had to do them over．我算错了，只好重算一下．7［adv］remain-ing； not used when part has been taken 剩余； 多余：Was there any money over？有剩余的钱吗？Leave some bread over for tomorrow.留一些面包明天吃．3 into 7 goes twice and one over．7除以3得2余1.8［adv］so that another side is shown 翻转过来：Turn the page over.翻过这页.The dogs were rolling over (and over) on the grass.狗在草地上打滚.Roll me over on my left side because my right side hurts me so' （song）.“把我翻到左边侧卧，因为我的右边痛得厉害”（歌谣）．9［adv］ up，out，and downwards across an edge 越过；溢出：The milk＇s boiling over！牛奶沸溢出来了！The gate＇s locked-Let＇s climb over.-Are you over yet？大门已经锁上了，我们爬过去吧．-你爬过去了没有？10[adv] downwards to the side, from an upright position 倒下：The big dog knocked the child over.那条大狗把小孩撞倒了.He pushed me andI fell over．他把我推了一跤．11［adv］ esp AmEduring or beyond a certain period 在···时间内； 直到···之后：Don＇t leave now； Why not stay over till Monday？现在不要走吧！为什么不待到星期一呢？12 ［adv］（before an adjectiveor adverb） too；more than is good（用在形容词或副词前）过分地；太：Don＇t be over anxious about it.不必过分担心这件事.I＇m not over keenon it.我不太喜爱它.He didn＇t do it over well （＝he did it badly）．这事他干得不太好．13［adv］so as to be covered and not seen 覆盖：Let＇s paint it over in green. 让我们把它全漆成绿色.Cover her over with a sheet．用床单把她盖住．14[prep] (so as to be) directly above; higher than， but not touching 在···上方：The lamp hung overlabove the table.那盏灯吊在桌子上方.（compare 比较 The lamp stood on the table. 那盏灯摆在桌子上.）The doctor leaned over thebody．医生俯身在那具尸体上．15［prep］（so as tobe) completely or partly covering; resting on top of 在···上面：He spread his coat over the sleeping child.他把上衣盖在睡着的孩子身上.Shekept her hand over the top of the bottle.她用手握住瓶口．16［prep］ to the other side of，esp by going up and then down again 越过；到···的另一边（尤指上去再下来）：to jump over thewall／the ditch 跳过墙／水沟（compare 比较across the ditch， but not across the wall 横过水沟，但不能横越墙）；If we can＇t get over themountain we must go round it.如果我们不能爬过这座山，就必须绕山脚过去．17 ［prep］ from sideto side of 从一边到另一边：There was a bridgeoverlacross the river.有一座桥横跨河上.The ball rolled overlacross the grass.球滚过草地.I

