uncle /'ankl/ [C;A;N] the brother of one's father or mother, the husband of one's aunt, or a man whose brother or sister has a child 叔父；伯父；舅父；姑父／丈；姨父／丈：He is myuncle.他是我叔父.I am an uncle now；my sister had a baby last night.昨晚我姐姐生了个孩子，现在我当上舅舅了.Can I help you，Uncle（Charles）？（查理）叔叔，我能帮帮你吗？

aunt ／a：nt／ also 又作（infml）auntie，aunty /'a:nti/[C;A;N] the sister of one's father or mother, the wife of one's uncle, or a woman whose brother or sister has a child 姨母；伯母； 姑母；婶母；舅母；阿姨：She is my aunt.她是我舅母.I am an aunt now； my sister had a baby last night.昨晚我姐姐生了个孩子，现在我当上姨母了.Can I come，Aunt（Mary）？（玛丽）伯母，我来行吗？

nephew /'nefju:/ [C] the son of one's brother or sister or of one's husband's or wife's brother or sister 侄儿；外甥：My nephewis stay-ing with us at the moment.现在我侄儿同我们住在一起.

niece /ni:s/[C] the daughter of one's brother or sister or of one's husband's or wife's brother or sister 侄女；外甥女：Is that girl your niece？那个女孩是你侄女吗？

cousin／＇kazən／ also 又作 frst／full cousin［C］ the child of an uncle or aunt 堂（表）兄；堂（表） 弟；堂（表）姐；堂（表）妹：The boys are cousins. 这些男孩是堂（表）兄弟.second cousin ［C］achild of a first cousin 父母的堂（表）兄弟姐妹所生的子女；远房堂（表）兄弟姐妹

C16 nouns 名词：relations generally 亲属（总称）

relation ／rr＇leıfən／also 又作 relative／＇relətrv／ ［C］ a member of one＇s family 亲戚；亲属；亲人： She's a very close relation of mine. She's my sister！她是我的一个近亲.她是我妹妹！I met oneof my distant relatives last night.昨晚我遇到了一个远亲．related［Wa5；B］ being relations by blood or marriage 有亲戚关系的：Yes，we＇re related；he is my cousin.是的，我们有亲戚关系，他是我的表弟.

kin /kin/ [P] esp old use members of one's family 亲属；家属：He has no kin in America. 他在美国没有亲属. kinsman／woman ［C］ olduse a relation 男／女亲属 kin（s）folk ［P］old use relations，kin 亲戚；亲属

next of kin [Wn3] esp law a person's closest relative 至亲；最近亲；直系家属：His next ofkinhave been told of his death.他的最近亲已获悉了他的死讯.Please write the names of your next of kin on the form.请将你的直系亲属的名字填写在这张表格上.

nearest and dearest [Wn3] infml close relations 家人；家属：He＇s phoning his nearest and dearest.他正在给家人打电话.

one's own flesh and blood often emot a member or members of one's own family,esp children 子女；亲骨肉：You are my own flesh

C18 PEOPLE 人

and blood, and yet we can't understand each other！你是我的亲骨肉，可是我们还不能互相了解！

C17 nouns 名词：family in the past or future 家族的先辈与晚辈

ancestor/'ænsestə/, rare fem ancestress/'æn-sestris/ [C] a person, esp one living a long time ago， from whom one is descended 祖先： His ancestors went there from Ireland.他祖先是从爱尔兰搬到那里去的．ancestral ［Wa5；A］belonging to or coming from one's ancestors 祖先的；祖传的：Our ancestral home is in this valley.我们的祖先居住在这个山谷.ancestry［U］the ancestors of a person's family considered as a group or continuous line（总称）祖先；家世； 世系：What is his ancestry？他的家世如何？

forefather /'fo:,fa:ðə/ [C usu pI] poet an ances-tor；a relative in the past 先人；祖先：One of his forefathers was an early settler in North America.他的一个祖先是北美洲的早期移民.

forebears ／＇fo：，beəz／ ［P］ esp lit ancestors 祖先； 祖宗：His forebears came to Australia from Scotland.他的祖先是从苏格兰来到澳洲的.

descendant /dr'sendənt/ [C] a person who is descended from other persons named,usu over a long period of time 后裔；子孙：She is one of the last living descendants of the Incas.她是印加族人仅存的后裔之一.Hisdescendants still live in the same village.他的后裔仍然住在同一个村子里.

generation /,d3enə'reıfən/ [C] all the people who belong by age more or less to the same time 同时代的人；一代人：Fathers and sonsbelong to different generations.父与子属于不同的两代.Past generations. did not have the same ideas as the younger generation today. 过去的几代人与今天年轻的一代人想法不同.

heredity/hə'redəti/[U] the passing sexually of certain qualities from an earlier generation of a group of living things to the next generation 遗传；遗传特征：Blue eyes and yellow hair are part of her Scandinavian heredity.她的蓝眼睛和黄头发是斯堪的纳维亚人的部分遗传特征．hereditary［Wa5；B］ 1 passed through heredity 遗传的：Certain things in our lives are hereditary；others we learn.我们生活中的某些东西是遗传的，其它则是学来的.He had a heredi-tary disease．他患了一种遗传病．2 passed from parent to child, esp by some kind of rule or law 祖传的；世袭的：He is hereditary chief of the tribe.他是世袭的部落酋长.

C18 combining forms，etc 复合形式等：

relations，family and related words 亲缘关系、亲属及有关用语

grand- /grænd-/ (used to show that a relation-ship is between a person and the parent of a parent or the child of a child）表示亲戚关系中（外）祖或（外）孙：The boy is his only grandson.

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这个孩子是他唯一的孙子.She is a grandmothernow.她现在做祖母了.The boy＇s grandparents came to see him.这男孩的祖父祖母来看他.Hergranddad／grandad arrived last night.她爷爷昨晚到达.My grandma died recently.我祖母近日去世了.

granny/'græni/, sometimes gran/græn/[C;N] infml grandmother（外）祖母；奶奶；外婆

great- /greit-/ (used to show three or more stages of direct descent）长（小）三辈或以上的直系血亲：My great-grandfather on my father＇s side is still alive.我的曾祖父还在世.Oh，she was his great-great-great-something-grand-mother.噢，她是他上几辈的祖母.

-in-law /'in,lo:/ (used to show relations by marriage）（表示一种姻亲关系）：He is my father-in-law（＝my wife＇s father）.他是我岳父.My brother-in-law often visits us.我姐夫经常来探望我们.in-laws［P］the father and mother （and other relations） of a person by marriage 姻亲： My in-laws are staying with us just now. 我的姻亲们现在正和我们住在一起.

step-/step-/having the relation stated due only to the remarriage of one parent 表示“后”、“继”（指父或母再婚而产生之家族关系）：She is mystep-mother; my own mother died when I was a child.她是我的继母，我的生母在我小时候就去世了.

half-/ha:f-/ [Wa5; A] having one but not both the same parents 表示半血缘关系（同父异母或同母异父）：He is her half-brother by her father＇s first marriage.他是她的同父异母哥哥，是她父亲第一次结婚时生的.

kid /kid/ [Wa5; A] used esp in AmE to show that a brother or sister is younger（指弟或妹） 年纪较小的：Can my kid brother come with us？ 我的小弟弟可以和我们一起来吗？

foster-/'fpstə-/ (used for or in connection with a child brought up by people who are not its parents）（表示由非亲生父母抚养）：He is afoster-child.他是养子.My foster-brother is as dear to me as though he was really my brother.我的义兄对我亲如手足.She was veryfond of her foster-parents.她很喜欢她的养父养母.

Courting, sex, and marriage

求爱、性行为、婚姻

C20 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：courting and flirting 求爱与调情

court/ko:t/1 [T1] (of a man) to spend time with (a woman), esp in order to persuade (her) into marriage（指男子）向···求爱；追求（女性）：He courted her unsuccessfully for three years. 他向她求爱已有三年但没有成功．2［IØ］（only withthe -ing form) to have a relationship with

someone one is likely to marry（只用于-ing 形式）在恋爱；在谈情说爱：They＇re corting.他们正在谈情说爱.She＇s courting，though she＇s only 17．虽然她才十七岁，但已经在谈情说爱了．court-ship［U］ the business or time of courting 求爱； 追求；恋爱；恋爱期间：Their courtship lasted a year.他们相恋了一年的时间.courting couple[C] a (young) man and woman who are courting 谈情说爱的一对（青年）男女：There wasno one in the park except two or three courting couples.公园里除了两三对谈情说爱的男女，别无他人.

go out with [v adv prep T1] to go to cafés, cinemas, etc, with (a member of the opposite sex） usu as a start to， or part of， courting与（异性朋友）交往（如上咖啡馆、电影院等）：She＇sgoing out with a very nice young fellow.她最近经常跟一个很不错的小伙子来往.Will you go outwith me sometime？你会不会在什么时候和我一起出去玩？

date /deit/ [IØ] esp AmE infml to go out courting with （someone）（男女间的）约会： She's been dating him for months but it's not serious yet.几个月来她一直和他约会，可并非认真在谈恋爱.They＇ve been dating （each other）for a long time.他们互相约会有很长时间了.

woo/wu:/[T1; IØ]old use (of a man) to try to persuade (a woman) into love and marriage （指男子）向···求爱；向···求婚：He wooed herunsuccessfully for three years but at last she accepted him.他追求她三年没有成功，但最终她接受了他的爱.The prince went wooing.这位王子去求婚.

flirt /fl3:t/[IØ(with)] to behave as if very attracted to someone, but with no serious intentions 调情；打情骂俏：She says she doesn＇t like going to parties because her husband always flirts with every girl in the room.她说不喜欢参加宴会，因为她的丈夫总是跟那里的每个女人调情.Young girls often flirt，but don＇t expect to be taken seriously.年轻女子常常卖弄风情，却又不希望别人当真.（fig）I have been flirting with the idea of going to Australia.我最近老是想到澳洲去.flirtatious［B］ showing a desire to flirt 喜欢调情的；轻浮的：She＇s rather a flirtatious girl.她是个相当轻浮的女子.He gave her a flir-tatious look. 他轻佻地看了她一眼.-ly［adv］-ness [U]

C21 nouns 名词：persons courting and flirting，etc［C］求爱者；调情者等

boyfriend /'bor,frend/ a male companion with whom a woman spends time and shares amusements 男朋友；情郎：She changes her boyfriends as often as she changes her hairstyle.她换男朋友就像换发型那样频繁.Oh，he's been a boyfriend of hers for years; it's nothing very serious.噢，他已是她多年的男朋友了，这算不了什么.He＇s her steady boyfriend.他是她固定的男友.

girlfriend /'g3:l,frend/ a woman companion with whom a man spends time and shares

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amusements 女朋友；（男人的）情人：He＇s had a embrace ／m＇breis／ 1 ［T1； Iø］ fml to take

(someone) in one's arms, úsu as a sign of love

抱；拥抱：He embraced his father warmly.他热

烈地拥抱父亲.She embraced him， but there

was little love in the action.她拥抱了他，却没有

什么爱意．They embraced．他们拥抱了．2［C］an

act of embracing; a situation where two

people are in each other＇s arms 拥抱：Her

embrace was formal， not friendly.她的拥抱是

礼仪上的，而不是出自友爱.He found the lovers

in a tight embrace.他看到那些情侣在紧紧拥抱对

方.

stroke /strəuk/1 [T1] to pass the hand along,

again and again（反复地）抚摸：She gently

stroked his arm. 她温柔地抚摸着他的臂膀.He

stroked her hair lovingly.他情意绵绵地摸着她的

头发．2［C］an act of stroking 抚摸：She felt the

stroke of his hand on her hair.她感觉到他的手

在抚摸着她的头发.

pat/pæt/1 [T1] to touch lightly, usu with the

hand（用手）轻拍：He patted the dog.他轻轻拍

着那条狗.She patted his cheek.她轻轻拍着他的

面颊．2［C］an act of patting 轻拍：He felt the

·pat of her hand on his cheek.他感觉到她的手

轻拍着他的面颊.

caress /kə'res/ 1 [C] a light, tender stroke,

touch or kiss showing one's love for someone

爱抚；抚摸；亲吻：She enjoyed his caresses.她喜

欢他的爱抚．2［T1］to give a caress to （some-

one）抚摸；爱抚；亲吻：He caressed her lovingly.

他怜爱地抚摸着她.

fondle/'fondl/[T1] to touch gently and lovingly

and （usu） continuously for some time 爱抚；抚

弄：He fondled her breasts／ear／hair.他抚摸她的

乳房／耳朵／头发.

cuddle/'kadl/1 [T1] to take into the arms and

hold lovingly 搂抱；拥抱；怀抱：She cuddled the

child close.她紧紧抱着这个孩子.The girl

cuddled her little sister.这个女孩抱着她的小妹

妹．2 ［C］ an act of cuddling or being cuddled

搂抱；拥抱：Come on， darling， let＇s have a

cuddle.来吧，亲爱的，我们拥抱一下吧！

snuggle /'snagl/ [L9, esp up] to get or lie close

to someone，for love，warmth，etc（为温情、温

暖等）紧靠（某人）；偎依；蜷伏：The child snuggled

up to her father.这孩子偎依着她的父亲.They

snuggled close together in bed; the night was

cold.夜里很冷，他们在床上紧紧蜷伏在一起.

pet/pet/1 [T1] to touch kindly with the hands,

showing love 抚弄；爱抚： She sat petting the little

cat in her arms．她坐着抚弄怀中的小猫．2［T1］to

show special kindness and care for the comfort

of 宠爱；款待：I enjoy staying there； she always

pets her guests.我喜欢留在那里，她总是热情待客.

3［T1；IØ］ to kiss and touch in sexual play 亲昵地

吻抚：The policeman found them petting in the

back of the car.警察发现他们在车后吻抚.

neck /nek/ [IØ] (of two people, usu young,

concerned in a sexual relationship) to kiss,

fondle，etc，each other 拥吻；亲昵；爱抚：They

enjoy necking in the back seats of the cinema.

他们喜欢在电影院后排座位上亲吻.He found

them necking openly at the bus-stop.他看到他

们在公共汽车站公然拥抱亲吻.

lot of grlfriends over the years, but never got married.多年来他交了很多女友，但始终没有结婚.Is she your girlfriend? Do you go out with her a lot？她是你的女友吗？你经常和她一起出去玩吗？She＇s his steady girlfriend.她是他固定的女友.

steady /'stedi/ infml a regular boy/girlfriend （关系稳定的）男／女朋友；固定的异性朋友：She＇shis steady.她是他固定的女友.Oh，he doesn＇t have a steady; you should see his address book.噢，他没有固定情人，你不妨看看他的地址本.

couple /'kapl/ a man and a woman spending time together because they are courting（一） 对；情侣：They make a nice couple，don＇t they？ 他们挺相配的，不是吗？Several courting couples sat on the grass.有几对情侣坐在草地上.

date/deit/ esp AmE infml a person with whom one has a date（指男女间的）约会的人；（异性的）约会对象：Of course you can bring your date to the party.你当然可以把你约的异性朋友带来参加聚会.

suitor /'suitə/ old use a man trying to persuade a woman to marry him（指男方向女方的）求婚者：The princess had many suitors （for her hand） but accepted none of them.公主有许多求婚者（向她求婚），但她未选中一个.

flirt /fla:t/ a person, esp a girl, who generally flirts 轻浮的人；卖弄风骚的人（尤指女的）：She＇s aterrible flirt；no man is safe.她很会卖弄风骚，哪个男人也不放过.I think her husband is a bit ofa flirt； he seems to like the girls.我认为她丈夫有些轻浮，看样子他喜欢上这些女人了.

C22 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：actions relating to courting and sex 有关两性间的爱抚行为

kiss/kis/1 [T1] to touch with the lips as a sign of love or as a greeting 吻；和···接吻：He took her in his arms and kissed her.他抱住她亲吻. She kissed him on the lips.她吻了他的嘴唇.（fig）The wind kissed her hair.风儿吹拂着她的头发．2 ［D1；X9，esp away］ to express， or put by means of a kiss 以接吻表达；以吻使···消失：Hekissed his wife and children goodbye.他吻别了妻子和孩子.She kissed away the boy＇s tears.她吻干了这男孩子的泪．3［IØ］ to kiss each other 互相接吻：They kissed when they met.他们见面时接吻.They kissed goodbye at the station. 他们在火车站互相吻别.（fig in games） The ballskissed （＝touched each other）．两球相撞．4［C］ the act of kissing 吻： His sudden kiss was unexpected.他突然的一吻令人感到意外.Herkisses were violent.她吻得很热烈.

hug /hag/ [T1 (to)] 1 to put the arms tightly round， usu as a sign of affection 搂；紧抱： When he met her again he hugged her tightly to him.当他再次见到她时，他紧紧把她抱住.Oh，you wonderful girl， I could hug you！噢，可爱的小姐，我但愿能拥抱你！2［C］the act of hugging紧抱；拥抱：He gave his mother a big hug.他张开双臂拥抱母亲.

