angry 使发疯；使发狂；使狂怒：The horse wasmaddened by the pain and kicked its owner. 马痛得发狂，踢了它的主人.It maddens me whenI see her making the room untidy.我看到她把房间弄乱就气得不得了.

incense／In＇sens／fml to anger 使怒；激怒：This kind of wastefulness incenses her.这样的浪费使她很生气.He was very incensed when he heard about their change of plan.他听说他们改变了计划非常生气.

F103 nouns 名词：anger and annoyance 愤怒与烦恼

anger /'ængə/ [U] a fierce feeling of displea-sure, usu leading to a desire to punish the person or to harm the thing causing it 怒；愤怒： The cruelty he saw filled him with anger.他目睹的残暴行径使他义愤填膺.

temper/'tempə/[C] an angry, impatient, or bad state of mind 脾气； 怒气； 愠怒： He＇s in a tempertoday，so keep away from him.他今天脾气不好， 你别去惹他．［ALSO→F3］fly into a temper to become angry quickly and suddenly 勃然大怒： She flew into a temper when I asked her where she had been.当我问她到那里去了时，她便大发脾气.keep one＇s temper to stay calm 忍住气：Whatever she says to annoy you， try and keep your temper.不管她说什么惹你生气，你要尽量耐住性子.lose one＇s temper to be-come angry 发脾气：He behaved so stupidly that I lost my temper with him.他的行为如此愚蠢，以致我忍不住跟他发脾气了.out of temperfml angry 生气：The boss is out of temper wwith him today.今天老板对他大发脾气.

huff /haf/ [S] a state of bad temper when offended 发怒；发火（esp in the phr go into a huff 发怒）： She＇s gone into a huff because my brother didn＇t remember her name.她发火了， 因为我弟弟忘了她的名字.Don＇t go off in a huff；we didn＇t mean we wanted you to leave.不要怒气冲冲地离开；我们没有要你走的意思.

annoyance /ə'noəns/1 [U] the state of being annoyed 烦恼；恼怒；不高兴：His annoyance showed on his face．他满脸不高兴的样子．2［U］the act of annoying 烦扰：Stop al this annoy-ance！不要这么烦人！3［C］ something which annoys 令人烦恼的事物：Those noisy cats are a great annoyance late at night.那些猫深夜里叫个不停，真讨厌.

provocation / provə'keifən/1 [U; C] the act of provoking or state of being provoked 挑衅；激怒：He was found guilty of provocation and causing a fight.他向人挑衅并引起斗殴，被判有罪.2 [U] the reason for provoking or being pro-voked 激怒的原因；惹人恼火的事：After giving ussuch provocation, is he surprised we are angry？他这样招惹我们，我们生气他是不是没有想到？3［C］something that tests one＇s powers of self-control 对自制力的考验：There are many provocations in teaching a class of badly-behaved children.教一班顽童会有许多考验自己

F104 ANGER ＆ CALM 愤怒与镇静

自制力的机会.

displeasure /dis'ple3ə/ [U] dislike, disap-proval， and anger 不愉快；不满；生气：Heshowed his displeasure by leaving the room. 他走出房间以示不满.

vexation /vek'seıfən/ 1 [U] the feeling or state of being vexed ［→F100］；displeasure 烦恼；恼火；苦恼；伤脑筋：She cried with vexation when the wind blew her hat into the river.风把她的帽子吹到河里，她懊丧地叫了一声．2［C］some-thing that causes this feeling 引起烦恼的事；令人恼火的事情；伤脑筋的事：He enjoyed the workin spite of its many vexations.尽管工作中有许多烦恼的事，他还是喜欢这份工作.

irritation / ırə'teıfən/ 1 [U] the feeling of being irritated［→F100］激怒；烦恼；生气2［C］some-thing which irritates 令人激怒或烦恼的事物

fury／＇fjuəri／［U；C］ great， usu wild， anger 大怒； 狂怒： He＇s in a fury about not being picked to play for the football team.他因没有被选入足球队而大为光火.She attacked him with／in fury. 她怒不可遏地向他袭击.His sudden furies terri-fied her.他的暴怒使她感到害怕.

rage /reid3/ [U;C] great, often uncontrolled, anger 大怒；不可遏制的怒火：His rage when heheard the news was frightening.听到这个消息时他愤怒得令人害怕.Don＇t get in a rage；calmdown.不要发怒，镇静下来.

F104 adjectives 形容词：angry and annoyed 生气的与烦恼的

angry ／＇ængri／ ［Wal； B］ filled with anger 生气的；发怒的：She＇ll be angry if you go there.如果你去那里，她会生气的.I was angry because Imissed that film.我很生气，因为错过了那场电影.-ily［adv］

cross／krps／［Wal；F；（A）］angry 生气的；发怒的： She's feeling very cross because you didn't come.她很不高兴，因为你没有来.Please don＇tbe cross with me； I＇m sorry I didn＇t come.请不要生我的气；很抱歉我没有来.

annoyed /ə'noid/ [B] a little angry; made angry by certain repeated acts 烦恼的；生气的：I＇m annoyed because he kept asking me silly ques-tions.我不太高兴，因为他老问些愚蠢的问题.Shehad an annoyed look on her face.她脸上有一种不耐烦的神情.

peeved／pi：vd／［B （at）］ infml annoyed 恼怒的； 气恼的：She＇s peeved at／with him because he didn＇t help her.她对他有些恼怒，因为他没有帮她.peevish／＇pi：vif ［B］ infml easily annoyed 易怒的；暴躁的：Oh， don＇t be so peevish； I was only joking！喂，别动不动就生气；我不过是开玩笑而已！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

huffy／＇hafi／［Wal；B］ in a huff 生气的；发怒的： Oh，don＇t be so huffy！哎，别这么生气嘛！-ily [adv]-iness [U]

irate／，ar＇reit／［B］fml angry 愤怒的；发怒的：We were chased out of the field by an irate farmer.我们被一个愤怒的农夫从田里赶了出来.-ly[adv]

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F105 ANGER ＆ CALM 愤怒与镇静

to cause anger 挑衅的；激怒的：His speech was

provocative and caused a lot of angry com-

ment.他的演讲具有挑衅性，引起了许多愤怒的评

论.-ly［adv］

vexatious /vek'serfəs/ displeasing; troublesome;

causing vexation 烦心的；令人不快的；麻烦的：

After a lot of vexatious delays the building of

the house was begun.经过许多令人心烦的拖延，

那座建筑物终于动工兴建了.-ly［adv］

trying/'tram/ making a person annoyed, tired,

etc 恼人的；累人的：What a trying child he is；

he＇s very badly behaved！多么恼人的孩子；他表

现得很不好！I＇ve had a trying day； nothing

went well.我今天够受的，什么事都不顺利.

infuriating／in＇fjuərieitn／ causing fury 激怒的；令

人发怒的：He can be quite infuriating some-

times because he＇s so selfish.有时他会非常令人

生气，因为他是那么自私.-ly［adv］

maddening /'mædənin/ 1 infml very annoying

令人非常讨厌的；使人狂怒的：He＇s got a madden-

ing way of pretending to be interested, but

afterwards you find he wasn't listening at all.

他会装着感兴趣的样子，但事后你发现他根本没听；

他这种表现把人都气疯了．2 causing much pain

or worry 引起剧痛的；令人担心的：The pain was

maddening and she couldn＇t sleep.疼痛剧烈，

使她无法入睡.-ly［adv］

F106 verbs 动词：quarrelling and

disputing 争吵与争论

[ALSO→C45]

quarrel/'kworəl/ [IØ] to have a (strong) argu-

ment 争吵；吵架：The two brothers quarrelled.

那两兄弟吵架了.I don＇t want to quarrel with

you.我不想跟你吵架.

squabble /'skwpbəl/ [IØ] emot to quarrel, esp

over something unimportant 争吵；（为琐事）口

角：The children were squabbling over who

would play with the toy soliers first.孩子们为

争谁先玩玩具士兵而吵了起来.

argue/'a:gju:/ [IØ] to disagree in, or fight with,

words；quarrel 争辩；争论：Do what you are

told and don＇t argue （with me）.叫你干什么就干

什么，不要（跟我）争辩.They were arguing about

who lost the ball.他们在争论谁丢了球.

bicker /'bikə/ [IØ] to quarrel,esp about small

matters（为小事）口角；争吵：Those two chil-

dren are always bickering (with each other)

about all sorts of things.那两个孩子老是为了各

种事情争吵.Stop bickering！别吵了！

row /rau/ [IØ (with)] infml to quarrel,often

noisily or violently 争吵；吵架；吵闹：They＇re

rowing again.他们又在吵架了.She always

breaks dishes after rowing with her husband.

她和丈夫吵架之后总要摔盘子.

fall out ［v adv IØ （with）］ infml to quarrel 争吵；

吵嘴：I＇m afraid she has fallen out with him；

they fell out last week over some stupid little

thing or other.我担心她和他闹翻了；上星期他们

为一件莫名其妙的小事吵嘴了.

provocative /prə'vpkətiv/ causing or intended disagree /,dısə'gri:/ [IØ (with)] 1 (of people) to

nasty／＇na：sti／［Wal；B］ angry or threatening 生气的；威胁的：He has a nasty temper； be care-ful.他的脾气很坏；当心点.She turned nasty（＝started to threaten me) when I didn't give her the money.我不给她钱她就开始威胁起我来了.-ily[adv]-iness [U]

furious/'fjuərıəs/ [B] 1 angry, usu in an uncon-trolled way 狂怒的；大发雷霆的：He＇ll be furious with us if we＇re late.如果我们迟到他会暴跳如雷的.He＇ll be furious at being kept waiting.让他久等他会大发脾气的.It makes me furious whenpeople don't listen, and then ask silly ques-tions.最惹我生气的是，有些人不听讲，然后问些可笑的问题．2 powerful and suggesting anger 猛烈的；强烈的：He struckhis enemy a furious blow.他狠狠地打了敌人一拳.There was a furi-ous knocking at the door.有人在猛力地敲门.Last night the storm was furious.昨晚的暴风雨十分猛烈．3（fig）wild；uncontrolled 难以控制的； 疯狂的：He has a furious temper.他脾气暴躁.She drove the car at a furious speed.她以疯狂的速度开车.-ly［adv］

wild ／waild／［Wal； F］ infml angry 发怒的：She＇ll be wild at you if you don't get home before midnight.如果你午夜前不回家，她会对你发火的.

mad／mæd／［Wal； F］ infml very annoyed 恼怒的； 生气的：Don＇t be mad at me， please； I won＇t do it again.请不要对我发火；我再也不那么做了.He was mad with her because she took the money.他对她发火了，因为她拿了那些钱.

infuriated／In＇fjuərieitid／［B］ full of fury 激怒的； 十分生气的：He looked really infuriated when he saw how much the work cost.当他看到这项工作的开销是多少钱时，他看来真的发火了.

enraged／in＇reid3d／［B］ full of rage 激怒的；勃然大怒的：He looked enraged when he heard the news.他听到这消息时显得很愤怒.

incensed／in＇senst／［B］ fml very angry 很生气的； 愤怒的：Several incensed readers telephoned the newspaper editor about the front-page story.有好几个生气的读者就这条头版消息打电话给报纸编辑.

livid／＇livid／［B］ often infml very angry 非常气愤的：Dad＇s livid because you got home so late last night！你昨夜回来那么晚，爸爸非常生气.Hewas livid with anger.他脸都气白了.

irritated /'irə,teitid/ [B] rather angry; having been irritated ［→F100］恼怒的；生气的

F105 adjectives 形容词：annoying and maddening［B］令人烦恼的与令人发火的

annoying /ə'nou/ causing annoyance or slight anger 讨厌的；恼人的：This really is annoying； now I won＇t be able to go to town.这真气人；我现在没法进城了.-ly［adv］

irritating /'Irə,teItn/making a person get angry easily 气人的；使人不快的：He＇s a very irritating person.他是个非常惹人生气的人.This is irritat-ing；it means I can＇t go until later.这真气人；这意味着我迟些才能去了.-ly［adv］

352

have different opinions； to quarrel slightly 意见不同；闹意见：Bill and I often disagree but we are good friends.我和比尔常常意见不同，但我们仍是好朋友.I disagreed with him about／over／as to what we ought to do.对于该做什么，我跟他意见不一致．2 （of statements， reports， etc） to be unlike（说法、报道等）不一致：These two reports of the accident disagree.这两份关于事故的报告说法不一致.This newspaper report disagrees with the account on the radio.这份报纸的报道与广播的报道各执一词.

dispute /dr'spju:t/ 1 [T1, 6a, b; 1Ø] to argue （about），esp angrily and for some time（尤指生气地和持续一段时间）争论；辩论；争执：Theydisputed for hours（about） where to go.关于到何处去的问题他们争论了好几小时．2［T1］todisagree about； doubt 对···持异议；质疑：The honesty of his intentions was never disputed. 他的诚恳用心从来没人怀疑过．3［T1］to struggleagainst，esp in defence（尤指守方）阻止；抵抗： Our soldiers disputed the advance of the enemy．我们的士兵阻止了敌人的前进．4［T1］tostruggle over or about， esp in defence（尤指守方）争夺：The defending army／the two armies disputed every inch of ground.防御部队／两支军队争夺每一寸土地.

conflict /kən'flikt/ [IØ (with)] to be in disagree-ment 矛盾；冲突；抵触：The two ideas conflict； they can＇t be brought together.这两种想法互相矛盾，无法调和.

clash/klæf/ [IØ (with)] 1 to come into oppo-sition 冲突；不调和：Every time they meet they clash.他们每次见面都发生冲突.The enemyarmies clashed near the border.敌对军队在边界附近发生冲突.Those colours she＇s wearing clash（＝don＇t match）.她穿的衣服颜色不协调.2 (of events) to be at the same time on the same date and therefore cause difficulty（指两件事情）在时间上冲突；撞期：Her weddingclashed with my examination so I couldn't go. 她的婚礼与我的考试时间冲突，所以我不能参加.

F107 nouns 名词： quarrelling and disputing 争吵与辩论

disagreement /,dısə'gri:mənt/1 [C; U] the fact or a case of disagreeing； polite a quarrel 意见不同；争执；分歧：There has been serious dis-agreement between the political parties over this question.在这个问题上政党之间一向有严重分歧.Bill and I have had a few disagreements lately．近来我和比尔有些争执．2［U］（of state-ments， reports， etc） unlikeness（说法、报道等） 不同；不一致：There is some disagreement be-tween these two statements.这两种说法有些出人.

argument/'a:gjumənt/ [C] a disagreement, esp one that is noisy； quarrel 争论；争吵：The argu-ment made her cry.那一番争吵把她弄哭了.

quarrel ／＇kworəl／1 ［C］ an argument，etc争吵；吵架：He had a quarrel with his best friend.他跟最要好的朋友吵了一架.Their sudden quarrels

F108 ANGER ＆ CALM 愤怒与镇静

are well known, but basically they are a loving family.他们突然吵架的事是众所周知的，但他们一家人基本上是相亲相爱的.This quarrel betweenthe two families has gone on for years.这两家之间的争吵已持续了多年．2［S］a cause for orpoint of disagreement 争吵的原因；争论之点：Ihave no quarrel with his opinions.我对他的意见没有异议.pick a quarrel with（someone） to make an argument happen 向···寻衅；与···争吵： I certainly don't want to pick a quarrel with anyone.我当然不愿意和任何人争吵.He delibe-rately tried to pick a quarrel with me; he planned to do it.他故意找我寻衅；他是蓄意这样做的.

squabble/'skwpbəl/ [C] emot a quarrel, esp over something unimportant（尤指为不太重要的事）争吵；口角：It＇s just a squabble；they＇ll be friends again soon.这只是一场小小的口角；他们很快就会言归于好的.

row /rau/ [C] a noisy quarrel,sometimes with violent actions（喧闹且有时附带激烈行动的）争吵；吵架；吵闹：He＇s always having rows with his wife.他总是和自己的妻子吵架.kick up／make arow sl to cause trouble, esp by complaining loudly or angrily 起哄；滋事；引起吵闹

dispute /dr'spju:t/ [C; U] fml an argument or quarrel 争论；辩论；争执；争端：They had a longdispute about where to eat.他们为到哪儿吃饭争论了很长时间.This.international dispute should have been settled long ago.这一场国际争端早就该解决了.His position of leadership in the country is beyond dispute.他在国内的领导地位不容争议.Without dispute that is the best plan.那是无可争辩的最佳方案.The matterin／under dispute is difficult to decide.这件正在争议中的事情很难决定.The workers atthefactory are in dispute with the management. 工厂的工人与厂方发生了争执.

