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等我们的．5［T1 often pass］ to add （esp a word） in the mind for completion 隐含；不言而喻地省略（尤指词语）：When I say ＇come and help＇，the object ＇me＇ is supposed to be understood.当我说“来帮帮忙”时，宾语“我”字被省略，但其意是不言而喻的.make oneself understood to make one's meaning clear to others, esp in speech 把话说清楚；把意思交代明白 understand oneanother/each other to know what is wished, esp to agree 相互／彼此了解：Now we under-stand one another, we can make the right changes.既然我们现在相互了解对方的意思，我们就能作出适当的改变了.give someone to under-stand fml to cause someone to judge or believe 使人相信；使人以为：He gave me tounderstand that he would be there by 3; can I have misunderstood？我理解他的意思是他三点钟就会到达那里，我难道理解错了吗？

comprehend /kpmpri'hend/ [T1; IØ] usu fml to understand 理解；领会：The child read the si pu (시mnf) 1ou pip inq lois meaning.那孩子读了那个故事，但是并不（完全）理解它的意思.The ability to comprehend writ-ten information is very important. in the modern world.在现代世界，理解书面资料的能力是很重要的.He reads but he doesn＇t compre-hend.他能阅读，但是并不理解.

realize, -ise /'rıə,laız/ [T1,5a, 6a] to understand and believe or accept（a fact）意识到；领悟；理解：He didn＇t realize his mistake.他没有意识到自己的错误.Do you realize it＇s Saturday？你知道今天是星期六吗？We realize what a goodbook this is！我们认识到这是一本多么好的书！

perceive/pə'si:v/ [T1, 5, 6a, b] esp tech & fml to become aware of (something) through any of the senses；see， understand，etc 看见；听见； 感到；理解；领悟：He was only able to perceive light and colour； he could not see properly.他只能感觉到光和颜色；但看不清楚东西.Do youperceive what I mean？你理解我的意思吗？

grasp/gra:sp/[T1, 6a,b] esp emot & emph to understand 理解；领会：I didn＇t quite grasp what she meant.我没太领会她的意思.Did yougrasp the full meaning of what he said？你完全领会他说的话的意思吗？。

appreciate /ə'pri:fieit/ [T1] 1 to understand fully 完全了解；充分认识：I don＇t think youappreciate the dangers of this job.我认为你不完全了解这项工作的危险性.Do you appreciatethe difference between good wine and excel-lent wine？你懂得好酒和佳酿之间的区别吗？2 tounderstand the high worth of 赏识；欣赏：His abilities were not appreciated in that school. 在那所学校里，他的能力得不到赏识．3 to under-stand and enjoy the good qualities of 评价；鉴赏：A.sensitive mouth is necessary to appreci-ate good wine.要有敏感的味觉才能品尝好酒.

fathom/'fæðəm/ [T1, 6a, b] to understand (something that is specially difficult, mysteri-ous，etc）（尤指对困难、神秘事物等的）透彻理解；弄清楚···的真相；领会；看穿：Can you fathomhis plan？ 你能看穿他的计划吗？I just can＇tfathom her／what she wants to do.我简直猜不透她这个人／她到底要干什么？

G32 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

follow /'foləu/ [T1; IØ] to understand (some-thing, esp someone's spoken or written ideas) as one listens or reads 懂；理解；领悟；（在理解上）跟得上（尤指说话和书面含义）：Can youfollow him／his line of thought？ 你理解他的意思／跟得上他的思路吗？Sorry，I just can＇tfollow／I＇m just not following.对不起，我简直不明白／我简直听不懂.

see／si：／［T1， 6a， b；IØ］ infml to understand 懂； 理解；明白；知道：Do you see what I mean？-Yes，I see.你明白我的意思吗？-是，我明白.Hesaw the point of what they were doing.他领悟到他们做法的要领.I＇m afraid I just can＇t seewhy.我恐怕就是不明白那是为什么.

get/get/[T1, 6a, b] infml & genl to understand 懂；明白；理解：Do you get what I mean？-Yes， I get it.你明白我的意思吗？-是，我明白.Hedidn't get the point of what they were doing. 他没理解他们做法的要领.I＇m afraid I just don＇tget it（＝understand）.恐怕我就是不明白.

dawn on [v prep T1] to become clear to (some-one）使（人）渐渐明白；使（人）醒悟：It dawnedon me at last that he had been telling me lies. 我终于明白他--直在对我撒谎.

G32 verbs 动词：learning 学；学会

learn /13:n/ 1 [IØ; T1, 3, 6b] to gain knowledge （of）or skill（in）学习；学会：The child is learn-ing quickly.那孩子学得很快.I＇m trying to learn French.我在尝试学习法语.She is learning to be a dancer.她在学跳舞，想成为舞蹈家.He is learn-ing how to play the drums．他在学打鼓．2［T1］ to fix in the memory； memorize 记住：You should learn this list of words by tomorrow.你应该在明天前记住这组单词．3［T1,5a，b，6a，b；IØ（of or about）］ to become informed （of）了解； 得悉：Haven＇t you learnt the truth？你难道还不了解真相吗？His mother learnt in the newspapers of her son＇s success.他的母亲从报纸上得悉儿子的成就.learn one＇s lesson tosuffer so much from doing something that one will not do it again.得到教训

acquire /ə'kwaıə/ [T1] to learn, esp through a plan，over a long time，etc（尤指有计划和经过一段长时间）学会；习得：She acquired her（knowl-edge of）French while living in Paris.她住在巴黎时学会了法语.

get／get／［T1］ infml ＆ genl to learn， acquire 学会；学到：Where did she get that very good knowledge of French？她在哪里学到那么好的法语？

gain/gein/[T1] often fml to learn, acquire (esp something worth knowing）学会；学到（某种有价值的东西）：When she was in France she gained an excellent knowledge of French.她在法国期间学会了地道的法语.He gained all this infor-mation from books, not from direct experi-ence.他是从书本中学到所有这些知识的，并非亲身经历.

pick up [v adv T1] infml to learn, usu without hard work（常指容易地）学会；学到：She picks upforeign languages easily.她学外语毫不费力.He

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G33 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

picked up a knowledge of these things when he was in the East.他在东方时随意学到了这方面的知识.

memorize, -ise /'memə,raiz/[T1, 6a, b] to learn and remember， on purpose 默记；记住：He memorized the poem／what to do.他记住了那首诗／该做什么.

study/'stadi/[T1; IØ] to look at, read, or listen to （something） in order to learn 学习；用功：He is busy studying French.他忙于学习法语.She studied hard for her examinations.她为了考试而用功．2［T1］ to examine carefully 研究；注意看；仔细端详：She studied the book／his face with interest.她很感兴趣地研究那本书／端详着他的脸.This organization studies social matters. 这个组织研究社会问题.