M207 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

read it over his shoulder.我从他肩上望过去，读到了它.The car ran over a dog and killed it.那辆汽车从狗身上压过去，把它压死了．18［prep］ onthe far side of 在···对面；在···另一边：They live （just） over the street.他们（就）住在街的对面.(fig) We're over (past) the worst of our troub-les now．我们现在已经渡过了最困难的时期．19［prep］ down across the edge of 从···边缘滚下： He fell over a log／over the cliff.他被圆木绊倒／ 从悬崖掉下．20［prep］ in or through many or all parts of 遍及：They travelled （all） over Europe.他们游遍（整个）欧洲.The disease is spreading over the whole area.那种疾病正在整个地区蔓延.She poured water all over me.她把我泼了一身水．21［prep］（showing command or control）（表示控制或支配）：He ruled over a large kingdom.他统治一个大的王国.We havecontrol over prices.我们控制住物价.The State has taken over the firm.国家已接管了那家公司.22 ［prep］ higher in rank than； commanding 级别高于···；支配···：I don＇t want anyone over me telling me what to do.我不愿在我头上有人对我指手划脚．23［prep］ more than（something that can be measured）（指可量度的东西）多于；超过：The temperature was over 30 degrees．气温超过三十多度．He bought over 30 books and spent just over £50．他买了三十多本书，只花了五十英镑多一点．24［prep］ during；in the course of （an event or period）在···期间；在···过程中：It was done over the last two years.这件事是在这两年内完成的.They talked over lunch.他们边谈话，边吃午餐．25［prep］ till the end of； through-out（an event or period）直到···之后；过完：Are you staying in London over Christmas？你留在伦敦过圣诞节吗？26［prep］（heard or said） by means of or using 通过···；使用···（听到或说到）：I heard it over the radio.我从收音机中听到这个消息.I don＇t want to say it over the tele-phone．我不想在电话里讲．27 ［prep］ in connec-tion with；on the subject of 关于···；在···方面： He has difficulties over his tax.他在税务方面有些困难．28［Wa5；F（with）］（of an event or period of time） finished；ended（指一件事或一段时间）结束；完成；完了：Let＇s do it now and getit over（with）.我们现在就来做这件事，把它完成吧.That part of his job is over.他工作的那一部分已完成.It＇s all over with us now （＝ we are ruined； we have nothing to hope for）.现在我们一切都完了（＝我们再没有什么可以指望的了）.（all） over again again； once more 再一次：My sums were wrong and I had to do them all over again.我计算错了，得再算一次.and／or （abit/a little) over (of things that can be mea-sured） and／or more； and／or upwards（指可量度的东西）更多的数量；较多的数量；以上：childrenof 14 and over十四岁或以上的儿童；It cost £100or a bit over.它价值一百英镑多一点.Over！also又作 Over to you！ （in radio signalling）You speak now！（无线电通话讯号）你讲话！over andover （again） repeatedly； again and again 再三： She's asked me over and over (again) to bring her a fur coat.她再三要我给她带一件毛皮外衣.over here on or to this side 在这边；到这边：Let＇s sit over here by this window.我们坐在这

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M208 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

个窗户旁边吧！over there on or to that side 在那边；往那边：Let＇s sit over there by that window.我们坐到那个窗户旁边吧！over andabove as well as；besides 除···之外；此外：He paid for the meal over and above the cost of the taxi.除了计程车费外，他还付了饭费.

along /ə'lon/ 1 [prep] in the direction of the length of； towards the end of 沿着；循着：We walked along the road．我们沿着路走．2［prep］ in a line next to the length of 沿着···旁边：Trees grew along the road.沿路两旁长着树木.Bring it along here（＝along in this direction）.把它带到这边来．3［adv］forward；on 向前：He asked us to move along．他要我们向前走．4［adv（with）］ with others or oneself 一道；一起：Ì＇ll go along with you.我将和你同去.You come along with me.你和我一起来.Is he coming along too？他也一起来吗？I took my sister along （to the meeting）．我带了妹妹一同去（参加会议）．5［adv］here or there； over；across 这里或那里；过来；横过：I＇ll be along soon.我一会儿就过来.Comealong and visit us next week. 下周过来看我们.all along all the time 始终；一直；一贯：I knew the truth all along.我一直都知道事情的真相.

through/θru:/1 [prep] from one end or side to another， esp inside （something）穿过；通过： They made a hole through the wall.他们在墙上打了一个洞.The main road passes through the town．那条主要公路穿过该镇．2［adv］fromone end or side to another, esp inside some-thing 穿过；通过：He opened the doors and went through to the hall.他打开一道又一道门，穿过它们到达大堂.Please go through； he iswaiting to see you．请过去，他等着见你．3［Wa5；A; adv] going from one end or side to an-other，esp inside something 直通（的）；直达（的）：This is the through train to London； it doesn't stop anywhere but goes straight through.这是去伦敦的直达列车，哪里也不停，直达终点．4［adv］（fig）not fml finished 完成；干完； 算了；吹了：Are you through with your work now？你的工作做完了没有？I＇m through withhim；I never want to see him again！我和他吹了，我再也不愿见到他！5［adv；prep］completely； from beginning to end 从头到尾；自始至终；全部；到底：He read through the book／read the book through（from cover to cover）.他把这本书从头到尾读完了.Please look through this work and see if it is properly done.请彻底检查一下这项工作，看是否做得好．6［prep］ by means of；from 以···；经由：We heard about it through some friends．我们从一些朋友那儿听到这件事．7［prep］because of 由于；因为：He became ill through being out all night in the rain.他由于在外面淋了一夜雨，所以病了.