F108 adjectives 形容词：quarrelling and disputing［B］好争吵的和好争辩的

quarrelsome/'kwpralsəm/ (of a person) likely to quarrel； often quarrelling 好争吵的；常吵架的：She＇s a very quarrelsome girl.她是个很爱吵架的女孩.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

argumentative /,a:gju'mentətiv/ (of a person) likely to argue 好争辩的：Oh， don＇t be so argu-mentative all the time；agree for once！哎，不要总是那么好争辩；就同意这么一次吧！-ly［adv］-ness [U]

disputatious /,dispju'teifəs/ tending to argue or dispute 爱争论的；爱争辩的：He is rather a dis-putatious sort of person.他是那种爱争辩的人.-ly [adv]-ness [U]

irascible /r'ræsəbal/ euph & fml easily made angry 易怒的；性情暴躁的：Yes，I＇m afraid he isa little irascible sometimes; he's getting old, you know.是的，恐怕他有时性情有点暴躁；你知道，他上年纪了.-bly［adv］-ibility［U］

touchy /'tatfi/ [Wal (about)] infml easily made angry 易生气的；暴躁的：She＇s a little touchy

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F109 ANGER ＆ CALM 愤怒与镇静

about losing the money; don't talk to her about it.损失这笔钱她有些不高兴，不要对她提起这件事了.-ily［adv］-iness［U］

F109 nouns 名词：aggression and

violence 侵略与暴力

aggression/ə'grefən/ 1 [U] the starting of a quarrel, fight, or war, esp without just cause （尤指无正当理由的）攻击；侵犯；侵略；挑衅：Thearmy's move was an act of aggression against their eastern neighbours.军队的行动是对东部邻国的侵略行动．2［C］an attacking action made without just cause 侵略性行动：Their aggres-sions will provoke ［→F100］ a war．他们的侵略性行动将挑起战争.aggressor ［C］ a person orcountry that begins a quarrel， fight，war，etc 攻击者；挑衅者；侵略者；侵略国

violence /'vaiələns/ [U] 1 very great force in action（行动）猛烈；激烈；强烈：She was fright-ened by the violence of her father＇s anger.她被父亲的震怒吓坏了．2 rough treatment；the useof (bodily) force on or against others, esp unlawfully 暴力；暴虐；暴行：He said that too much violence was shown on television 他说电视节目里的暴力镜头太多了.

cruelty/'kru:əlti/1 [U] the state or quality of being cruel［→F110］残忍；残暴；残酷：Cruelty to animals is usually unnecessary.虐待动物通常是不必要的.The king＇s cruelty to his family is well known.这个国王对其家人的残酷是众所周知的．2［C］ a cruel act， expression， or other example of this 残酷的行为；刻毒伤人的话；残忍的事例：She suffered many cruelties in her short life.在短暂的一生中她受到了许多虐待.

fierceness/'frəsnis/ [U] the condition of being fierce 凶猛；残忍：She was surprised by the fierceness of his attack on her father.他攻击她父亲的凶狠程度使她感到惊讶.

ferocity /fə'rpsəti/ [U] fml the condition of being ferocious 凶恶；凶猛：He was surprised by the cat＇s ferocity in defending her young.母猫保护小猫时所表现出的凶猛使他惊异.

savagery /'sævıd3əri/ [U; C usu pl] the con-dition of being savage 凶猛；残酷；野性；残暴行为：The savagery of the attack on the old man horrified the local people.攻击这位老人所使用的残酷手段把当地人吓坏了.Their savageries arewell-known; they are terrible people who kill very easily.他们的残暴行为是人所共知的；他们是一些动辄杀人的可怕的种族.

F110 adjectives，etc 形容词等：aggression and violence［B］攻击与暴力

aggressive/ə'gresiv/ 1 deprec always ready to quarrel or attack；threatening 好与人吵架或斗殴的；性好攻击的；爱寻衅的：He is an aggressiveperson and likely to start a fight.他是个爱寻衅的人，动不动就要打架.Nobody likes his aggres-

sive behaviour．谁也不喜欢他咄咄逼人的行为．2apprec not afraid of opposition 敢作敢为的；不怕别人反对的；有进取心的：If you want to be asuccessful businessman, you must be aggres-sive and not worry about other people's feel-ings.如果你想当个成功的生意人，就必须敢作敢为，不要顾虑别人怎样想.His aggressive sellingmethods made him rich.他大胆的销售方法使他发了财.-ly［adv］

violent/'vaiələnt/1 (of a person) uncontrollably fierce（and dangerous） in action 狂暴的；凶暴的：He gets very violent when he is drunk.他一喝醉酒就变得很凶暴．2 acting with or usinggreat damaging force 猛烈的；强烈的：That night there was a violent storm.那天夜里有猛烈的暴风雨．3 powerful beyond what is needed 激烈的：They had a violent argument.他们发生了激烈的争论．4 produced by or being the effect of damaging force 由暴力引起的：He died a violent death．他死于暴力．5（of feelings）un-usually strong or difficult to control（指情绪、感觉）极为强烈的；难以控制的：The boy had aviolent pain in his stomach after eating too much fruit.那男孩子吃了过多的水果，结果肚子痛得很厉害.She was in a violent temper and began to throw things about.她大发脾气，开始乱扔东西.-ly［adv］

offensive/ə'fensiv/ [Wa5] for the purpose of attacking 进攻的；攻击性的：He carried an offensive weapon. 他带了一件攻击性武器.-ly[Ape]

cruel /'kru:əl/ [Wal] 1 liking to cause pain or suffering; taking pleasure in the pain of another；unkind；merciless 残忍的；残酷的；冷酷无情的；以他人痛苦为乐的：The cruel masterbeat his slaves mercilessly with a whip.残酷的主人用鞭子无情地抽打奴隶.Any man whoenjoys watching his dogs kill a rabbit must be cruel.喜欢看自己的狗咬死兔子的人肯定是残忍的.It was cruel of you to hit him just for breaking a cup.只因他摔破一只杯子你就打他，这太残酷了.2 painful；causing suffering 痛苦的；引起痛苦的： a cruel punishment／disease／remark 令人痛苦的惩罚／疾病／话语；a cruel wind 无情的风-ly[adv]-ness [U]

fierce／frəs／［Wal］ 1 angry，violent，and cruel 凶猛的；愤怒的；残忍的：A fierce dog guarded thehouse.一条恶狗看守着房子.He made a fiercespeech， urging them to fight.他发表激烈的演说，鼓动他们去战斗.How fierce you look whenyou＇re angry． 你生气时样子真凶．2（fig）（of feelings，heat，etc） very great（指感情、热量等） 强烈的；巨大的：He felt fierce anger.他感到极为愤怒.The heat was fierce.热力很强.-ly ［adv］ -ness [U]

ferocious／fə＇rəufəs／very fierce 凶恶的；凶猛的； 残忍的：The ferocious lion attacked him.凶猛的狮子向他扑来.The punishment wasferocious.惩罚是残酷的.（fig）The heat is fer-ocious today.今天热得可怕.-ly［adv］-ness［U］ savage /'sævid3/1 forcefully cruel or violent; uncontrollably fierce 野性的；凶猛的；残暴的：He was attacked by a savage dog.他受到一头恶狗的袭击.The newspaper＇s attack was savage.报

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纸的抨击很猛烈．2（typical） of an uncivilized place or people 未开化的；野蛮的：The scenery was savage. 景色荒凉.Their customs were once very savage.他们的习俗曾是非常野蛮的.-ly[adv]

barbarous /'ba:bərəs/ savage and cruel, like a barbarian［→C169］野蛮的；残暴的；野蛮人一样的：What a barbarous thing to do！做这种事真是野蛮！These people are known for their barbarous ways／behaviour.这些人以行为野蛮而闻名.-ly［adv］barbarity ［U；C］

barbarian /ba:'beəriən/ like abarbarian in manner and therefore cruel, savage,etc because not knowing any better 未开化的；野蛮的；野蛮人似的：They lead a barbarian life.他们过着野蛮人一样的生活.

barbaric /ba:'bærik/ 1 like a barbarian in art, ideas，clothing，etc（艺术、思想、衣服等）像野蛮人的；粗野的：The people wore all sorts of barbaric ornaments.这些人戴着各种野蛮人用的装饰物．2 esp lit savage and cruel；barbarous 残酷的；残暴的：What a barbaric act！多么残暴的行为！-ally ［adv Wa4］

murderous /'m3:dərəs/ dangerous; suggesting murder 危险的；凶恶的；杀气腾腾的：She gavehim a murderous look.她恶狠狠地瞪了他一眼.-ly [adv]

wild /waild/1 [Wa5] (of an animal) free; not kept by people； not tame［→F220］（指动物）野的；不驯服的；野性的：You can＇t keep a wildanimal in a house．你不能在家里饲养野兽．2[Wa5] (of a plant) growing naturally;not grown by people（指植物）野生的：Some wild flowers were growing in the garden.花园里长着一些野花．3［Wa1］ （of people and places， etc） not civilized， cultivated，etc（指人、地方等）未开化的；荒凉的；荒芜的： They live in a wild moun-tain area east of here.他们住在此地东边一个荒凉山区里．4［Wal］（of feelings， expressions， etc） not controlled （指感情、表情等）失去控制的；疯狂的：He had a wild look in his eyes.他眼睛里有一种疯狂的神色.She was wild with anger.她气得发狂.-ly ［adv］：She looked around wildly for help．她疯了似的四处张望寻求帮助．5［adv Wa5］ in a wild way 胡乱地；无控制地：Theflowers grow wild in the hills.山到处长着这种花.When he was a child he ran wild.他小时候很放肆.-ness［U］

Fear and courage

害怕与勇气

F120 nouns 名词：fear and panic 恐惧与惊慌

[ALSO→F90]

fear/frə/1 [U]a feeling caused by the possibility of danger to oneself or others who are import-

F120 FEAR ＆ COURAGE 害怕与勇气

ant 恐惧；害怕：His fear showed on his face.他脸上露出恐惧的神色.She stood there， shakingwith fear.她站在那里，吓得发抖.She felt fear forher child＇s safety.她为孩子的安全担惊受怕.Fearcaused him to be sick．惧怕使他感到不适．2［C］a feeling of this kind, usu for a particular reason 恐惧心；忧虑；值得忧虑之处：His fears areunnecessary；we won＇t hurt him.他的恐惧是不必要的；我们不会伤害他.She has a fear of highplaces．她有畏高症．3 ［U］chance；danger 可能； 危险：There is no fear of her coming here； she is in London.她没有可能到这里来；她现时身在伦敦.There isn＇t much fear of him losing the money.他损失这笔钱的可能性不太大.

fright /frait/ 1 [U] fear coming in a sudden sharp attack 惊吓；（忽然袭来的）恐怖：Frightgave the old lady heart failure.惊吓使那老太婆心力衰竭.The child was shaking with fright.小孩吓得发抖.I nearly died of fright at the sight of the escaped lion.我看到逃出来的狮子时，真是儿乎吓死了.The horse took fright（＝became frightened） at the sound of the explsion.马听到爆炸声便受惊了．2［C］ an experience thatcauses sudden fear； shock 受惊；惊吓：She＇s had two nasty frights during the last month. 上个月她两次严重受惊.You gave me a fright byknocking so loudly on the door.你敲门这么响吓了我一跳.I got the fright of my life（＝the biggest fright I've ever had) when the machine burst into flames.机器一下子烧起来时，我吓得这一辈子都没这么害怕过．3［S］（fig）infmla person who or thing that looks silly, unat-tractive，or shocking 怪样子的人或物；奇形怪状的人；怪物：She looks a fright in that old black dress.她穿上那件黑色的旧衣服，看上去怪可怕的.

scare/skeə/ not fml 1 [S] a sudden feeling of fear 惊吓；惊恐：What a scare you gave me， appearing suddenly in the dark！你突然从黑暗中出现，吓了我一大跳！2［C］a usu mistaken orunreasonable public fear 恐慌（常指错误的或无理由的）：War was avoided， but only after several bad war scares.战争虽然避免了，但这已是在经历过好几次战争恐慌之后了．3［A］some-thing intended to cause fear 吓唬人的东西： These are just scare stories; don't read them. 这些都是吓唬人的故事；不要看.scaremonger［C］a person who spreads reports intended to cause a public scare 散播谣言以引起公众恐慌的人；妖言惑众的人

dread /dred/1 [U; S] a great fear, esp of some harm to come（尤指对将会发生的危害的）惧怕；恐惧：She suffers from （a） great dread of heights．她患有恐高症．2［Cusu sing］ the cause of great fear 惧怕的原因：Illness is the great dread of his life.他一生最怕生病.

terror／＇terə／1［U］ very great fear 恐怖；惊骇： The people ran from the enemy in terror.老百姓惊慌地逃避敌人.That government rules byterror and has successfully crushed all oppo-sition.那个政府实行恐怖统治，把一切反对力量都镇压下去了．2［C］someone or something that causes such fear 引起恐怖的人或事物：Thecriminal was the terror of the neighbourhood. 那个罪犯引起了附近的人的恐惧．3［C］infml an

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F121 FEAR ＆ COURAGE 害怕与勇气

annoying person 极讨厌的人：Your son＇s a real terror！ Can＇t you control him any better？你那儿子真讨厌！你就不能对他多加管教吗？

alarm /ə'la:m/1 [U] sudden fear and anxiety as caused by the possibility of danger（因可能出现的危险而突然产生的）惊恐；惊慌：After hearingthe gunshots we were all in a state of alurm. 听到枪声，我们都非常惊慌．2［C］ a．warning ofdanger，as by ringing a bell or shouting 警报：I gave/raised the alarm as soon as I saw what was happening.我一看到正在发生的事就马上发出了警报.There were several alarms during the night but no actual attacks.夜里有过几次警报， 但实际上没有进攻．3［C］ any apparatus，such as a bell, noise, or flag by which a warning is given 警铃；警钟；警报器：The electric alarm told everyone of the danger.电动警报器通知大家出现了危险.

siren /'saərən/[C] an instrument that makes a loud noise to give warning esp of danger, esp on ships， moving vehicles，etc（尤指船上、车上的）警报器；汽笛：The ship sounded its siren.船上响起汽笛声.He heard a police siren，then saw the police car passing.他听到警车警报器的响声，然后看见警车驶过.

panic /'pænik/ [C;U] a (state of) sudden uncontrollable and quickly spreading fear （突然而难以控制的，并迅速扩散的）惊恐；惊慌失措：He got into a panic about his examination.他为考试发慌.There is the strong likelihood of panic ifa fire starts in the building.如果楼内发生火灾，很可能引起恐慌.

apprehension /æpri'henfən/[U; C usu pl] anxiety，esp about the future；fml fear（尤指对未来所产生的）畏惧；忧虑：She felt apprehensionfor the safety of her son.她为儿子的安全担忧.Her apprehensions about an accident weren't fulfilled.她忧虑会发生意外，但没有发生.

F121 verbs 动词：fear and dread 害怕与恐惧

fear/fiə/[Wv6; T1,3, 4, 5a,b, 6a] to be afraid of 害怕；惧怕；为···担心：She fears him；I don＇t know why.她惧怕他；我不知为什么.He fears totell her what happened.他怕告诉她所发生的事.He fears telling her what happened.他怕告诉她所发生的事.She fears that he won＇t come back.她怕他不回来了.I fear what he will do.我为他会做出的事而担心.

fear for ［v prep Wv6； T1］to be afraid for 为···害怕；为···担忧：I feared for his safetyin that place.我为他在那地方的安全而担心.

be frightened /bi: fraitnd/ [Wv6; IØ (of)] to feel （a certain amount of） fear 感到害怕；受惊吓：Is she frightened of insects？她害怕昆虫吗？ Don＇t be frightened； I won＇t hurtyou.别害怕， 我不会伤害你的.

dread /dred/ [Wv5; T1,3,4,5,6] to fear greatly 惧怕；畏惧：I dread him／to see him／seeing him／that he will come／what he will say.我怕他／ 见他／他会来／他会说的话.At last the dreaded

examinationcame.令人惧怕的考试终于到来了.

be scared /bi: 'skeəd/ [Wv6; 1Ø (of)] not fml to feel fear 感到害怕；受惊：She is scared of the dark. 她怕黑. Don＇t be scared， it＇s only a spider！别害怕，那不过是只蜘蛛.

F122 verbs 动词：frighten and panic 害怕与惊慌

frighten／＇fraitn／1 ［Wv4； T1］ to fll with fear 使害怕；使惊恐；吓唬：The little girl was frightened by the big dog.小女孩被那条大狗吓坏了.He hada frightening dream last night.昨夜他做了一个可怕的梦．2［X9，esp off，away］ to influence or drive by fear 吓走：The little boy ran into the garden and frightened the birds away.小男孩跑进花园把鸟儿吓得飞走了.He frightened off hisattacker.他把袭击他的人吓跑了.

scare /skeə/ not fml 1 [T1] to cause sudden fear to （someone）； to frighten 惊吓；使恐慌：Don＇t let the noise scare you； it＇s only the wind.别让那声音吓着你；那不过是风声罢了．2［IØ］tobecome fearful 受惊：He is a man who doesn＇t scare easily．他不是个容易受惊的人．3［X9，espoff,away] to drive, cause to go, or become, etc by or as if by fear 把···吓跑；使害怕（而做···）：He got a gun and scared off the thief.他拿了一枝枪，把小偷吓跑了.The high price is scaringaway possible buyers.这样高的价钱把想购东西的顾客都吓跑了.That noise scared the life out of me！那声音把我吓死了！He was scared intowearing a seat belt in his car.他吓得在汽车里系上了安全带.

terrify/'terə,fai/ [Wv5; T1] to fill with terror or fear 使恐惧；使惊吓；使害怕：Heights terrify me.我十分害怕登高.The thought of flying terrified him so much that he decided to go by boat.-想到坐飞机他就十分恐惧，因此决定坐船去.Thewoman looked terrified.这个女人看上去吓坏了.

petrify /'petrə,faı/ [Wv5; T1] to put into a state of shock or fear so that the power of thought and action is lost 使惊呆；把···吓呆：The thought of the examination petrified him and he couldn＇t do any work.一想到考试他就吓得要死，什么工作也干不了.

terrorize, -ise /'terə,raız/ [Wv5; T1] to fil(some-one) with terror by threats or acts of violence （用威胁或暴力）恐吓；胁迫；使惊恐不安：Theterrorized people lived in fear of their lives(= thought they might be killed）.被恐吓的人们为自己的生命担忧.

alarm/ə'la:m/ [T1] 1 to excite with sudden fear and anxiety 使惊恐：The sound of guns alarmed us．枪声使我们吓了一跳．2 to makeconscious of danger 向···告急；使警惕：The sight of the policemen alarmed the thief.小偷一看见警察就警惕起来.

panic/'pænik/1 [IØ] to feel panic; to feel sud-den uncontrollable fear 惊慌失措；慌乱：The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns.群众听到枪声就惊慌失措.She panicked when shecould not find her ticket.她找不到票便顿时慌了

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起来．2［T1］to cause to feel panic 使惊慌：The thunder panicked the horse．雷声使马受惊．3 ［T1］AmÈ sl to cause to be very amused 使大笑：His funny stories panicked everybody.他讲的滑稽故事逗得大家都捧腹大笑.