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C23 COURTING，SEX ＆ MARRIAGE 求爱、性行为、婚姻

C23 nouns 名词：relating to sex 有关性行为

[ALSO→A14-16]

sex /seks/ [U] the bodily act between a man and a woman in which the penis[■B40] enters the vagina [→B40] for purposes of pleasure and/or reproduction[→A16],or all the associations of this act 性交：He has had sex with several girls.他和几个女孩性交过.Shesaid that all he seemed to want was sex.她说他似乎只是想性交.Sex interests most people.大多数人对性交感兴趣.Sex relations are morethan just the sex act itself.两性间的关系不止是性行为本身．［ALSO→B40 PENIS，VAGINA，ETC］

(sexual) intercourse /('seksju:əl) 'ıntə,ko:s/ [U] the act of sex 性交：They have intercourse two or three times a week.他们每星期行房两至三次.

orgasm/'o:gæzəm/ [C] the high point of sexual excitement during intercourse（性交时）兴奋之顶点；性高潮：She reaches her orgasm easily.她很容易达到性高潮.

heavy petting [U] sexual play up to but not including sexual intercourse 热烈的拥抱、亲吻等爱抚行为：People often discuss whether heavy petting is a morally safe thing for young people to do.人们经常议论热烈拥抱亲吻在道德上是不是年轻人该做的事情.

love affair [C] a strongly emotional interest between two people, usu of opposite sexes, over a period of time, with or without sexual intercourse 恋情；恋爱：Their love affair was stormy，but lasted 30 years．他们的爱情虽似急风暴雨，却持续了三十年之久.

affair /ə'feə/ [C] a sexual relationship, usu secret or not socially acceptable,between two people, at least one of whom is already married 私通；不正当的男女关系（尤指非配偶的男女之间，且持续一段时间）：He had an affair witha married woman. 他曾与一个已婚女人私通.The affair didn't last long and was rather unhappy.暧昧关系并没持续多久，而且很不愉快.

C24 verbs，etc 动词等：relating to sex 有关性行为

make love ［IØ］ 1 to have sex together 性交；做爱：They made love before going to sleep.他们在睡觉之前性交．2 esp old use to show sexualinterest in 求爱：He＇s been making love to her for years, but she shows little interest in him. 他向她求爱多年，但她对他毫不感兴趣．3［（to）］（usu of men） to have sex with（通常指男子） 与···性交：He made love to her later that eve-ning.他在那夜里晚些时与她性交.

go to bed with also 又作 sleep with euph to have sex with 与···同床：Did she go to bed with him？她和他发生过关系吗？He has slept withher on several occasions.他已经跟她睡过几次了.

seduce /sr'dju:s/ [T1] to use charm and greater

experience, etc to persuade (someone) into sexual intercourse 勾引；诱奸：He seduced the girl when he was 19 and she was about 16．他十九岁的时候诱奸了那个大约十六岁的女孩.seduction [U] the act of seducing or being seduced 勾引；诱奸；诱惑

have／hæv／［T1］ infml to have sex with 与···发生性关系：He＇s had her several times.他和她已经发生了好几次关系.

have it off sl, esp BrE (usu of a man) to have sex（通常指男的）性交：He says he had it offwith her last night， but I don＇t believe him. 他说昨天晚上和她发生关系，但我不相信.

lay/lei/ sl 1 [T1] (esp of a man) to have sex with （尤指男的）与···性交：He managed to lay her at last.他终于与她发生了关系.He＇s laid quite afew in his time．他和不少女人发生关系．2［C］awoman considered by men for her part in the sexual act 姘头；性交的对象（指女子）：He saysshe was a good lay.他说，她是个好姘头.

make/meik/[T1] sl, esp AmE (esp of a man) to succeed in having sex with（尤指男的）和···性交； 把（异性）占有：Have you made her yet？你和她性交了吗？make it sl to have sex 性交：Haveyou made it with her？你和她性交了吗？

score／sko：／［IØ］ sl to have sex with someone性交：Did you score last night？昨晚你性交了吗？

knock off [v adv T1] sl, esp BrE (of a man) to have sex with（指男的）与···性交：He says he knocked her off last night, but I don't believe it.他说昨晚与她性交了，可是我不相信.

knock up [v adv T1] AmE sl to make pregnant ［→A17］使···怀孕：He knocked up his girlfriend and her family were angry.他使他女友怀孕了，女方家人很生气.

fuck/f^k/[T1] taboo (esp of a man) to have sex with（尤指男的）与···性交：He has fucked a lot of birds （＝girls）in his time. 他和很多女孩子性交过.

screw /skru:/ taboo sl 1 [T1] (esp of a man) to have sex with（尤指男的）与···性交：He screws her every Friday．他每逢星期五和她睡觉．2［IØ］to have sex 性交：They were screwing （away） all last night.昨天晚上他们整夜都在性交.

 [ØI Ape A] punose deels several partners one after another over a period of time 随便与人发生性关系；性滥交：Shesleeps around quite a bit and has done for quite some time.她随便和人发生关系，而且已经持续了一段时间.

C25 adjectives 形容词：relating to sex［B］ 有关性方面

sexy／＇seksi／［Wal］very attractive sexually 性感的；色情的：She says he＇s a very sexy man.她说他是一个很性感的男子.What a sexy dress shewore last night；one of the sexiest I＇ve seen.昨天晚上她穿的衣服多么性感啊，那是我见过的最性感的了.-ily［adv］-iness［U］

seductive /sr'daktiv/ having the power to seduce［→＞C24］；very attractive （sexually）有诱

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惑力的；吸引人的：She gave him a seductivesmile.她给他一个诱人的微笑.（fig）I find theseideas very seductive.我觉得这些想法很诱人.-ly[adv]

erotic /I'rptik/ related to or causing sexual love and desire 色情的；（引起）性欲的：They sell a lotof erotic books and pictures in that shop.在那个店里，他们出售很多色情书和图片.Her bedroomwas full of highly erotic art.她的卧室到处都是非常色情的艺术品.-ally ［adv］-ness ［U］ eroti-cism [U] interest in erotic things; erotic conditions 性欲；色情；好色

bawdy ／＇bo：di／［Wal］ funny about sex 猥亵下流的：He has a very bawdy sense of humour.他的幽默感很猥亵.No more bawdy jokes，please. 请不要再开低级下流的玩笑了.-ily ［adv］-iness[U]

lecherous /'letfərəs/ full of strong and usu nasty sexual desire 好色的；淫荡的；挑逗的：Don＇t let that lecherous old man near me！别让那老色鬼靠近我！-ly ［adv］ lechery ［U；C］great sexual desire （and activity）好色；淫荡；纵欲lecher［C］a lecherous man 好色之徒

raunchy /'rointfi/ [Wa1] esp AmE lecherous and bawdy 淫秽的；黄色的；淫荡的：What araunchy book that is！那本书多么淫猥！

randy/'rændi/esp BrE, horny /'ho:ni/ esp AmE ［Wal］ infml full of sexual desire 欲火中烧的；性欲冲动的：He says he＇s feeling randy／horny tonight！他说他今天晚上感到欲火焚身.

C26 verbs，etc 动词等：activities

associated with sex 与性行为相关的活动

masturbate/'mæstə,beit/ [IØ; T1] to excite the sex organs（of） by handling，rubbing，etc 手淫： When people can't get sex, they will often masturbate instead.人们得不到机会性交，往往就会手淫.masturbation ［U］ the act of mastur-bating 手淫

fornicate /'fo:ni,keit/ [IØ] deprec to have sex （often） outside marriage 通奸：Many religions are against people fornicating.很多宗教都反对通奸.fornication ［U］ the act of fornicating 通奸

rape /reip/ 1 [T1] (usu of a man) to have sex with （a woman） against her will 强奸：He attacked and raped a young girl.他攻击并强奸了一个年轻女子．2［U；C］ the act or crime ofraping a woman 强奸；强奸罪：He was found guilty of rape.他被宣判犯有强奸罪.There weremore cases of rape than usual last year.去年强奸案件较往常多.

ravish／＇rævif ［T1］ lit to rape 强奸：The man ravished the girl.这个人强奸了这个女孩.

C27 verbs，etc 动词等：marrying and living together 结婚与同居

他很晚才结婚，而他姐姐根本就没有结婚.Theyare just married； can＇t you tell？他们刚刚结婚， 你看不出来吗？He asked her to marry him.他求她嫁给他.（fig）She married money，you know（＝married a rich man）.你知道，她嫁的是钱（嫁了个有钱人）.He married into a richfamily．他入赘一个富家．2［T1］（of a priest or an official， etc） to cause to be married （由神父或官员等）主持···婚礼；使正式结夫妇：Hemarried them in his church.他在教堂为他们主持婚礼.The official married them according to the law．那位官员按法律为他们证婚．3［T1（off）］to cause to marry 使···嫁给：She wants to marry her daughter （off） to a rich man.她想把女儿嫁给一个有钱人．married［Wa5；F＋to］having as a husband or wife（与···）结婚的： He＇s married to a local girl.他与当地一个女子结婚了.（fig）She＇s married to her work.她对她的工作很专注.

wed／wed／ ［IØ； T1］ old use ＆fml to marry 结婚； 嫁；娶：She never wed.她从未结过婚.He wed alocal girl．他娶了一个本地女子．wedded1［Wa5； A］ having been lawfully married 已婚的 2 ［F＋to］（fig）very interested in专心于···的：He＇s wedded to his work.他专注于他的工作.

propose /prə'pəuz/ [IØ; T1 (to)] (usu of a man) to make an offer of (marriage) to someone （通常指男子）（向···）求婚：He wants to propose to her.他想向她求婚.Has he proposed yet？ If he doesn＇t propose soon，she will！他去求婚了吗？如果他不快些去求婚，那么她就要求婚了！proposal ［C（of）］ an offer of marriage 求婚： She turned down (=did not accept) his pro-posal.她拒绝了他的求婚.

live with [v prep T1] to live in the same house as （someone），like a married person 与···同居： She's been living with an artist in Paris fora year or more.她在巴黎与一个艺术家同居一年多.That couple? No, they're not married, but they live with each other all the same.那对夫妇？不，他们没结婚，但他们一直在同居.

live together [IØ] to live as a married couple when not married 同居；姘居：They＇re not married but they've been living together for years now.他们没有结婚，但至今已同居多年了.

co-habit/kəu'hæbit/ [IØ] fml to livetogether as though married although not married（指男女） 同居：The couple are known to have been co-habiting for several years.人们都知道这对男女已同居好几年了.co-habitation ［U］ the activity of co-habiting 同居

divorce /də'vo:s/ [T1] to end a marriage with or between 离婚；使离婚：The court divorced them.法院判决他们离婚.She divorced herfirst husband in 1970．她与第一个丈夫于1970年离婚.

C28 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to marriage［Wa5；B］有关婚姻

marry /'mæri/ 1 [IØ (into); T1] to take (a person） in marriage 结婚；嫁；娶：He married late in life and his sister never married at all.

married ／＇mærid／1 having a husband or wife 已婚的：Yes，he＇s a married man.是，他是个已婚男子.Married people usually have a different

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view of life from single people.已婚的人通常与未婚的人有不同的人生观.Who lives in the flatupstairs？-Oh，a young married couple.谁在楼上的房子里住？-噢，是一对年轻夫妇.Anewly-married couple live upstairs.一对新婚夫妇住在楼上．2［A］of the state of marriage 婚姻的：Well，how are you enjoying married life？那么，你觉得婚后生活怎样？

single /'singl/ not married; not having a husband or wife 未婚的；独身的：She＇s single； she never got married.她独身一人，从未结过婚.He＇s a single man.他是个单身汉.singles［P］ esp AmE unmarried people 未婚者；单身人士： This party is for singles, not married people. 这次晚会是为单身人士而不是为已婚者举办的.

unmarried／An＇mærid／not married 未婚的；独身的：Is she single？-Yes，she＇s unmarried.她是单身的吗？-是的，她未婚.

engaged／In＇geid3d／ having agreed to marry 已订婚的：My daughter is engaged （to be married）.我女儿订婚了.Edward and I have just got engaged.爱德华和我刚刚订婚.

betrothed /br'trəuðd/ fml & old use engaged, esp from an early age， esp by arrangement 已订婚的（尤指在年纪小的时候已订下婚约的）

divorced／də＇vo：st／no longer married 离了婚的： He＇s divorced，after 15 years of marriage．他结婚十五年后离了婚.Divorced people often get married again.离了婚的人往往再结婚.

separated /'sepəreitid/ married but not living together because of some disagreement 分居的：They are separated， and the children live with her.他们分居了，而孩子们跟她住一起.Separated couples usually end up in the divorce court.分居夫妇通常是最后上法庭离婚.

get (married, engaged, divorced, etc) genl to become（married，etc）结婚、订婚、离婚等：He got married last week.上周他结婚了.When did you get engaged？你什么时候订的婚？She gotdivorced last year.她去年离了婚.He got himself married at last， to a London girl.他最后和一个伦敦女子结了婚.

C29 nouns，etc 名词等：engagement， marriage，and divorce 订婚、结婚、离婚

engagement/mn'geid3mənt/ [C] an agreement to marry 订婚；婚约：John and Mary an-nounced their engagement.约翰和玛丽宣布订婚.Edward has broken off his engagement (=said he no longer wishes to marry the girl). 爱德华解除了他的婚约.Most engagements leadto marriage.绝大多数订婚的都会结婚.We heldan engagement party for them.我们为他们举行了订婚宴会.

betrothal /br'trəuðəl/ [C; U] fml & old use engagement 订婚；婚约

marriage/'mærid3/ [C;U] the social union of a man and woman by a ceremony recognized by the law； the state of being married 结婚；婚姻： The institution of marriage is age-old.结婚这一制度源远流长.Most women and men areinterested in love and marriage and raising a

family.大多数男女都喜欢恋爱、结婚和生儿育女.Their marriage lasted two years and led to a particularly nasty divorce action.他们的婚姻维持了两年，接着是一场格外不愉快的离婚诉讼.Church marriages are rather different from civil marriages.在教堂结婚与去政府的婚姻登记处结婚大不相同．marital ［Wa5；B］ of orconcerning marriage 婚姻的：Religions are usually concerned with the marital lives of believers.宗教往往关注信徒的婚姻生活.pre-marital [Wa5; B] happening before marriage 婚前的：Most religions do not believe that pre-marital sex is right.大多数宗教认为婚前性行为是不对的.

matrimony /'mætrə,məuni/ [U] fml the state of marriage 婚姻；婚姻关系：Matrimony is a serious and ancient institution.婚姻是自古已有的庄严制度.The priest united the couple ［ C32］ in holy matrimony．神父把这一对结成神圣的夫妻关系．matrimonial ［Wa5；B］ of or concerning matrimony 结婚的；婚姻的

wedlock /'wedlpk/ [U] old use & law the condition of being married 婚姻；婚姻状态：The child was born out of wedlock and is there-fore a bastard［→C3］．这个孩子是非婚生的，因此是个私生子.The priest joined them in（lawful） wedlock.神父把他们结成（合法的）夫妇.

wedding/'wedi/ [C] a marriage ceremony or service 结婚；婚礼：How many people have you invited to the wedding？你们邀请多少人参加婚礼？ Mothers always cry at their daughters＇ weddings.在女儿举行婚礼时，母亲总要哭一场.The wedding day arrived at last.结婚的日子终于来临.

honeymoon /'hani:,mu:n/ 1 [C] the holiday taken by a newly-married man and woman 蜜月：They went to Majorca forlon their honey-moon.他们到马约卡岛度蜜月.The hotel staffrecognized the honeymoon couple immedi-ately．旅馆职员立刻就认出了这对度蜜月的夫妇．2[S] (usu fig) a pleasant beginning to anything 开始时的愉快时期：The political honeymoon for the new government didn＇t last long.新政府政治上的愉快时期没有持续多久．3［IØ］to haveone＇s honeymoon 度蜜月：They honeymooned in Majorca.他们在马约卡岛度蜜月.

divorce /də'vo:s/ [U; C] a complete breaking up of a marriage by a court of law 离婚：Is divorce allowed in that country？那个国家允许离婚吗？She obtained a divorce after years of unhappiness.经过多年不愉快的生活，她终于离婚了.

C30 nouns 名词：relating to marriage 有关婚姻

monogamy/mə'npgəmi/ [U] tech the custom or practice of having one wife at one time一夫一妻制 monogamous ［Wa5；B］ relating to or practising monogamy（实行）一夫一妻制的： These tribes are monogamous.这些部落都是一夫一妻制.