G33 verbs 动词：teaching and training 教学与训练

[ALSO→I130,etc]

teach/ti:tf/ [D1 (to),5,6a,b; T1,4;V3,4;IØ] to give knowledge or skill of, or training or lessons in (a particular subject, how to do something，etc） to （someone）教；讲授（某课程）；教导；教书：I teach boys history and my wife teaches girls French.我教男孩子历史，我的妻子教女孩子法语.You can＇t teach an old dognew tricks.你是教不会老狗玩新把戏的（喻：人老则守旧）.John teaches politics to university students.约翰给大学生讲授政治.I would ratherteach older than younger children.我宁愿教大孩子，不愿教小孩子.The priest taught the people that they should love their neighbours as themselves.牧师教导人们要像爱自己一样地爱邻人.The teacher taught the children why they should love their country.老师给孩子们讲解为什么要热爱自己的国家.The children should betaught how to read and write.应该教会孩子们读书写字.He wants to be taught （to play） cricket.他要别人教他打板球.The Bible teaches that we should all love each other.《圣经》教导我们应该相亲相爱.My husband teaches at alocal school／（AmE） teaches school locally.我丈夫在本地一所学校任教.

instruct /mn'strakt/1 [T1, 5b;D5b,6a,b] to give knowledge or information to 教；教授；告知： They instructed me in the best way of doing the job.他们把做这项工作的最好方法教给我.P＇uinstruct him whether (he needs) to come today or tomorrow.我会告诉他该今天来还是明天来．2［V3］ to give orders to 命令；指示：1instructed him to come to work earlier.我指示他要早些来上班．3［D5,5b；V3；T1］law toadvise 通知

educate /'edjukeit/ [T1] to teach, esp to train in the mind or character generally 教育；教导；培养：She educated her younger daughter at home.她在家里教育她的小女儿.He waseducated at the local school.他是在本地学校受教育的.

train/trem/ 1 [T1; V3; D6 esp how] to give

teaching or practice, esp in an art, profession, or skill； instruct 训练；培养；教育：He was trained for the priesthood at a college in Rome.他在罗马一所学院里受训练当神父.Atschool they should train young children (how) to be good citizens.学校应当培养小孩子做好公民．2 ［IØ； T3］ to be taught or given practice， esp in an art，profession，or skill（尤指在艺术、职业、技能上）接受训练；受教育：He trained to bea doctor but decided to become a priest instead.他原是学医的，可是却决定当牧师了.Sheis training to be a nurse.她在接受当护士的培训.3 [IØ;T1(for)] to make ready for a test of skill练习；锻炼（以备测试、比赛等）：Every morn-ing he spends two hours training for the race. 为参加赛跑，他每天早晨花两小时进行练习.Whotrains Manchester City football team？谁是曼彻斯特市足球队的教练？

coach/kəutf 1 [T1] to train or teach (a person or a group of people), esp for a special purpose, examination, sport, etc; to give in-struction or advice to (a person or a group of people）（尤指为特殊目的、考试、运动等）训练；指导；辅导：He coached the football team well.他把那支足球队训练得很好.She coaches peoplefor English examination.她辅导准备参加英语考试的人.She coaches people in English.她辅导人们（学习）英语．2［1Ø］ to act or be em-ployed in coaching people 当教练；担任指导者：He coaches at our school.他在我们学校当教练.

tutor /'tju:tə/1 [T1; (IØ) (in)] to act as a private teacher to 做私人（家庭）教师；个别辅导：Hetutored the boy in French.他辅导那个男孩学法语．2［T1］to train in obedience 驯服；抑制（感情等）：You really must tutor that horse.你一定得驯服那匹马.Try to tutor your feelings and you won＇t lose your temper so easily.设法克制你的感情，这样你就不会轻易发怒了.

discipline /'disəplin/[T1] 1 to train and control firmly 训练；管教；强使守纪律；节制：You mustlearn to discipline yourself．你必须学会自律．2 to punish in order to train 惩戒；惩罚：She never disciplines her children and they are uncontrollable.她从来不管教孩子，弄得他们无法无天．disciplinary［Wa5；B］ fml for the purpose of disciplining 惩戒性的；纪律的：The teacher took no disciplinary action against the badly-behaved boys and so they behaved even worse.对于行为不良的孩子，老师没有采取惩罚措施，因此他们的行为更恶劣了.disciplinarian［C］a person who believes in disciplining children, soldiers，etc firmly 严格执行纪律的人：That teacher is a real disciplinarian.那个老师真是一位严师.

school/sku:l/[T1 (in)] esp lit to teach,train,or discipline（someone）教；教育；管教；训练：They schooled him well.他们把他教育得很好.Sheschooled him in crime.她教唆他去犯罪.He was schooled by life itself.他完全是在生活中磨练出来的.

civilize, -ise /'sivəlarz/ [Wv5;T1] to teach certain kinds of arts, sciences, government, etc to (people who do not have such things) 使文明；教化；开化：The Romans helped to

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civilize many European peoples long ago.很久以前罗马人帮助开化了许多欧洲民族.