F123 adjectives 形容词：frightening and atarming［B］可怕的与使人惊慌的

frightening／＇fraitnuy／causing fear 可怕的；令人惊恐的：What a frightening thing to happen！发生这样的事多吓人！It＇s frightening to think that so many people are attacked in the streets in that city.这么多人在那个城市的街上受到袭击，一想起来就使人害怕.-ly［adv］

scary /'skeəri/ [Wal] not fml causing or marked by fear 使人惊恐的；可怕的；吓人的：She walkedalong a dark scary street.她沿一条吓人的黑暗街道走着.That was the scariest story I＇ve ever heard.那是我曾听到过的最恐怖的故事.

tearful／＇fiofəl／very frightening 骇人的；恐怖的： The book was full of pictures of fearful mon-sters.书里满是可怕的妖怪图画.-ly［adv］

terrifying/'terə,fam/ very frightening; causing terror 令人惊恐的；吓人的：It was a terrifyingthing to happen.发生这样的事真吓人.-ly［adv］

alarming ／ə＇la：miy／ causing alarm 引起惊恐的； 使人惊慌的：The alarming news came late at night and made it impossible for him to sleep. 夜里传来这令人惊慌的消息，使他无法入睡.-ly[Ape]

blood-curdling／＇blad，k3：dlin／ also 又作 spine-chilling/'spain,tfilin/ causing a feeling of fear to run through the whole body 令人心惊胆战的；令人毛骨悚然的：They heard blood-curdling cries from the hunters.他们听到猎人发出令人毛骨悚然的叫声.That＇s a spine-chilling story； don＇t read it late at night.那是令人毛骨悚然的故事，夜里不要读.-ly［adv］

F124 adjectives 形容词：awful and

frightful［B］可怕的与骇人的

awful／＇o：fal／terrible；frightening；shocking 可怕的；惊人的：The pain was awful.痛得真厉害.What awful news！多么可怕的消息！It was anawful accident；twelve people were killed.那是一次可怕的事故；有十二人丧生.

terrible／＇terəbəl／ full of or causing terror 吓人的；可怕的：The terrible animal opened its great mouth.那可怕的动物张开了大嘴.-bly［adv］

horrible ／＇hprəbəl／ causing horror ［→F127］可怕的；恐怖的：There was a horrible accident here last night；three people died.昨夜这里发生了一次可怕的事故，有三人丧生.-bly［adv］

dreadful /'dredfal/ causing great fear or anxiety；terrible 可怕的；令人惊骇的：I＇ve just heard the dreadful news of his death.我刚听到他去世的可怕消息.-ly［adv］

frightful／＇fraitfal／terrible；shocking 可怕的；吓人

F125 FEAR ＆ COURAGE 害怕与勇气

的；令人震惊的：There was a frightful car crash near the town centre and many people were killed or injured.市中心发生了一起可怕的车祸，有许多人伤亡.ty［adv］

F125 adjectives 形容词：afraid and apprehensive 害怕的与忧惧的

afraid ／ə＇freid／1 ［F （of） F3,5a］ full of fear 害怕的；畏惧的：Don＇t be afraid of these dogs.不要怕这些狗.She was afraid to excite him in case he became dangerous.她不敢刺激他，怕他会发起狠来.She was afraid that it would bite him. 她怕它会咬他．2［F（of），F3,5a］ worried or anxious about possible results 恐怕的；担心的： Don＇t be afraid of asking for help.不要怕求人帮忙.He was weak and she was afraid （that） he could not do the job.他身体虚弱，她担心他做不了这工作.He was afraid to go into the house and meet his father．他不敢进屋去见他父亲．3[F5a, b] polite sorry for something that has happened or is likely to happen（为已发生或可能发生的事）感到遗憾的；恐怕：I am afraid that Ican＇t come tomorrow.我明天恐怕来不了.Can you help me？-I＇m afraid not.你能帮我吗？--恐怕不行.

frightened /'fraitnd/ [B (at, of); F3, 5] 1 put into or being in a state of fear 受惊的；害怕的：The frightened horse ran away from the fire. 受惊的马逃离火堆.He was frightened at thethought of his coming examination.一想到即将来临的考试，他心里就害怕.She was frightenedto look down from the top of the tall building. 她害怕从高楼顶上朝下看.The little girl wasfrightened that her mother wouldn't come back．这小女孩害怕她妈妈不会回来．2［F of，F3］habitually afraid（习惯性的）怕···的；害怕的： Some people are frightened of thunder,others of snakes.有些人怕雷声，有些人怕蛇.

scared/skeəd/[B (of); F3, 5, 7] not fml fright-ened 害怕的；吓坏了的：She saw a scared childwith a scared expression on his face.她见到一个脸露惊慌神色的受惊孩子.Why won＇t youcome；are you scared？你为什么不来，你害怕吗？What are you scared of？你怕什么？I＇m scared to fly／of flying in an aeroplane.我害怕坐飞机.

scary /'skeəri/ [Wal; B] not fml easily scared; afraid 易惊的；害怕的：Don＇t be so scary； we＇re quite safe.别这么害怕；我们很安全.

fearful／＇fəfəl／［B］ in a state of fear 害怕的；担心的：She is fearful in case something happens to him.她担心万一他会出事.-ly［adv］

terrified ／＇terə，faid／ ［B］ very frightened 被吓坏的；受惊的：Terrified people ran out of the burning building.被吓坏了的人们逃出烧着了的大楼.

alarmed ／ə＇la：md／［B］ feeling alarm 惊恐的：She had an alarmed look on her face.她的脸露出惊恐的神色.Don＇t be alarmed；there is no danger.不要害怕；没有危险.

panicky /'pæniki/ [B] esp infml beginning to feel or feeling panic 开始恐慌的；慌乱的：Don＇t

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get panicky；sit quiet.不要慌乱；安静地坐着.

nervous ／＇n3：vəs／［B （of）］ BrE slightly afraid胆怯的；害怕的；紧张的：He＇s nervous of going toonear the wild animals.他不敢太走近那些野兽.-ly [adv]-ness[U]

apprehensive / æpri'hensiv/ [B] fearful,esp about the future；worried； anxious（尤指对未来的事）担心的；忧惧的；忧心忡忡的：He had anapprehensive look on his face.他脸上露出忧惧的神色.She was apprehensive of being killed in that place.她担心在那地方会被人杀害.Theywere apprehensive for their son＇s safety.他们为儿子的安全担忧.-ly［adv］

timid /'timid/ [Wa2; B] not brave [■F129]; nervous in character 胆小的；胆怯的：Don＇t be so timid；no one will hurt you.别这么胆小；没有人会伤害你.-ly ［U］-ity，-ness ［U］

shy /fai/[Wal] 1[B] not bold; nervous in the company of others; not putting oneself forward 害羞的；腼腆的；害臊的；胆小的：She＇sshy with strangers but amusing with friends. 她在陌生人面前腼腆，但和朋友们一起时却很风趣．2［B］ expressing this quality（表现出）羞怯的；害羞的：a shy smile 腼腆的微笑3［F（of）］having doubts or distrust 怀疑的；有戒心的；畏缩的：I＇mshy of saying too much on this delicate subject． 在这个微妙的问题上我不敢多说．4［B］(of animals) unwilling to come near people （指动物）不愿近人的；怯生的-ly［adv］-mess［U］petrified /'petrə,faid/ [B] so stiff with shock or fear that the power of thought or action is lost

吓呆了的：She stood there petrified while the huge animal came nearer.她站在那里吓得发呆，看着那头大野兽越走越近.

F126 verbs 动词：shock and horrify ［T1］ 震惊与恐怖

shock／fok／［also 又作 IØ］ to cause usu un-pleasant or angry surprise to （someone） 使震惊；使惊愕（感到不乐或愤慨）；震动：Í wasshocked by his sudden illness/his rudeness/his wild ideas.我对他突然生病／他的无礼／他的荒唐想法感到震惊.It shocked me to see how myneighbours treated their children.看到邻居怎样对待孩子，我十分震惊.His examination failure shocked him into studying harder.考试不及格的打击使他更努力学习.It＇s a bad book，writtenonly to shock.这是一本坏书，是为了吓唬人而写的.

appal /ə'po:l/ to shock deeply;fill with fear, hatred，terror，etc 使大为震惊；使充满惧怕、憎恨、恐怖等：These terrible things appal me.这些可怕的事使我大为震惊.He was appalled atthe loss of life in the war.他对战争中人命伤亡的情况大感震惊.

horrify/'hprə,fai/ to fill with horror; to shock in a horrible way 使恐惧；使惊骇；使毛骨悚然：Thefilm had a murder scene which horrified everyone.电影里有一个使人人毛骨悚然的谋杀场面.

F127 nouns 名词：shock and horror 震惊与恐怖

shock/fok/1 [U] the state or strong feeling caused by something unexpected and usu very unpleasant 震惊；惊愕：The bad news left us all speechless from shock.这坏消息使我们震惊得说不出话来.The opposition expressed anger and shock at the government＇s decision.反对党对政府的决定表示愤怒与震惊．2［C］ somethingcausing this； an unpleasant piece of news 令人震惊的事；打击；使人不快的消息：It came as ashock (= it was a shock) to learn of his death. 得悉他逝世的消息感到十分震惊．3［U；（C）］（a）violent force, as from a hard blow, crash, explosion，etc 冲击；冲撞；震动；震荡：The shock of the explosion was felt far away.爆炸的冲击力在很远的地方都可以感觉到.（fig）The peoplefelt the shock of rapid social change.人们感受到社会迅速变化的冲击．4［U］med the weakenedstate of the body with less activity of the heart, lungs, etc, usu following damage to the body 休克：He was taken to hospital suffering from shock.他因休克被送进医院.She was in astate of shock after the accident.事故发生后她处于休克状态.shocker［C］not fml a person or thing that shocks as being improper,wild, immoral，etc（因不正经、放荡或伤风败俗等）令人震惊的东西或人 shockproof［B］ （esp of awatch) not easily damaged by being dropped, hit，shaken，etc（尤指手表）防震的

horror/'hprə/ 1 [U] a feeling of great shock, fear，and dislike 恐怖；恐惧：We were filled with horror at the terrible news.这可怕的消息使我们充满恐惧.She cried out in horror when she saw the man killed.她看见那人被杀死时恐惧地大叫起来.To my horror I found that the baby had fallen to the ground.我发现婴儿掉在地上，真是把我吓坏了．2［C］anything that causes this 引起恐怖的事物：The horrors of war drove hermad．战争的恐怖把她吓疯了．3 ［C］ not fml anunpleasant person 讨厌的人：The little horror never stops playing tricks on his mother.这个小讨厌鬼不断捉弄他母亲.have a horror of tohate and fear 害怕；厌恶：She has a horror of snakes.她厌恶蛇.

F128 adjectives 形容词：shocking and horrific［B］令人震惊的与令人毛骨悚然的

shocking /'foki/ 1 causing shock; very im-proper， wrong，or sad 令人震惊的；骇人听闻的；不正当的；十分错误的；令人伤心的：That was ashocking accident.那是一起骇人听闻的事故.She finds his ideas quite shocking.她认为他的想法很不对头．2 not fml bad but not evil 极坏的；糟糕的：What a shocking waste of time！真是太浪费时间了！-ly ［adv］：His behaviour was shockingly rude.他的行为极其无礼.

appalling /ə'po:lı/ very frightening; shocking; terrible 可怕的；令人震惊的；骇人听闻的：What

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an appalling thing to happen; I can't believe anything as bad as that could happen！发生这样的事真是骇人听闻；我简直不能相信那样坏的事竟然会发生！-ly［adv］

horrifying／＇hprə，fau／ causing horror 令人恐惧的；令人毛骨悚然的：The newspaper had ahorrifying story of how the children died.报上登了一则关于那些孩子如何死去的恐怖消息.-ly[adv]

horrific /hp'rifik/ able or meant to cause horror，shock，etc 可怖的；故意吓人的：The film showed the most horrific murder scenes.电影里有极其恐怖的谋杀场面．-ally［adv Wa4］

horrendous /hp'rendəs/ emph really terrible; very frightening 极其可怕的；十分恐怖的：Thissituation is horrendous; many people may be killed.形势十分可怕；可能要死很多人.-ly［adv］

horrid /'hprid/ making someone feel dislike; horrible 令人厌恶的；可怕的：This is a horridhouse； I don＇t want to stay here.这座房子太糟了；我不想住在这里.Don＇t be horrid to youryounger brothers！不要对弟弟们那么凶！-ly［adv］

F129 adjectives 形容词：feeling or

showing no fear［B］不感到或不表现惧怕的

brave/breiv/[Wal] not feeling or showing fear 勇敢的；无畏的：He is a brave man；I think hewas afraid but he still did it.他是一个勇敢的人；我觉得他感到害怕，但他还是去做了.How braveshe is; she goes into that dangerous place every day！她多么勇敢，每天都到那个危险的地方去！-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

courageous/kə'reid3əs/ esp lit, fml & pomp showing courage；brave 勇敢的；有勇气的：What a courageous man he is／thing to do！他这人／做这件事真勇敢！It was courageous of her to go into the burning building to save the child.她冲进着火的大厦去救那孩子，真勇敢.-ly［adv］

spirited /'spiritid/ showing that one is not afraid；full of spirit 勇敢的；生气勃勃的；强而有力的：She gave him a spirited answer and said she was not frightened of him.她给了他一个强而有力的答复，说她不怕他.-ly［adv］

intrepid /In'trepid/ (of people or their acts) showing no fear（指人及其行为）无畏的；勇敢的：The intrepid adventurers went on into the tropical forest.那些勇敢的探险家继续深入到热带森林中去.-ly［adv］

heroic/hr'rəuik/ showing the qualities of a hero ［→F133］； needing or showing bravery 英勇的； 英雄的：He is a heroic man.他是个英勇的人.Saving the child＇s life was a heroic act.救那孩子的命是一种英雄行为．-ally［adv Wa4］

fearless／＇fiəlis／ having no fear 不怕的；无畏的： He seemed quite fearless when he faced the dangerous animal.在那头危险的动物面前，他似乎一点也不害怕.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

gutsy／＇gAtsi／［Wal］ infml esp AmE brave 勇敢的

daring /'deəri/ 1 apprec or deprec very brave

F130 FEAR ＆ COURAGE 害怕与勇气

大胆的；勇敢的：He＇s a daring man.他是个大胆的人.That was a daring thing to do！做那种事可真够大胆的！The men took part in a daringcrime．那些人参加了一次大胆的犯罪活动．2unusual or new in a brave way 大胆的（尤指新的、不平常的）：That is a daring plan！那是个大胆的计划！3 shocking 令人震惊的：We went tosee a very daring film.我们去看一场令人震惊的电影.-ly［adv］

bold/bəuld/ [Wal] (of a person or his behav-iour） daring； courageous； adventurous（指人或行为）大胆的；勇敢的；冒险的：Taking the fortfrom the enemy was a very bold action.从敌人手中夺取碉堡是十分大胆的行动.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

valiant /'vælənt/ (of a person or act) very brave，esp in war（指人或行为）勇敢的；英勇的（尤指在战争中）：The soldiers never forgot his valiant deeds in battle.士兵们从未忘记他在战斗中的英勇行为.-ly［adv］

valorous／＇vælərəs／ lit ＆ pomp brave 勇敢的；英勇的

gallant／＇gælənt／esp lit 1 courageous 勇敢的；英勇的：These gallant soldiers will protect you.这些勇敢的士兵将会保护你．2 beautiful，esp in awarlike way 壮丽的；威武的：The warship made a gallant sight as it sailed away.战舰开航的场面十分威武壮观.-ly［adv］

nervy /'n3:vi/ [Wal] AmE boldly rude; having nerve［→F132］鲁莽的；厚颜的

F130 adjectives 形容词：relating to being brave and also foolish［B］有关愚勇的

audacious /o:'deifəs/ brave, often to a degree that is considered foolish 愚勇的；大胆鲁莽的： That was a very audacious act; luckily he suc-ceeded.那是十分鲁莽的行动；幸好他成功了.-ly[adv]

forward /'fo:wəd/ 1 deprec (esp of a young person) sure of oneself, esp in an unpleasant way；too bold， often in sexual matters（尤指年轻人在性问题上）唐突的；大胆的；鲁莽的：She＇stoo forward for me to like her.她太大胆了，我不喜欢她．2 less common ready and eager 积极的； 热心的：He＇s always forward with help.他总是热心助人.

foolhardy /'fu:l,ha:di/ too bold; taking or needing useless or unwise risks 莽撞的；鲁莽冒失的；蛮干的；有勇无谋的：It＇s a foolhardy act tostart out on a long mountain climb without taking food or warm clothing.去远程爬山而不带食物与厚衣服是鲁莽行动.A foolhardy generalmay lose many battles and cause the death of many of his soldiers.一个有勇无谋的将军会打许多败仗，造成许多士兵的死亡.He was foolhardyto try when he knew he＇d fail.他明知会失败还是去试，真太冒失了.-diness［U］

reckless /'reklis/ [(of)] (of a person or his behaviour) too hasty; not caring about danger （指人或行为）鲁莽的；不顾一切的：He is quitereckless of danger／of what may happen.他完

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全不顾危险／可能发生的事.His reckless drivingwill cause an accident one day.他如此鲁莽地开车，总有一天会出事的.