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bigamy/'bigəmi/ [U] tech (law) the state of being married to two people, usu wives, at the same time 重婚：Bigamy is considered a crime in many countries.许多国家认为重婚是一种犯罪行为.He committed bigamy.他犯了重婚罪.bigamist [C] a person who has committed bigamy 犯重婚罪的人 bigamous ［Wa5；B］ relating to or practising bigamy （犯）重婚（罪） 的：She didn＇t know her marriage was biga-mous.她不知道她结婚是犯了重婚罪.

polygamy /pə'lıgəmi/ [U] tech the state of being married to two or more people, usu wives，at the same time 多偶婚；（通常指）一夫多妻：Polygamy is not so common today as it once was.现今一夫多妻的现象不像以前那样普遍了． polygamous ［Wa5； B］ relating to or prac-tising polygamy 多偶婚的；一夫多妻的；实行一夫多妻制的：Muslim society was once largely polygamous.伊斯兰教社会一度盛行一夫多妻制.

harem /'heərəm/ [C] 1 the women's part of a Muslim household and the women in it（伊斯兰教国家中的）闺阁；后宫2 any（polygamous）group of women belonging in any way to one man 妻妾；女眷们：The chief of the tribe had a harem of 50 wives．这部落的酋长有五十个妻妾．(humor) Oh, he has a harem of about ten adoring secretaries in his office！噢，他在办公室里约有十位极为崇拜他的女秘书！

adultery/ə'daltəri/ [U] tech sexual activity between a married person and someone outside the marriage 通奸：Adultery is considered wrong by many religions and is often given as a reason for divorce.很多宗教认为通奸是不对的，而且通奸也常成为离婚的理由.adulterer [C] a person, usu a husband, who has engaged in adultery 通奸者；奸夫adulter-ess [C] esp emot a woman who has committed adultery 犯通奸罪的女人；奸妇 adulterous［Wa5；B］ relating to or practising adultery 通奸的

incest/'insest/ [U] sexual relationship between close relatives in a family, as between brother and sister 乱伦 incestuous ［B］ 1 （of people or relationships) including or doing acts of incest 乱伦的；犯乱伦罪的2 esp deprec（of relation-ships) unusually close, esp in a way that does not include outsiders or that is thought to be unhealthy（指关系）过分亲密的；小团体内的-ness [U]-ly [adv]

C31 nouns 名词： persons not married and just married 未婚的与新婚的人

bachelor／＇bætfələ／［C］ an unmarried man 未婚男子；单身汉：This club is for bachelors only.这是个未婚男子俱乐部.

spinster /'spinstə/ [C] old use & fml an unmar-ried woman 未婚女子；老处女：Who lives in theflat downstairs？-Oh，an elderly spinster.谁住在楼下那房子里？-噢，一个老处女.

bachelor girl [C] an unmarried woman, usu younger，with a career of her own 独立生活的

未婚女子（通常指年轻的）

old maid ［C］1 an old unmarried woman 老处女： She never married and died an old maid.她从没有结过婚，死时仍是一个老处女．2 deprec a manor woman who is very careful and difficult to please 谨小慎微而又难以讨好的男人或女人：Oh，stop being such an old maid！唉呀，不要再这样老处女似的了！

fiancé /firən'sei/ [C] a man to whom a woman is engaged 未婚夫：Her fiancé lives in Liverpo0l．她的未婚夫住在利物浦．

fiancée/,fi:ən'ser/ [C] a woman to whom a man is engaged 未婚妻：His fiancée is from Hong Kong.他的未婚妻是香港人.

betrothed /bı'trəuðd/ [Wn3; C] fml & old use a fiancé or fiancée 未婚夫（或未婚妻）：She met her betrothed for the first time last night.昨晚她第一次与她的未婚夫见面.

newlyweds/'nju:li,wedz/ [P] infml a man and woman recently married 新婚夫妇：Ah，here come the newlyweds！呀，新婚夫妇来了！

happy couple/pair [the GC] infml&often pomp a man and woman just engaged or married 刚订婚的未婚夫妇；新婚夫妇：Let usdrink to the happy couple！我们为新婚夫妇干杯吧！

C32 nouns 名词：persons who are or have been married［C］已婚的人

husband /'hazbənd/ the man to whom a woman is married 丈夫：John would make an ideal husband for her.约翰会成为她的理想丈夫.Her husband was killed in a car crash.她的丈夫在一次车祸中死去.

wife /warf/ the woman to whom a man is married 妻子：My wife is coming on the trip with me.我妻子要和我一起旅行.Their wiveswent with them.他们的妻子和他们一起去.

(married) couple /('mærid) 'kapl/a man and a woman who are married to each other; a husband and wife 夫妻：A young（married） couple live upstairs.一对年轻的夫妇住在楼上.

spouse／spauz／ fml a husband or wife 配偶（指夫或妻）：Your spouses will be notified of the change of plan.你们的配偶将获知计划的更改.

matron/'meitrən/ an older married woman, esp one of quiet，careful behaviour 年长的已婚妇女（尤指文静与谨慎者）：The matrons of the towndid not like the new nightclub.镇上的太太们不喜欢这间新的夜总会.

widow/'widəu/ a woman whose husband has died， and who has not married again 寡妇： She＇s a widow-a war widow actually.她是个寡妇，实际上是战争夺去了她丈夫的性命.He lefthis widow a lot of money.他给他的遗孀留下一大笔钱.widowhood［U］ state of being a widow 居孀；守寡

widower/'widəvə/ a man whose wife has died, and who has not married again 鳏夫：He has been a widower for 10 years．他成为了鳏夫已有十年.

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divorcée／də，vo：＇si：／a divorced person 离了婚的人：Is she married or single？-Well， she＇s a divorcée，actually.她结婚了还是单身？-哦，其实她是个离了婚的人.

ex-／eks-／［prefix］（used to show divorce）（用来表示已离婚的）前···；前任的：She＇s his ex-wife.她是他的前妻.She meets her ex-husband from time to time.她常去见她的前夫.

ex /eks/ infml (someone's) divorced husband or wife 已离婚的配偶：She met her ex unexpectedly at a party.在一次晚会上，她意外地遇见了她的前夫.

C33 nouns 名词：people at a wedding

［C］婚礼上的人

bride/braid/ a woman about to be married, or just married 新娘：The bride was dressed in white.新娘穿上了白婚纱.He kissed the bride. 他吻了新娘．bridal［Wa5；A］ of or relating to brides and weddings 新娘的；婚礼的

(bride)groom /('braid)gru:m/ a man about to be married or just married 新郎：The bride and（bride）groom both looked nervous.新娘和新郎似乎都很紧张.

bridesmaid /'braidz,meid/ a girl or unmarried woman who attends a bride on the day of the marriage 女傧相；伴娘

matron of honour a married woman serving as a bridesmaid（婚礼中已婚的）女傧相；陪伴新娘的已婚妇女

best man the male companion of the bride-groom 男傧相：The best man usually keeps the wedding ring until the bridegroom puts it on the bride＇s finger.结婚戒指通常由男傧相拿着，直到新郎把它给新娘戴上.

page (boy)/peid3(bor)/ a young boy who attends a bride on the day of the marriage（婚礼上新娘的）花童

C34 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：relating to homosexuality，etc有关同性恋等

homosexual /,həumə'seksju:əl/ 1 [C] a person, esp a man, sexually attracted to members of the same sex 同性恋者（尤指男性）：He is ahomosexual and goes to bars where he can meet other homosexuals.他是个同性恋者，常到酒吧去找其他的同性恋者．2［Wa5；B］ related toor possessing the qualities of homosexuals 同性恋的；具有同性恋倾向的 homo sl abbrev ahomosexual 同性恋者 homosexuality［U］ the state or condition of being a homosexual 同性恋爱；同性恋关系

heterosexual / hetərə'seksju:əl/1 [C] a person sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex 异性恋者：The majority of human beings are heterosexuals．绝大多数人都是异性恋者．2[Wa5; B] related to sex between male and

female 异性恋爱的：heterosexual urges 对异性的性冲动-ity［U］

bisexual /bar'seksju:əl/1 [C] a person sexually attracted more or less equally to both sexes 在性欲上对男女两性都有兴趣的人；双性恋者2[Wa5; B] related to or possessing the qualities of bisexuals or of both sexes 在性欲上对男女两性有兴趣的；雌雄同体的-ity［U］

lesbian /'lezbiən/ 1 [C] a woman sexually attracted to other women 女同性恋者：She＇s a lesbian； men don＇t interest her sexually.她是个同性恋者，男人引不起她的性欲．2［Wa5；B］related to or possessing the qualities of lesbians 女同性恋者的；（女性）具有同性恋倾向的lesbianism [U] the state or condition of being a lesbian 女性间的同性恋（关系）

queer /kwiə/ sl derog 1 [C] a male homosexual 男同性恋者：An old queer lives in the flat downstairs.有个老的男同性恋者住在楼下的住宅单位．2［Wa5；B］ homosexual 同性恋的：He＇s queer，you know.他是个同性恋者，你知道吧.

fag／fæg／［C］esp AmE sl a male homosexual 男同性恋者

poof／pu：f／also 又作 poofter／＇pu：ftə／［C］ BrE derog sl 1 a male ĥomosexual 男同性恋者 2often also humor a man whose behaviour or actions are weak, ineffective, or lacking in courage 女人腔的男人；性格软弱无能的男人

pansy /'pænzi/ [C] infml 1 a male homosexual 男同性恋者 2 a woman-like or girlish young man女人腔的男人；无丈夫气的男子

dike also 又作 dyke／dark／［C］sl a lesbian 女同性恋者

gay ／gei／ infml 1［Wa5；B］ homosexual 同性恋爱的：They go to a gay club on Saturdays.他们每星期六都到一个同性恋者俱乐部去．2［C］a homo-sexual 同性恋者：Gays go to that bar.同性恋者到那间酒吧去.Many homosexuals prefer to be called ＇gays＇.很多同性恋者喜欢人们称他们为"gay”.

bugger／＇bagə／［C］1 derog a homosexual 同性恋者；鸡奸者；肛交者2 sl a silly or nasty person 傻人；笨人；下流的人：Tell that bugger to get out of here！叫那个下流胚滚开！buggery［U］ tech the act of anal ［→B33］ intercourse 鸡奸；肛交bugger off ［v adv IØ］ sl to go away 离开；滚蛋： He just buggered off and left me with all the work to do.他干脆一走了之，把所有要做的工作都留给了我.Bugger off！滚开！

C35 nouns 名词： persons associated with love and sex［C］与爱情及性行为有关的人

lover /'lavə/ a person, usu a man,with whom someone has an affair（有性关系的）情人（通常是男子）：Her husband didn＇t satisfy her， so she took a lover.她丈夫不能满足她，所以她交了一个情人.They are homosexuals and have been lovers for years.他们是同性恋者，已经是多年的情人了.

mistress /'mistris/ the woman with whom a

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man has a sexual relationship outside his marriage 情妇：In some societies mistresses are more accepted than in others.在某些社会里，情妇比较能为人所接受，另一些社会则不成.Hissecretary was also his mistress.他的秘书也是他的情妇.He set his mistress up in a house of her own.他为他的情妇找了一所房子.

concubine /'konkju,bain/ a woman whom a man takes to live with him as a (or another) wife 妾；姘妇：In some societies rich and powerful men have had several wives and many concubines.在一些社会，有钱有势的人讨好几个老婆，并且还有许多姘妇.

C36 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：relating to persons who sell sex 有关卖淫的人

prostitute /'prostə,tju:t/ 1 [C] a woman who earns money by having sex with anyone who will pay for it 娼妓；妓女：When she couldn＇t meet (=pay) the bills she became a prostitute. 她付不起帐了，就去当妓女.Prostitutes can befound in most societies, given various degrees of social acceptance.很多地方都有娼妓，在不同程度上，她们都获社会接受．2［T1］to make intoor use as a prostitute 使卖淫；使卖身：The old man prostituted his daughter and various other girls. 这老头使他女儿和其他一些女孩卖淫.(fig deprec) I am not going to prostitute my art so that men can make a lot of money！我不打算廉价出卖我的艺术作品，叫别人可以赚大钱！male prostitute [C] a man who earns money

by having sex with anyone who will pay him 男妓

prostitution / prostə'tju:fən/ [U] 1 the business of being a prostitute or of controlling prostitutes 卖淫；操淫业：Prostitution is often said to be the world＇s oldest profession.人们常说卖淫是世界上最古老的职业．2 deprec selling atalent，etc just for money 为了钱而出卖才能：Doing this work for that company is just pros-titution.为那家公司做这种工作简直就是卖身.

streetwalker /'striit,wo:kə/ [C] usu derog a prostitute who gets her business by waiting in a street（在街上拉客的）妓女；阻街女郎

call girl [C] a prostitute who arranges on the telephone for men to meet her for sex（用电话应召的）妓女；应召女郎

whore /ho:/emot 1 [C] a prostitute or a woman thought to behave like one 娼妓：A lot of whores live in that part of the town.许多妓女住在城镇的那一带.Well， that girl has alwaysbeen a bit of a whore.嗯，那个女孩总是有一些妓女的味道．2［IØ（away）］ to act as a whore 卖淫： She＇s been whoring away for years.她卖淫多年了．3［IØ］ to enjoy the company of whores 嫖妓： He loves to go whoring and drinking when he gets some money.他一有钱就喜欢去嫖妓喝酒.

tart ／ta：t／［C］ esp BrE sl derog a whore 娼妓： These girls are just common tarts,nothing more.这些女孩不过是普通的妓女而已.

harlot /'ha:lət/ [C] esp old use, lit and emot a

C40 FRIENDSHIP ＆ ENMITY 友情与敌意

whore 娼妓：That painted old harlot runs a brothel [→C38] in the East End of London. 那个涂脂抹粉的老娼妓在伦敦东区开了家妓院.

tramp／træmp／［A］AmE infml a prostitute 娼妓hooker／＇hukə／［C］AmE sl a prostitute 娼妓

courtesan/,ko:tə'zæn/ [C] esp formerly a pros-titute for men of high class or great wealth, whom she may choose for herself（高级）妓女： Some courtesans in history have had great political power.历史上有些名妓曾掌握政治大权.

C37 nouns，etc 名词等：persons

connected with prostitution 与卖淫业有关的人

madam /'mædəm/ [C] infml a woman who runs a brothel［→C38］鸨母；老鸨：Several madams have houses in this part of the town.很多老鸨在城镇的这一带有房子.

pimp /pimp/1 [C] a man who controls or finds business for one or more prostitutes and gets in return a share in any earnings 为妓女拉客的人；拉皮条的人2［IØ］to（try to） find business for a prostitute 为妓女拉客；拉皮条

procurer ／prəu＇kjuərə／ ［C］ fml a pimp 拉皮条者； 淫媒

C38 nouns 名词：houses of prostitution

［C］妓院

brothel /'broθal/ a house of prostitutes, where sex can be bought 妓院；窑子

bordello／bo：＇deləu／ lit ＆ euph a brothel 妓院bawdy house also 又作 disorderly house old use a brothel 妓院

house of ill fame/repute old use & euph a brothel 妓院：The religious leader spoke out strongly against houses of ill repute.这位宗教领袖大声疾呼反对妓院.

whorehouse／＇ho：，haus／ deprec a brothel 妓寨

red-light district the part of a city where brothels can be found 红灯区（指在城市里妓院集中的地方）：A town＇s red-light district tends to be near the docks ［→M160］．城里的红灯区一般都临近码头.