G34 nouns 名词：knowing and realizing 了解与认识

knowledge /'nplid3/[U] 1 understanding; the condition of knowing 了解；理解：He has little knowledge of the facts.对于事实他了解得很少.2 learning； that which is known 知识；学问；学识：Knowledge is power.知识就是力量.She hasn＇t muchlany knowledge of French.她对法语所知不多／毫无所知．3 familiarity with；infor-mation about 熟悉；了解：My knowledge of Mr Smith is not great.关于史密斯先生我了解得不多.He has a good knowledge of London/Latin. 他对伦敦／拉丁文很熟悉.bring to（someone＇s）knowledge to cause （someone）to know 使（某人）了解；使（某人）知道：The matter was neverbrought to the knowledge of the minister.这件事从未让部长知道过.come to（someone＇s）knowledge to become known to/by someone 被（某人）知道：The matter never came to the knowledge of the minister.部长从不知道这件事.to the best of one's knowledge (and belief) so far as one knows 据（某人）所知（并相信）：Iam not quite sure, but to the best of my knowledge his story is true.我不敢太肯定，但据我所知，他所说的是真的.to one＇s knowledge sofar as one knows 据某人所知：He isn＇t there to my knowledge.据我所知，他不在那里.without someone's knowledge although someone didn＇t know 不通知某人；背着某人：He left homewithout his wife＇s knowledge.他不告诉妻子就离开了家.

consciousness/'konfəsnis/ [U] the state of being conscious and knowing what is happen-ing；understanding 知觉；意识；理解：The man lost consciousness when he fell and hit his head on a stone.那人跌了一跤，头撞在石头上就失去知觉了.He wants people to have a greater consciousness of what life is all about.他要求人们更清楚地懂得生命到底是怎么一回事.

awareness /ə'weənis/ [U] the state of being aware，of being fully conscious 明白；知道：The animal knew what was happening; its aware-ness showed in its eyes.那只动物知道发生了什么事，从它的眼神里就能看出它是明白的.

cognizance /'kognəzəns/ [U] fml & tech awareness; (proper) knowledge and under-standing 知觉；察觉；知道与理解：This story isbeyond the cognizance of younger children.这个故事已超出小孩子的理解力.take cognizanceof to take notice of， take into consideration 考虑到；注意到：The judge has taken cognizance of the new facts in your case.法官已经注意到你的案件中的新证据.

comprehension /,komprr'henfən/1 [U] fml the act of understanding 理解2［U］ the ability of the mind to understand 理解能力：I＇m happy about your son's comprehension of written information；it is good.我很高兴你儿子对文字材

G35 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

料的理解能力确实不错．3［C；U］ （in schools） anexercise to test and improve a pupil's ability to understand language（在学校里）测试理解能力的练习：Comprehension is a good way of learning.测试理解能力是一种很好的学习方法.She sets her students a comprehension every week.她每周给学生做一次测试理解能力的练习.

realization, -isation /,riəlar'zeifən/ [U;S] (an experience of） understand and believing 认识； 体会；领悟：He now has a full realization of what happened.现在他对发生的事情有了充分的认识.The realization of his guilt came to him at last.他终于认识到自己的罪行.

perception/pə'sepfən/ esp tech & fml 1 [U] the act of perceiving； the ability to perceive 感知（力）；理解：His perception is very good.他的感知能力很强．2［C］ something perceived； thought 想法；感觉：What are your perceptions of the matter？你对这件事有些什么想法？

grasp /gra:sp/ [S; U] esp emot & emph under-standing 理解；掌握：She has a good grasp of the subject.她对这个主题有深刻的理解.He hasno grasp of the subject at all.他根本没有掌握这个主题.

appreciation /ə,pri:fr'erfən/1 [U] judgement, as of the quality， worth， or facts of something 判断；评价；鉴定：The teacher＇s appreciation of his pupil's chances of passing the examination was correct.老师对他的学生能否通过考试的判断是正确的．2［U］the understanding of the good qualities or worth of something 欣赏；赞赏： Their appreciation of the performance was expressed in loud cheers.他们以高声喝彩来表达他们对演出的赞赏．3［C］a written account ofthe worth of something 评论文章：The pupil wrote an appreciation of the play he had just seen.那学生就他刚看过的那出戏写了一篇评论.

recognition /,rekəg'nıfən/ [U] the act of recog-nizing or being recognized ［→G30］认出；被认出；承认；被承认；认可；认识：She showed nosigns of recognition; she didn't seem to know us.她没有任何认出我们的表示；似乎她并不认识我们.He received money in recognition of his services.他收到了服务酬金.Recognition of that government by ours is not likely.我们的政府不太可能承认那个国家的政府.

G35 nouns 名词：learning and teaching 学习与教授

[ALSO→I130,etc]

learning/'13:nn/ [U] deep and wide knowledge gained through reading and study 学问；学识： This school has produced many men and women of great learning.这所学校造就了许多饱学之士.Edinburgh University is a centre of learning.爱丁堡大学是一个学术中心.

teaching/'ti:tfi/1 [U] the act, occupation, etc of teaching people，esp children 教学；教书：He has been in teaching for 20 years． 他执教已有二十年.People in the teaching profession (= the business of teaching) are usually in-

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G36 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

informed（指人）学识渊博的；知识丰富的：He＇s

very knowledgeable about wines.他对各种酒的

知识很丰富．-bly ［adv Wa3］：He speaks very

knowledgeably about wines.他很内行地谈论起

酒来.

aware/ə'weə/1 [F (of) , F5] having knowledge

or consciousness 明白的；知道的；了解的；意识到

的：Are you aware of the difficulty／that there is

a difficulty？你意识到那种困难／有困难吗？2［B9］

having knowledge or consciousness of the

stated type 有···知识的；有···头脑的：She is very

politically／artistically aware.她在政治上／艺术上

知道得很多.He is a politically aware kind of

person．他是个有政治头脑的人．3［B］ having or

showing understanding of oneself, one's

surroundings and other people 理解的；明白的：

It＇s nice to be with such an aware person.与

这样一个明白人在一起是很好的.-ness［U］［

G30]

cognizant./'kpgnizənt/[F of] fml & tech aware

知道的；了解的；注意到的：The judge said he was

not cognizant of the case.法官说他不了解这个

案件.

learned/'13:nid/1 having much knowledge as a

result of study and reading 有学问的；博学的：

He＇s a learned man．他是个有学问的人．2 of，

for，or concerning advanced study 学术性的：

She wrote a learned book on butterflies.她写

了一本关于蝴蝶的学术著作.-ly［adv］

knowing /'nəun/ (showing that one is) well-

informed or provided with the necessary

information 知道内情的；会意的：She gave hima

knowing look／smile. 她会意地看了他一眼／笑了

笑.-ly［adv］：She smiled knowingly.她会意地笑

了.

educated /'edjukeitid/ [often in comb] having

been educated 受过教育的；受过训练的：An

educated person should not behave as he

does.一个受过教育的人行为不应该像他那样.