M208 prepositions ＆ adverbs 介词和副词： against 靠着

against／ə＇genst／1［prep］ so as to touch 倚在；紧靠：Put the boxes over there， against the wall. 把盒子都放到那边去，紧靠着墙．2［prep］ as a

contrast［■N192］with 以···为背景；与···对照：It is difficult to see anything against this bright light.对着这种强光很难看到任何东西.The treeswere black against the sky.在天空的衬托下，树都变黑了．3 forcefully towards，onto，etc 撞上； 碰见：The rain was beating against the windows. 雨点拍打着窗户.He hit his head against thewall．他的头撞在墙上．4［prep；adv］ in oppo-sition（to） 逆；反对；违反：He fought against them／against evil.他与他们／与邪恶势力斗争.Shespoke against the new law.她发言抨击新的法律.What he did was against the law and they sent him to prison.他的行为触犯了法律，他们把他送进了监狱.If I do this， it will be against mywill （＝ I won＇t want to do it）.我若做此事也不是心甘情愿的.In the voting there were ten for and three against.在这次投票中，十票赞成，三票反对．They are against war．他们反对战争．5［prep］ to protect one from 以备；以防：The doctor gave him an injection[→B174]against the disease.医生给他打防疫针.Wear a warmcoat against the cold.穿上保暖的外衣以御寒.

as against ［prep］ when compared with 与···相比；与···相对照：This job will give you £8,000 a year as against £6,000 in the other one; you must accept it！这个工作年薪八千英镑，相比之下那个工作年薪只有六千英镑；你一定要接受这份职业！

up against ［prep］ opposng；faced with 对抗；对付：In this fight he is up against one of the most dangerous enemies he has ever met.在这次战斗中，他要对付的是他从未遇到过的最危险的敌人.

with ／wið／［prep］ against 反对；敌对；与···对抗： Stop fighting with him！别与他打了！He had a race with me and I won.他与我比赛，我赢了.We must be able to compete with foreign com-panies.我们一定要做到能与外国公司竞争.

M209 adverbs,prepositions, adjectives, etc 副词、介词、形容词等：near近

near/nə/1 [adv;prep; Wal;B (to)] (the word to may be used with nearer and nearest, but not usu with near) not being a long way from (a place, thing, etc) in distance,time,degree, quality，etc（to 可与 nearer 和 nearest 连用，但通常不与near连用）（在距离、时间、程度、质量上，距某地、某时等）近（的）；离···不远（的）；接近：He＇s coming in the near future.他不久会来. Pick an apple from the nearest tree,the one nearest （to） the house.在最近的那棵树上摘个苹果，即最靠近房子的那棵.The building is near thestation.那幢建筑物在车站附近.How near is thestation to here （＝from here）？车站离这里有多近？His opinion is very near my own； it＇s nearer（to）my own than any other.他的观点和我的很相近；比别人的都要接近.We had anattendance near 15,000 at the cricket match. 那场板球比赛我们有接近一万五千观众.It was atime（somewhere）near midnight.那是接近半夜的（某个）时候.Don＇t go too near the edge of