Friendship and.Enmity

友情与敌意

C40 nouns 名词：people who are friends ［C］称之为友的人

friend/frend/1 a person who shares the same feelings of natural liking and understanding, the same interests, etc (but is not closely

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related）朋友：Bill and Ben are friends.比尔和宾尼是朋友.He＇s a friend，not a relation.他是朋友，不是亲戚.They are sisters，but luckily they are also friends.她们是姐妹，但幸运的是，她们也是朋友.Mary＇s an old friend of mine；we were at school together.玛丽是我的老朋友，我们以前是同学.He＇s no friend of mine.他不是我的朋友.Must you quarrel all the time?-Can't you be friends？何必总是吵吵嚷嚷呢？-你们不能友好相处吗？The children are good／bad friends （＝like／dislike each other very much）.孩子们是／ 不是好朋友.Are you staying at a hotel？-No， we＇re staying with friends.你们住在旅馆吗？-不，我们住在朋友家．2 a helper；supporter；adviser; person showing kindness and under-standing 赞助者；支持者；劝告者；关怀体谅者：That rich lady is a friend of the arts; she provides money for concerts.那位阔太太是位艺术的支持者，她为音乐会提供资金.Our doctor＇sbeen a good friend to us; he's always helped us when we＇ve needed him.我们的医生一向是我们很好的朋友，在我们需要他时，他总是帮助我们.He says he＇s no friend of the government.他说他不支持这个政府.A girl＇s best friend is hermother.女孩子的良友是她的母亲.He didn＇t getthe job on his own abilities; he had a friend in high places (=someone in a position to influ-ence others to help him）.他并不是靠才能取得这份工作的，他有位朋友身任高职．3 someone whois not an enemy; a person from whom there is nothing to fear 友人；朋友：＇Who goes there： friend or foe?' shouted the soldier on guard duty.哨兵喊道：“谁在那儿，是朋友，还是敌人？”The escaped prisoner met some men in the wood; he found himself among friends, for they didn＇t tell the police about him.逃犯在树林中遇到一些人；他发现这些人对他很友好，因为他们不向警察告发他．4 fig ＆ fml a useful quality，condition，or thing 有帮助的品质、条件或事物：Bright light is the painter＇s best friend.明亮的光线是画家最好的朋友．5［N］neutral a form ofaddress to a man（称呼语）朋友：Look，friend，I have no wish to argue with you.喂，朋友，我并不想与你争辩.What can I do for you， myfriend？朋友，你需要些什么？6 usu derog andironical of a stranger noticed for some reason, usu amusement or displeasure “好朋友”；“老朋友＂：Our friend with the loud voice is here again， I see.我们那位大嗓门的朋友又来了.Ourfriend the postman is late again， it seems.看来，我们的邮差老兄又来晚了.friendship ［U；C］the state or condition of being a friend 友谊； 友好；友谊的表现：Her friendship means a lot to me.她的友谊对我来说很重要.Friendships don＇talways last for ever.友谊并不总是永恒的.Hevalues their friendship highly.他高度珍惜他们的友谊.He struck up a friendship with one of the shopkeepers.他与一个店东交上了朋友.

acquaintance /ə'kweintəns/ a person whom one knows, esp through work or business, but who may not be a friend 相识（但不很熟）的人：Well, he's more (of) an acquaintance than a friend.那么，与其说他是个朋友，不如说是个认识的人.He has a wide circle of acquaintances but

few real friends.他交游甚广，但真正朋友几乎没几个. acquaintanceship ［U］ state or condition of being an acquaintance 相识；认识

pal／pæl／infml 1 a friend 朋友；好友；伙伴：Oh， he's an old pal of mine; we used to play foot-ball together.噢，他是我的老朋友，我们过去常一起踢足球.They＇ve been pals for years.他们是多年的好朋友．2［N］esp AmE（a friendly form of address to a man）（对人说话的一种友好方式）：Say，pal， can you lend me a dollar？喂，朋友， 能借我一块钱吗？

chum/tfAm/1 a good friend, esp among young people 好友（尤指年轻人之间的）：They wereboyhood chums and still see a lot of each other．他们是孩提时的好友，现在还常来往．2［N］sometimes deprec (a form of address to a man）（对人讲话时的一种称呼）：Okay，chum，it＇s time for you to go.好吧，老兄，你该走了.

mate /meit/ esp BrE infml, esp working class 1 a friend 伙伴；朋友：He＇s going to a dance on Saturday with （some of）his mates.他和伙伴们要去参加星期六的舞会．2［N］esp EngE（friendlyform of address to a man）（对人说话时的友好称呼）老兄；老弟：Sorry，mate，can＇t help you；it＇s not myjob.对不起，老兄，我不能帮你了，这不是我的事儿.

buddy／＇badi／esp AmE infml 1 a friend 朋友；伙伴；兄弟：He is going there with （some of） his buddies.他将和伙伴们到那里去.He＇s a buddyof mine．他是我的朋友．2 also 又作bud［N］（afriendly form of address to a man）（友好的称呼）老兄；兄弟：Hey，bud（dy），you got a light？ 嗨，老兄，有火吗？

C41 nouns 名词：people who are not friends［C］非友人

enemy/'enəmi/1 a person who tries or wishes to harm or attack another, or to see that other persons suffer 敌人；仇人；仇敌：He is not my friend；he is an enemy.他不是我的朋友，是敌人.Most important people have their enemies.大人物通常都有自己的敌人.Try not to make anenemy of him (=Don't do anything which will cause him to be your enemy）.千万不要使他成为你的敌人．2［the R；A］ the armed forces of a nation with whom one＇s country is at war 敌兵； 敌军：The enemy began their attack.敌军开始进攻了.He was actively helping the enemy throughout the war.整场战争中，他都主动地为敌人效力.An enemy aeroplane attacked the ship. 一架敌机攻击这艘船．3 fig ＆ fml anything thatharms 危害物；大敌：The greatest enemy of our civilization is material greed.我们文明的最大敌人是对物质的贪欲.enmity［U］the active hatred of an enemy 憎恶；敌意；仇恨：He feels great enmity towards you for what you did.你的所作所为使他极为憎恶你.

foe／fəu／lit ＆ fml an enemy， esp in war 敌人；敌军（尤指战争中）：They have been deadly foes for years.多年来，他们一直是死敌.He attackedthe foe（＝his military enemies）.他向敌军进攻

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了.What is he，friend or foe？他是什么人，朋友还是敌人？

opponent /ə'pəunənt/ a person who takes the opposite side, esp in playing, fighting, or an argument 对手；敌手；反对者：The twoopponents in the game were of almost equal skill.比赛双方技艺相当.My opponents hope to see me defeated this time, but they will be surprised.我的对手希望看到我这次被击败，但他们会感到意外.

antagonist /æn'tægə,nist/ a person who is opposed to another, esp actively; fml an opponent 对抗者；对手：They have been fierce antagonists in this matter for years.在这件事情上，他们是多年的死对头.antagonism ［U］ thestate or condition of being antagonists; enmity 对抗；敌意；敌对：He feels great antagonism towards them.他对他们充满敌意.

C42 nouns 名词： neighbours and

partners［C］邻居与同伴

neighbour BrE, neighbor AmE /'neibə/ 1 a person who lives near oneself or the speaker/writer, esp in a house in the same street 邻居；邻人：They are near neighbours； they live only two houses apart.他们是近邻，住处只隔两幢房子.My nextdoor neighbour is a very helpful person.我隔壁的邻居是一个非常乐于助人的人.Our nearest neighbour lives five miles away．最近的邻居离我们也有五英里远．2the object next to the one being discussed 邻近之物；相邻的东西：This is a good book but itsneighbour on the left is even better.这是一本好书，而左边那一本更好．3 a country or group nextto another or one another 邻国；紧邻：France and Germany are neighbours.法国和德国是邻国.

companion /kəm'pæniən/ 1 a person who spends time with another, because he is a friend or by chance， such as when travelling 同伴，同行者；伴侣：They have been close compan-ions since childhood.他们从小就是亲密的伙伴.They were travelling companions on a trip to France.他们结伴到法国去旅行.（fig）Her dog isher most faithful companion; it always keeps her company.她的狗是她最忠实的伴侣，终日陪伴着她．2 a person present with another 陪伴人； 同伴：Who is her companion？-I haven＇t seen him before.她的同伴是谁？-我以前没有见过他.3 a person paid to be in the company of another 受雇的陪伴人：She spent several years as companion to a rich old lady. 她有几年一直在照料和陪伴着一位有钱的老太太.companionship [U] the state or condition of being a companion 伴侣关系；友谊；交往：Their companionship dates back to their schooldays. 他们的友谊始于学生时代.Marriage is a matterof companionship as well as sex.结婚既是为寻. 求伴侣，也是为性的需要.company［U］ the pres-ence of a friend， on a journey，etc 伴随；陪伴：I enjoyed his company on the train.火车上有他

C42 FRIENDSHIP ＆ ENMITY 友情与敌意

作伴我很高兴.She keeps company with(= is friendly with, and goes out with) several girls who work here.她和这里工作的几个女孩子结为友伴.He isn＇t very good company when he has been working so hard.他工作一直太劳累，不大好和他在一起.I met him on the ship and wassorry to part company with him (= leave his company） when we reached port.我在船上认识了他，到达港口的时候，竟舍不得和他分手.

friend /frend/ euph a person present with another 陪伴者；伙伴：Well，John，who＇s your friend？喂，约翰，谁与你作伴？

comrade /'komrid/ often emot a person who works closely with one; a fellow worker who is treated as a friend 同志；同事：Comrades，we must unite against injustice.同志们，我们必须团结起来反对不公平现象.He was a comrade ofmine during the war.他是我战争期间的一位战友.He says he won＇t turn against his old political comrades.他说他不会反对他旧日的政界同志.comradeship ［U］ the state or condition of being a comrade／comrades 友谊；友谊关系； 同志之谊

colleague /'kpli:g/ a fellow worker in any occu-pation or activity 同事；同僚：My colleague will call and see you next week.下周我的同事将去探望你.All his colleagues objected to the way he was treated.他的同事都反对那样对待他.

associate /ə'səufiit/ 1 a person connected with another，esp in work 同事；同行；同伙：He is not a friend but a business associate.他不算朋友， 只在生意上有些往来.The thief and hisassociates were caught by the police.这个贼和他的同伙被警察抓获.They are businessassociates．他们是生意上的合伙人．2 a personwho is a member of a society but with only limited rights（协会、社团等内只有部分权利的）非正式会员；准会员；附属会员：Both full mem-bers and associates/associate members may vote.正式会员和准会员均可投票.

partner /'pa:tnə/ 1 [(in, with)] a person who shares in the same activity 合伙人；合作者：She was a partner with her brother on a trip to Brazil.她和她弟弟结伴去巴西旅行.Those twomen have been partners in crime for years.那两个人已同谋犯罪多年.They have been partnersfor years in many undertakings.他们在很多业务上是多年的伙伴.He is my business partner.他是我生意上的合伙人．2 one of two peopledancing together, or playing together against two others， or married to each other 舞伴；（打球、玩纸牌等）搭档；配偶（指夫或妻）：Ladiesand gentlemen, take your partners for a waltz. 各位先生，各位女士，和您的舞伴跳个华尔兹舞吧.They are tennis／bridge partners.他俩搭档打网球／桥牌.The partners to a marriage have many responsibilities.配偶双方都负有许多责任.3 [N] infml esp AmE (a form of address to a friend）（对朋友的称呼）：Come on，partners， let＇s have a drink.来吧，伙伴们，咱们喝一杯吧.mate/meit/1 [often in pl and in comb] a fellow

worker or companion 同伴；伙伴：His school-mates waited for him.他的同学们在等他.Hewent with his workmates to a pub.他和同事一

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C43 FRIENDSHIP ＆ ENMITY 友情与敌意

起到小酒馆去．2 a helper to a skilled workman （熟练工人的）助手：He＇s a builder＇s mate.他是个建筑工人的助手.

ally/'ælai/1 a person who helps and supports another 拥护者；支持者；盟友：He is one of yourallies in this fight， isn＇t he？这次交手，他是你其中的一个支持者，对吧？2a country that is joinedto another by political agreement, esp to provide support in war 盟国；盟邦：The two countries are military allies.这两个国家是军事同盟国.The allies undertook a combined assault on the enemy positions.盟军向敌人的阵地发起联合进攻.

accomplice /ə'kamphs/ a person who helps another person esp to do wrong（尤指协助别人做坏事的）同谋者；帮凶；从犯：He was youraccomplice in the crime，wasn＇t he？在这次罪行中他是你的帮凶，是吗？They have beenaccomplices in wrongdoing for years.多年来他们一直合伙干坏事.

confederate/kən'fedərit/ sometimes deprec a person,country, or state that joins or works together with others 共犯；同谋者；同盟国：They were confederates in the bank robbery.他们是这起银行抢劫案的同案犯.

C43 nouns 名词： people who support others［C］支持者

supporter /sə'po:tə/ a person giving support to another，in politics，arguments，etc 支持者；支援者；赞助者：He is a powerful man with many supporters in the city.他在这个城市里是个有权有势的人物；有很多人支持他.

henchman /'hentfmən/ often derog a faithful supporter, usu a man , esp in politics, who obeys his leader without argument and may use violent or dishonest methods 忠实支持者； （尤指政治上的）亲信；走狗

minion／＇mınıən／ also 又作 lackey／＇læki／ old use usu derog a supporter or servant who slavishly does what his or her leader says 走狗； 奴才；唯唯诺诺者

yes-man /'jes,mæn/ infml derog a slavish henchman 唯唯诺诺者；唯命是听的人：Oh，don＇tbe such a yes-man;you agree to everything he wants！哎，别这样唯唯诺诺的，你对他真是够绝对服从的！

side-kick/'said,kık/ infml esp AmE a faithful henchman帮手；（政治上的）心腹

C44 verbs 动词：being and becoming friends 交朋友；结友

be friends with to have a friendship with; to be a friend of 与···相友好：She is friends with Susan.她跟苏珊很要好.

make friends (with) to form friendships (with) 与···交朋友·He has a pleasant manner and makes friends easily.他态度讨人喜欢，容易交朋

友.She doesn＇t know anyone in that town，but she＇ll soon make friends there.她在那个城里谁也不认识，但很快就会在那里交上朋友.Have youmade friends with your neighbours yet？你和邻居交上朋友了吗？Sam and Joe have just met，but they seem to have made friends (=with each other）already.森姆和乔刚刚认识，但是他们似乎已经交上朋友了.They had an argument，but they've made friends again (=have forgiven each other）.他们有过争论，但又和好了.meet up with [v adv prep T1] infml to make friends with 和···交朋友：He has met up with some other youngsters of his own age.他和另外一些与他年龄相仿的人交了朋友.

pal up (with) [v adv (prep) IØ; T1] infml to become very friendly （with）与···友好：He has palled up with Jim again，I＇m glad to say.我高兴地说，他跟吉姆和好了.It＇s nice to see yourchildren palling up like this.你那些孩子彼此之间这么友好，真是不错.Did she manage to palup with anyone at her new school？她能在新学校里交上什么朋友吗？

get acquainted (with) infml to become familiar（with），so as to make friends 结识；相识：Well，he says he likes her and hopes to get acquainted.噢，他说喜欢她，希望和她结识.Shegot acquainted with him at a dance.她在一次舞会上认识了他.

get to know to become familiar (and friendly) with 结识：I＇ve managed to get to know some nice people in this town.在镇上，我设法结识了几个挺不错的人.It can take a lon time to getto know a new town and its people.要了解一个新城市及当地的居民，可能要花很长时间.

befriend /br'frend/ [T1] usu fml to act as a friend towards 照顾；待之如友：He befriended us when we had little money and nowhere to live.在我们没什么钱、没地方住的时候，他像朋友般照顾了我们.

ally /ə'lar/ [Wv5; T1; IØ: (with, to)] to join, unite,or work together with as by political agreement or marriage 联合；结合；结盟：The small country allied itself with the stronger power.这个小国与强国结盟.Will the workers inthe two factories ally against their employers? 这两家工厂的工人会联合起来反对他们的雇主吗？

C45 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：arguing and quarrelling 辩论与争论

[ALSO→F106-8]

argue /'a:gju:/[IØ (with)] to say that one disagrees， usu strongly 辩论；争辩：They began to argue over which political party had the better record.他们开始争辩哪个政党有比较好的政绩.Please don＇t let＇s argue／let＇s not argue.我们别争论了.I＇m tired of arguing with him；he never admits he＇s wrong.我和他争论得都厌烦了，他从来不认错.Don＇t argue（with me），my mind is made up； I won＇t change my decision.别（跟我）争了，我既然做了决定，那是不会改变的.argument 1 ［U］ arguing generally 争论；争辩：

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I want no argument; I won't change my decision.我不想争论，我不会改变我的决定.Discussion is better than argument.讨论比争论好．2 ［C］ an occasion of arguing 辩论：They keep getting into heated political arguments. 他们一直在进行激烈的政治论战.I had an argu-ment with him last night.昨晚我和他进行了一番辩论.argumentative［B］fml tending to argue， usu strongly and often 好辩论的；爱争辩的：Some people are very argumentative just to be difficult.有些人非常好辩，就是要找别扭.-ly[adv]-ness[U]

quarrel /'kwprəl/ 1 [C] a strong argument, disagreement，or show of dislike 争吵；口角；反目；不和：They had a bad quarrel last night.昨晚他们争吵得挺厉害.The quarrel between themlooks like being serious.他们之间的争吵看来挺厉害.He had a noisy quarrel with a govern-ment official.他和一位政府官员吵得很厉害.I＇mtired of their endless quarrels; I wish they could live together in peace.我真讨厌他们没完没了的争吵，我希望他们能和睦地生活在一起．2［S］a cause for argument，etc 争吵的原因（理由）：1 have no quarrel with him or his opinions. 我和他没有争吵，我没有理由反对他的意见．3［IØ（with）］ to have a quarrel 争吵：The two boys quarrelled over the same girl.两个男孩子为同一个女孩子而争吵.Stop quarrelling，you people！ 别吵啦，你们这帮人！What are you quarrelling about？你们吵什么呢？He has quarrelled with his girlfriend and now he wants to quarrel with everyone else.他跟女朋友吵过架，现在跟谁都想吵一场.quarrelsome ［B］ tending to quar-rel often 好争吵的；吵吵闹闹的：He＇s a quarrel-some fellow；keep away from him.他是个爱争吵的人，别惹他.-ness［U］

row /rau/1 [C] a noisy and often violentquar-rel， usu not lasting long 口角；吵架：Her father and mother often have rows, shouting at each other.她父母经常口角，互相对骂.Let＇s not haveanother row．咱们别再吵了．2［IØ］to have a row 发生口角：They＇re rowing again，I＇m afraid.恐怕他们又发生口角了.They row a lot， but I thinkthey quite enjoy it.他们经常吵嘴，我想他们觉得吵架挺过瘾呢.