She＇s a well-educated girl.她是位受过良好教育

的女孩子.Many self-educated people are very

well-informed.许多自学成材的人见闻都很广博.

He has an educated ear for music.他受过音乐

训练.

trained /treind/ having been trained; having

had the proper training for a subject,job,etc

受过训练的；受到某方面良好训练的：He is a

trained teacher.他是受过专门训练的教师.He is

trained for the job.他是接受过专门培训来做那种

工作的.They are well-trained people.他们受过

良好的训练.

polished /'polift/ having had the necessary

additional training, or experience which

makes one specially good at something 洗练的；

优美的：She is a very polished performer.她的

表演技巧十分洗练.He gave a polished perform-

ance.他的表演非常优美.

G37 adjectives 形容词：good at learning

and doing［B］善于学习与工作

knowledgeable /'nplid3əbəl/ (of a person) clever/'klevə/ [Wa1] 1 quick at learning and having a good deal of knowledge; well-

understanding; having a quick, effective, and

terested in what their students do in later life. 从事教学工作的人往往很注意他们的学生日后从事什么职业．2［C often pl； U］ that which is taught, esp the moral, political, or religious beliefs taught by a person of historical import-ance 教导；教诲；教义：They try to follow Christ＇s teaching（s）.他们试图遵循基督的教导.

instruction /mn'strakfən/ 1 [U] the act of in-structing；teaching 教授；教导：He＇s not yet trained， but still under instruction.他的培训尚未结束，还在接受指导．2［C often pl］ an order(to a person or machine); advice or order to do something（对人或机器的）指令；命令；指示

tuition /tju:'ifən/ [U] the act of teaching, esp one person， esp privately 教学；教书（尤指个别辅导和私人辅导）：He does a lot of（private） tuition.他做了不少（个别）辅导工作.The tuitionfees (= the money to be paid for being taught) are quite high at that college.那所学院的学费相当高.

education/,edju'kerfən/ 1 [U; C usu sing] teaching or the training of mind and character 教育：All governments spend money on educa-tion.所有国家的政府都拨款办教育.She has hada good education．她受过良好的教育．2［U］afield of knowledge dealing with how to teach effectively 教育学：He trained to be a teacher at a college of education.他在一所教育学院接受培训，准备当教师.

training/'tremi/ [U] the action or business of making people ready or getting ready for some occupation，skill，etc 训练；培训：He is in training now for thebig(= most important) race.他现时正在接受训练，准备参加大赛.Train-ing times are shown on wall. 训练时间公布在墙上.

coaching/'kəutfi/ [U] the teaching or training of a person or a group of people, esp.for a special purpose， examination， sport，etc（尤指为特殊目的、考试、运动等）训练；指导；辅导：Hiscoaching （of the team） was very good.他（对那个队）的训练是很出色的.She needs coaching（in that subject）.她（在那个科目上）需要辅导.

civilization, -isation /srvəlar'zeıfən/ [U] the act of civilizing， esp over a period of time 文明；开化：The civilization of the northern European peoples at the time of the Romans took hundreds of years.在罗马人时代，北欧各民族的开化经历了好儿百年.

G36 adjectives 形容词：knowing and learning［B］了解与学习

well-informed /'welin'fo:md/ genl knowing many things 知识丰富的；消息灵通的：He is avery well-informed person in this matter; ask him to help you.他在这个问题上是有丰富知识的，请他帮助你吧！She spoke in a well-informed way about it.她以一种消息灵通的语气谈论这件事.

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able mind 聪明的；机敏的；聪颖的；机灵的；伶俐的：He＇s a clever boy； he＇ll do well in life.他是个聪明的孩子；他很有前途．2 skilful，exp at usingthe hands or body 熟练的；灵巧的：She＇s aclever worker．她是个心灵手巧的工人．3 beingthe result of a quick able mind; showing ability and skill 头脑灵活的；巧妙的；机敏的；精明的：That＇s a clever idea.那是个高明的主意.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

intelligent /in'teləd3ənt/ having or showing good mental powers 有智力的；有才智的；聪明的：All human beings are much more intelligent than animals.人类比动物聪明得多.un-［neg］-ly [adv]

brainy／＇bremni／［Wal］ infml clever 聪明的：What a brainy fellow he is！他是个多么聪明的人啊！-ily[adv]-iness[U]

smart /sma:t/ [Wal] infml sometimes deprec clever and quick 机灵的；精明的；聪敏的：Thatchild is smart； he＇ll do well in life.那个孩子很机灵，他很有前途.Oh yes，you think you＇re smart，but you aren＇t！噢，是呀，你自认为很高明，但其实并不高明！Don＇t try to be smarter thanyour friends all the time.不要老是想显得比朋友高明.