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the cliff；just near enough to see over it.不要太走近悬崖的边缘，只要近得能从上往下看就可以了.Was your answer very near the right one？你的答案与正确答案很接近吗？She came near totears （＝ almost cried）.她几乎要哭了.Call me again nearer （to） the time of the meeting.接近开会的时候再给我来一次电话．2［Wal；B］in aclose relation or association 接近的；密切的：All my near relatives live abroad.我所有的近亲都住在国外．near-［comb form］1 almost 几乎；差不多：a near-perfect performance 近乎完美的表演；music near-perfectly performed 演奏得近乎完美的音乐；a near-white colour 近乎白的颜色2something almost the stated thing 近似于···：a near-war (= violence almost as bad as a war) 近似战争的暴力事件3［Wal； A］ （of one of twothings）（指两件东西之一）a esp BrE left-hand 左边的：Was it the nearside front wheel of the car or the offside wheel？是汽车的左前轮还是右前轮呢？b closer 较近的；接近的：Can we fishfrom the near bank of the river or must we cross over to the far bank？我们能在这边河岸钓鱼吗？还是一定要过河到对岸去？

nearly／＇niəli／［adv］just about but not 几乎；差不多：Last year she was very ill and nearly died. 去年她病得很厉害，几乎死去了.It nearly hap-pened.这件事几乎发生了：

almost ／＇o：lməust／［adv］ nearly 几乎；差不多： Last year she was very ill and almost died.去年她病得很厉害，儿乎死去了.It almosthappened.这件事差一点就发生了.

close /kləus/[adv; Wal;B (together, to)] near 接近地；接近的：Stay close（together）.紧靠在一起.They have a house close to the river.他们有一座靠河边的房子.He is very close to thetruth now.现在他非常接近事实真相了.

USAGE ［用法说明］near and close are almost the same in meaning, but there are certain phrases in which each of these words is used before a particular noun and cannot be changed for the other.near 与 close的词意几乎相同，但在某些词组中，这两个词各与特定的名词搭配，不能互换.Notice 注意：the near future 不久的将来；the near distance 不远处（not 不用close）；a close friend一个亲密的朋友

alongside /ə'lpij'saıd/ 1 [adv] close to and in line with the edge (of anything); along the side 并排地；沿着边；靠在旁边：We brought ourboat alongside．我们把船靠在边上．2 also 又作alongside of ［prep］ side by side with 沿···的旁边；与···并排：We brought our boat alongside （of）the harbour wall.我们把船停靠在港内岸边.

together /tə'geðə/ [adv] 1 in or into one group, body，or place 一起；共同：The people gathered together.人们聚在一起.John and Jean are living together but they have no plans to get married．约翰和琼现在同居，但他们无意结婚．2inor into union 结合；在一起：Tie the ends together.把尾端绑在一起.Add these numbers together．把这些数字加起来．Multiply 5 and 17together．把5与17相乘． It＇s torn， but I＇ll stick it together again with paste.它撕破了，但我会用浆糊把它再粘起来的．3 in or into relationship withone another 相互有关系；使相互发生关系：We

M209 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

hope to bring the two enemies close enough together to make peace. 我们希望把敌对双方拉在一起，化干戈为玉帛．4 at the same time 同时：We all shouted together.我们一起呼喊.Why do all my troubles always come together？为什么我总是祸不单行？5 without interruption 不断地；连续地：It rained for four days together.连续下了四天雨．6 in agreement； combined 一致地；合力地：We should all stand together to defend what we believe to be right.我们应同心协力捍卫我们坚信是正确的东西.Together we carried thepiano down the stairs.我们一起把钢琴抬到楼下去．7 considered as a whole；collectively 集体地；整体地：He did more to win the war than the rest of us（put）together.他对赢得战争胜利所作的贡献超过我们一起所作的贡献．8 into or ina condition of unity 一致；连贯：The argument does not hold together well. 这论点前后矛盾. close／near together ［adv］ near each other 密集 together with as well as； along with； in addition to 连同；以及；和：He sent her some roses， together with a nice letter.他送她一束玫瑰花和一封热情洋溢的信.