rash /ræf/ [Wal] (of a person or his behaviour) foolishly bold; not thinking enough of the results（指人或行为）急躁的；性急的；鲁莽的；草率的：He always makes／takes rash decisions.他总是草率地作出决定.The rash young soldier gothimself killed.那个鲁莽的年轻土兵送了命.in arash moment without thinking enough of the results 草率地；没有仔细考虑后果地：I promisedin a rash moment to buy the children a pet monkey.我贸然答应给孩子们买一只猴子作宠物.

brash /bræf/ [Wal] hasty and too bold,esp from lack of experience（缺乏经验而显得）急躁的；轻率的；鲁莽的：He behaves in a brash way.他行为鲁莽.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

callous/'kæləs/ (often recklessly) unkind; with-out feelings for the suffering of other people 无情的；冷漠的；狠心的：He＇s very callous；henever thinks of my troubles.他非常冷漠无情；从不想到我的困难.He was callous to do such aterrible thing； it was a callous action.他做出这么可怕的事真是狠心；这是无情的行为.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

F131 adjectives 形容词：having or showing fear［B］惧怕的与表现惧怕的

cowardly /'kauədli/ typical of a coward[ F133］； not at all brave 胆小的； 怯懦的：Don＇t actin such a cowardly way！不要表现得这么怯懦！His cowardly behaviour caused their deaths. 他怯懦的行径造成了他们的死亡.-liness［U］

spineless/'spamnlis/ emot cowardly; unable or unwilling to do anything （brave）懦弱的；无骨气的：What a spineless person／thing to say！这人／ 说这话真没骨气！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

F132 nouns 名词：bravery and guts ［U］ 勇敢与胆量

bravery／＇brervəri／the state of being brave 勇敢； 大胆：His bravery was seen by everyone when he saved the child from the burning building. 当他把孩子从燃烧的房子里救出来时，他的英勇无畏是大家有目共睹的.

courage /'karid3/ esp lit, fml &pomp bravery 勇气；胆量；勇敢：He showed great courage in saving the child from death in the burning building.他从着火的大厦里把孩子从死亡中救出来，表现出巨大的勇气.

daring／＇deərin／1 bravery 勇敢：He is a man of great daring． 他是个极为勇敢的人．2 boldnewness in ideas 大胆；创新：This is a plan of great daring．这是个十分大胆的计划．3 ability toshock 令人震惊；大胆：It＇s a sex film of great daring.这是一部令人咋舌的色情电影.

spirit /'spirit/ esp lit & old use courage and energy 勇气；胆量；精神；士气：The soldiers were

full of spirit before the battle.出战前士兵的士气高昂.He showed spirit in the fight.在战斗中他表现出胆量.

audacity／o＇dæsəti／boldness； bravery大胆；勇气： I admired the audacity with which she told the great man what she thought of his book. 我佩服她的勇气，竞敢告诉那位大人物自己对他的书的看法.What audacity！真大胆！

valour BrE, valor AmE /'vælə/ esp lit great bravery，esp in war（尤指战争中的）英勇：The soldier＇s valour saved the whole army.这个士兵的英勇挽救了全军.

guts／gats／［also 又作 P］ infmnl bravery 胆量；勇气： He showed terrific guts in saving their lives.他在拯救他们的生命时表现出惊人的勇气.

nerve／n3xv／［also 又作 S］ infml boldness，esp if very cool and showing disrespect 胆量；沉着；厚颜：It took real nerve to blow up that train.炸毁那列火车需要好胆量.He lost his nerve andcouldn＇t finish the work.他失去勇气，未能完成那项工作.This work is a test of your nerve.这件工作是对你胆量的考验.He＇s the dirtiest man Iknow, and he has the nerve to tell me my shoes need cleaning！他是我认识的最肮脏的人，但他竟有脸说我的鞋需要擦干净！

bravado /brə'va:dəu/ often deprec the (often unnecessary) showing of courage or boldness 故作勇敢；虚张声势：He did it out of bravado，toshow you he was brave.他这样做只是虚张声势，是为了向你表示他很勇敢.

F133 nouns 名词：persons who are or are not brave［C］勇敢的人与不勇敢的人

hero /'hiərəu/ a person remembered for brav-ery, strength, or goodness, esp when admired for an act of courage under difficult conditions 英雄：Achilles and Heracles were ancient Greek heroes.阿基里斯和海格立斯是古希腊的英雄.He was quite a hero in the war.他在战争期间简直是一位英雄.

heroine／＇herəuin／［fem］ hero 女英雄

daredevil／＇deədevəl／ ［also 又作 A］ a person who is very brave but not properly careful 胆大妄为的人；冒失鬼：That daredevil is going tojump into the water from a great height！那个冒失鬼要从很高的地方跳进水里！What a dare-devil thing to do！做那件事真是胆大妄为！

coward/'kavəd/ a person who is unable to face danger, pain, or difficulty because of lack of courage; a person who shows fear in a shame-ful way 胆小鬼；懦夫；胆怯者：Don＇t be such acoward！别这么胆小！You coward-you ran away！你这胆小鬼-你居然逃跑了！

F134 nouns 名词：heroism and cowardice［U］英雄气概与懦弱胆怯

heroism/'herəuizəm/ 1 the quality of being a hero 英雄气概：You don＇t often find soldiers

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with as much heroism as he has.有如此英雄气概的士兵并不多见．2 great courage 巨大勇气；英勇：It was an act of heroism to stop the train like that.那样使火车停下来是英勇的行为.

cowardice／＇kavədis／ lack of courage 懦弱；胆怯： His cowardice in the battle caused their deaths.他在战斗中的怯懦造成了他们的死亡.

F135 verbs 动词：daring and risking 大胆与冒险

dare/deə/1 [Wv2, 6; IØ, 2] to be brave (or rude） enough to 敢； 胆敢：I dare not／daren＇t go there.我不敢去那里.Dare you ask him？你敢问他吗？I don＇t know whether he dare try.我不知道他是否敢试一试.He dare not／daren＇t come. 他不敢来.How dare you say such a thing？你竟敢说这样的话？That is as much as I dare spendon it．我有胆量为此花的钱就这么多了．2［Wv6；T2,3］ to be brave （or rude） enough （to） 敢；胆敢：He does not／doesn＇t dare（to） answer.他不敢回答.Don＇t（you）dare（to） touch it！别碰它！ He would never dare（to） come.他绝不敢来.I wonder how he dared（to）say that.我奇怪他怎么敢说那样的话．3［T1］ to be brave enough todeal with 不惧怕；敢做；敢冒···的险：He daredthe anger of her family．他不怕她家人生气．4[T1] to be brave enough to try (esp something new）敢于尝试（尤指新的事物）：The actressdared a new way of playing that famous character.这个女演员大胆地用新方法扮演那个著名角色．5［V3；（T1）］ tosay that（someone） is not brave enough （to do something） 激（将）； 挑战（说某人不敢做某事）；挑激：I dared him tojump.我用激将法叫他跳.I dared him（to），but he didn＇t．我激他去做，但他不敢．6［C］ an act ofdaring; an action performed in response to such an act 挑激；挑战；做出别人挑激的事；应战

brave out [v adv T1] to face(trouble,blame, etc）bravely 敢于面对（困难、责难等）（esp in thephr brave it out 不怕困难干下去）：I don＇t wantto see her after what I said last time,but I suppose I＇ll just have to brave it out.上次我说了那一番话后我真不想去见她，但我想还得硬着头皮去.

risk／risk／1 ［T1］ to place in danger 使冒险：You will risk your health if you do that.你那样做的话，便将冒损害健康的危险.He risked his ownlife to save mine．他冒生命危险救了我一命．2［T1,4］ to take the chance of 冒···之险；有···可能性：You risk failure if you do that.你那样做的话，便有可能失败.He risks losing his money at cards.他冒输钱的危险去赌牌.He risked hisparents＇anger by marrying her.他冒着激怒父母之险跟她结婚.

venture /'ventfə/ [L9; I3] to tae a chance and go，do，etc 敢于；冒险：He did not dare（to） venture into the forest by night.他不敢在夜间冒险进入森林.（fml）May I venture to suggest a change of plan？我可否冒昧地建议把计划稍作变动？

F137．FEAR ＆ COURAGE 害怕与勇气

F136 verbs ＆ nouns，etc 动词和名词等：

boasting 自夸

boast/bəust/1[IØ (about)] usu deprec to speak too much of how brave, good, clever, etc one is，one＇s family are，etc 夸；自夸：Stop boasting so much！别老是吹牛！He was boasting about how he won the race.他在夸耀自己如何赢得那场赛跑．2 ［T5］usu deprec to say too proudly 夸口：He boasted that he was the bravest man in the army.他夸口说自己是军队中最勇敢的人.Sheboasted that she would win.她夸口说自己会取胜．3［Wv6；T1］ not deprec to be proud of having 以拥有···而自豪：The town boasts four swimming pools.这座城镇以拥有四个游泳池而自豪．4［C］what someone says when boasting 夸口；自夸的话：His boast was that he could always win. 他夸口说自己总能取胜.It is thetown＇s proud boast that...这个城市感到自豪的是···boastfulI ［B］ boasting a lot or too much 好夸口的；好夸耀的-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

brag／bræg／［IØ］ esp emot ＆ deprec to boast 吹牛；自夸：Oh，stop bragging about your great success！哎，别吹嘘你那伟大的成就了！braggart［C］one who brags 吹牛的人

crow/krəu/ [IØ] 1 to make the loud high cry of a cock（＝ a fully grown male chicken）（公鸡） 啼：At 5 o＇clock each morning I＇m woken by the cock crowing.每天早晨五点钟我被公鸡的啼声叫醒．2［（about）］（fig） infml ＆ deprec to speak proudly 吹嘘；自夸：I wish he would stop crowing about his examination results！我希望他不要再吹嘘他的考试成绩了！crow over ［v prepT1] to delight in (the defeat or misfortune of someone） 对···幸灾乐祸：The spiteful boy crowed over his enemy＇s failure.那怀恨在心的男孩为对手的失败而幸灾乐祸.

F137 adjectives 形容词：firm，determined， and obstinate，etc［B］坚定的、坚决的与顽固的等

firm/f3:m/[Wal] strong and definite in mind, ideas, intentions, etc; not ready to change easily 坚定的；坚定不移的：He＇s firm in his planto go abroad.他坚定地要实现自己出国的计划.-ly［adv］：She believes firmly in her religion. 她坚信自己的宗教.-ness［U］

determined／dr＇t3：mind／ ［also 又作F3］ 1（of persons) having made a strong, definite, etc decision to do， get，or be something 决意的；有决心的：She is determined to come.她决心要来.2 having the kind of nature to get what one wants 意志坚强的；坚决的：She is a very deter-mined girl； determined to do well in life.她是一个意志坚强的女孩，决心要在生活中好好干一番.-ly [adv] determination [U] the state of being determined 决定；决心：She worked with great determination but did not succeed.她以很大的决心工作，但没有成功.

strong-minded /'stron'maindid/ having a

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strong mind, opinions, etc; (emph, emot & apprec） determined 坚持己见的；意志坚强的；果断的：She＇s a strong-minded girl.她是个意志坚强的女孩子.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

resolute /'rezə,lu:t/ esp lit determined; firm in one＇s decisions 坚决的；坚定的；果断的；有决心的：He is a resolute person; he won't give up (= stop doing what he is doing） easily.他是个坚定的人，不会轻易罢手.ir-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness［U］ resolution [U] firmness, esp in deciding what to do 坚决；坚定；决心

obstinate /'pbstənit/ not easily changed from one's plans, opinions, etc; refusing to obey, agree，etc 固执的；顽固的；不服从的；执拗的：She's an obstinate child;if she doesn't want to eat， she won＇t and that＇s that.她是个固执的孩子；如果她不想吃，她就什么也不吃，你毫无办法.-ly [adv] obstinacy [U] the state of being obstinate 固执；顽固；倔强

stubborn /'stabən/ [Wa2] fixed in ideas, opinions, etc; hard to move, change, etc; not willing to cooperate［→I103］顽固的；执拗的；难以移动或改变的；不愿合作的：He＇s a stubbornman； he won＇t change his mind.他是个固执的人，不会改变初衷.These nails are stubborn； they won＇t come out.这些钉子钉得很牢；拔不出来.-ly ［adv］：He fought stubbornly to win.他顽强奋斗去争取胜利.-ness［U］

pig-headed /'pig'hedid/ emph, emot & deprec obstinate；stubborn 顽固的；执拗的；愚顽的：I＇ve talked to him, but he's too pig-headed to listen.我和他谈过了，但他太顽固，听不进我的话.-ly [adv]-ness [U]

Admiration, pride,contempt, and abuse

钦佩、骄傲、鄙视与辱骂

F140 verbs 动词：admiring and

honouring 钦佩与尊敬

admire/əd'maıə/[T1]1 to regard with pleasure and respect； have a good opinion of 钦佩；赞赏；羡慕：I admire her for her bravery.我钦佩她的勇敢．2 to look at with pleasure 以赞赏的眼光观看；欣赏： I sat down to admire the view.我坐下来欣赏风景.admirer ［C］ a person who admires someone, esp a man who is attracted to a particular woman 赞赏者；爱慕者（尤指被某个女子吸引住的男子）：She has always had lotsof admirers.她向来都有许多爱慕者.

respect /ri'spekt/ [T1] 1 to feel respect for(esp a person or qualities） （感到）尊敬；敬佩：I deeply respect him／his courage.我非常尊敬他／ 敬佩他的勇气. No girl who respects herself would go out dressed like that！任何一个自重的女子都不会那样穿着外出的．2 to show respectfor（表示）尊重：I promise to respect your wishes.我答应尊重你的意愿.

look up to [v adv prep Wv6; T1] infml to admire and respect 钦佩；尊敬：She looks up to him professionally but not in other ways.她尊敬他的专业知识而非其他方面.She＇s the kind ofperson you can look up to.她是那种值得尊敬的人.

honour BrE,honor AmE/'pnə/[T1] to respect （someone） greatly 非常尊敬：We honour him； he is a great man who helped us all.我们非常尊敬他；他是个帮助过我们大家的伟人.［ALSOD101]

impress /im'pres/ 1 [T1] to make (someone) admire greatly (the person or thing men-tioned）使（人）钦佩：His ideas impressed me. 他的想法令我钦佩.I was very impressed by／at／with her performance．我很欣赏她的表演．2［D1 on/with; T5 on] to make the importance of （something） clear to （someone）使（人）印象深刻；使···记住（某事的）重要性；使铭记：My fatherimpressed on me the value of hard work.父亲使我铭记勤奋的价值.She impressed（it）on methat I mut come home early.她要我记住一定要早点回家.He impressed me with the value of hard work.他使我牢记勤奋的价值.

F141 nouns 名词：admiring and honouring 钦佩与荣誉

admiration /,ædmə'reifən/ 1 [U] a feeling of pleasure and respect 钦佩；赞美；羡慕：She was filled with admiration for his courage. 她对他的勇气很是钦佩.His courage filled her with ad-miration．他的勇气使她十分钦佩．2［the S of］person or thing that causes such feelings 令人赞赏的人或物：He was the admiration of his friends.他成了朋友们羡慕的对象.

respect／rr＇spekt／1 ［S； U； （for）］ admiration 尊敬；尊重：She showed respect for her parents＇ wishes.她尊重父母的意愿.He is held in thegreatest respect by the whole village.他受到全村人的极大尊敬.I＇have a great respect for his ability．我极其敬佩他的才能．2［U（for，to）］ attention（to）；care（for）考虑；重视；关心：Do you have no respect for the speed limit？你一点也不管车速限制吗？A dictionary should payrespect to its readers＇ needs.字典应该重视读者的需要.without respect paying no respect to； without considering 不考虑；不顾；不管：Every-body can come to this school, without respect to social class，race，or sex.人人都能上这所学校，不分阶级、种族或性别.

honour BrE, honor AmE /'pnə/ [U] great re-spect，often publicly expressed 尊敬；敬重：We hold him in great honour.我们十分尊敬他.He won honour for what he did to help us all.他因帮助了大家而赢得了尊敬．［ALSO→D102］hon-ours [P] marks of respect, such as titles given in Britain to people on the Queen's birthday and at New Year 荣誉的标志（如英女王诞辰及元旦颁授的勋位）do the honours to act as thehost， by offering drink，etc 做东道主；尽主人之谊：Who＇s going to do the honours tonight？今晚谁作东？

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glory／＇glo：ri／1［U］ great honour， praise， etc光荣；荣誉：He fought for glory，not money.他为荣誉而战，不是为金钱而战.They worked for thegreater glory of God.他们为上帝更大的荣耀而工作．2［C］ something beautiful or deserving praise，admiration，etc 壮观；绚丽；荣耀的事；可夸耀的事：＇Remember our past national glories！＇he cried.他高喊：“记住我们国家过去的光辉！”glory in ［v prep T1， 4］ often deprec to enjoy very much and be proud of 以···为荣； 以···自豪；对···感到得意：He glories in fight-ing／his ability at football.他以打架／善踢足球为荣.glorious［B］full of glory 光荣的；荣耀的；辉煌的：He said that the battle was a glorious victory.他说战斗取得了辉煌的胜利.-ly［adv］glorify ［T1］ to make glorious 颂扬；荣耀；使光荣：Never glorify war.千万不要歌颂战争.Sheglorifies everything her husband does.她颂扬丈夫所做的一切.glorification ［U］ the act of glorifying 颂扬；赞美：The church was built for the greater glorification of God.这座教堂是为了更好地赞美上帝而建的.

splendour BrE, splendor AmE /'splendə/[U] fml ＆ poet glory 光荣；壮丽：The splendour of the sunset delighted them.日落的壮丽景色使他们异常兴奋.The splendour of ancient Rome existed beside much evil and unhappiness.古罗马的光荣与大量的邪恶和不幸并存.

pomp/pomp/ [U] a great formal show,esp as part of a ceremony 壮丽景象；壮观；（尤指典礼的）盛况：There was a lot of pomp and splendour when the two kings met.两国君主会面时场面十分盛大壮观.