bright/brait/[Wal](of a person who is) clever; quick at learning聪明的；机灵的：She is a bright child.她是个聪明的孩子.That＇s a bright idea. 那是个好主意.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

acute/ə'kju:t/ (of the mind or the senses) able to note small differences, as for meaning or sound； working very well； sharp（指头脑或感觉）敏锐的；精明的：With his acute mind he wasable to find an answer quickly.他以自己机灵的头脑，很快就找到了答案.-ly［adv］

apt/æpt/[Wa2;(at)] clever and quick to learn and understand 灵敏的；灵巧的：He is an apt student, very apt at understanding difficult ideas.他是个聪明的学生；能很快理解艰深的概念.-ness [U]

subtle/'satl/ [Wal] 1 very clever in noticing and understanding 敏锐的；灵敏的 2 clever in arrangement 精巧的；巧妙的：That＇s a subtle plan．那是个巧妙的计划．3 delicate，hardly noticeable，and esp pleasant 微妙的；难以捉摸的：It is a subtle taste.那是一种无法形容的味道.There are subtle differences between the two things.这两者之间有着微妙的差别.

ingenious /ın'd3i:niəs/ 1 (of people) clever at making or inventing things（指人）机灵的；足智多谋的；有发明天才的 2（of things） cleverlymade；original（指物）制作精巧的；创新的-ly[adv]

clear-sighted /'klrə'saitid/ [Wa2] having a sharp mind；clever 有眼光的；精明的：A clear-sighted politician would have avoided such difficulties.一个有眼光的政治家本应避开这样的困难的.

astute /ə'stju:t/ clever and able to see quickly something that is to one＇s advantage 机敏的；伶俐的；精明的：He is a very astute lawyer.他是一位精明的律师.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

shrewd/fru:d/[Wal]1 clever in judgement, esp of what is to one＇s own advantage（尤指为自己

G39 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

的利益）精明的；机灵的：He is a shrewd buyerwho gets good value for money.他是个精明的买主，买东西从不吃亏.She is a shrewd lawyerwho knows all the tricks.她是个诡计多端的精明律师．2 well reasoned and likely to be right 有道理的；推理的；正确的：That was a shrewdguess！那是个合理的猜测！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

brilliant／＇briliənt／very clever 很聪明的；聪颖的； 有才能的；杰出的：He is one of our mostbrilliant minds／mathematicians.他是我们最有才能的人之一／最杰出的数学家之一.-ly［adv］：Shedid the work brilliantly.这项工作她干得很出色.

G38 adjectives 形容词：showing good sense［B］明智的

wise /waiz/ [Wal] having or showing good sense, cleverness, the ability to understand what happens and decide on the right action 明智的；聪明的：She made a wise decision； she went away.她作出了一个明智的决定：一走了之.un-[neg]-ly[adv]

judicious/d3u:'dıfəs/ having or showing good judgment；wise， esp in deciding things（尤指作决定时）有见识的；明智的：He made a judiciouschoice.他作出了明智的抉择.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

prudent /'pru:dənt/ sensible [→>N229] and wise; careful to consider one's advantage, esp by considering possible difficulties, unpleasant-ness，etc 明智的；慎重的；谨慎的：It＇s prudent towear a thick coat when the weather is cold.天冷时穿厚大衣是明智的.She＇s a prudent girl；sheplans everything carefully.她是个谨慎的女孩，对每件事情都计划得很周到.Don＇t make a quickdecision；be prudent.不要匆忙作出决定；要慎重.im-[neg]-ly [adv]

cautious／＇ko：fəs／careful； taking great care 仔细的；小心的；谨慎的：Cautious people don＇t take chances.谨慎的人不会去冒险.in-［neg］-ly［adv］ thoughtful/'Oo:tfal/ thinking very carefully before doing anything and therefore wise and helpful 考虑周到的；体贴的；小心的：He alwaysbehaves in a thoughtful way.他做事总是考虑得很周到.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

well-advised [→G121 ADVISE]

G39 nouns 名词：intelligence and wisdom 智力与智慧

intelligence/ın'teləd3əns/[U] (good) ability to learn and understand 智力；才智：There is no doubt about his high intelligence.他的才智无疑是高超的.He took an intelligence test and did very well.他参加了一次智力测验而且成绩很好.

brains／breinz／［U］ infml the ability to think 善于考虑问题；智力；头脑：He＇s got a lot of brains.他很有头脑.Brains is more than just educa-tion.有头脑不只是指受过多少教育.

subtlety/'satəlti/1 [U] the quality of being subtle 微妙性；巧妙；精巧；敏锐：the subtlety of hisargument 他的论点的微妙之处2［C often pl］a

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G40 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

subtle idea， thought，or detail 奥妙的观念或思想；微妙之处：These subtleties are too difficult for me.对我来说这些奥妙的东西太艰深了.

ingenuity /,ınd3ə'njurəti/ [U] skill and clever-ness in making or arranging things 善于想办法； 善于发明或设计；心灵手巧；创造力：She showedgreat ingenuity in getting a meal ready so quickly.那么快就做好一顿饭，可见她真有两下子.

genius /'d3i:niəs/ 1 [U] great ability, esp in producing works of art 天才（尤指在艺术创作上）：There＇s genius in the way this is painted／ written．这个作品画得／写得这样好，真是天才．2［S］(sometimes unpleasant in effect) a special ability（有时是令人不快的）特殊才能：She has agenius for finding mistakes in my work.她特别善于找出我工作中的错误．3［C］a person ofgreat／special ability 有天才的人；才子：He＇s no genius but he writes well.他不是才子，但文章写得不错.These men were all geniuses.这些人都是天才.

brilliance ／＇brıləns／ ［U］ great intelligence 十分聪颖；才气横溢：Her brilliance at mathematics is well-known.她在数学方面的才华是众所周知的.He showed brilliance in doing the work so quickly and so well.他把这件工作做得又快又好，表现出他的才华.

wisdom/'wizdəm/[U] the quality of being wise 智慧；才智：You showed wisdom in doing what you did.你那样做正显示了你的才智.Peopleoften gain wisdom with age.人的智慧一般是随着年龄而增长的.

sense／sens／［U］ often infml wisdom 见识；智慧： She showed a lot of sense when she said that. 她那样说显示出她很有见识.There＇s no sense ingoing out； it＇sraining.不必出去了，下着雨呢.

prudence /'pru:dəns/ [U] sense and wisdom; care to consider one's advantage, esp by considering possible difficulties, unpleasant-ness，etc 明智；谨慎：His prudence with money is one of the best things about him.他的最大优点之一是花钱谨慎.