dispute /dr'spju:t/ 1 [C] a strong argument, disagreement， or quarrel 争论；争辩；争执： There have been several disputes over who owns this land.关于这块土地的所有权问题，已经发生过多次争执了．2 the state or fact ofdisagreement 争论；争端（esp in the phr in dispute（with）（与···）在争论中）：The matter in dispute is the ownership of this land.产生争端的事是这块土地的所有权问题.Well， this isbeyond dispute (=without doubt) the best house in the village.瞧吧，这无疑是村里最好的房子.He has been in dispute with the govern-ment over this matter for years.关于此事，他和政府已经争论多年了．3a［IØ］ to argue，quarrel，or debate 争论；吵架：She is always disputing over something.她总是有一些事情要拿来争论一番的．b［T1,6a，b］ to disagree with 对···提出异议：I dispute the result of the election；count the votes again.我对这次选举结果提出异议，请再

C46 FRIENDSHIP＆ENMITY 友情与敌意

点一下选票.I don＇t dispute what you say； it is the way you say it which annoys me.你说的事我并无异议，可是你说话的态度却叫我生气.Theywere disputing whether to lend him the money or not.他们正在争论是否借钱给他.disputatious[B]fml tending to dispute (things) all the time 好争论的；好辩论的-ness［U］

feud/fju:d/1[C] a state of strong dislike and enmity, often violent and continuing for some time, usu as a result of a quarrel between two people or families，etc（指两人、两家之间的）宿怨；世仇：This feud has gone on now for 30 years and killed six people.这世仇延续至今已有三十年，已死了六个人.He has a personal feudwith the government． 他与政府有私怨．2［IØ］ (esp of two families) to keep up a feud, the memory of a quarrel, etc often with violence （尤指两个家族间的）世代结仇；长期争斗：Thefamilies have been feuding for 30 years．这两个家族之间的世仇已经延续了三十年.

C46 adjectives 形容词：relating to being friends 友好的；亲切的

friendly/'frendli/[Wal]1[B] acting or ready to act as a friend 朋友般的；友善的；亲切的：He＇snot very friendly，is he？他不太友好，是吗？What a friendly little dog！多么可爱的小狗！2［F］ sharing the relationship of friends 友好的；友谊的：They quarrelled once， but are quite friendly now.他们曾经争吵过，但现在十分友好.Bill is very friendly with Ben.比尔对本非常友好. 3 ［F to］ favouring／ready to accept （ideas） 赞成···的；乐于接受···的：The business company was friendly to change．该商行乐于接受改革．4[B] kind and generous; ready to help; supporting or protecting 友好的；宽宏大量的；助人为乐的；支持的；保护的：It would be a friendlything to do.那是一件该做的好事.Visiting theold lady was a very friendly act.看望这位老太太也是助人为乐.You＇re always sure of afriendly welcome at this hotel.你肯定会在这家旅馆受到友好的接待.The sick man was glad ofa friendly arm to lean on.那病人很高兴有人友好地扶了他一把.（fig） We found shelter from the rain under a friendly tree.我们在一棵树下避雨，多亏有这棵树．5［B］showing（possible） friendship 友好的；友爱的：She gave him a friendly smile．她向他友好地微笑．6［B］politi-cally co-operative（指政治上）协作的；合作的：Atrade agreement has just been made with several friendly nations.和几个友好国家刚签订了一项贸易协定．7［B］not causing or containing bad feeling 不怀恶意的：They had a friendly argument over politics.他们对政治进行了一场友好的辩论．8［Wa5；B］（esp in sport） not serious （尤指在体育活动方面）友谊的；非正式的：The twoteams played a friendly game last Saturday; the season's serious matches don't start till later.上星期六两队进行了一场友谊赛，该季的正式比赛稍后才开始.-liness［U］

sociable /'səufəbəl/ [B] fond of people and often

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C47 FRIENDSHIP＆ ENMITY 友情与敌意

in the company of others 好交际的；友善的：He's a very sociable fellow, but his wife is much less sociable.他是个很好交际的人，但他妻子就差远了.Come on，try to be a bit more sociable, John; come and meet these people. 约翰，你就多和大家在一起吧，过来见见这些人.-bly[adv]

amiable /'ermiəbəl/ [B] of a pleasant friendly nature；good-tempered 和蔼可亲的；温柔的；友善的：I enjoy talking to that old man； he is very amiable.那老人和蔼可亲，我很喜欢跟他聊天.She has a nice amiable manner.她的态度和蔼可亲.-bly［adv］amity ［U］ often fml or pomp friendship or friendliness 友好；和好；和睦：The cat and the dog live together in surprising amity.这猫和狗住在一起，出奇地和睦.

amicable /'æmikəbəl/ [B] as suitable between friends；peaceable and friendly 友好的；朋友般的；和平的：We reached an amicable agreement over the ownership of the land; no quarrels. 有关土地所有权问题，我们达成了一项友好协议，没有争吵.-bly［adv］：The matter was settled amicably.这件事和平解决了.

affable/'æfəbəl/ [B] friendly; easy and polite to talk to；ready to be friends 平易近人的；殷勤的；和蔼可亲的：What an affable，amusing fellow he is！他是一个多么可亲又逗人喜欢的人！Shesent him an affable reply to his letter.她对他的来信给予友好的回答.affability［U］-bly［adv］

intimate／＇mntəmit／［B］ 1 close in relationship 紧密的；亲切的；知心的：They have been intimate friends for years．他们已是多年的知心朋友了．2[Wa5(with)] concerned in a sexual relation-ship with someone／with each other 与某人有性关系的：They were intimate，not just friends.他们有性关系，不只是一般朋友.She was intimatewith him， I believe.我相信，她和他曾经有过性关系．3 detailed 详细的：He has an intimate knowledge of the town.他对这城市的情况了如指掌.-ly ［adv］：I know them both intimately；we used to work together.我对他俩非常熟悉，我们曾在一起工作过.intimacy ［U；C］ on intimate terms 1 close in friendship 关系密切2 concerned in a sexual relationship 有性关系 on terms of intimacy fml on intimate terms关系亲密

close /kləus/ [Wal; B] with deep feelings and／or of great importance 亲密的；亲切的；十分重要的：They have been close friends since childhood.他们从小就是亲密的朋友.They aren＇tmarried,but they have a pretty close relation-ship.他们没结婚，但关系相当亲密.-ness［U］

pally／＇pæli／［Wal；B］ infml friendly＿要好的；亲密的：She used to be very pally with Joan.她过去和琼很要好.John and Bill are very pally.约翰和比尔很要好.

chummy /'tfami/ [Wal; B] esp BrE infml, sometimes derog friendly 友好的；合得来的；有交情的：They aren＇t always so chummy， you know.你知道，他们俩不老是那么合得来的.

matey /'meiti/ [Wal; B] BrE infml,esp working class friendly 友好的；要好的；友善的；亲切的：He＇s pretty matey with Bill.他跟比尔很亲密. Why are you so matey all ofa sudden？你们怎

么突然这般亲近？

warm /wo:m/ [Wal; B] (fig) friendly in a pleasant way 亲切的；热情的：They gave us a very warm welcome.他们热情地欢迎我们.Shelooked at him with a warm smile on her face. 她望着他，脸上露出亲切的笑容.-th［U］

cordial /'ko:diəl/ [B] fml warm, sincere, and friendly 热情的；真诚的；友善的：May I expressmy cordial thanks for what you have done for this town？请允许我对你为这个城市所做的一切表示真诚的感谢.They gave us a very cordial reception（＝warm welcome）.他们非常热情地接待了我们.-ly［adv］：He greeted them cordially. 他热情地迎接了他们：-ity［U］

C47 adjectives 形容词：relating to not being friends［B］不友好的；敌意的

unfriendly／An＇frendli／［Wal］ not friendly 不友善的；不友好的：He has a rather unfriendly manner.他的态度很不友善.Why must you beso unfriendly towards him? He's only trying to help.你为什么要对他如此不友好？他不过是想帮忙而已.-liness ［U］

unsociable/An'səufəbəl/ not sociable; not fond of company 不爱交际的；不易亲近的：She＇s beenpretty unsociable since he went away.自从他走后，她就很不爱交际了.-bly［adv］

hostile/'hpstail/1 very unfriendly (and there-fore dangerous）；showing dislike 非常不友好的； 怀有敌意的：The local people are hostileto outsiders.当地居民对外来的人怀有敌意.Shegave him a hostile look.她用含着敌意的目光瞥了他一眼．2［Wa5］ belonging to or caused by an enemy 敌方的；仇敌的：You can expect hostile action soon.你们可以预料很快就会有敌对行动.Hostile aircraft crossed into our air space several minutes ago.几分钟前敌机飞越我们的领空.hostility ［U］ the state or conditon of being hostile 敌意；敌视：His hostility to your plan is well-known.他敌视你的计划是人所共知的.

inimical／r＇nımikəl／fml hostile and harmful 敌对的；有害的：These actions are inimical to good relations between our two countries.这些行动危害我们两国之间的良好关系.

antagonistic /æn,tægə'nistrk/ very much against something；hostile 对抗性的；敌对的： These people are antagonistic to change;they like things as they are.这些人反对改革，喜欢维持现状.

difficult/'difi,kəlt/ (of people) unfriendly and always quarrelling； not easily pleased（指人） 难以相处的；喜欢争吵的；难讨好的：Don＇t be sodifficult！别这么不随和！She has always been a difficult child.她一直是个很难对付的孩子.

reserved /rI'z3:vd/ not liking to talk too much about oneself or to make one's feelings known 缄默的；沉默寡言的；情绪不大外露的：She's rather a reserved girl; she doesn't make friends easily.她是个沉默寡言的女孩，不容易交上朋友.

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distant／＇distənt／ also 又作 remote ／ri＇məut／ [Wa2] (fig) showing a lack of personal warmth or friendliness 疏远的；关系冷漠的：His manner was reserved and distant/remote,as though he had no intention of making friends. 他沉默寡言，对人态度冷淡，似乎根本不想交朋友.

cool/ku:l/[Wal](fig) (esp of people) not particularly friendly（尤指人）冷淡的；冷漠的： She gave him a cool smile. 她对他冷淡地笑一笑.He treated her in rather a cool way； it upset her because he had been so friendly before.他对她十分冷淡，这使她很不安，因为他以前对她很友善.

cold/kəuld/[Wal] (fig) (of people or their acts）very unfriendly（指人或其行动）冷淡的；冷酷的；无情的：His manner towards her became cold and distant.他对她的态度变得冷淡和疏远.His smile was cold.他的笑是冷淡的.

aloof／ə＇lu：f／ ［also 又作adv］（of a person）keep-ing at some distance from others and there-fore （considered） unfriendly（指人）疏远的（地）；不友好的（地）：He has an aloof manner， but when you get to know him he's very nice. 他对人态度冷淡，但你认识他以后，会发现他是挺不错的人.He stood aloof from all the others.他和谁都保持距离.

C48 adjectives，etc 形容词等：lonely and alone 寂寞的；孤独的

lonely /'ləunli/ [Wal;B](unhappy because) having no friend， person， animal，etc near 孤单的；孤独的；孤寂的：She feels rather lonely；she has no friends in the town.在这个城镇里她没有朋友，颇感孤单.They live a lonely life in alonely house in the hills.他们在山中一座孤零零的房子里，过着寂寞的生活.Aren＇t you lonelyhere?-No; I have the animals for company. 你在这里不感孤单吗？-不，我有这些动物作伴.-liness [U]

alone／ə＇ləun／1 also 又作 more emph all alone [F; adv] without any other person or thing near 单独的（地）；独自的（地）；只身的（地）：Shesat all alone on the hillside.她独自坐在山坡上.He has been alone in the world since his wife died．他妻子去世以后，他一直孤零零地过活．2［adv Wa5］ and nothing more 仅仅；只有：You can＇t live on bread alone.你仅仅靠面包过活是不行的.

solitary /'splə,təri/ [Wa5;A; (B)] having no other person or thing nearby； alone； single 单独无伴的；孤独的；唯一的；单个的：A solitaryfigure（＝person）stood in the road.一个孤独的人站在路上.She leads a very solitary life.她过着很孤独的生活.solitude ［U］ the state of being solitary；loneliness 孤独；独居；偏僻；寂寥：The solitude of the place was complete; very few people ever went there.那个地方十分偏僻，几乎没有人到那里去.He likes solitude； he doesn＇t like big cities.他喜欢离群索居，不喜欢大城市.

lone /ləun/ [Wa5; B] having no others near （and liking things better that way）孤单的；寂寞

C51 DEATH ＆ BURIAL 死亡与埋葬

的；（喜爱）孤独的：A lone bird flew over.一只孤单的鸟儿飞过.loner［C］ a person who lives， works，etc alone 单独生活、工作的人：He is aloner with almost no friends.他是一个性格孤独的人，几乎没有朋友.

Ionesome /'ləunsəm/ [B] esp AmE infml & emot lonely 寂寞的；孤单的：She＇s a bit lone-some and far from home.她有些寂寞，又远离家园.

Death and burial

死亡与埋葬 [ALSO→A1-20]

C50 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：relating to someone dying 有关死亡的

[ALSO→F84]

lose／lu：z／［T1］to suffer the death of 失去；丧失： She lost her husband and youngest son within weeks of each other.接连两三周之内她先后失去了丈夫和幼子.

loss／lps／ ［U］ state of having lost someone 损失； 丧失：The loss of her son has aged her a lot.失去了儿子使她苍老了许多.

mourn/mo:n/[T1;IØ] to feel and/or show grief at（someone＇s death）哀悼；哀痛；（因某人去世而）忧伤：She mourned her dead husband for months and could not be consoled.她为死去的丈夫悲伤了几个月，仍未能接受安慰而平复.Theyare still mourning, although he died a year ago.虽然他已逝世一年，但他们仍在悼念他.［C55]

grieve /gri:v/ [IØ(for)] to mourn greatly or constantly（深切地或持久地）哀痛；悲恸；悲伤；伤心：She just sits there， grieving for her lost children.她只是坐在那里，为她去世的孩子们悲伤.Don＇t grieve； death comes to us all.别悲伤了， 人人都难免一死.

grief／gri：f／ ［U；C］ the state of grieving 悲痛；忧伤：His grief at the death of his wife was terrible.他对妻子的死悲痛万分.

bereave/bə'ri:v/ [T1] fml to leave sad and mourning because of a death（指因死亡）使丧失；夺去：He was bereaved of his wife.他丧失了妻子.

bereavement /bə'ri:vmənt/ [U; C] the state of being bereaved 丧失；丧亲：I was sorry to hear of your bereavement.听说你失去亲人，我非常难过.