F142 adjectives 形容词：admiring and honouring［B］钦佩的与尊敬的

admirable /'ædmərəbəl/ worthy of admiration; very good 令人钦佩的；令人赞美的；极好的：Thisis an admirable plan； I like it very much.这是个妙极的计划，我很喜欢.Saving the girl＇s lifewas an admirable thing to do.救了那女孩的命是件令人钦佩的事.-bly ［adv］

honourable BrE, honorable AmE /'pnərəbəl/ worthy of honour or respect; showing good character 体面的；荣誉的；值得尊敬的；正直的；光明正大的：This is the honourable plan of honourable people.这就是正人君子的光明正大的计划.-bly［adv］

impressive /im'presiv/ giving one a feeling of size or importance; causing one to be im-pressed 壮观的；给人深刻印象的；感人的：It is avery impressive building.这是一座十分壮观的建筑物.What an impressive person she is！她真是个令人印象深刻的人！-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

promising /'promisin/ likely to do well or be good in future 有希望的；有前途的；有出息的：She is a very promising student indeed.她的确是个很有前途的学生.

noble／＇nəubəl／ ［Wa1］ admirable and fine 高尚的；崇高的：What a noble character he has！他的品格多么高尚！It was noble of you to try to

F143 ADMIRATION ＆ CONTEMPT 钦佩与鄙视

help him.你尽力帮助他，品格真高尚.ig-［neg］-bly [adv]-bility [U]

proud /praud/ [Wal] 1 apprec having the qual-ity of self-respect and showing this in one's. standard of behaviour 自重的；有自尊心的：They are poor but they are proud; they won't accept help from anyone.他们虽穷但自尊心很强，他们不愿接受别人的帮助.She was too proud toshow her griefin public.她的自尊心太强，不愿当众流露出悲哀．2［（of）；also 又作 F3,5］havingor expressing a proper personal feeling of satisfaction and pleasure in something con-nected with oneself 自豪的；满意的：He is very proud of his new car.他对自己的新车十分满意.Our football team is proud that it has won all its matches this season.我们的足球队为这个赛季战无不胜而自豪.I＇m proud to tell you thatmy son has just won first prize in the race.我告诉你，我的儿子刚刚获得赛跑的第一名，我真高兴.3 splendid， noble，grand；glorious 壮丽的；崇高的；堂皇的；光荣的：Rome is a proud Italiancity.罗马是意大利一座壮丽的城市.It was aproud moment in her life when she became mayor.她当选市长是她一生中最光彩的时刻.-ly[adv]

respectful／ri＇spektfal／showing respect 恭敬的； 表示尊敬的：They were very respeciful towards the great man.他们对那个伟人十分尊敬.dis-[Ape]A-[8əu]

appreciative /ə'pri:fiətiv/ 1 showing\_thanks, one＇s respect，etc 感谢的；表示敬意的：Try to be more appreciative when people give you help. 人们帮助你时，应当多多表示谢意．2 showingahigh opinion of someone 赞赏的；表示欣赏的：His appreciative words pleased them all.他的赞美说话使他们都很高兴.un-［neg］-ly ［adv］-ness[U]

humble /'hambəl/ [Wa2, 3] 1 (of people) low in rank or position（指人）地位低下的；卑贱的：Hisparents were humble country people.他的父母是地位低微的乡下人．2（of positions） unimpor-tant； not held in high regard by society（指地位）卑微的：He is a man of humble birth but great ability．他出身低微但能力很强．3 having alow opinion of oneself and a high opinion of others 谦卑的；谦逊的；恭顺的：What a humble，hard-working person he is！他真是个谦卑、勤奋的人啊！-bly［adv Wa3］-ness［U］humility［U］ esp fml the condition of being humble 谦卑；谦逊

lowly /'ləuli/ [Wal] esp lit & emot very humble 低下的；卑贱的：His parents were lowly country people.他的父母是地位低微的乡下人.-liness[U]

F143 adjectives 形容词：proud and superior［B］deprec 骄傲的与高傲的

[ALSO→C159]

proud /praud/ [Wal] having too high an opin-ion of oneself or a false idea of one's impor-tance 骄傲的；自大的；傲慢的：He＇s too proud to

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be seen in public with his poorly-dressed mother.他太傲慢了，竟不愿在众人面前和穿着破旧的母亲在一起.

conceited /kən'si:tid/ having or showing too much pride 自负的；自高自大的：She becamevery conceited after she passed those exami-nations.她通过那些考试后变得很自负.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

vain /vein/ [Wal] full of self-admiration; think-ing too highly of one's appearance, abilities, etc 自负的；自视过高的：Too much praise canmake a man vain.过多的赞誉会令人自负.

superior /su:'piərıə/ thinking oneself higher or better than others 高傲的；有优越感的：Oh，stop being so superior about people's clothes, just because you can buy whatever you want！ 嗨， 别因为你自己要什么就能买什么，就对别人的衣服看不上眼.

arrogant /'ærəgənt/ proud and self-important in a rude way that shows disrespect for other people 傲慢的；骄傲自大的；目中无人的；妄自尊大的：He was an arrogant official with arrogant manners.他是个骄傲自大的官员，态度傲慢.-ly[adv]

F144 nouns 名词：pride，conceit，and snobbery 骄傲、自负与势利

pride /praid/1 [U] deprec too high an opinion of oneself because of one's rank, wealth, abili-ties，etc 骄傲；傲慢；自负；自大：He was so full ofpride that he didn't know that people usually laughed at him.他十分自负，竟不知道别人常常取笑他．2［U］ apprec reasonable self respect；a proper high opinion of oneself 自尊（心）：She wanted to ask him to stay, but her pride would not let her.她想叫他留下来，但她的自尊心不许她这样做.If you offer him money，it will hurt his pride.如果你给他钱，那会伤他的自尊心的．3 ［U；S］ a feeling of satisfaction， delight， and pleasure in what one can do or has done, or in someone or something connected with one 自豪；得意：He takes a pride in his work.他对自己的工作很自豪.They spoke with pride oftheir pretty daughter.他们谈到他们漂亮的女儿时很得意．4 ［the S of］ the most valued thing or person 最宝贵的人或物：This fine picture is the pride of our collection.这是我们收藏的画中最宝贵的一幅，

vanity/'vænəti/[U] the quality or state of being too proud of oneself or one's importance, abilities，etc 虚荣心；自负：You＇ll only make his vanity worse ifyou tell him how clever he is. 如果你对他说他多么聪明，那只会使他更自负.She＇salways looking at herself in the mirror-what vanity！她老是照镜子-多虚荣！

conceit /kən'si:t/ 1 [U] deprec too high an opinion of one's own abilities, value,etc;too much pride 自负；骄傲自满：That girl is full of conceit.那个女孩十分自负.I dislike conceit， especially in a young person.我不欣赏自负，尤其是年轻人的自负．2［C］tech a humorous or

clever thought or expression 幽默、巧妙的想法或说法：Her poetry is full of little conceits.她的诗充满灵巧而俏皮的词句.

disdain /dis'dein/ [U] lack of respect; the feel-ing that someone or something is low and worthless 轻蔑；蔑视：The soldiers treated their prisoners with disdain.士兵们以轻蔑的态度对待俘虏.She looked at him with cold disdain.她轻蔑地冷眼看他.

contempt/kən'tempt/ [U] 1 the feeling that someone or something is of a lower rank and undesirable 轻视；蔑视：Some employers have contempt for their workers.有些老板蔑视自己雇佣的工人.I feel nothing but contempt for such dishonest behaviour！对这种不诚实的行为我只会加以蔑视！2 total disregard or disrespect 轻蔑； 不齿：I treat those fools with the contempt they deserve.我对那些蠢货嗤之以鼻，对这种人就该是这样子．3 the condition of being thought of low rank and undesirable 为人所不齿的状态：'People who smoke and drink too much should be held in contempt，＇ she said.她说： “抽烟、酗酒的人理应为人所不齿.”

arrogance /'ærəgəns/ [U] pride and self-importance shown in a way that is rude and disrespectful to others 骄傲自大；傲慢无礼： Although what he said was reasonable his arrogance angered everyone.虽然他的话有理，但他的傲慢无礼使大家很生气.

snobbery /'snpbəri/ [U] the state or quality of being a snob [→C159],too interested in social position， wealth，etc 势利；谄上傲下：Her snobbery made her stop seeing her old friends when she became rich.她的势利眼使她在富起来以后就与老朋友断绝来往.

F145 verbs 动词：despising and being proud［T1］鄙视与骄傲

despise /dr'spaiz/ to regard as worthless,low, bad，etc；to dislike very angrily 鄙视；藐视；看不起：The soldiers despised those enemies who refused to fight.士兵们鄙视那些拒绝作战的敌人.He began to despise himself for the way he had treated his friends.他开始为自己对待朋友的态度而鄙视自己.

look down on [v adv prep] infml to despise, esp socially 看不起；轻视（尤指社会地位较低者）：She looks down on people who are not rich. 她看不起没有钱的人.

disdain /dis'deın/ [Wv6] to treat with a lack of respect，interest，etc 轻视；蔑视：He disdains them and won＇t talk to them.他蔑视他们，不屑和他们说话.She disdains work； she never does any.她瞧不起工作，从来就什么都不做.

humble/'hambal/ to make (someone or oneself） humble or in a lower position 使谦卑； 贬抑；压下（锐气）；使丢脸：He humbled hisenemies publicly.他当众挫敌人的气焰.Ithumbled his pride to admit his mistakes.承认错误伤了他自尊.You must humble yourself before God，＇said the priest.牧师说：“你必须在上帝面前表示谦卑.”

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pride oneself on ［also 又作 V4b］ to take a proper pride in 引以自豪：She prides herselfon her teaching， and she is very good indeed.她为自己的教学工作感到自豪，她也确实教得很好.

F146 adjectives 形容词：despising and being proud［B］鄙视的与骄傲的

disdainful ／dıs＇deinfal／showing disdain 轻蔑的； 蔑视的：She gave him a disdainful smile.她对他轻蔑地一笑.He is very disdainful／towards stupid people.他十分蔑视蠢人.-ly［adv］

contemptuous /kən'temptfuəs/ showing con-tempt 鄙视的；轻视的；轻蔑的：He spoke in avery contemptuous way about them.他以非常鄙视的态度谈到他们.There was a contemptuoussmile on his face. 他脸上露出轻蔑的微笑.-ly[adv]

F147 adjectives 形容词：despised and held in contempt ［Wa3；B］被看不起的与被鄙视的

despicable /dr'spıkəbəl/ that should be or de-serves to be despised 可鄙的；卑鄙的：It is (quite) despicable of you to leave your wife and family without any money.你没有给妻子和家庭留下钱便一走了之，这是（很）卑鄙的.-bly[adv]

contemptible /kən'temptəbəl/ that should be shown or deserves contempt 可鄙的；令人不齿的：What a contemptible thing to do／say！这样做／说真可鄙！-bly［adv］

F148 verbs 动词：insulting people ［T1］侮辱人

insult /in'salt/ to say or do something to offend 侮辱；凌辱：They insulted him and he can＇t forgive them or forget it.他们侮辱了他，他不能原谅他们，也不会忘记这件事.He was insultedwhen they insisted on paying for him.他受到了侮辱，因为他们坚持要替他付钱.

offend ／ə＇fend／［also 又作 IØ］ to insult and annoy （a person） by doing or saying something 得罪； 冒犯；触怒：You offended her by saying that she only bought the cheapest clothes.你说她只买最便宜的衣服，这得罪了她.Please don＇t beoffended；I didn＇t mean to offend（you）.请不要生气；我没有冒犯（你）的意思.He wasoffended when they didn't ask him to go with them.他们没有请他一起去，他因而十分不高兴.

abuse /ə'bju:z/ to say unkind, cruel, or rude things to (someone) or about (somebody or something）辱骂；诋毁：She abuses her ex-husband mercilessly.她无情地辱骂她的前夫.

disparage /dı'spærıd3/ [Wv4] to speak without respect of/for; make (someone or something)

F150 ADMIRATION ＆CONTEMPT 钦佩与鄙视

sound of little value or importance 贬低；诋毁； 毁谤：She＇s always disparaging the successes of others；is she jealous？她总是贬低别人的成绩；她是否出于妒忌？In spite of your disparaging remarks I think she sings beautifully.尽管你说她不行，我还是认为她唱得很动听.

decry/dr'krai/ to speak ill of;say bad things about (something powerful or dangerous to the public）谴责（对公众有影响力的或危险的事物）；诋毁；贬低：He decried the harmful influ-ence of television.他谴责电视的有害影响.

run down [v adv] not fml to say bad things about 说···的坏话：Stop running him down； he＇s not as bad as that！不要说他的坏话了；他并没有那么坏！

do down [v adv] BrE infml to say bad things about (someone, esp someone who is not present）说···的坏话（尤指在背后）：They praise him to his face, but do him down behind his back.他们当面称赞他，但背后说他的坏话.

cheek/tfi:k/[(up)] BrE infml to behave, speak, etc boldly, rudely, or disrespectfully to(wards) （someone）对···无礼：Don＇t cheek （up） your teacher！不要对你的老师无礼！

snub/snab/ [often pass] to rudely pay no atten-tion to 冷落；怠慢；不理睬：He was snubbed byhis former friends，because of what he did.他的所作所为令老朋友都不理他了.

F149 nouns 名词：insulting people 侮辱人

insult/'insalt/ 1 [U] speech or action which insults 侮辱人的言行：I don＇t like insult；I prefer politeness．我不喜欢对人无礼；我宁愿以礼待人．2［C］ an example of this 侮辱； 凌辱： To offer him so little money is an insult.给他这么少的钱是个侮辱.

offence BrE, offense AmE /ə'fens/ [U] esp fml the state of being insulted， offended 冒犯；触怒：I hope I didn＇t cause you any offence；I certainly meant no offence.我希望我没有冒犯你；我毫无冒犯之意.

abuse /ə'bju:s/ [U] unkind, cruel, or rude words 辱骂；恶言：He greeted us with a stream of abuse.他一见我们就破口骂个不停.

disparagement /dr'spærid3mənt/ [U] the act of disparaging someone or something 贬低；诋毁；毁谤：He has met a lot of disparagement in his work，but he is not worried by it.他在工作中受到很多诽谤，但并不为此而烦恼.

snub／snab／［C］an act of snubbing 冷落、怠慢的行为：He had to suffer the snubs of his former friends.他不得不忍受老朋友对他的冷落.

F150 adjectives 形容词：insulting people ［B］侮辱人的

insulting／mn＇sAltıg／causing insult 侮辱的；无礼的： What an insulting thing to say！怎么说这么侮辱性的话！They spoke in a very insulting way.他们说话的态度非常无礼.-ly［adv］

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abusive/ə'bju:siv/ using or containing unkind, cruel，or rude words 辱骂的；毁谤的：His lan-guage was very abusive when he spoke to her. 他对她讲话时用了辱骂的语言.-ly［adv］

disparaging /dı'spærıd3ı/ showing that one considers someone or something of little value or importance 贬低的；诋毁的；轻蔑的：Hemade some disparaging remarks about her singing， but I think she＇s good.他虽然对她的歌唱说了些不好的话，但我认为她唱得不错.-ly［adv］

pejorative /pr'd3prətrv/ [B] fml (of a word, phrase, etc) that suggests that someone or something is bad or worthless；insulting（指言辞等）带有轻蔑或贬低意义的：The words he usedwere clearly pejorative; he suggested that their leader was a fool.他使用的语言显然含有贬意的；他暗示说他们的领导人是个笨蛋.-ly［adv］

depreciatory\_/dr'pri:fiətəri/ serving to lessen the value of someone or something; pejora-tive 贬低的；轻视的：Stop making depreciatory remarks about him.别说贬低他的话了.

derogatory/dr'rogətəri/ strongly depreciative; showing that someone has a low opinion of someone else 强烈贬低的；毁损的；贬抑的：Hisremarks were very derogatory; I felt insulted. 他的话很有贬意；我有受到侮辱的感觉.

feeling shame or being laughed at 由于怕羞或怕被嘲笑而不愿···的；耻于···的：He was ashamedto ask such a simple question.他耻于问这么简单的问题.-ly［adv］

embarrass /ım'bærəs/ [Wv4] to cause to feel ashamed or socially uncomfortable 使困窘；使难堪；使尴尬；使不好意思；使侷促不安：She wasembarrassed when they asked her.age.当他们问起她的年龄时，她感到很窘.I don＇t like makingspeeches in public； it is so embarrassing.我不喜欢当众演说；太难为情了.He embarrassed herby telling dirty jokes.他开下流的玩笑，使她很难堪.

show up [v adv] esp BrE to make (someone) feel shame 使羞愧；使难堪：When we go todinner parties my husband always shows me up with the rude jokes he tells.我们参加宴会时， 我丈夫总讲些粗俗的笑话而使我难堪.

humiliate/hju:'milieit/ to cause (someone) to feel humble [→F142] in a bad way; or to lose the respect of others 羞辱；使丢脸：His remarks humiliated me； I felt really small and silly.他的话羞辱了我，使我感到自己渺小和愚蠢.

stigmatize,-ise /'stigmətaiz/ [T1] to mark (a person) out by a sign of shame; tell or show that（someone） is shameful 给（某人）加上污名； 诬蔑：They stigmatized their opponent as a liar.他们诬蔑对手是说谎者.