caution /'ko:fən/ [U] carefulness; the act of paying attention or of taking great care 小心； 谨慎：Lack of caution causes many road accidents.很多交通事故是由于不小心而引起的.

tact/tækt/ [U] careful or wise behaviour which shows or suggests that one understands the feelings of another person 机智；圆滑；老练；手腕：She didn＇t want to go， but he used a lot of tact to get her to go.她本不想去，但是他连哄带劝终于把她拉去了.tactful［B］having or showing tact 机智的；圆滑的；老练的：Be tactful with her；don＇t say anything to annoy her.对待她要圆滑些，不要讲任何使她不高兴的话.-ly［adv］-ness［U］ tactless ［B］ having or showing no tact 不机智的；不圆滑的：Don＇t be so tactless with her. 跟她交往别那么楞头楞脑的.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

diplomacy /dr'pləuməsi/ [U] tact, esp used in order to stop arguments, make people agree, etc 外交手段；交际手腕 diplomatic ［B］ havingor showing diplomacy 有交际手腕的；圆滑的：Hewas very diplomatic when he asked her to help.他请她帮忙时很有外交手腕.-ally ［advWa4]

G40 adjectives 形容词： able to be

understood［B］能够理解的

understandable /,Andə'stændəbl/ that can be understood 可以理解的：His anger is under-standable; I would be angry if I was/were him！他生气是可以理解的；如果我是他的话，我也要生气的.

comprehensible / komprr'hensəbəl/ usu fml that can be （easily） understood 易于理解的： One often finds a writer's book more compre-hensible if one knows about his life and the time when he was alive.如果知道作家的生平及其所生活的时代，往往就比较容易理解他的作品.in-[neg]-ibly [adv Wa3]-ibility [U]

intelligible /m'teləd3əbəl/ able to be under-stood 可理解的；容易懂的：She doesn＇t speakintelligible English.她讲的英语很不好懂.un-[neg]-bly [adv Wa3]

perceptive /pə'septrv/ of, concerning, or having perceptions 知觉的；有觉察力的；有理解力的：Heis a very perceptive person.and asks very perceptive questions.他这个人理解力很强，提的问题很深刻.-ly［adv］

perceptible /pə'septəbəl/ able to be perceived 易感知的；可知觉的：There has been no percep-tible change in temperature.温度没有明显的变化．im-［neg］-ibility ［U］-bly ［adv Wa3］

clear /kliə/ [Wal] 1 (of ideas, sounds,writing, people, etc) easily understood, heard, seen, read，etc（指想法、声音、书写、人等）容易理解的；易懂的；清晰的；清楚易辨的：He writes very cleararticles on politics.他写的政治文章明白易懂.Iswhat I have said clear to you？我说的话你懂吗？2 (esp of the mind or a person) thinking with-out difficulty； understanding well 思路清晰的； 头脑清楚的：He is a clear thinker.他头脑清楚.His mind was clear even though he was very ill．虽然他病得很重，但头脑仍然很清醒．3 certain肯定的；有把握的：She seems very clear about her plans.看来她对自己的计划很有把握.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

coherent/kəu'hiərənt/ (esp of thought, speech, ideas, etc) easily understood because well connected（指思想、演讲、概念等）一致的；连贯的；易懂的：His speech wasn＇t at all coherent； at first，I couldn＇t follow／understand it.他的讲话一点儿也不连贯；开始时我听不懂.in-［neg］-ly[Ape]

lucid／＇lu：sid／very easy to understand 易懂的；明白的：She writes in a lucid， pleasant way.她的文笔活泼晓畅.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

G41 nouns 名词：understanding ［U］理解

understanding ／，Andə＇stændig／ ［also 又作 S］ ability to understand， esp in a helpful way 理解；谅解：Try to show some understanding（of herdifficulties）（towards her）.尽量（对她）（对她的困难）谅解一点吧！He has a good under-standing of French／of her difficulties.他对法语的理解力很强／很理解她的困难.He listened with

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understanding to what he said.他以理解的心情听他说话.

comprehension /,kompri'henfən/ fml ability to comprehend or understand 理解；了解：I am not worried about his comprehension of our difficulties, but I am worried about his under-standing.我并不担心他能否理解我们的困难，我担心的是他能否谅解.Comprehension of a foreign language is not always easy.理解一种外语并不总是很容易的.

clarity/'klærəti/ sometimes fml clearness in thinking，writing，etc（指思路、书写等）明晰；清晰：The clarity of his thought surprised them. 他思路的清晰使他们感到惊异.She writes withgreat clarity.她的文笔非常晓畅.

coherence /kəu'hıərəns/ 1 clearness in think-ing，speaking，etc（思想、说话等的）清晰：There wasn＇t much coherence in what he said.他说的话思路不清．2 natural or reasonable connec-tion， esp in thoughts or words（尤指思想或言词的）连贯性；一致性：Is there any coherence in his arguments？他的论点是否前后一致？in-［neg］lucidity/lu:'sıdəti/ clearness in being under-stood（思想、文体的）清楚；明晰；清晰性：Shespoke with great lucidity on the subject.她就那个题目作了一次十分清晰的演讲.