C51 verbs 动词：dying 死亡

pass on [v adv IØ] euph to die; (religious) to go to another life 去世；转到来世去：Your father has passed on, my dear; he wouldn't want you

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C52 DEATH ＆ BURIAL 死亡与埋葬

to grieve.亲爱的，你父亲已经去世；他是不愿意你这么伤心的.

pass away [v adv IØ] euph to die, usu peace-fully（安详地）去世；逝世；长眠：The old ladypassed away in her sleep.这老太太在睡梦中去世了.

expire／ik＇sparə／［IØ］ fml，euph ＆ lit to die 去世； 与世长辞：The elderly gentleman expired.这位老绅士辞世了.

give up the ghost old use ＆ lit to die去世；仙逝；归天：The king sighed and gave up the ghost.国王叹了口气，就驾崩了.

kick the bucket BrE sl to die 一命呜呼；一命归西；翘辫子：The old fellow kicked the bucket and left his wife a fortune！那老家伙一命呜呼，给他妻子留下了老大一份财产！

C52 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to death and mourning 有关死亡与悼念

bereaved /br'ri:vd/ [Wa5; B] left(alone) after the death of someone dear 丧失亲人的：The bereaved woman sat alone in the church.这个失去亲人的女人独自坐在教堂里.Many peoplehave been left bereaved by this terrible disas-ter.这场可怕的灾难使许多人失去亲人.

widowed/'widəud/ [Wa5; B] made a widow [→C32]; left alone after the death of one's husband or wife 丧偶的；寡居的；鳏居的：Mywidowed mother lives in London.我孀居的母亲住在伦敦.He was widowed in an air crash. 一次飞机失事使他成了鳏夫.

orphaned/'oxfənd/ [Wa5;B] made an orphan ［→C3］；left without a father and mother 失去双亲的；成了孤儿的：Many children wereorphaned by that plane crash.那次飞机失事后， 很多孩子成了孤儿.

late／leit／［Wa5； A］ who has died recently 已故的：Her late husband was a keen gardener.她已故的丈夫是个热心于园艺的人.The lateCaptain Jones was a member of the local golf club.已故的琼斯上尉是本地高尔夫球俱乐部成员.late lamented ［Wa5； A］ old use ＆ lit late已故的：Her late lamented husband left her this house.她的亡夫遗留给她这幢房子.

mortal /'moxtəl/ [Wa5; A] which can die/decay ［→A2］不免一死的；会腐朽的 They buried hismortal remains (=his dead body) in the village churchyard.他们将他的遗体埋葬在这个乡村的教堂墓地.

deceased/dr'si:st/euph & fml1[Wa5;B] dead 已故的；死了的；死的：The deceased man wasapparently seen here just before the accident. 就在事故发生前，有人在此处清楚地见过死者．2［Wn3；C］ a dead person 死人：The deceased had been killed in a road accident.死者是在一次公路事故中死亡的.

dear departed [Wn3; C] fml & religious & sometimes humor a dead person 死者：Let us pray for the dear departed.我们为死者祈祷吧.Well, friends, let's drink to (the memory of) the dear departed！来吧，朋友们，我们为（纪念）

死者而干杯！

C53 verbs 动词：burying and cremating 埋葬与火葬

bury /'beri/ [T1] to place (a dead body) in a hole in the ground and cover with earth, or in the sea 埋葬；葬：They buried their dead and moved on.他们埋葬了死者，继续前进.He wasburied at sea，having died of a fever.他死于热病，因而海葬了.These people burn their dead； they don＇t bury them.这些人将死者火化，没有把他们埋葬.

cremate/kri'meit/ [T1] to burn (a dead body) in a special ceremony 火葬；火化（尸体）：His father asked to be cremated when he died.他父亲要求死后将他火葬.

embalm /Im'ba:m/ [T1] to treat (a dead body) with special substances in order to prevent natural decay（为防腐）涂一种特殊的物质于（尸体）：The ancient Egyptians embalmed their dead.古埃及人给死者涂一种防腐剂.-ment［U］

mummify /'mami,fai/ [T1] to preserve as a mummy［C54］使···成为木乃伊：The ancient Egyptians mummified their kings and queens. 古埃及人把死去的国王及王后制成木乃伊.-fication[U]

inter／in＇t3：／［T1］ fml to bury 埋；葬：The body was interred without a ceremony.没举行仪式就将尸体埋葬了.

disinter /,disin't3:/ [T1] to take (a dead body) out of the grave 从坟墓中挖出（尸体）：Peopledo not disinter human remains (= a body) without good reasons.没有充分理由，人们不会将人的尸体从墓中挖出来.

exhume/ig'zju:m/ [T1] to disinter on a legal ［C189］order（根据法令）从坟墓中挖出（尸体）：The body was exhumed and examined for signs of poison.尸体被掘出以检验中毒的迹象.exhumation [U]

dig up ［v adv T1］ infml to disinter； exhume 挖出；掘出

lie in state [IØ] (of the dead body esp of an important person) to lie in a church or similar place so that mourners [→C55] can walk past, paying their last respects (=showing respect) （尤指重要人物的尸体）放在教堂之类的地方供人瞻仰：The body of the king lay in state in the cathedral.国王的遗体安放在大教堂中供人瞻仰.

C54 nouns 名词：burying and cremating 埋葬与火葬

[ALSO→B3]

burial /'beriəl/ [C;U] an act or occasion of burying a dead body 埋葬；葬礼：The burial was done early in the morning, without a ceremony.在清晨下葬，没有举行仪式.burialplace [C] the place where someone has been buried 埋葬地

cremation /kri'meıfən/ [C;U] the act or occasion (=ceremony) of cremating a dead

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body 火葬：The cremation was at 11 a．m．； only the family and some close friends were invited.火葬在上午十一点举行，只有家人和亲近的朋友获得邀请.Cremations are as common as burials nowadays.现在火葬与土葬同样普遍.

funeral /'fju:nərəl/ 1 [C] a usu religious ceremony of burying or cremating a dead person 葬礼；丧葬：Many people attended the old lady＇s funeral.很多人参加了这位老太太的葬礼．2［A］ of or connected with the last ceremonies after death 葬礼的：Funeral customs vary with different religions.葬礼习俗因宗教而各有不同.A funeral service was held atthe graveside［→C57］．葬礼在墓前举行．

mummy/'mami/ [C] a dead body preserved from decay by treatment with special substances 木乃伊；干尸：Pictures of mummies can be seen in most books about ancient Egypt.在大部分有关古埃及的书里，都可见到木乃伊的图片.

ashes/'æfiz/ [P] the remains of a dead body after cremation［→C54］骨灰：Her last request was that her ashes should be scattered on the sea.她最后的请求是将她的骨灰撒在海中.

C55 nouns 名词：relating to funerals 有关殡葬

[ALSO→F84]

undertaker /'andə,teikə/ [C] a person whose job is to arrange funerals 承办殡葬者

mortician ／mo：＇tıfən／ ［C］ AmE an undertaker 承办殡葬者

funeral director ［C］ euph an undertaker 承办殡葬者

wreath/ri:0/[C] flowers and/or leaves twisted and woven together, usu in a circle, to be placed on a coffin [→C56], grave, or memorial to the dead 花圈：He laid a wreath on the grave [→C57] of the man who died in the fire.他向火灾中那个死难者的坟墓献了花圈.

hearse /h3:s/ [C] a usu black carriage or car used for carrying a coffin at a funeral 柩车；灵车

(funeral) cortege /('fju:nərəl) kor'ter3/ [C] the line of attendants and mourners at a (large) funeral（送丧人的）行列

pallbearer /'po:l,beərə/ [C] a person who walks beside the coffin at a funeral扶灵柩的人

mourning /'mo:ni/ [U] (the wearing of) certain clothes, usu black but in some societies white, as a sign of mourning [■C50] 穿孝；戴孝；穿丧服；孝服；丧服：She wore mourn-ing for several months after her husband's death.丈夫死后她穿了几个月丧服.They are stillin mourning for their dead father.他们仍在为死去的父亲戴孝.

mourner /'moinə/ [C] a person present at a funeral and personally mourning for the dead 哀悼者；送葬者：In some societies，professional mourners take part in the funeral services. 在一些社会中，有职业送葬者参加葬礼.Themourners were invited to pay their last respects

C58 DEATH ＆ BURIAL 死亡与埋葬

（＝to show respect） to the dead.送葬者获邀向死者遗体告别.

C56 nouns 名词：coffins，etc［C］棺材等

coffin/'kofin/the box in which a dead person is buried 棺材；灵柩：The coffin was gently lowered into the grave.棺材轻轻地安放到墓穴内.casket／＇ka：skit／esp AmE euph a coffin 棺木；灵柩

pall/po:l/a heavy cloth placed over a coffin at a funeral柩衣；棺罩

shroud ／fraud／， also 又作 winding sheet the cloth or sheet which covers a dead body at burial 裹尸布；寿衣

urn/3:n/ a vase [→H170] used for holding the ashes of a cremated person 骨灰缸

C57 nouns 名词：graves，etc［C］坟墓等

grave/greiv/ (the position of) the hole in the ground where a dead person is buried 坟墓；墓穴：They slowly lowered him／his body into the grave.他们慢慢地把他／他的尸体放入墓穴中.Hisgrave is not known.他的坟墓没人知道.The wargraves stretched over whole fields.战争中阵亡者的坟墓遍布田野.graveside ［the R］ theground beside a grave坟边；墓前

last resting place euph a grave 坟；安息之地： They carried him to his last resting place.他们将他送到安息之地.

tomb /tu:m/ a grave, esp if large and with a hollowed-out shape like a cave 坟墓；陵墓： They laid the king (to rest) in the great tomb. 他们将国王放入宽敞的陵墓中.Ancient tombshave been found in this valley.在这个山谷里发现了古代墓冢.

sepulchre BrE,sepulcher AmE/'sepalkə/fml, lit ＆ old use a tomb 坟墓；石墓；墓穴

mausoleum/,mo:sə'liəm/ a large stone tomb, often a building, raised over a grave, esp that of a famous or important person（重要人物的） 陵墓

vault/vo:lt/ an underground room,usu large, for burying people, usu members of the same family，in地下墓室；地穴；墓穴（通常埋葬同一家族的死者）：He is buried in the family vault.他被埋葬于他家族的墓室里.

C58 nouns 名词：places of burial and cremation［C］土葬与火葬的场所

cemetery /'semitri/ an area of ground, usu not belonging to a church, used only for the burial of dead people 公墓：The cemetery is well cared for, most of her family are buried there.公墓管理得很好，她家族大部分成员都葬在那里.

graveyard /'grerv ja:d/ a piece of ground, often near a church, where dead people are buried 墓地

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C59 DEATH＆ BURIAL 死亡与埋葬

churchyard /'tf3:tfja:d/ the area around a church and usu enclosed by a wall, in which graves are usu found 教堂墓地

mortuary /'mo:tfuəri/ a place,as in a hospital, where dead bodies are kept before burial（医院的）太平间；停尸室；停尸处；殓房

morgue/mo:g/ a place where dead people are kept,esp when their names are not known and their relatives must be found（待人认领尸体的）陈尸所：The body of the man killed in the accident was taken to the city morgue.事故中那死者的尸体就停放在该市的陈尸所.

crematorium／，kremə＇to：riəm／， also 又作 esp AmE crematory /'kremətəri/ a building in which dead people are burnt, sometimes with a surrounding garden where the ashes can be buried 火葬场

C59 nouns 名词：relating to graves and death 有关坟墓与死亡

gravestone /greiv,stəun/ [C] a stone put up over a grave, bearing the name, dates of birth and death， etc of a dead person（见 622页彩图）墓石；墓碑

tombstone /'tu:m,stəun/ [C] a (large)grave-stone（大）墓碑

headstone/'hed,stəun/ [C] a gravestone at a position above the head of a buried person 墓碑；墓头石

memorial /mə'mo:riəl/ [C] an object,often a stone, esp with a message on it or a list of names, in memory of one or more persons or of an important event 纪念物；纪念碑：The war memorial listed 42 dead from that village alone.仅该村就有四十二名牺牲者名列战争纪念碑上.

monument /'mpnjumənt/ [C] a building, strc-ture, etc that preserves, or is intended to preserve， the memory of a person or event 纪念馆；纪念碑；纪念物

epitaph /'epə,ta:f/ [C] words describing a dead person, written on his or her gravestone, tomb，or memorial 墓志铭；碑铭

in memoriam /,in mr'mo:riəm/ Lat (often on gravestones and memorials） in memory of（常刻在墓碑、纪念碑上）纪念···

RIP/,a: ar 'pi:/[abbrev] 'Rest in peace' or the Latin equivalent 'Requiescat in pace' (letters often written on gravestones）（＝拉丁语＇Requiescat in pace＇）愿死者安息（常刻于墓碑上）

obituary/ə'bitfuəri/[C] a notice that someone has died; an account of someone's life, printed just after his or her death 讣告；讣闻：I saw his obituary in the paper.我在报上看到他的讣告.The obituary notices included a list of all the writer＇s works.讣告列出了该作家的全部作品.His obituary was written before his death.他的讣告是在他死前写的.

Social organization in groups and places

群体与地域中的社会组织

C70 nouns 名词：people and

populations 人与人口 [ALSO→C1-11]

people/'pi:pal/1 [P] the persons belonging to a particular place，class，trade，etc（某一地点、阶级或职业、团体的）人：People who live in thenorth of England speak in a different way from people in the south.住在英格兰北部的人与南部的人说话口音不同.Banking people havetheir own way of looking at life, very different from，say，theatre people.银行界的人有他们自己的人生观，比如说，与戏剧界的人就十分不同．2［C］a race or nation 种族；民族；人民：The peoples of South-East Asia have ancient cultures.东南亚各民族有着古老的文化.The Chinese are ahard-working people.中国人是勤劳的民族.

race/reis/ [C] 1 any of several kinds of people with particular kinds of hair，skin，etc 种族；人种：The Caucasian or ＇white＇ race is very different in appearance from the Negroid or ＇black＇race.高加索人或“白种”人与尼格罗人或“黑种”人在外貌上迥然不同.The various racesare not sharply separated; they shade into each other; they are not separate species [→A33］．那些不同的种族不能截然地区分，他们相互混杂，并不是分得很清楚的人种．2 a particular largegroup of human beings regarded or regarding themselves as in some bodily or other way separate from everyone else 民族：The Spanish and Portuguese races have produced great travellers.西班牙人和葡萄牙人培育出许多伟大的旅行家.John Beddoe wrote a book called＇The Races of Britain＇.约翰·贝多写了一本名为《不列颠民族》的书.These people regardthemselves as a race apart (= a separated race）.这些人认为自己是另外一个的民族.

mankind ／mæn＇kaind／ also 又作 lit human kind ［U］ all the people in the world 人类：The world wars have been bad for the whole of mankind.世界大战对全人类来说是个不幸.

human race ［the R］ mankind 人类：The human race is made up of many different peoples.人类由许多不同的民族组成.

humanity /hju:'mænəti/ [U] esp fml & emot human beings generally； the human race 人类（总称）：All humanity will suffer if the nations do not unite.各国如不团结，全人类将遭受苦难.

nation /'neıfən/ [C] a particular large group of human beings usu living in one area, organized in one way, and speaking a common language 民族；国家：The Sioux are a famous Red Indian nation.苏族人是一个著名的红印地安民族.These people do not live in astate of their own, but they regard themselves as a nation.这些人并不是生活在自己的国家里，但

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他们自认是一个民族.Nations and states are notalways the same thing.民族和国家不一定是等同的.

folk/fəuk/ [GC usu sing] old use a people or nation 人们；民族：The Dutch are a Teutonic folk．荷兰人属条顿民族．［→C71］

population /popju'lerfən/ [C] the number of people (or animals) living in a place, country, city，etc 人口；人口（或动物）数量：There hasbeen a steady fall in the population of Scotland since 1945．自 1945年以来，苏格兰人口数目持续下降.The local cat population is quite large.本地猫的数量很大.There is a population problem in this part of the city.市中这一区存在人口问题．populate ［T1］ to put or have people in；（of people） to move into 移入居民；居住于···； 移居于···：This island was populated from across the sea.岛上住了从海外来的人.Londonis a heavily populated city; some say that it is overpopulated （＝has too many people）.伦敦是个人口密集的城市，有些人说它人口过剩.Themountains of Scotland are now underpopulated（＝have too few people）.苏格兰的山区如今人口稀少.

C71 nouns 名词：the people 人民

people/'pi:pəl/ [the P] all the members of a state 人民：It is the will of the people， as shown in a fair election, that there should be a change of government.一次公正的选举表明了人民的意愿是要更换政府.The people have accepted the changes in the law.人民已经接受了法律的改变.(general) public /(,d3enərəl) 'pablik/[the GU] the whole of a place, esp the ordinary people 大众；民众：The law was intended for the good of the（general）public.这项法律是维护民众利益的.He said that the public no longer believes what politicians say.他说，民众再也不相信政治家所说的话了.

populace /'pppjuləs/ [the GU] fml the great mass of people in the country; the ordinary people 平民；居民；老百姓：This information is not available to the general populace/to the populace at large.这个消息（普通／一般的）老百姓是没法知道的.

community/kə'mju:nəti/ [the GC] sometimes fml the people in general, esp in a particular place（具有相同文化历史背景的）社区群众：Hesays that the new laws are for the good of the （whole）community.他说，新的法律是为（整个）社区群众的利益着想的.It is their duty to servethe community， not to destoy it.他们的责任是为社区的群众服务而不是破坏这个社区.Educationis usually a community service.教育通常是一项社区的公益事业.

folk／fəuk／1［P］emot the ordinary people 平民： These songs still survive among the common folk／among country folk.这些歌曲仍流传在民众之中／乡下人之中．2［A and in comb］ relating tothe traditions of a people 民间的：She loves folk-music，folk-singing and folk-dancing.她喜欢民间音乐、民间歌曲和民间舞蹈，Many folk

C73 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 社会组织

beliefs are regarded by unsympathetic people as pure superstition.许多民间信仰被那些不赞成的人看作是纯粹迷信．3［P］ AmE usu folkspeople generally 人们（总称）：The folks here say that the weather was bad last year.这里的人说，去年天气不好.Some folk don＇t like him.有些人不喜欢他.