F152 nouns 名词： disgracing， shaming，

and embarrassing 使丢脸、耻辱与窘迫

disgrace /dis'greis/ 1 [U] loss of honour and

respect 耻辱；丢脸；失宠：His actions brought

disgrace on his family.他的行为使家人丢了脸.

Being poor is no disgrace.贫穷决非耻辱.The

child is in disgrace because he behaved badly

at dinner．那孩子因吃饭时行为不检点而挨骂．2［S

（to）］ a cause of loss of respect 耻辱；丢脸的事或

人：Bad doctors like that are a disgrace to our

hospitals.那样的庸医是我们医院的耻辱.

shame/feim/1 [U] the painful feeling of the

guilt, wrongness, inability, or failure of oneself

or a close friend， relative，etc 羞耻（心）；羞愧

（感）：He felt no shame for all the bad things

he had done.他对所干的一切坏事毫不感到羞耻.

Her face reddened with shame when she

heard of her mistake.她听说自己的错误时脸都

羞红了．2［U］ disgrace of this kind 羞辱；耻辱：

His bad behaviour brings shame on us all！他

的恶劣行为使我们大家都蒙受耻辱！3 ［S］ some-

thing that deserves blame 可耻的事：It＇s a

shame，the way they waste money.他们那样乱

花钱，真是可耻.

embarrassment/im'bærəsmənt/1 [U] the act

of embarrassing; the state of being embar-

rassed 困窘；为难；难堪；尴尬；侷促不安：They

asked me to sing to them,much to my embar-

rassment．他们请我给他们唱歌，这使我窘得很．2

［C］ a person or thing that embarrasses 使人难

堪的人或事：That nasty child is an embarrass-

ment to his parents.那个讨厌的孩子使他的父母

很难堪.

F151 verbs 动词：disgracing，shaming， and embarrassing ［T1］丢脸、耻辱与难堪

disgrace／dis＇greis／1 to be a disgrace to 使丢脸； 使受耻辱：He disgraced himselflus all last night by drinking too much.他昨晚喝酒过量，使自己／我们大家丢了脸．2 ［usu pass］ to put （a publicperson） out of favour／position in disgrace 使失宠；贬黜：The dishonest minister was publicly disgraced.不诚实的部长当众受辱.

shame/Jeim/1 to bring dishonour to; disgrace 使蒙受羞耻；使丢脸：He shamed his family bybeing sent to prison.他因被送入监狱而使家人蒙羞．2 to cause to feel shame 使难为情；使惭愧：Itshames me to say it， but I told a lie.说来惭愧， 可我说谎了．3 to appear very much better than 远远胜过；使相形见绌：Their good work shamesall the others.他们出色的工作使其他人都相形见绌．4 ［into or out of］ to force or urge （to do something） by causing feelings of shame 使感羞愧而···（做某事）：I tried to shame her into voting in the elections but she has no sense of duty.我劝她去投票，说不去投票是羞耻的事，但她毫无责任感．ashamed1［F（of）F3,5a］feeling shame,guilt, or sorrow (because of something done）感到羞愧的；感到惭愧的：You should beashamed （ofyourselflyour behaviour）！你应该（为自己／自己的行为）感到羞愧！You should beashamed to tell such lies.撒这样的谎你应感到羞耻.He was ashamed that he had lied.他因为说了谎而感到羞愧.He was ashamed of asking／having asked such a simple question.问了一个这么简单的问题，他感到难为情.I＇m ashamedthat he found me doing it.他发现了我做那事，使我十分惭愧．2［F3］ unwilling through fear of

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F156 ADMIRATION ＆ CONTEMPT 钦佩与鄙视

humiliation ／hju：，mılr＇eıfən／ 1 ［U］ the act of brazen ／＇breizən／emot shameless 厚颜无耻的；恬

不知耻的：They are quite brazen about their

evil behaviour；they don＇t hide it.他们对自己的

邪恶行为毫不感到羞耻；他们并不掩饰.-ly［adv］

-ness[U]

F155 adjectives 形容词：rude and cheeky

［B］无礼的与厚颜无耻的

rude /ru:d/ [Wal] (of a person or his behav-

iour） not at all polite（指人或其行为）无礼的；粗

鲁的：It＇s rude to say you don＇t like the food，

when she spent so long preparing it. 她花了那

么多时间做这些饭菜，你要说不喜欢吃就太没有礼貌

了.Don＇t make such rude remarks.不要说这样

无礼的话.Don＇t be so rude to your father.不要

对你父亲这么无礼.-ly［adv］

impudent/'impjudənt/ very rude in speech or

act（言语或行动）十分无礼的；冒失的：What an

impudent remark／thing to say！说这样的话可真

没礼貌！He is a very impudent child.他是个十

分无礼的孩子.-ly［adv］

impertinent/im'ps:tinənt/ rude; not at all re-

spectful, esp to an older or more important

person（尤指对年长或位尊者）无礼的；傲慢的：

What an impertinent remark／child！多么无礼的

话／孩子！-ly［adv］

insolent /'insələnt/ (of people and their acts)

showing rudeness；insulting（指人及其行为）无

礼的；侮慢的：What insolent behaviour！多么侮

慢的行为！The man＇s manner was very inso-

lent.这人的态度非常无礼.-ly［adv］

brash /bræf/ [Wal] rudely disrespectful and

proud 无礼的；傲慢的：Oh，don＇t be so brash

towards these people！哎，别对这些人那么傲慢无

礼！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

cheeky /'tfi:ki/ [Wal] infml rude; not respectful

无礼的；不尊重的：I don＇t like cheeky little girls

who are rude to older people.我不喜欢对老年人

无礼的小女孩.-ily ［adv］：The child behaved

very cheekily.这孩子表现得很无礼.-iness［U］

fresh／fref／ ［Wal］ AmE cheeky 无礼的：Don＇t be

so fresh！不要这么无礼！

audacious /o:'deifəs/ daringly, impolite or

disrespectful，as to someone of high rank（对

地位高的人）放肆的：What an audacious thing

to do！这样做多放肆！-ly［adv］

humiliating or being humiliated 羞辱；丢脸（指

行为）2［C］an example of this 羞辱；丢脸（指事

例）：She has had many humiliations in her

life but she has never accepted them.她一生中

曾受到多次羞辱，但从未低过头.

stigma /'stıgmə/ [C] a sign of shame;a feeling of being ashamed 耻辱的记号；污名；羞耻的感觉：There is a sort of stigma about having to ask for money; the stigma of being different from other people.向人要钱是种耻辱；一种与一般人不同的耻辱感.

F153 adjectives 形容词：disgracing， shaming，and embarrassing ［B］丢脸的、耻辱的与困窘的

disgraceful ／dis＇greisfəl／ bringing disgrace 不名誉的；不光彩的；丢脸的：What a disgraceful thingto do／way to behave！这样做／这种行为真可耻！[Ape]■

shameful/'feimfal/ deserving blame; causing the feeling or condition of shame 可耻的；丢脸的：What a shameful thing to do／say！做那样的事／说那种话真可耻！It＇s shameful the way theywaste money！他们那样乱花钱是可耻的！-ly[adv]

shamefaced/feim'feist/showing shame or un-sureness about oneself 羞怯的；赧颜的：He made his excuses in a shamefaced way.他羞怯地作了辩解.-ly［adv］

humiliating /hju:'mili,eitny/ causing someone to feel humiliated 使蒙受耻辱的；屈辱的；丢脸的：The way they spoke to her was most humiliat-ing for her.他们对她讲话的方式使她极感屈辱.-ly[adv]

embarrassing /im'bærəsiry/ causing someone to feel ashamed or socially uncomfortable 令人为难的；令人难堪的；使人尴尬的：I made anembarrassing mistake; I called him by the wrong name.我犯了一个令人难堪的错误，我叫错了他的名字.-ly［adv］

F154 adjectives 形容词： having no shame ［B］不知羞耻的

shameless/'feimlis/1 (of a person) unable to feel shame（指人）不知羞耻的；不要脸的：＇She isan immodest and shameless young woman!' he said.他说：“她是个不正派又无耻的青年女子！”2 done without shame；indecent 下流的；无耻的：His behaviour was a shameless insult to us all.他的行为对我们大家是个无耻的侮辱.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

bold/bəuld/ [Wal] deprec (of a person, espa woman or her behaviour） without shame（尤指女子或其行为）厚颜无耻的：She＇s a bold girl，isn＇t she？她是个厚颜无耻的女子，是不是？-ly[adv]-ness [U]

F156 nouns 名词：rudeness and cheek

［U］无礼与厚颜

rudeness /'ru:dnis/ the state or condition of being rude 无礼；粗野：I don＇t want to see him again; his rudeness last time was unforgiv-able.我再也不想见他了；他上次的无礼是不可原谅的.

impudence/'impjudəns/ the state or condition of being impudent 无礼；冒失：The child＇s im-pudence surprised us.这孩子的无礼使我们吃惊.impertinence /ım'p3:tməns/ the state or con-

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F157 ADMIRATION ＆ CONTEMPT 钦佩与鄙视

dition of being impertinent 无礼；傲慢：Whai impertinence！多么无礼！

insolence /'ınsələns/ the state or condition of being insolent 侮慢无礼：＇His insolence must be punished！＇the king said.国王说：“他的侮慢无礼必须受到惩罚！”

disrespect/,drsri'spekt/ lack of respect,esp by being rude 无礼；不尊敬；失礼：Those children showed great disrespect to their parents.那些孩子对父母很不尊敬.

audacity /o:'dæsəti/ daring rudeness or disre-spect 大胆；放肆：I was surprised at her audacity in wearing such a dress！她竟敢穿那样一件连衣裙，我感到吃惊！

cheek /tfi:k/ infml bold, disrespectful, rude behaviour 大胆无礼的行为：No more of yourcheek or else I＇ll hit you！不许再无礼，不然我就揍你！

freshness／＇frefnis／AmE cheek 大胆无礼的行为nerve／n3：v／［also 又作 S］ deprec boldness，esp if it is rude and disrespectful 厚颜；大胆；放肆： He's very untidy and he has the nerve to tell me my shoes need cleaning！他自己很邋遢，却胆敢对我说我的鞋该刷了！The nerve of him！他真不怕丢脸！What a nerve！脸皮真厚！

station in great disappointment, for she wasn＇t on the train.他十分失望地离开车站，因为她没乘那班火车来．2［C］someone or something disappointing 令人失望的人；令人失望的事：Ourson has been a disappointment to us.我们的儿子使我们失望.He suffered various disappoint-ments in his attempts to get work.他多次找工作，但接连失意.to someone＇s disappointment which makes someone feel disappointed 使··· 失望的是：She learnt， to her disappointment， that they hadn＇t invited her.使她失望的是，她知道了他们没有邀请她.

letdown /'let,daun/ [C] not fml a disappoint-ment 扫兴；令人失望的事：It was a real letdown；she didn't come although she had promised. 这真令人扫兴，她答应来却没来.

Kindness and unkindness

仁慈与不仁慈

F170 adjectives，etc 形容词等：showing

helpful interest［B］表示好意的

kind /kaind/ [Wa1 (of)] helpful; (that shows

one is) interested in the happiness or feelings

of others 仁慈的；心地善良的；亲切的；和蔼的：She

is a kind person.她是一个和蔼的人.That was a

kind thing to do.那样做是一件好事.What a

kind thought！ 多么好心的想法！Be kind to

animals.要爱护动物.Would you be kind

enough to do it？ 能麻烦你做这件事吗？Would

you be so kind as to do it？ 请你做这件事好吗？

It was very kind of you to do it.谢谢你做了这件

事．-ly ［adv］-ness 1 ［U］ the quality of being

kind 仁慈；好意；和蔼；亲切2 ［C］ a kind action

友好的行动；好事

kindly／＇kaindli／1［Wa2］pleasant；friendly 和善

的；亲切的；仁慈的：She gave him a kindly smile.

她朝他和蔼地笑了笑.He is the kindliest／most

kindly person I have ever met.他是我见过的最

和蔼可亲的人.She spoke in a kindlyway.她以

亲切的态度说话．2［adv］［Wal］ in a kind

manner 和蔼地；亲切地；仁慈地：She spoke

kindly to him.她亲切地对他说话.not take

kindly to not accept easily or willingly 不容易

接受；不愿意接受：He didn＇t take kindly to his

new responsibilities.他不愿意承担新的责任.

kind-hearted /'kaind'ha:tid/ [Wa2] having or

showing a kind heart （nature）好心的；仁慈的：

He's the very kindest-hearted person I know.

他是我所认识的心肠最好的人.-ly［adv］

beneficent／bə＇nefəsənt／esp fml kind 仁慈的；慈

善的：He behaved in a very beneficent way

towards them. 他对他们非常好.-ly ［adv］be-

neficence [U] the state of being beneficent;

kindness 仁慈；慈善

disappointment /,disə'pointmənt/ 1 [U] the benevolent /bə'nevələnt/ kind and liking to state of being disappointed 失望：He left the

help other people 仁慈的；慈善的；乐善好施的：

F157 verbs 动词：disappointing people

［T1］使人失望

disappoint /,disə'pornt/ 1 to fail to fulfil the hopes of （a person）使失望： I＇m sorry to disap-point you， but I can＇t come after all.我很抱歉要使你失望，可我实在来不了.He was disap-pointed to learn that you couldn＇t come.听说你不能来他很失望.Please don＇t be too disap-pointed if I can＇t do it.如果我做不了，请别太失望．2 to defeat（a plan，hope，etc）使（希望）落空；使（计划）受挫：I＇m sorry to disappoint your hopes.对不起，要让你的希望落空了.disappoint-ing [B] causing one to be unhappy at not seeing hopes come true 令人失望的：What dis-appointing news！ 多扫兴的消息！Your exami-nation marks are rather disappointing; I hoped you would do better.你的考试成绩真叫人失望；我原希望你会考得好些.-ly［adv］：The day ofthegarden party was disappointingly cold and wet.举行游园会那天又冷又下雨，真扫兴.

let down [v adv] not fml to cause (someone) to be disappointed esp in one's loyalty; to fail to keep a promise to 使失望；失信于：I＇m sorry I let you down yesterday； I won＇t do it again. 很抱歉，昨天让你失望了；我以后不会那样做的.Shelet us all down by not coming.她没有来，使我们大家很失望.

F158 nouns 名词：disappointing people 令人失望

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The old man felt benevolent towards the poor children and gave them some money.那老人对穷孩子很仁慈，给了他们一些钱.-ly［adv］benevo-lence [U] the state of being benevolent; kind-ness to other people 仁慈；善行

benign/bi'namn/1 (of people) kind and friendly （指人）宽厚的；慈祥的；和蔼的；亲切的：He metthem with a benign smile.他以和蔼的微笑向他们打招呼．2（of weather）pleasant； not too hot or too cold（指天气）温和的；宜人的3 tech（ofdiseases） not very harmful（指疾病）不太危险的；良性的-ly［adv］

good／gud／［Wa5（to， of）］ kind and helpul 友好的；乐于助人的：She＇s always been very good to me.她一向对我很好.It＇s good of you to help.你来帮忙真好.Would you please be good enough to close the door？ 麻烦你关上门好吗？Theyhadn't a good word for her (= They talked unkindly about her）.他们没说她一句好话.

humane /hju:'memn/ showing human kindness and the qualities of a civilized person 仁慈的； 人道的：His way of looking after the animals is very humane.他对动物的照料很细心周到.-ly[adv]

human/'hju:mən/1 showing the feelings,esp those of kindness, which human beings have 有人性的；有人情味的：He seems quite humanwhen you，know him.当你了解他，他便显得颇有人情味．2 of or concerning man 人的；人类的：the human voice 人的声音-ly［adv］

considerate /kən'sidərit/ [(of)] thoughtful of the rights and feelings of others；hélpful 考虑周到的；体贴的；替人着想的：What a very con-siderate young man he is！这个年轻人多么体贴人啊！It was considerate of you to come and meet me.你来接我想得真周到.-ly［adv］ -ness[U]

thoughtful/'θo:tfəl/ [(of)] paying attention to the wishes, feelings, etc of other people; taking other people into account 考虑周到的； 体贴的；为他人着想的：It was thoughtful of youto meet me here.你到这里来接我想得很周到.Heis a very thoughtful kind of person.他是那种很会体贴人的人.-ly［adv］

helpful／＇helpfəl／［（of）］willing to help；useful 乐意助人的；有帮助的；有用的：She＇s a helpful grl.她是个乐意助人的女孩.It was a helpful thing todo.做这件事是有帮助的.It was helpful of youto do that.你那样做可帮了大忙.-ly［adv］

beneficial /,benə'fifəl/ having a helpful or good effect 有益的；有利的；有助的：This holiday hasbeen really beneficial; I've enjoyed it very much.这个假期的确有益处，我过得很愉快.-ly[adv]

well-disposed /'weldis'pəuzd/ showing kind-ness 脾气好的；待人和气的；怀有好意的：He iswell-disposed towards most people.他对大多数人都很和气.She＇s a very well-disposed person. 她是个脾气很好的人.

obedient/ə'bi:diənt/ doing what one is told to do; obeying [→G115] one's parents, teachers, officers，etc，esp without arguing 顺从的；恭顺的；服从的：She is a very obedient child.她是个温顺的孩子.The dog is well-trained and obedi-

F173 KINDNESS ＆ UNKINDNESS 仁慈与不仁慈

ent to its master＇s orders.这条狗训练有素，服从主人的命令.-Iy ［adv］ obedience ［U］ the condition of being obedient 顺从；恭顺；服从： Obedience to orders is important in an army. 服从命令对军队来说是很重要的.