G42 adjectives 形容词：showing ability

［B］有能力的

good /gud/ [(at)] having the ability to do something 能干的；精通的；擅长的：He＇s quite agood driver／writer／singer.他是个相当好的司机／ 作家／歌唱家.She＇s good at her job， but he＇s better.她擅长此职，但他更在行.She＇s good withher hands／with children.她有一双巧手／善于和孩子们相处.well［adv］： He works very well at that job.那件工作他做得很不错.

clever /'klevə/ [Wal] good, esp with the hands or body 能干的；灵巧的：He＇s clever at doing this／clever with his hands.他善于做这工作／他的手很灵巧.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

able/'eibəl/ 1 [F3] having the power, skill, knowledge, time, etc necessary to do some-thing 有能力的；能够···的：As I had plenty ofmoney, I was (better/more) able to help her. 由于我有许多钱，我（更）能帮助她．2［Wal］clever；skilled 有才干的；能干的：He＇s an abler actor than I thought.他是一个比我原来想像中更有才能的演员.She＇s old but still able.她虽然老了，但是仍然很能干.ably ［adv］：She did it allvery ably.她很能干地把工作全做了.

competent/'kompətənt/ 1 having the ability or skill to do what is needed 有能力的；能胜任的；称职的：He isn＇t a very competent driver.他不是个很称职的司机．2 very satisfactory 足够的；令人满意的：Does he have a competent knowl-edge of languages？他有足够的语言知识吗？Shedid a competent job.她做了一件令人满意的工作.3 [F, F3] esp law having the power to deal with something 有权的；有资格的：This court is not competent to deal with the case.这个法庭

G43 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

无权审理此案.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

capable /'keipəbəl/ 1 [( of)] having the ability or the power to do 有···能力的；有本领的：She＇scapable of any crime. 她什么坏事都做得出来.Let＇s see what you＇re capable of.让我们看看你能做些什么．2［F of］ ready for；open to 能···的； 可以···的；易···的：That＇s capable of being misunderstood.那很容易被误解.Your position is capable of improvement.你的处境是可以改善的．3 able；clever 能干的；聪明的：He＇s acapable doctor.他是一位能干的医生.She＇s very capable but not very friendly.她很能干但不太友善.My son＇s capable in history but not in English.我的儿子学历史行，但学英语不行.in-[neg]-bly [adv Wa3]

skilful BrE, skillful AmE /'skılfəl/ having or showing skill 熟练的；灵巧的；擅长的：He is askilful lawyer and uses skilful arguments.他是个老练的律师，能论善辩.

skilled／skıld／having or needing skill 有技术的， 技术熟练的；需要技术的：He is a skilled artist.他是个技术熟练的艺术家.

talented /'tæləntid/ having or showing talent ［→G43］有才能的；天才的：What a talented young man he is！他是个多么有才干的年轻人啊！She is very talented.她很有天才.

gifted /'giftid/ esp apprec having one or more special abilities；talented 有天才的；天赋的： She＇s a gifted artist.她是个天才的艺术家.

proficient /prə'fifənt/ often fml & tech thoroughly skilled; well practised in an art, science，skill， or branch of study 熟练的；精通的：Her voice isn＇t of the finest quality， but she is a proficient singer.她的嗓子虽不算是第一流的，但她是个熟练的歌唱家.He is proficient atmost games.他对大多数运动项目都精通.-ly[Ape]

practised BrE, practiced AmE /'præktist/ usu apprec being skilled through long practice, experience，work，etc 经验丰富的；熟练的：He is a very practised writer; he knows exactly what he is doing.他是位老练的作家，对自己的工作心中有数.

accomplished /ə'komplift/ 1 skilled, clever; good at something but not professional 熟练的；有素养的：She＇s an accomplished singer.她是位有素养的歌唱家．2 polite becoming rareskilled in ladylike arts 有教养的；精于淑女的技艺的：She＇s a very accomplished young woman. 她是个非常有教养的青年女子.

G43 nouns 名词：ability and talent 能力与天才

ability /ə'biləti/ [U;C often pl] (esp of the mind) the power, knowledge, etc needed (to do something）（尤指思维的）能力；本领；才能：She is a person of great ability.她是个很有才能的人.He should use his abilities to help others.他应该用他的本领去帮助他人.Her mentalability (= ability to use her mind) is very great. 她的智力很高.

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G44 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

skill/skil/ [U; C] (a use of) practical knowledge and power； ability to do something （well）技巧；技能；技艺；熟练：She is a writer of greatskill.她是一位写作技巧很高的作家.He showsgreat dancing skill.他表现出高超的舞蹈技巧.This is a test of your skill with numbers.这是对你运用数字技能的一次测验.You must learnthe skill of flying a plane.你必须学会飞行技术.Reading and writing are two different skills. 读和写是两种不同的技能.

aptitude /'æptə,tju:d/ [U;C(for, in )] natural ability or skill， esp in learning（尤指学习上的） 天资；才能：He showed great aptitude for／in painting.他显示出很高的绘画才能.She showsan aptitude for writing.她表现出写作的天赋.The students had to take an aptitude test.学生们必须接受智能测验.

competence/'kpmpətəns/ [U] 1 ability to do what is needed；skill 能力；胜任；称职；技术：He drives with competence.他的驾驶技术很好.She lacks the necessary competence for learning languages．她缺乏学习语言的必要能力．2 tech（of courts of law） the ability to act（指法庭的） 权限；管辖权：This case is beyond the com-petence of this court.这个案件已超出本法庭的审理权限.

know-how /'nəu,hau/ [U] infml practcal ability or skill； knowing how to do things 专门技能；知识；窍门：He＇s good but he lacks the necessary know-how for this job.他不错，但缺乏做这项工作的必要知识.

capacity／kə＇pæsəti／［U］ ability，power 能力；本领；才干：He has a big capacity for enjoying himself／for work. 他很会自得其乐／工作.Hercapacity for remembering things is interesting. 她记忆事物的能力是很有意思的.This book isbeyond my son＇s capacity at the moment.这本书目前我的儿子还看不懂.

capability / keıpə'bıləti/ [U; C] ability; practical power 能力，才能：He has the capability to do the job.他有能力做这件工作.She thinksnothing is beyond her capabilities.她认为没有任何事情是她做不了的.

proficiency /prəu'fifənsi/ [U] often fml&tech the state or the quality of being proficient, very able 熟练；精通：Proficiency in several foreign languages is needed for work as a traveller＇s guide.做导游工作必须精通几门外语.She shows great proficiency at that work.她做那项工作显得得心应手.

talent /'tælənt/ 1 [C; U (for)] (a) special natu-ral or learnt abiliy or skill, esp of a high qual-ity天赋；天资：She has a talent for drawing.她有绘画的天资.musical／artistic talent 音乐／艺术天赋2［U］people of such ability 天才；具有天赋的人：There was a lack of local talent so the acting club hired an actor from London to take the main part.由于当地缺乏人才，剧团便从伦敦聘请了一个演员来演主角.