C72 nouns 名词： culture and civilization ［U］文化与文明

[ALSO→C150-7]

culture /'kaltfə/ development in art and thought, common to a society and repre-sented at various levels in its members 文化；文明；修养：These are people of great culture.这是一些很有文化修养的人.He is a man of littleculture, I'm afraid; culture means nothing to him.他恐怕是一个没有教养的人；对他来说，文化是毫无意义的.

society/sə'sarəti/1 genl the social organization of people， with common customs， laws，etc 社会：Society is changing rapidly.社会在迅速变化. British society is very different from what it was a hundred years ago.英国社会与它一百年前的状况大不相同了．2［esp A］ apprec or deprecthe upper class of a society 上流社会；上流阶层：She is a well-known society hostess.她是个有名的上流社会交际花.high society the uppersocial class 上流社会；上流阶级

civilization, -isation /,sıvəlar'zeıfən/ the fact of becoming or state of being highly developed socially, with a system of government, methods of education，etc 文明；文化：In 20 years they have reached the level of civiliza-tion it took our society a century to reach.他们用二十年时间达到了我们社会花了一个世纪才达到的文明程度.

C73 nouns 名词：cultures and

civilizations［C］文化与文明

culture /'kaltfə/ the particular system of art, thought，and customs of a society 文化；精神文明：This tribe／people has a culture which has never been scientifically studied.这个部落／民族的文化从来没有人科学地研究过.Many ancientcultures are only known through archaeology ［■177］．许多古文化只有透过考古学才为人所知．

society /sə'sarəti/ a group of people with the same customs， laws etc 社会：Many societies permit polygamy [→C30], although Western societies today do not.许多社会允许一夫多妻制，尽管现今西方社会不容许.

civilization, -isation /,srvəlar'zerfən/ a society with its own particular social organization, writing system， etc 文明；文化：The ancient Egyptian civilization existed for several thou-sand years.古埃及文明存在了数千年之久.Civilizations rise and fall.各种文化都有盛衰.

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community /kə'mju:nəti/ a. group of people living together and/or having close common interests 团体；社区；社会：This is a community of fishing people and hill farmers.这是一个由渔民和山区农民组成的社区.Various localcommunities are objecting to the high taxes. 当地各个团体均反对高额税收.He is interested inmost community matters.他对大多数社会事务都感兴趣.

C74 nouns 名词：groups and parties 集团与党派

group /gru:p/ [GC] a number of persons, animals, etc gathered together (for any purpose) or naturally associated with each other 组；群；团体；集团：A group of men gath-ered outside the pub.一群人聚集在小酒馆外.Heis a member of a local political group.他是当地一个政治集团的成员.The people stood ingroups watching.人们成群地站着观看.

band /bænd/ [GC] a group of people or higher animals, formed, usu under one leader, for a purpose, and often travelling, hunting, fight-ing， etc together 一队；一帮；一伙：He is the leader of a band of thieves.他是一帮贼的首领.A band of wandering dancers came to the town.一班流浪舞蹈者来到了镇上.Bands ofarmed men came to the town.一队队武装人员来到了镇上.

company/'kampəni/1 [GC] a group of people together for some purpose such as travelling 一群（旅游者等）：The company of travellers moved slowly towards the city.一群旅游者慢慢向这城市走来.A company of horsemen came riding along．一队骑马的人策马而来．2［U］certain people together 同伴；一群人：She keeps strange company.她与陌生人结伴.I won＇t mention it in present company; I'll tell you later.在这班人面前，我不想提起它，稍后我会告诉你.She＇s in good company； they＇re all nice people.她交上了好朋友，他们都是好人.Be care-ful you don't get into bad company in the big city.在大城市里，当心交上坏朋友.

party/'pa:ti/ [often in comb]1[GC] a group of people doing something or going somewhere together in an organized way（参加共同活动或同行的）一群人；组织；团体；一伙：He saw a partyof schoolchildren get（ting） off the bus.他看到一群小学生下公共汽车.She is taking a schoolparty to France this year.今年她带领一个学校团体到法国去.He organized a search party to find the missing climbers.他组织了一支搜索队寻找失踪的爬山者．2 ［C］a gathering of people，usu by invitation，for food and amusement（指社交或娱乐）聚会；宴会：She likes giving／going to parties，because she enjoys meeting people.她喜欢举行／参加宴会，因为她以结识人为乐.Shewore a new party dress at the birthday party. 在生日宴会上，她穿了一件新礼服.

faction/'fækfən/ [C] often deprec a group of people, esp inside a larger group, esp in poli-

tics, religion, government, etc which has special opinions，plans，ideas，etc 小派别；小党派；小圈子：He is the leader of an important faction in the local communist party.他是当地共产党一个重要派别的领袖．factional［Wa5；B］of，concerning，or like a faction 小派别的；小圈子的；像小派别那样的-ly［adv］

gang /gæn/ [GC] often deprec a group of people going together for bad and esp crimi-nal purposes 一帮（尤指作恶事者）；群：Thosemen are a gang of thieves and murderers.那些人是一帮盗贼和杀人犯.Some politicians havegot together in a gang hoping to run the country.一些政客结成帮派想统治这个国家.Therewas a gang fight last night (= a fight between two gangs）.昨天夜里发生一宗两帮流氓集体打架事件.

clique /kli:k/ [C] usu deprec a group of people united by a certain interest who do not allow or want others to join them 朋党；派系；集团： This town is run by a clique of criminals.这个镇子为一个犯罪集团盘踞.She has her own littleclique and they talk all the time about the other girls.她有自己的一小伙人，她们总在议论别的女孩子.

coterie／＇kəutəri／［C］ lit a clique 小圈子；小集团set/set/[GC9] usu sing sometimes deprec a group of people of a certain kind, considered unusual， special， or fashionable 特殊阶层；一群志趣相投的人；一群追求时髦的人：I＇m flyingabout a lot these days; I must apply to join the jet set even if I＇m not a millionaire.近来我常乘飞机到处跑；我得申请加入常坐喷射客机旅游的富翁阶层，尽管我不是百万富翁.She doesn＇tbelong to／in his set at all.她根本不属于他那个圈子.He＇s，mixing with a funny artistic set in London.他正在和伦敦一个稀奇古怪的艺术团体混在一起.

C75 nouns 名词： societies， clubs ［often cap］ and parties 团体、俱乐部与政党

society /sə'sarəti/ [C] a group of people who form an organization for certain activities, with certain rules，etc 会；社；团体：He is a member of the Royal Society for the Preven-tion of Cruelty to Animals （RSPCA）.他是皇家防止虐畜会会员.She decided to join the local dramatic society.她决定参加当地的戏剧社.

association /ə,səusr'eıfən/ [C; A] a society or group of societies which bring(s) together people with a common interest or purpose 会； 协会；团体：The club is a member of the Foot-ball Association.这个俱乐部是足球协会的成员.They formed an association to help blind people.他们组织了一个团体以帮助盲人.Thevillage has its own community association to look after its interests.这个村有自己的社区组织，以维护本村的利益.This is an association prob-lem，not a public matter.这是个团体问题，不是公众事务.

institution/,Instə'tju:fən/ [C] 1 a usu large society or organization, usu set up to do

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something for others 学会；学院；研究所；（某种）机构：a public institution to help the poor 扶助贫苦的公共机构 2 the building in which aninstitution does its work 学会、学院等机构的建筑物

club/klab/1 [C;A] a society of people with a special interest, usu a sport or entertainment 俱乐部；会社（供志同道合的人一起进行体育活动或社交娱乐等）：He is a keen member of the local boys＇club.他是本地男子俱乐部的热心成员.Thevillage has its own football and cricket clubs. 这个村子有自己的足球和板球俱乐部.He is havinga drink at the local working men＇s club.他正在本地劳工俱乐部喝酒.You must try to followthe club rules．你一定要尽量遵守会社的规章．2[C] (in England) a set of men or women who can spend time, have meals, or hire a bedroom in a certain building; a private hotel 会所（其馆舍备有饭食及宿舍）；私人旅馆：They aremembers of the same London club.他们是伦敦一个会所的成员．3［C］the building in which aclub meets 俱乐部大楼；俱乐部会所：He＇s diningat his club.他在俱乐部吃饭.Let＇s have a drink at the club.我们在俱乐部喝一杯吧.

party /'pa:ti/1 [C; A] an association of people having the same political aims, esp as formed to try to win elections or control states 政党； 党：The two main British parties in the 1960s were the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.二十世纪六十年代英国两个主要政党是保守党和工党.This is a party matter； it isn＇t a pub-lic matter．这是党务，不是公众事务．2［U］supportfor such a party and its interests 对党派的支持： He always puts party before country/his personal life.他总是把党置于国家／他个人之上.

union /'ju:niən/ [C] an association of people who see themselves as uniting for a particular purpose 同盟；协会；组合；工会：Our club is amember of the Union of Boys＇Clubs.我们的俱乐部是男子俱乐部协会的成员.The Rugby Unionis different in its organization in Britain from the Rugby League.英国橄榄球协会在组织上不同于橄榄球竞赛联会.We must form a union tofight for our views.我们必须组成同盟为我们的观点而奋斗.

commune/kə'mju:n/ [C] 1 an organized group of people concerned with local interests, esp raising crops and animals and with machines, buildings， etc held in common 公社： Communes are common in some socialist countries．公社在一些社会主义国家是普遍的．2agroup of people living together and sharing property and responsibilities（居住在一起共同拥有财产并共同承担责任的）一群人

circle /'s3:kəl/ [C] a group of people associated in an informal way because of common interests（具有共同爱好的人不拘小节地交往而形成的）小圈子；···界：She is associated with a local ladies＇s circle.她与当地的妇女界有交往.He's happy to stay in his own circle, and afraid to make new friends.他只喜欢跟他那圈子里的人来往，不想再结交新朋友.In artists＇circles there are many new fashions.在艺术家的圈子里常会看到许多时髦的东西.He has a large

C77 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 社会组织

circle of friends.他交游甚广.

membership /'membə,fip/ [GC] all the members [→C10] of a society, club, union,etc （指社团、俱乐部、团体的）会员；全体会员；全体社员：We have a very large and active member-ship.我们有许多积极热心的会员.The member-ship is/are unhappy with the present chair-man.会员对现任主席不满.Where is themembership list？会员名单在哪儿？

C76 nouns 名词： other larger groups of people［GC］其他大批的人群

body /'bpdi/ [usu sing] a (large) number of people（close） together（一大）群；队；帮；伙：A body of horsemen rode towards them.一队骑马的人向他们疾驰而来.Those soldiers are a finebody of men.这些士兵是一队优秀的男子汉.Theangry crowd came forward in a body.愤怒的人群一齐走了过来.The workers marched in abody towards the factory.工人结队向工厂行进.

crowd /kraud/ a large number of people together，usu without organization（指没有组织的）人群：A crowd of excited people waited to see the film stars.兴奋的人群等着要看电影明星.The streets were full of crowds of people.大街上挤满了人.I couldn＇t get to you because of the crowds.因为人群拥挤，我无法走近你处.Hegoes around with a crowd of other young men.他常和一群别的年轻人在一起.

mob/mpb/1 a (large) noisy (and usu violent) crowd 群集喧闹的民众；一群暴徒：The policemanwas attacked by an angry mob.这警察受到一群愤怒的民众攻击.Mobs of armed men were inthe streets，looking for trouble.几伙武装暴徒正在街上挑衅闹事．2 deprec a crowd whom thespeaker does not like 一伙人；一帮人；暴徒：Getthat mob of people out of my office！把那伙暴徒从我的办公室赶出去！

horde／ho：d／1 often deprec a large crowd 人群； 大群（人）：Hordes of tourists come here every summer to lie on the beach.每年夏季大群游客蜂拥到这里的海滩来度假．2 a wandering tribe游牧部落：The Roman Empire was attacked by hordes from Central Asia.罗马帝国遭受中亚游牧部落的侵袭.

bunch /bantf/ infml a group with no clear organization 群；伙：A bunch of young fellows was waiting to meet him at the airport.一伙年轻人在飞机场等着迎接他.

C77 nouns 名词： other smaller groups of people［GC］其他小批的人群

pair／peə／1 two people closely connected 一双； 一对；两个关系密切的人：Achilles and Patroclusare a famous pair of friends.人所共知，阿奇里斯和巴特罗克拉斯是一对很要好的朋友.They wereentertained by a pair of dancers.两位舞蹈者以舞蹈娱乐他们．2 infml two people closely

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connected who cause annoyance or displea-sure（惹人生气或不快的）一对：You＇re a finepair coming as late as this！瞧你们这对宝贝来得这么晚！What a pair they are！他们可真是一对儿！

couple /'kapəl/ a pair of people, usu male and female，who like being together（指男女）一对： Married couples are welcome in this club.这个俱乐部欢迎已婚夫妇.What a lovely couplethey make together！ 他们配成了多好的一对呀！Couples took the floor for the last dance.一对对舞伴走下舞池跳最后一个舞.

trio /'tri:əu/ a group of three people acting or working together 三人一组：Those boys are a very active trio！那几个男孩是非常活跃的三人组！

C78 nouns 名词：country and state ［C］

国家与州 [ALSO→C90]

country /'kantri/ a large social organization, usu of one kind of people, in a particular part of the world（偏重地域意义上的）国家：He hasvisited many foreign countries.他到过许多国家参观访问.Italy is a great country with a long history.意大利是一个历史悠久的伟大国家.Britain is the mother country of several modern nations.英国是好几个现代国家的母国.Write down ten European countries and their capitals.写出十个欧洲国家及其首都的名字来.

land／lænd／esp emot ＆ lit a country（偏重情感及文学上的）国家；国度；国土：This is my nativeland and I＇ll defend it with my life！这是我的祖国，我将用生命保卫它！People from distantlands come to see the beautiful church.许多国家的人远道而来参观这座美丽的教堂.

nation /'neıfən/ a particular large group of people living in one country or the country belonging to such a group（偏重民族意义上的）国家；民族：Spain and Portugal are the two nations which occupy the Iberian peninsula ［→L85］．在伊伯利亚半岛上的两个国家是西班牙和葡萄牙.Trade between nations is better than war.两国之间进行贸易比进行战争好.The Britishnation is a union of several older nations whose separate natures can still be seen.不列颠民族是由几个较古老的民族融合而成，这些民族仍保持着各自的特征.

state／stert／1 ［also 又作 the R often cap］ the social and political organization of people in a country；the government of a country（偏重政治和法律意义上的）国家；政府：These industriesare run by the State.这些工业是国营的.Theyare state-controlled industries.那些都是国营工业.Relations between independent states are not always cordial.独立国家间的关系并不总是友好的．2 one largely self-governing division of a federation ［→C91］州：There are fifty states in the United States of America (USA); state law and federal law [→C93] are different things.美利坚合众国有五十个州，州法律和联邦法律是不同的.

nation-state/'neıfən,steit/ a state which is also a nation 民族国家（由单一民族组成的独立国家）：Modern nation-states such as Britain and France are the product of a slow centralization of government in a capital city.像英国和法国这样的现代单一民族国家，是政府在大城市逐渐实行中央集权的产物.