F171 adjectives 形容词：tender and gentle ［B］温柔的与温和的

tender／＇tendə／［Wal］ gentle and loving； kind 温柔的；亲切的：She has a tender way with people. 她对人亲切.She gave her child a tender look. 她朝孩子温柔地望了一眼.What a tender hearthe has！他的心肠多软啊！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

tender-hearted/,tendə'ha:tid/ esp emot easily moved to love， pity，or sorrow 软心肠的；易感动的：She＇s very tender-hearted about those poor people.她对那些穷人心肠很软.-ness［U］

gentle /'d3entl/ [Wal, 3] 1 kind and ready to help others 温和的；和善的；愿帮助人的：Sheis a very gentle person, who never loses her temper．她是个温和的人，从来不发脾气．2 notviolent；soft in movement（动作）柔和的；和缓的：There was a gentle wind among the trees. 一阵柔和的风吹过树林.They climbed up agentle slope.他们爬上一道平缓的斜坡.-tly ［advWa3]-ness [U]

F172 adjectives 形容词：sympathetic and understanding ［B］同情的与理解的

sympathetic /,sımpə'θetik/ [(to)] of, feeling, or showing sympathy 同情的；表示同情的；有同情心的：She was sympathetic to my aims.她赞同我的志向.It＇s no use just being sympathetic； help me！仅仅表示同情没有用；帮帮我吧！-ally ［advWa4]

warm-hearted/,wo:m'ha:tid/ having or show-ing warm and friendly feelings 热情的；亲切的-ly [adv]-ness [U]

tolerant /'tplərənt/ showing or practising friendly feelings 容忍的；宽容的：He is a Muslim/Catholic but is very tolerant towards those who have different religious opinions.他是一个伊斯兰教徒／天主教徒，但他很能容忍有不同宗教见解的人.What a tolerant woman she is！ 她是个多么宽容的女人！in-［neg］-ly［adv］

understanding /,Andə'stændin/ kind, because ablé to understand 理解的；体谅人的；通情达理的：She was very helpful and understanding about what happened.她帮了很大的忙，对所发生的事也很体谅.Try to be a little more under-standing！请尽可能通情达理些！

F173 adjectives 形容词：humanitarian and charitable［B］人道主义的与慈善的

humanitarian /hju: mænə'teərrən/ concerned

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F174 KINDNESS ＆ UNKINDNESS 仁慈与不仁慈

with trying to improve life for human beings by giving them better conditions to live in and by changing laws, esp those which punish too severely 博爱的；慈善的；人道主义的

generous /'d3enərəs/ showing readiness to give money， help， kindness，etc 慷慨的；大方的： She's not very generous with the food; she gives very small amounts.她对食物很吝啬，给的量很少.You are far too generous with your money.你在金钱方面实在过于大方了.-ly［adv］

liberal /'lbərəl/ generous, esp in giving or being given quickly and easily or in large amounts 慷慨的；大方的；丰富的；丰盛的：He is very liberalwith his money.他用钱很大方.She gave us liberal helpings of food.她给我们添了很多次菜.-ly［adv］

magnanimous /mæg'nænəməs/ having or showing unusually generous qualities towards others 宽宏大量的：A country should be mag-nanimous towards its defeated enemies.一个国家应该对被它打败的敌国宽宏大量.-ly［adv］

charitable /'tærətəbal/ showing kindness and charity［→F175］宽厚的；仁慈的；慈善的：Becharitable； try to help them.行行好，尽力帮帮他们吧．-bly［adv Wa3］

F174 adjectives 形容词：merciful and

clement［B］仁慈的与宽厚的

merciful /'m3:sifal/ 1 [(to)] showing mercy; willing to be kind, to forget bad things done, or to forgive people for bad things done, instead of punishing them，etc 宽大的；仁慈的： The king was merciful and did not kill his enemies.国王很宽大，没有杀死他的敌人.Themerciful king saved him from death.仁慈的国王免他一死．2 by the kindness of God，fortune， etc 神佑的；幸运的：He had a merciful death and did not suffer too much pain.他死得安详， 没有受很多痛苦．-ly［adv Wa4］-ness［U］

lenient/'li:nənt/1 merciful in judgment; gentle 宽大的；宽厚的：Be lenient with her，please； she＇s only a child.请对她宽大点；她还是个孩子.2 allowing less than the highest standards of work，behaviour，etc 不严格的；迁就的：You are too lenient with these children; you must make them work harder.你对这些孩子太迁就了，你应让他们更努力些.-ly［adv］

clement/'klemənt/ often fml & pomp (esp of weather，conditions） pleasant； kind； gentle （气候、条件等）温和的；宽厚的；仁慈的：The weatheris much more clement today，I think.我觉得今天的天气暖和多了.He wore a clement smile onhis face.他的脸上挂着仁慈的微笑.

F175 nouns 名词：showing helpful interest 表示好意的

kindness/'kamndnis/1 [U] the quality of being kind 仁慈；和气；亲切2［C］a kind action 仁慈

（和蔼、亲切等）的举动：They have shown memany kindnesses in the past.过去他们待我非常好.Please have the kindness to answer this letter quickly.烦请尽速复信.（BrE）Please do me the kindness to answer this letter quickly. 烦请尽速复信.

goodwill/,gud'wil/ [U] kind feelings towards or between people and/or willingness to act to increase the good fortune of these others 好意；友好；亲善：Owing to the goodwill of the people of this town we have collected enough money to educate these children.由于本镇人民的善意，我们筹集了足够的经费来为这些孩子办教育.

humaneness /hju:'memnis/ [U] the quality of being humane 仁慈；人道

humanity /hju:'mænəti/ [U] the quality of being human and／or humane 人性；仁爱

considerateness /kən'sıdəritnis/ [U] the qual-ity of being considerate 体谅；体贴；照顾

consideration /kən,sidə'reifən/ {U (for)] thoughtful attention to the wishes and feelings of others 体谅；照顾；体贴：He never shows any consideration for his mother's feelings.他从来不体谅他母亲的感情.Have youno consideration for others，you nasty boy？你这讨厌的孩子，你难道一点也不为别人着想吗？

sympathy /'sımpəθi/ [U] 1 the ability to share the feelings of another 同情；同情心：I have no sympathy for him or for what he has done.我对他和他的所作所为毫不同情．2 （the expressionof）pity 同情（的表示）sympathies［P］1 feel-ings of support 同感；赞同；支持：His sympathies arellie with our enemies．他同情我们的敌人．2a message of comfort in grief 慰问；吊唁：He sent them his sympathies on the death of their father.他对他们父亲的逝世致以慰问.

tolerance /'tlərəns/ [U] the ability or willing-ness to let other people do what they want, say and think what they like，etc 容忍；宽容：He is a man of great tolerance.他是个极为宽容的人.in-［neg］

toleration /,tolə'rerfən/ [U;S] the ability to tolerate [→F9] or accept what one does not really like 忍受；容忍：He has some toleration oflfor people like that now, but he finds it difficult to work with them.他现在对那种人已比较容忍，但他觉得很难与他们一起工作.

charity/'tfærəti/1 [U] kindness; the feeling of generosity 善心；慷慨；仁慈；怜悯之心：Charitymade her give food to the old woman.善心驱使她把食物送给那个老妇人．2［U］Christian lovefor God and man（基督教的）爱；慈悲；博爱：TheBible says that 'of faith, hope, and charity, the greatest of all is charity.《圣经》说：“有信、有望、有爱这三样，其中最大的是爱．”3［U］help tothe poor 施舍；布施（给穷人）：She was always very generous in her charity.她一向很慷慨施舍. I don＇t want to live on charity for ever.我不愿永远靠施舍过日子．4［C］ a society or organi-zation that gives help to the poor 慈善团体： There are many charities in Britain which send help to hungry people abroad.英国有许多慈善机构救济国外的饥民．5 ［U］ sympathy and

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kindness shown when judging others 宽大；宽厚；宽容：She wàs only set free because of the judge＇s charity.由于法官的宽大她才获得释放.charity begins at home one's first duty is to one＇s family；after that，to others 仁爱先自家中开始（再施于他人）

mercy/'m3:si/1 [U(to, towards)] the quality of being merciful; willingness to forgive and not punish 宽恕；宽大：He showed mercy to（wards） his enemies and let them live.他宽恕敌人，让他们活了下来．2［U；C usu pl with sing meaning］ kindness or pity towards those who suffer or are weak 怜悯；慈悲：God＇s mercy has／mercies have no limits.上帝的慈悲是无限的.at themercy of powerless against 在···支配下；任凭··· 的摆布：Without a gun he was at their mercy. 他没有枪，只好任他们处置.They were lost at sea，at the mercy of wind and weather.他们在海上迷失了方向，只好听任大风和天气来摆布.

leniency /'li:nənsi/ [U] the quality of being lenient宽大；宽厚；怜悯

clemency/'klemənsi/ 1 [U] mercy, esp when used to make a punishment less severe 仁慈； （尤指惩罚）宽大；宽厚：The prisoner asked for clemency．犯人请求宽大处理．2（esp of theweather）gentleness（尤指气候）温和

generosity /,d3enə'rpsiti/ 1 [U] the quality of being generous 宽宏大量；慷慨；大方2［Č］agenerous act 宽大的行为；慷慨的行为

liberality /,lbə'ræləti/ [U] generosity with things or ideas 慷慨；心胸宽大

condolence /kən'dəuləns/ [C often pl (on); U] (an expression of) sympathy for someone who has experienced sadness, sorrow, misfor-tune，etc 慰问；吊唁；吊慰：Please accept my condolences on your mother＇s death.谨对令堂逝世深表哀悼.

solace /'splis/1 [U] comfort in grief or anxiety; lessening of trouble in mind 安慰；减轻（痛苦等）：She looked for solace in hard work.她藉辛勤工作寻找安慰．2［C］ something that pro-vides this 安慰；起减轻（痛苦等）作用的事物：Hard work was a great solace to her in her grief.努力工作大大减轻了她的悲痛.

consolation /,konsə'leifən/ 1 [U] comfort during a time of sadness or disappointment 安慰；慰问：She got many letters of consolation when her mother died.她母亲去世时，她收到许多慰问信.Your remarks are no consolation at all！你的话根本不是安慰！2［C］ a person orthing that consoles 起安慰作用的人或事物：Yourpresence was a consolation to me at such a sad time.在这种悲伤的时刻，你的来临对我是一种安慰.

F176 verbs 动词：showing helpful

interest 表示好意

consider /kən'sıdə/ [T1, 5, 6a] to take (some-one＇s difficulties，etc） into account 考虑到；顾及（某人的困难等）；体谅：We must always consider people＇s feelings.我们永远应该考虑到别人的

F177 KINDNESS ＆ UNKINDNESS 仁慈与不仁慈

感情.

sympathize, -ise/'simpə;0aiz/[IØ (with)] to feel or show sympathy 同情；表示同情：I know you feel angry and I sympathize, but what can we do？我知道你生气，也同情你，但我们又能做些什么呢？She was crying and he was sympathiz-ing with her.她在哭，而他在对她表示同情.

teel for [v prep T1] not fml to sympathize with 同情：I really felt for her when she lost her child in that accident 她在那次事故中失去了孩子，我非常同情她.

understand /Andə'stænd/ [T1; IØ] genl to consider (someone's difficulties) and to sympathize 理解；谅解；同情：I think he understands what you feel.我想他理解你的感受.Please try to understand！请尽量加以谅解！

console /kən'səul/[T1 (with)] to give comfort or sympathy to (someone) in times of disap-pointment or sadness 安慰；慰问：She tried to console the murdered man＇s wife.她尽量安慰被害人的妻子.After fire destroyed my home，I consoled myselfwith the thought that it might have been worse.大火烧毁了我的房子后，我安慰自己说损失本来可能更惨重哩！That thoughtconsoled me.那个想法安慰了我.

solace/'splis/[T1] esp lit to give solace to or for 安慰；减轻（痛苦等）：Hard work helped to solace her grief.努力工作有助于减轻她的悲痛.

F177 adjectives 形容词：not helpful or friendly［B］不帮助人的或不友好的

nasty/'na:sti/[Wal] not helpful,friendly, kind, pleasant，etc 不帮助人的；不友好的；令人不快的：What a nasty man he is！他这个人多么讨厌！Ifhe is nasty to me, I'll be even nastier to him! 如果他对我不好，我就对他更不客气！-tily［adv］-tiness[U]

mean /mi:n/ [Wal] AmE bad-tempered; liking to hurt 脾气坏的；凶恶的：That＇s a mean dog；be careful it doesn＇t bite you.那是条恶狗；小心别让它咬你.-ness ［U］

sour/sauə/[Wal] having or expressing a bad temper；unsmiling 脾气坏的；乖戾的；愠怒的；没有笑容的：What a sour-faced old man！这个老头真是一副尖酸刻薄相！Why are you （looking）so sour？ 你为什么（看上去）这么不高兴？-ness[U]

spiteful /'spaitfəl/ acting out of spite; cruel in a small mean way 怀恨的；恶意的：It was spiteful of him to tear up your letter.他怀恨在心，把你的信撕了.-ly［adv］

malicious /mə'lıfəs/ showing a wish or inten-tion to hurt 恶意的；恶毒的；蓄意伤害的：She wasmalicious towards them; she did everything she could to make life difficult for them.她对他们怀有恶意，千方百计使他们的日子难过.-ly[adv]-ness[U]

aggrieved /ə'gri:vd/1 fml showing or suffering from a personal offence，hurt feelings，etc 受委屈的；感情受伤害的：I felt very aggrieved afterour quarrel．我们吵架后我感到十分委屈．2 law

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F178 KINDNESS ＆ UNKINDNESS 仁慈与不仁慈

having suffered a wrong 被冤枉的：The aggrieved person had had his leg broken.那个被冤枉的人有一条腿被打断了.

F178 nouns 名词：not helpful or friendly ［U］不帮助人或不友好的

spite/spait/unreasonable dislike for and desire to annoy another person, esp in some small way 恶意；怨恨：I＇m sure he did that just out of／from spite.我肯定他干那件事完全是故意气人.It was spite and nothing else！这纯属恶意！

malice/'mælis/ the wish, desire, or intention to hurt one or more others 恶意；怨恨；蓄意害人：There is no malice in him; he didn't intend to cause you trouble.他毫无恶意；他并非故意给你惹麻烦.

F179 adjectives 形容词：showing no kindness or pity［B］不仁的或无情的

merciless /'m3:silis/ showing no kindness, mercy, or willingness to help or save anyone 冷酷无情的；残忍的：The enemy were merciless in their attack on the town; they killed every-one.敌人攻打这个城镇时残酷无情，把所有的人都杀了.（fig）What merciless weather！多么恶劣的天气！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

pitiless ／＇pitılis／ 1 showing no pity； merciless 无情的；无怜悯心的：He was a pitiless king whomade all his subjects suffer.他使臣民受苦，是个冷酷的国王．2 unbearably severe 严酷的；极其严格的：The north wind was pitiless.北风凛冽. They studied the plan in the cold pitiless light of reason.他们以冷静严密的推理来研究这项计划.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

ruthless /'ru:0lis/ showing or having no kind-ness，pity，etc at all 无情的；冷酷的；残忍的：Heis completely ruthless and will stop at nothing to get what he wants.他极其冷酷无情，不惜用任何手段弄到他想要的东西.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

remorseless /rr'mo:slis/ showing no remorse ［F83］无情的；残忍的；不懊悔的：She was quiteremorseless in hurting him.她毫不留情地伤害他.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

heartless/'ha:tlis/ showing no kindness or pity 无情的；残忍的：It was heartless to leave the little dog to die of hunger.让小狗活活饿死太残忍了.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

F180 adjectives 形容词：unhelpful and greedy［B］不愿助人的与贪婪的

mean/mi:n/[Wal] 1 ungenerous; unwilling to share or help 吝啬的；小气的；刻薄的：He＇s toomean（with his money） to buy us a meal.他（在金钱上）太吝啬，不会请我们吃饭的．2 unkind；unpleasant in behaviour 卑鄙的；自私的；讨厌的：Let me go out； don＇t be so mean to me.让我出去，不要用这么恶劣的态度对我.I felt mean fornot letting him go out.我没让他出去觉得很过意

不去.-ness［U］

miserly ／＇maizəli／ mean like a miser ［＝F181］小气的；吝啬的：He is very miserly with his money／the food he gives us.他在金钱上／给我们食物时很吝啬.-liness［U］

mercenary /'m3:sənəri/ usu deprec doing something only for money，gain， or greed 贪财的；唯利是图的：She is a very mercenary kind of person.她是那种唯利是图的人.Don＇t be somercenary; do something for nothing for once in your life.不要这么贪财；一生中就这么一次做一件不图利的事情吧.

grasping /'gra:spi/ emot mean, esp with money（尤指金钱方面）不断攫取而又吝啬的；贪婪的：They are very grasping people； they take all they can get and ask for more.他们是很贪婪的人；能拿就拿，而且得寸进尺.

selfish /'selfif wanting or keeping as much as possible for oneself 自私自利的：Oh，don＇t be so selfish with your money！哎，在钱财上别这么自私！She is one of the most selfish people I＇ve met.她是我遇到过的最自私的人之一.un-［neg］-ly [adv]-ness [U]

greedy/'gri:di/[Wal] 1 usu derog full of greed for anything，esp food，money，etc（尤指对食物、金钱等）贪婪的；贪吃的；嘴馋的；贪财的：Thegreedy little boy ate all the food.这贪吃的小男孩把所有的食物都吃光了.Don＇t put your greedyhands on that cake／money！不许贪婪地伸手拿那块饼／那笔钱！2［for］needing something badly 渴求···的；极需···的：The roots of the plant were greedy for water.植物的根极需水分.He wasgreedy for love. 他渴望得到爱情.-dily ［adv］ -iness [U]

avaricious /,ævə'rıfəs/ fml having too great an eagerness and desire, esp for wealth; greedy （尤指对财富）贪婪的；贪得无厌的：He is a veryavaricious man；he takes but seldom gives.他是个贪得无厌的人；只是拿取，极少给予.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