with /wið/[prep] 1 in the presence of; beside; near，among， or including 和···一起；跟···一起； 在···旁边；包括···在内：She is staying with a friend／living with her children.她和朋友／和她的孩子们住在一起.A man walked down the roadwith his dog.有一个人带着狗沿着大路走去.Heacted with a Shakespeare company.他在一个莎士比亚剧团演戏.The meal cost three poundswith wine.这一餐连酒在内花了三英镑.Mix theflour with some milk．把牛奶和面粉拌在一起．2having，possessing，or showing 带有；带着；具有： It was a book with a green coverla child with a dirty face.那是一本绿皮的书／那是一个脸上很脏的小孩.The man with thebig dog came in.带着那只大狗的人进来了.She came in with asmile.她微笑着走进来.They fought with cour-age．他们英勇作战．3 by means of 用：He foughtwith a sword. 他用剑战斗.She ate it with a spoon.她用汤匙吃.I succeeded， with his advice.我听了他的话，成功了.Cut it with thescissors．用剪刀把它剪开．4 having as material or contents 含有；有···（作为材料或内容）：I filledit with sugar.我把它装满了糖.It was covered with dirt.上面盖满了尘土.The cake was made with egg.这是用鸡蛋做的糕点.It was a roomcrowded with people．这间房子里挤满了人．5 insupport of； in favour of 赞同；支持：He voted with the government. 他投票支持政府.The whole country is with the prime minister.全国上下都拥护首相.I agree with every word.每句话我都同意.You＇re either with me or against me. 你要么支持我，要么反对我．6 against 反对；对立：Stop fighting with your brother！不要和你弟弟打架！Have a race with me．和我赛一赛．7 in thesame direction as 与···同一方向：He sailed with the wind.他顺风航行.We were carried along with the crowd．我们随着人群移动．8 at thesame time（and rate）as 随着···；与···同时：With the dark nights comes the bad weather.连接几天晚上都没有月亮，黑沉沉的，天气也跟着变糟了.Her hair became grey with the passing of

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the years.随着岁月的消逝，她的头发变白了.Hisearnings increased wih his power.他权力越大收入越多．9 by comparison to 与···比较：tocompare chalk with cheese 拿干酪来和粉笔比较；to match a coat with a skirt 拿裙子配外套10（separate）from 与···分离：She doesn＇t like to part with money.她不愿出钱.He broke with the past／his family．他与过去／家庭断绝关系了．11in spite of 尽管；虽然：With all his advantages， he is still not a success.尽管他具有许多有利条件，但还是没有成功.With the bes will （＝ inten-tion) in the world, I can't make her like me. 尽管我一片好意对待她，但总是得不到她的欢心．12a because of 因为：She was singing with joy.她因喜悦而高歌.The grass was wet with rain.草地因下雨而湿了.His eyes were bright with excite-ment.他的眼睛因激动而闪亮着.b because ofhaving 因为有：With three children we can＇t afford new furniture.由于有三个孩子，我们买不起新家具.With winter coming on， it＇s time to buy warm clothes.冬天即将来临，该买些御寒的衣服了.I can＇t go out with all these dishes to wash.因为有这么多餐具要洗，所以我不能外出了.13 in the care of 交给···照顾；交给···照管：Yoursecret is safe with me.我会为你好好保守秘密的.Leave your little dog with me while you go on holiday.你去度假时把小狗交给我照管吧.Canyou trust him with a secret？你相信他会保守秘密吗？14 concerning；in the case of 关于；至于； 对···来说：What＇s wrong／the matter with you？ 你怎么了？Be careful with that glass.小心那玻璃杯.Be gentle with the baby.对婴儿动作要轻些.There＇s a difficulty with this new timetable. 执行这个新时刻表有一个困难．15（joined）to 与···（结合）：Mix this with that.把这个和那个混合起来.without ［prep］ esp emph not having； not with 没有；不带有：She came here without my knowledge (= I didn't know that she had come here）.我不知道她来了这儿.Don＇t go withoutus.不要撇下我们就走.He drove the car withouttaking proper care. 他开车时不好好注意.Shewent out in the rain without a coat on.她没穿外套就冒雨出去了.