C79 nouns 名词：parts of countries ［C］ 国家的各个部分

region /'ri:d3ən/ 1 a large division of a country 地方；区域：The northern region of the country is mountainous.这个国家北部地区多山.Peoplefrom the regions often resent the political importance of the capital.各地区的人民对首都在政治上占有的重要性常感不满．2 a largedivision of land，sea，space，etc 领域；境界

province /'provins/ 1 a lrge administrative or political division of some countries and empires 省；行省：Canada is made up of provinces such as Alberta and British Columbia.加拿大是由阿尔伯塔和英属哥伦比亚等多个省分组成．2（fig） infml a person＇s particu-lar duty，business，or activity（个人的）本分；任务；（业务、活动的）范围：It＇s my province tolook after the firm＇s mail.管理这家公司的邮件是我的职责.the provinces ［P］ often deprec all the parts of a country outside its capital（一个国家除首都以外的）地方

district /'distrikt/1 a division of land for any reason， usu administrative or political 行政区； 地方；管区：The districts inside American states are called counties.美国各州内的行政区称为县.She visits the English Lake District every year. 她每年都到英格兰湖泊区去．2 a division of anyplace for any special purpose or work 区；区域； 地域：What postal district do you live in？你住的地方属哪个邮政区？This area is the districtwhere I work; he works in another district, down by the river.这是我工作的地区，他在河下游另一个地区工作.

county /'kaunti/1 a division of a country in the British Isles, Canada, and New Zealand, for official purposes such as education, police, etc （不列颠群岛、加拿大、新西兰等国的）郡：He wasemployed by Warwickshire County Council as a teacher.他被瓦威克夏郡议会聘为教师.Thecounty boundary runs along this field.沿着这片田野就是该郡的边界.Many of the oldcounties in Britain were re-organized in the early 1970s and the names of many have changed.在七十年代初英国很多古老的郡都重新划分，很多郡的名称也更改了．2 an administrativedivision of a state of the USA（美国的）县：He lives in Clark County.他住在克拉克县.

shire／farə／［esp in comb］ a British county（英国的行政区）郡：She often goes to Yorkshire in England and to Stirlingshire in Scotland.她常去英格兰的约克郡和苏格兰的斯特凌郡.

department /dr'pa:tmənt/ one of the large administrative divisions of countries such as

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France（法国等的）县；行政区

commune /kə'mju:n/ the smallest administra-tive division in countries like France, Switzerland, Italy, etc, governed by a mayor ［→C101］ and a council（法国、瑞士、意大利等国的）最小的地方行政区；市镇；自治村

country/'kantri/ [the R; A] all land outside towns and cities 乡间；乡村：She prefers the country to the town/prefers country life to town life.她喜欢乡村甚于城市／她喜欢乡村生活甚于城市生活.countryside［（the）U］ the land outside towns and cities， esp as seen 乡下： What lovely countryside！乡村景色多么美丽！

C80 nouns 名词：towns and cities，etc 城镇与都市等

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| general and smaller一般的和较小的larger 较大的small 小的very small 很小的 | town 城、镇city 市village 村庄hamlet 小村 |

town/taun/1 [C] a group of houses, buildings, etc where people live 镇；市镇；城镇：There are several little towns in this valley.这片谷地有几个小镇. London is a big town； it＇s usually called a city．伦敦是个大城，通常称为市．2［S］affec a city 城市：Dear old Glasgow／London town； it＇s nice to be back！亲爱的老格拉斯哥／伦敦城，我回来了，太好了！townspeople［P］the people in a town 市民 townsfolk ［P］ infml townspeople 市民

city /'siti/[C often in names] a (very) large town with a centre where business goes on and entertainments ［→K2］ can be found 大城市；都会：New York is one of America＇s busiest cities.纽约是美国最繁忙的城市之一.Mexico Cityis the capital of Mexico.墨西哥城是墨西哥的首都.The city police caught a lot of criminals last year.城市警察去年抓获很多罪犯.

village/'vilid3/1 [C] a (small) group of houses 乡村；村庄：It＇s quite a big village now with its own village school, but you couldn't call it a town.这村子现在已经相当大，有自己的学校，但还不能称为镇.He walked down the village street to the village shop.他沿着村内街道向村中的商店走去．2 ［S esp in names］ part of a city still regarded as a village 村（指大城市的部分）：Shelives in Duddingston Village in Edinburgh.她住在爱丁堡的达丁斯通村.Tye Green Village is inthe town of Harlow.泰格林村在哈洛城里.villager ［C］ a person living in a village 村民

hamlet/'hæmlit/[C] a very small village; a few houses together 小村子；小片房子：He lives in a sleepy little hamlet beside the river.他住在河边一个寂静的小村子里.

settlement/'setlmənt/[C] a place with some

C81 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 社会组织

buildings where people have (fairly recently) started to live 村落；新居民区：There are four settlements along the river.沿河有四个村落.We hope to build a permanent settlement near the mines (= a settlement which will become a town）.我们希望在矿山旁建造一个永久性住宅区（＝将来会变城镇的住宅区）.

township /'taunfip/ [C] 1 a town (and the area around it) which has its own local government （有当地政府的）镇区 2 a small town whichserves as the business centre of an area 商业中心城镇3 a settlement which is developing into a town（正在发展为城镇的）住宅区

C81 nouns 名词：parts of towns and

cities［C］城镇和城市的各个部分

district／＇distrikt／ a division of a town 区：There are two main districts, the richer and the poorer parts. 主要有两个区：富人区与贫民区.They visited the town's red-light district (=the district where there are brothels ［■C38］）．他们参观了镇里的红灯区（＝妓院所在的地区）.

ward/wo:d/a division of a town for administra-tive or political purposes（城市之）行政区：The city is divided into six electoral wards for local elections.为进行地方选举，这个城市划分为六个选区.

precinct／＇pri：sujkt／ esp AmE a ward（城市之） 行政区

suburb /'sab3:b/ an outer area of a city,where people live and less business is done 市郊；城郊：He lives in a fashionable suburb of Athens.他住在雅典郊外的一个高级住宅区.thesuburbs ［P］ the whole of such an area 郊区： They live in the suburbs now; they sold their city-centre flat.他们把市中心的居住单位卖掉，目前住在郊区.suburban ［B］ of， concerning， or like the suburbs 市郊的；郊区的 suburbia［U］ sometimes deprec the area of the suburbs and the ideas， etc of people living there 郊区；郊区居民的意识及风俗等

quarter /'kwo:tə/ a part of a city, often typical of certain people（城市中某种人集中居住的）地区：They live in the student quarter.他们住在学生区.The French quarter of the city has many good restaurants.这个城市的法国人居住区有许多好餐馆.

colony/'kpləni/1 a number of people coming from the same place and sharing certain things like a language and customs, living in a country or in a district，esp of a city（集中在市内一地区居住的）侨民：The American colony inParis is quite big．侨居巴黎的美国人很多．2 thedistrict or quarter occupied by such a group or a group of people with similar interests（某国侨民或某行业的人的）聚居地区：He likesvisiting the German colony in Yorkville.他喜欢参观约克维尔的德国人侨居地.The artists＇colony is in the old part of the town.这个城的古老区是艺术家的聚居地.

shanty town/'fænti ,taun/ (a part of a city or) a town made up of poorly-built houses, not

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C82 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 社会组织

made of brick or stone, usu for poor people （房子都是用破烂材料搭盖的）贫民区；（由简陋房子组成的）穷镇：There are shanty towns around many of the world's biggest and richest cities. 世界上许多最大和最富有的城市里，周围都有贫民窟.

slum /slam/ [often pl] a house or district in a town or city where living conditions are dirty and unhealthy and where poor people live（市内房屋陈旧、卫生环境差的）贫民区；贫民窟：Hegrew up in the slums of New York/Glasgow/ Marseilles.他是在纽约／格拉斯哥／马赛的贫民区里长大的.This house is a slum；it＇s very dirty！这房子是个贫民窟，太脏了！slummy［Wal；B］ likea slum 贫民窟似的

ghetto/'getəu/1 (formerly, in some countries) the Jewish quarter of a town 犹太人居住区2asection of a town where people live who are not accepted as social equals by the majority of its citizens 城市中受歧视的少数民族聚居之地区

C82 nouns 名词： kinds of towns and

cities［C］城镇的种类

capital (city)/'kæpətəl ('siti)/1 the city which serves as the centre of government in a country 首都；国都：Paris is the capital（city）of France and one of Europe＇s finest capitals.巴黎是法国首都，也是欧洲最美的首都之一．2 a cityconsidered the centre of anything 在某方面处于领导地位的城市：Paris is the fashion capital of the world.巴黎是世界时装之都.

metropolis／mə＇tropəlis／ fml a capital city 首府； 大都市：He lives in the metropolis.他住在大城市.

centre BrE, center AmE /'sentə/ an area of heavy population 中心：Liverpool is one of England＇s great urban ［→C85］centres．利物浦是英国的大城市之一.Bombay is a centre ofIndian industry.孟买是印度的一个工业中心.

county town the town which is the administra-tive [■C100] centre of a county［■C79］郡的首府

market town the local town to which farmers, etc bring produce and goods to sell and where they buy other things which they need 市镇；市集

borough/'barə/1 (as in England) a town with royal permission to have its own local govern-ment（在英格兰）（英皇御准的）自治市镇2（incertain states in the USA) a municipality smaller than a city（美国）有自治权的市镇

burgh／b3：g／ScotE a borough 市镇

municipality /,mju:,nısə'pæləti/ a town, city, or district with its own local government 自治市； 自治区

C83 nouns 名词：people belonging to cities and countries，etc ［C］城市居民、国民等

citizen/'sitəzən/ 1 a person who lives in a

particular city or town, esp one who has certain voting or other rights in that place （城镇）居民；市民：The citizens of Bristol swore to defend their historic rights.布里斯托尔市居民誓死捍卫历史赋予他们的权利．2 a person whobelongs to a particular country by birth or naturalization (= being officially allowed to belong）公民：He is a citizen of the United Kingdom.他是英国公民.They are all American citizens．他们都是美国公民．3 a person whogives his or her loyalty to a particular country and who expects protection from it 国民：She＇s a British citizen but lives in India.她是英国国民，但是现居于印度.citizenship ［U］ the status of being a citizen of a country 公民身分（含公民权利和义务）

national /'næfənəl/ a person, esp someone abroad, who belongs to another usu stated country 国民（尤指侨居于国外的）：These peopleare all United States nationals living in France.这些都是居住在法国的美国侨民.Foreignnationals were asked to leave immediately.已通知外国侨民立即离开.nationality［C；U］status as a national 国籍：What nationality is he？ 他是什么国籍？Many nationalities were present at the meeting.许多不同国籍的人出席了会议.This problem is one of nationality， not religion.这是个国籍问题，而不是宗教问题.

subject /'sabd3ikt/ a person who owes loyalty to a certain country or royal ruler（君主国）国民；臣民；臣下：She is a United Kingdom subject，a subject of the Queen.她是联合王国的臣民，女王的臣民.The King addressed hissubjects.国王对臣民讲话.

ethnic /'eθnik/ esp AmE a member of an ethnic [→C84] group, who is loyal to its customs, language, etc as well as to the customs and official language of the country to which he or she belongs（一国之内某一）种族／部族的成员；少数民族的成员

native /'neitiv/1 someone who was born (in a place）本地（出生的）人：He is a native of New York City but lives mostly in California.他是纽约人，但大部分时间在加利福尼亚州居住．2someone who lives in a place all the time or has lived there a long time 本地（长久居住的）人：Are you a native here，or just a visitor？你是本地人还是游客呢？3 someone who belongsto an earlier, original, or local people, esp (derog and becoming rare) the non-Èuropeans， livingthere 土人；（尤指非欧洲人的） 土著：The colonial government of the island treated the natives badly.岛上的殖民地政府虐待当地土人．4 a plant or animal living naturally （in a place）当地动、植物：The bear was once a native of Britain.熊曾经是英国本土的动物.

local／＇ləokəl／ a person living in an area 当地居民； 本地人：John？Òh，yes，he＇s a local.约翰吗？哦， 对啦，他是当地人.The locals don＇t like all these London people buying summer cottages here. 当地居民不喜欢这些伦敦人在这里买避暑小别墅.

provincial /prə'vinfəl/ often deprec someone who lives in or comes from a province [→C79] (and is therefore not thought as good as a

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person from the capital）地方居民；乡下人： These provincials, theyreally do lack culture ［→C72］！这些乡下人，他们实在缺乏教养！provin-cialism [U] the manner of a provincial; pref-erence for a province or the provinces 乡土观念；地方主义

foreigner /'forinə/ sometimes deprec a person from another country 外国人：He is a foreigner，but he seems nice enough.他虽然是个外国人，但似乎对人很亲切.She doesn＇t trustforeigners and has never been abroad herself. 她不信任外国人，也从未到过国外.To thesepeople, anyone from over the hill is a foreigner.对这些人来说，任何从山那边来的人都是外国人.

alien/'erliən/ fml & tech a foreigner or foreign national 外国人；外侨：Aliens are required to register with the police on arrival in this country.外国人抵达这个国家即须向警方登记.

stranger /'streind3ə/ someone not known or familiar，or not familiar with a place 陌生人；异乡人：He saw a stranger come into the village. 他看见一个陌生人进了村.I＇m a stranger here；can you direct me to the town hall?-Sorry,I can＇t；I＇m a stranger here myself！我是外地人， 您能告诉我去市政厅怎么走吗？-对不起，我说不上来；我也是外地人！She＇s no stranger to thisplace； she was educated here.她对这儿并不陌生；她在这儿念过书.

C84 adjectives 形容词：relating to

nations and races ［B］有关民族与种族

national /'næfənəl/ [Wa5] of, belonging to, or related to a nation 民族的；国家的：She is interested in her country's national dancing. 她对本国的民族舞蹈很感兴趣.National life haschanged a lot since I was young.从我年轻时开始，我们民族的生活已发生了很大的变化.Thenationalbanks are closed on Monday.国家银行星期一休息.These people have been influenced for centuries by foreigners,but they have kept most of their national customs.几百年来，这些人一直受着外国人的影响，然而他们仍保留了自己民族大部分的风俗习惯.-ly［adv］

racial／＇reifəl／1［Wa5］ related to a race 种族的； 人种的：He has the racial characteristics of the people in South East Asia.他具有东南亚人的种族特征．2［Wa5］ among races 种族间的：Wehope for greater racial harmony here in future.我们希望将来这里的种族关系能更加和睦.Racial enmity [→C41] can lead to terrible things sometimes.种族仇恨有时会导致可怕的事件．3 favouring one race against all others 种族歧视的：I＇m afraid he＇s a bit racial at times.我恐怕他有时会有些种族偏见.-ly［adv］ racialismBrE,racism AmE [U] often deprec beliefs, esp of a social and political kind, that depend on a difference in race, and esp the belief that one race is better than others 种族偏见；种族歧视 racialist BrE， racist AmE ［C］ a person who believes in racialism 种族主义者

C84 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 社会组织

ethnic/'eθnik/[Wa5] relating to a race or to the various human races 种族的；人种的：Ethnic studies can be useful in understanding human nature.人种学研究对于理解人性会有用处.Manypeople in the United States are proud of their special ethnic origins.在美国有许多人为他们特有的种族渊源而感到自豪.-aly ［adv］

native /'neitrv/[Wa5] of or belonging to a place by birth，origin，etc 本地的；土生的：She has a book of the native flowers of Britain.她有一本关于英国本土花卉的书.The red deer is native tothe Scottish Highlands.这种红鹿是苏格兰高地的土生动物.The native architecture is very interesting here.这儿的本土建筑十分有趣.

local /'ləukəl/ of or in a certain place, esp the place one lives in 地方的；当地的；本地的：Thelocal doctors are very good.当地的医生很好.In Harlow, Essex, the local restaurants are not very varied.在埃塞克斯郡的哈洛城，当地的餐馆风味都差不多.

foreign/'fprin/1 [Wa5] in,from, concerning, etc another country (or place) than one's own 外国的；外地的：He has never been to anyforeign countries.他从未到过国外.The soldiers are at present on foreign service.这些士兵目前正在国外服役.He is the agent of a foreignpower.他是一个外国特工.They are bringing in a lot of foreign workers speaking foreign languages.他们正引进大量讲外国话的外国劳工.She is a student of foreign affairs.她是个学外交的学生．2［（to）］ having no place （in）；having no relation （to） 与···无关的：Travel by air is quite foreign to the old lady＇s experience.这老太太从未试过坐飞机旅行.He＇s a very nice fellowand violence is foreign to his nature.他是个非常好的人，暴力与他的本性格格不入．3［Wa5；A］coming or brought in from outside; not belonging；harmful 外来的；异质的：The swell-ing in her finger seems to be caused by a foreign body (=something small from outside) in it.她手指肿胀看来是异物扎进去引起的.

alien/'erliən/ 1 [Wa5] often emot belonging to another country or race；foreign 外国的；异族的：We don＇t want any more alien workers here！我们这儿不想再要外国劳工了．2 differentin nature or character, esp so different as to be opposed 相异的；不相容的：Their ideas are quite alien to our way of thinking.他们的想法跟我们的大不相同.

stateless /'steitlis/ [Wa5] not being the citizen of any state 无国籍的：They have a lot of state-less people living in this town.他们这个城里住着许多没有国籍的人.

international /,ıntə'næfənəl/ 1 [Wa5] among or between nations and／or their peoples 国际的； 世界的：They went to an international meeting on the international law of the sea.他们去参加一个关于国际海洋法的国际会议．-ly［adv］2belonging to or interested in all peoples and not just one nation 国际化的；国际性的：He is avery international person and has friends all over the world.他这人在国际上有很多联系，世界各地都有朋友．-ly ［adv］ 3 ［C］ a game playedamong or between nations 国际比赛：He

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