F181 nouns 名词：greed 贪婪

greed/gri:d/[U(for)] a strong desire to obtain a lot or more than what is right, esp of food, money，or power（对食物、钱、权力）贪心；贪婪：He had a greed for gold.他贪求黄金.

avarice ／＇ævəris／［U］ fml greed 贪婪：What un-believable avarice；he wants all the money！他贪婪得太不像话；所有的钱他都想要！

miser/'maizə/ [C] a person who loves money for its own sake and spends as little as pos-sible；a mean person 守财奴；吝啬鬼： Don＇t be a miser；lend me £5．别当守财奴；借五英镑给我吧．

F182 adjectives 形容词：jealous，

resentful，and vengeful［B］妒忌的、愤恨的与谋报复的

jealous /'d3eləs/ [(of)] 1 wanting to keep what one has； possessive［→D81］珍惜的；唯恐失去的；

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不愿与人分享的：He is jealous of his wife＇s love. 他生怕他妻子爱了别人．2 wanting to get whatsomeone else has 妒忌的；嫉妒的：He is jealous of their success and wealth.他妒忌他们的成就与财富．3 shocked and angry at not being liked as much as someone else 吃醋的：He was jeal-ous when he discovered she loved someone else.当他发现她爱上别人时便醋劲大发.-ly［adv］：The dog jealously guarded its bone.这条狗小心翼翼地看守着它的骨头.

envious /'enviəs/ [(of)] feeling or showing envy； wanting what someone else has 羡慕的； 妒忌的：She was envious of her sister＇s beauty. 她羡慕她姐姐的美貌.He looked at my new carwith envious.eyes.他以羡慕的眼光看着我的新汽车.-ly ［adv］：Aren＇t you lucky！＇ said Mary enviously.“你真走运！”玛丽羡慕地说.

resentful /rr'zentfəl/ [(about)] feeling angry or bitter at someone 气愤的；不满的；怨恨的：He isresentful at being called a fool.他恨人家叫他傻瓜.She felt very resentful because he left her. 她因为他离开了自己而感到怨恨.He gave her aresentful look.他怨恨地看了她一眼.Don＇t be soresentful！别这么不服气！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

vengeful /'vend3fəl/ (of an' action or feeling) based on a fierce desire or.wish to harm an-other for what has been done to oneself（指行动或情绪）复仇心切的；谋报复的：His mind wasfull of vengeful plans.他的脑海里满是报仇的计划.-ly［adv］

sullen/'salən/1 silently showing dislike; silently resentful；not cheerful or interested 愠怒的；闷闷不乐的；愁眉不展的；郁郁寡欢的：He worked ina sullen way.他闷闷不乐地干着活.She had asullen look on her face．她板着脸．2（fig） dark and unpleasant 阴沉的；沉闷的：The sky was sullen.天空阴沉沉的.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

F183 nouns 名词：jealousy，resentment， and revenge ［U］妒忌、怨恨与报复

jealousy/'d3eləsi/1 jealous feeling; the state of being jealous 妒忌；嫉妒 2 ［C］ anything done or said that shows jealousy 表示妒忌的言行：His many little jealousies harmed their marriage. 他对许多小事妒忌的言行损害了他们的婚姻.

envy/'envi/1 a feeling of wishing that one had someone else＇s qualities，possessions，etc 羡慕； 妒忌：His good luck filled them with envy.他的好运气使他们羡慕不已.The boy＇s new bicyclewas an object of envy to all his friends.这男孩的新脚踏车成为他所有朋友羡慕的东西.She feltenvy at her friend＇s good luck.她羡慕朋友的好运气．2 ［the S of］ a thing one wishes to own or a person one wishes to be like 妒忌（羡慕）的对象：Their beautiful garden is the envy of their neighbours.他们美丽的花园使邻居们羡慕.She＇sso pretty， she＇s the envy of the other girls.她那么漂亮，成了其他女孩妒忌的对象.

resentment /rI'zentmənt/ the feeling of resenting (what one thinks is) bad treatment 忿恨；不满；怨恨：She feels some resentment

F185 KINDNESS ＆ UNKINDNESS 仁慈与不仁慈

against him/at what he did/because of what he did／for what he did.她对他有些怨恨／她对他的所作所为有些怨恨.I don＇t bear you anyresentment now.我现在不生你的气了.

vengeance /'vend3əns/ great harm or damage done to another person because of what he or she had earlier done to oneself or one's family，etc 报仇；报复：He killed them in an act of vengeance.他采取报复行动把他们杀了.Weshall take vengeance on them for these crimes! 我们将为这些罪行向他们进行报复！

revenge `/rr'vend3/ usu unlawful action to punish someone who has or may have done wrong to oneself，one＇s family，friends，etc（通常用非法手段）报仇；报复：I must get revenge forthis！我必须为此报仇！She took（her）revenge on him for what he did to her.由于他对她的所作所为，她向他进行报复.She did it in revengefor what he had done.她那样做是报复他所干的事.

F184 verbs 动词：jealousy and

resentment 嫉妒与怨恨

envy／＇envi／［D1； T1］ to feel envy for or of 羡慕； 嫉妒：I don＇t envy you your journey in this bad weather.你在这种恶劣天气里旅行，我可不羡慕你.Religion teaches us not to envy other people. 宗教教导我们不要嫉妒别人.The girls all enviedMary＇s beautiful legs.那些女孩都羡慕玛丽的美腿.-ingly［adv］

resent/rr'zent/[T1, 4] to feel angry or bitter at 对···忿恨；怨恨；对···不满：He resented being called a fool.他恨别人叫他傻瓜.I（strongly／ bitterly） resent your remarks.我对你的话（极为） 不满.

F185 verbs 动词： getting one＇s revenge 报仇

avenge /ə'vend3/ [T1] 1 to get satisfaction (revenge or vengeance) for (a wrong) by punishing the wrongdoer 为（冤事）报仇；报复： He avenged his father's death by burning the village.他放火烧了村子，为父亲的死报仇.Heavenged the death on the village.他为死者向该村进行报复．2 to punish someone for a wrong done to （oneself or somebody else）为（某人或自己）报仇；为···雪恨：I shall avenge my brother； the man who killed him shall die.我要为我弟弟报仇；杀害他的人必须偿命.They avengedthemselves on their enemieS.他们向敌人报复.

revenge /rr'vend3/ [T1] to do something in revenge for (harm done to someone, esp to oneself）（尤指因自己受害）对···进行报复；报仇：torevenge a defeat／an injustice 对失败／不公正采取报复revenge oncself on to take revenge on （a person or group）向（某人、某些人）报仇／报复pay back [v adv T1 (for)] not fml to make

(someone) suffer in return for something he

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F190 HONESTY ＆ DECEIT 诚实与欺骗

or she did 报复：I＇ll pay you back for this！我要为此事向你报复！He paid them back for whatthey did to his family.他报复了他们对他家干的事.

get one's own back not fml to take one's revenge，esp in some small way（尤指不太严厉地）报复：I＇ll get my own back for what she did！她干出这种事我得回敬一下！

get even [IØ] not fml to be avenged; to get one＇s own back 算帐；报复：I＇ll get even if it takes （me） a hundred years！就算要花上一百年我也要跟他算帐！

Honesty,loyalty,trickery,and deceit

iour）not honest（指人或行为）不老实的；不诚实的；不正直的；不可靠的：She＇s a very dishonestgirl；don＇t trust her.她是个很不诚实的女孩子；别相信她.It＇s dishonest to tell people you are doing something and then to do something different.对人说你在于一件事，但实际上却干别的事，这是不诚实的.-ly ［adv］：He＇s behaved very dishonestly.他的行为非常不老实.

crooked/'krukid/ usu infml dishonest, usu in a criminal way 不正当的；欺诈的（通常以犯罪形式）：I don't like his business activities; they are thoroughly crooked.我不喜欢他干的那种买卖活动；那种业务完全是斜门歪道.

deceltful /dr'si:tfal/ emot dishonest, esp in tell-ing lies 欺诈的；骗人的；不说实话的：Stop beingso deceitful；tell the truth！别再骗人了；说实话吧！-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

F192 adjectives 形容词：frank and

straightforward［B］坦率的与直截了当的

frank/frægk/[Wal] free and direct in speech;

open in manner； plain and honest； truthful 坦

白的；直率的；真诚的：He had a frank，friendly

look.他表情直率友好.If you want my frank

opinion, I don't think the plan will succeed.

如果你要我说实话，我认为计划不会成功.Will you

be quite frank with me aboutthis matter(=

tell me the truth, without trying to hide any-

thing）？关于这件事，请你坦率地对我说实话好吗？

open／＇əupən／1 not hiding anything； honest 坦

率的；不隐瞒的；开诚布公的：Let＇s be open with

each other．让我们彼此坦诚相见吧．2 not hidden

公开的；不掩饰的：There was open hatred be-

tween the two men.这两个男人彼此公开表示仇

恨.

aboveboard /ə'bav,bo:d/ without any trick or

attempt to deceive；honourable 公开的；坦诚的；

光明正大的：His part in the affair was quite

（open and）aboveboard.在这件事上他的行为十

分光明磊落.He was honest and aboveboard

with us.他对我们是开诚布公的.

sincere /sm'srə/ [Wa2] (of a person,feelings,or

behaviour) free from deceit, pretence, or

falseness；real，true，or honest（指人、感情或行-

为）诚恳的；真诚的；诚实的；真心的：He had a

sincere admiration of his opponent's qualities.

他诚心诚意地钦佩对手的品德.She was not com-

pletely sincere in what she said.她说的话不完

全诚实.You have my sincerest／most sincere

sympathy，dear friend.亲爱的朋友，我真心地同

情你.-ly［adv］-ness also 又作 sincerity［U］

genuine／＇d3enjuin／very sincere 真诚的；真心的；

诚恳的：He is genuine in his desire to help.他

诚心诚意地愿意帮忙.He has a genuine desire to

help.他真心乐意助人.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

forthcoming /fo:θ'kamij/ infml ready to be

helpful，friendly，and honest 乐于帮忙的；友好

的；诚实的：He was quite forthcoming about

what happened；he told us everything.关于所

发生的事，他十分诚实，把一切都告诉我们了.

dishonest /dis'pnist/ (of a person or behav- forthright /'fo:Orait/ direct in manner and

老实、忠诚、诡计与欺骗

F190 adjectives 形容词：honest and truthful 诚实的与可靠的

honest/'pnist/ [B] 1 (of people) not likely to lie or cheat（指人）可靠的；诚实的；老实的；正直的：He＇s an honest man；he won＇t tell you lies.他是个老实人；他不会对你们撒谎的．2（of actions，appearance， etc） showing such qualities（指行动、外表）诚实的：That man has an honest face．那人有一张诚实的脸．3 direct；not hidingfacts 坦率的；坦诚的：This is my honest opinion. 这是我坦率的意见.It＇s the honest truth； believe me！这是实话；请相信我！-ly［adv］

trustworthy /'trast,wa:ði/[B] fit to be trusted; （emot） honest 值得信任的；可靠的：He＇scompletely trustworthy； he won＇t cheat you.他完全可以信赖；他不会骗你的.un-［neg］-thily[adv]

reliable /rr'laiəbəl/ [B] fit to be relied on [→F201］可以信任的；可靠的：He＇s a reliable man；if he says he will do the job， he＇ll do it.他是个可靠的人；如果他说会做这工作，他就一定会做的.un-[neg]-bly [adv Wa3]

straight／streit／［F］infml honest 诚实的；坦率的： Be straight with me and I'll play straight with you.你对我老老实实，我也不给你耍花招.

upright／＇Ap，rait／［B］emot reliable；honest 正直的；诚实的：He＇s a very upright sort of man； completely trustworthy and very religious.他是那种十分正直的人；完全可靠而且极其虔诚.-ness[U]

truthful/'tru:0fəl/ [B] always or usu telling the truth； honest in what one says，writes，etc 诚实的；说真话的：She＇s a truthful girl； she won＇t tell you lies.她是个诚实的女孩；不会对你撒谎的.un-[neg]-ly[adv]-ness[U]

F191 adjectives 形容词：not honest and truthful［B］不诚实的与不可靠的

374

speech; expressing one's thoughts and feelings plainly 直率的；直截了当的：His forthright be-haviour shows that he's honest, but he seems rude to some people.他的直率行为显示他的诚实，但在一些人看来他未免太粗鲁了.-ness［U］

straightforward /,streit'forwəd/1 honest; with-out hidden meanings 老实的；坦率的：He gave us a straightforward answer.他给了我们一个直截了当的回答．2 expressed or understood in a direct way， without difficulties 简单的；易懂的： It＇s a straightforward matter.这是件简单明白的事.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

candid／＇kændid／ open， direct，and honest 公开的；坦率的；直言相告的；直率的；耿直的-ly［adv］candour [U]

F193 adjectives 形容词：not frank and straightforward［B］不坦率的与不直截了当的

insincere／，Insin＇srə／not sincere 不诚恳的；不真诚的；不真挚的：He made some insincere re-marks about being happy to see them.他口不对心说了些见到他们很高兴之类的话.-ly［adv］-ity[U]

furtive /'f3:tiv/ quiet,secret,and/or not direct, as expressing guilty feelings; trying to escape notice 诡秘的；鬼鬼祟祟的；偷偷摸摸的-ly［adv］-ness [U]

stealthy/'stelθi/ [Wa1] moving or acting in a way which suggests a wish to be secret or not to be seen；furtive 偷偷摸摸的；鬼鬼祟祟的；隐秘的：A stealthy figure moved among the trees. 一个人影在树林中鬼鬼祟祟地走动.-thily ［adv］-thiness[U]

secretive /'si:kritiv/ fond of keeping secrets[■F207]; choosing to hide one's doings or plans 喜欢守秘密的；守口如瓶的；遮遮掩掩的；不坦率的：She's very secretive about where she got all this money； I wonder if she got it honestly.她对这一笔钱的来源守口如瓶；我怀疑那是否是不义之财.-ly［adv］

F194 adjectives 形容词：direct and blunt

［B］直率的与直言不讳的

direct /də'rekt/ (of people and behaviour) honest and easily understood（指人、行为）直截了当的；直率的：He gave me a direct answer to my question.他对我的问题作了直率的回答.She＇salways very direct and open in her manner, so I know what she＇s thinking.她的态度一向很坦率，所以我知道她在想什么.in-［neg］-ly ［adv］-ness[U]

overt ／əu＇v3：t／ not secret； open to all； public公开的；非秘密的：It was an overt act of friendli-ness／war.这是公开的友好／战争行动.-ly ［adv］：They were overtly unfriendly.他们公开地不友好.

explicit /ik'splisit/ (of statements, rules, etc) clear and fully expressed（指讲的话、规则等）清

F195 HONESTY ＆ DECEIT 诚实与欺骗

楚的；明确的；详述的：He gave us explicit in-structions.他对我们作了明确指示.He said to gohome； he was quite explicit about it.他说要回家；他的意思十分明确.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

blunt /blAnt/ [Wal] 1 (of a person) speaking roughly and plainly; telling what one thinks or what is true without trying to be polite, kind, or careful（指人）说话直率的；直言不讳的：I＇ll beblunt about this，I don＇t like you.我不客气地说吧，我不喜欢你．2（of speech） rough；plain； honest（指言语）生硬的；明说的；直率的：He toldher the sad truth in a few blunt words.他寥寥数语，直言不讳地把悲痛的消息告诉了她.-ly[adv]-ness[U]

F195 adjectives 形容词：not direct and blunt［B］不直率的与不明说的

implicit/rm'plisit/1 [(in)] (of a statement, rule, etc） meant though not plainly expressed （指讲的话、规则等）含蓄的；不明言的：This is anim-plicit threat.这是含蓄的威胁.There was a threat implicit in the way he looked.他的目光里隐含着恐吓.His leaving us is implicit in the way he has written this report. 他这份报告的口气里含有要离开我们的意思．2［A；（B）］ unques-tioning and complete 无疑的；无保留的；绝对的：You have my implicit trust.我绝对信任你.-ly [adv]-ness[U]

implied／Im＇plaid／ expressed indirectly 暗指的； 含蓄的：It＇s implied in his report that he will leave us soon.他的报告里暗示，他不久将离开我们.

hidden／＇hidn／ esp emot not open 隐藏的；秘密的：He has hidden reasons for doing these things.他做这些事情有秘密的原因.

secret/'si:krit/ kept hidden or known only to a few 秘密的；保密的：The plans must remain secret.这些计划必须保密.They met at a secretmeeting.他们在一次秘密会议上见面.-ly［adv］：Itwas done secretly. 这是秘密进行的.secrecy ［U］：It was done in secrecy.这是秘密进行的.

covert/'kavət/ [Wa5] esp lit secret; hidden; not shown openly 隐藏的；偷偷摸摸的；暗地里的：Thetwo lovers exchanged covert expressions of their love.这对情人互相暗示爱慕之情.He hascovert reasons for what he is doing; I don't know what they are.他做这事有秘密的原因；我不知道这些原因是什么.-ly［adv］

concealed /kən'si:ld/ esp fml not open;hidden 隐蔽的；隐瞒的；掩盖的：She has a concealeddislike for all of them.她暗地里讨厌他们所有的人. She has a well／badly-concealed dislike for them.她对他们的厌恶掩饰得很好／不太好.un-[8əu]

confidential /,konfə'denfəl/1 spoken or written in secret； to be kept secret 机密的；秘密的：This information is confidential．这是机密情报．2 [Wa5] trusted with private or secret matters 极受信任的；参与机密的：He is her confidentialsecretary．他是她的机要秘书．3 showing full trust，special or secret knowledge，etc 表示信任

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