next to 1 ［prep］ also 又作 old use next in the closest place to 紧靠；紧贴：the table next（to） the door 紧靠门的桌子；I don＇t like wool next to my skin.我不喜欢贴身穿羊毛的东西.We live inthe next-to-the-last house in the road.我们住在街尾倒数第二幢房子．2［prep］closest in order，degree，etc to 紧接在···之后；其次：Next to riding，I like swimming best.除骑马外，我最喜爱的就是游泳．3 ［prep］ infml in a position to know （about）； in a close relation to 与···接近； 与···关系密切：I could never get next to him to find out what he was really like.我从未能接近他，无法知道他实际上是怎样的一个人．4［adv］ notfml almost 几乎：The speech said next to nothing.这个演说几乎没有谈什么.It＇s next toimpossible to drive in this traffic.在这样的交通状况下，车辆行驶几乎是不可能的.

next /nekst/1 [Wa5; B; det] nearest; immedi-ately following 最近的；紧接在后面的：Hedoesn't live in this street but in the next one. 他不住在这条街，而是住在下一条街.Who is next？

下一个是谁？She will be the next （person） to go.下一个去的人是她.He came one day andleft the next.他头一天来，第二天就走了.He isgoing there next week．下周他将去那儿．2［adv］ after this or that 然后；其次：What did she do next？然后她做了什么？When we next met him／ met him next， he had lost all his money.我们再见到他时，他已把钱全都丢了.

next door ［adv F（to）］ in the next house 在隔壁： She's the girl next door; she lives next door to me.她是隔壁的那个女孩；她住在我的隔壁.next-door [Wa5; A]: Our next-door neigh-bours are not very friendly.我们隔壁的邻居不很友好.

beside/br'said/ [prep] very near or right next to 在···旁边；紧靠：Sit here beside me.坐在我的旁边.Put the box there，beside the table.把箱子放在那里，在桌子旁边.

adjacent /ə'd3eisənt/ [Wa5; B (to)] (usu of land, rooms, etc but not people or numbers) fml next to （something） in position（通常指土地、房屋等，不指人或数字）毗连的；邻接的：He hasthe adjacent room to mine/the room adjacent to mine.他住的房间紧挨着我的.

side by side the one beside the other 肩并肩地： They sat side by side.他们并肩而坐.

neighbouring BrE, -bor- AmE /'neibərig/ ［Wa5；A］ near one another 邻近的；附近的；接壤的：We live in neighbouring houses.我们的房子相距很近．She lives in the neighbouring town，15 or 16 kilometres away．她住在十五六公里外的一个邻近城镇里.

surrounding /sə'raundir/ [Wa5; A] around and nearby 周围的；附近的：He lives somewhere in the surrounding area.他住在附近某处.

handy/'hændi/[Wal; B (for)] not fml nearby; ready for use 近处的；方便的：Is there a telephone handy？这儿附近有电话吗？This house ishandier for the shops than that one.这座房子比那座房子离商店近些.

approximate /ə'proksəmit/ [B] nearly correct but not exact 近似的；大约的：The approximate number of boys in the school is 300．那所学校的男学生人数大概是三百人.Please remember thatthe figure of 300 is only approximate．请记着三百这个数字只是约数．-ly［adv］ approximate ［T1； L1］ to bring or come near to 估计；接近；近似；使接近：Could you approximate the cost？你能估出费用大约是多少吗？The cost would approximate £5 million． 费用接近五百万英镑．approximateto ［v prep L1］ to come near 近于；接近于：What was said approximated to the facts but still left a great deal out.所说的情况接近于事实，但还有很多遗漏的地方．approximation 1 ［C （to， of）］ a result, calculation, description, drawing, etc, that is not exact but is good enough（结果、计算、描述、绘图等的）近似：300 is only an approxi-mation of the right number.三百只是正确数的近似值．2［U（to，of）］ the state of being or getting near，as to a position，quality，or number（位置、性质、数目上的）接近

verge on also 又作 verge upon ［v prep T1］ to be close to 接近；濒临：Her plan verges on madness；we must not follow it.她的计划近乎

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