gift/gift/ [C] a natural ability to do something 天赋；天才：She has the gift of speaking well.她有说话的天才.He has a gift for music.他有音乐天赋.

flair／fleə／［S；U］（a）great natural ability 天赋；才

能：He has a flair for this kind of work.他有干这种工作的天赋.She shows flair in everything she does.她做任何事情都表现出才华.

accomplishment /ə'komplifmənt/ [C] polite becoming rare a skill 才艺；技艺：Riding is one of his many accomplishments.骑马是他的许多技艺之一.

facility/fə'siləti/1 [U; S] ability to do or per-form something easily 才能：His facility with languages is amazing. 他的语言才华令人惊叹.She has a great facility in languages.她有很高的语言天赋．2［U］ the quality of being able to be done or performed easily 容易；便利：The facility of this piece of music makes it a plea-sure to play.这首乐曲较简单，使人乐于演奏它.

ease/i:z/[U] the ability to do something with-out noticing difficulty 容易；不费力：He did the difficult work with （great） ease.他轻而易举地完成了那件困难的工作.

resource /rr'so:s/ [U] ability to do and think things 机智：He showed a lot of resource in helping us.他在帮助我们时表现出非常有办法.resourceful [B] able to get (esp difficult) things done 会想办法的；有机智的；多计谋的：Sheis a very resourceful woman.她是个很有办法的女人.-ly［adv］

G44 adjectives 形容词：not showing knowledge ［B］无知识的

ignorant /'ignərənt/ 1 precise lacking knowl-edge 无知识的；不懂的：She＇s rather ignorant about these things．她对于这些事情都不太懂．2infml ＆ loose rude；impolite 粗鲁的；不懂礼貌的：Oh， don＇t be so ignorant； help the people put on their coats！喔！别这样不礼貌；快帮人穿上大衣.-ly［adv］

uninformed / Anin'fo:md/ often euph not know-ing much or anything 无充分认识的；孤陋寡闻的；不知道的：We are very uninformed in these matters； please tell us what to do.对这些事我们知之甚少；请告诉我们应该怎么办.

untutored /An'tju:təd/ never having been taught 没有受过教育的；没有教养的：Sometimesuntutored people can have great natural skill. 有时，没有受过教育的人也会有很高的天生才能.

ill-taught/'il'to:t/ deprec badly taught, esp in the opinion of the speaker 没有受过良好教育的：These ill-taught people think they know every-thing！这些没有受过很好教育的人自以为什么都知道！

G45 adjectives 形容词：not showing ability［B］没有能力的

slow／sləu／［Wal］ often euph not very clever 迟钝的；差的；不聪明的：He is a little slow atschool，I know.我知道他读书有些迟钝.

stupid /'stju:pid/ [Wa2; F] lacking in power of mind, either by nature or through the influ-

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ence of something which makes the mind unclear 愚蠢的；笨的；糊涂的：I think he wasborn stupid.我认为他生来就很笨.I＇m sorry，Idon＇t understand；I must be stupid.对不起，我不懂；我一定很笨吧.Forgive me for beingstupid，but why are you doing this？恕我无知， 但你为什么要做这件事呢？He was still stupidwith sleep.他还没有睡醒，还是迷迷糊糊的.Theyhad been made stupid by drink.他们喝酒喝得糊里糊涂的.

awkward/'o:kwəd/ (of a person or animal) not good at moving or doing things easily and smoothly（指人或动物）笨拙的；不熟练的；不灵活的：He＇s an awkward child； he＇s always falling down or knocking things over.他是个笨拙的孩子；总是跌跤，要不就是打翻东西.I＇m ratherawkward with tools； you do the job.我用起工具来笨手笨脚，还是你来干吧！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

thick /θrk/ [Wal] esp BrE infml deprec stupid; very slow at learning or understanding 愚笨的； 迟钝的：Try not to be so thick. 不要这样迟钝！He is pretty thick，isn＇t he？他很笨，是吧？

dumb /dam/ [Wal] esp AmE infml deprec thick 愚笨的

backward /'bækwəd/1 behind in development 落后的；后进的2 sometimes euph not clever 迟钝的；不聪明的：He＇s a rather backward chid. 他是个相当迟钝的孩子.

retarded/ri'ta:did/ tech backward, esp because of some difficulty of mind or body, or some personal problem 弱智的；智力发展缓慢的：Thisis a school for retarded children.这是一所为弱智儿童办的学校.

G46 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not clever or reasonable 不聪明的或不合理的

foolish/'fu:lif/[B] usu deprec 1 unwise;without good sense 傻的；愚蠢的：It would be a foolish thing to spend money on something you can't afford.花钱去买你买不起的东西是愚蠢的.Only afoolish person would do this！只有傻瓜才会这样做！2 sĥowing lack of thought； stupid； laugh-able 欠考虑的；愚蠢的；可笑的：There were a lotof foolish answers given to the third exami-nation question.对于第三道试题有很多可笑的回答.-ly［adv］

silly /'sili/ 1 [Wal; B] having or showing little judgment; foolish; not serious: not sensible ［→N229］糊涂的；不明智的；可笑的；愚蠢的：Aska silly question and get a silly answer.问可笑的问题就会得到可笑的答案.It＇s silly to go ouinthe rain if you don＇t have to.若非万不得已，下雨天出门是不明智的.The book＇s title soundedsilly but it was really a serious study.虽然这本书的名字听起来可笑，可它确是一部严肃的论著.Don＇t be silly！别傻了！2［Wal；B］becoming rare weak-minded 呆笨的；糊涂的；低能的：Thepoor old man is getting rather silly.那可怜的老人渐渐糊涂了.She＇s a silly young girl who doesn＇t know her own mind.她是个糊里糊涂没主见的姑娘．3［Wa5；F］infml senseless 不省人事的；昏晕的；无知觉的（in such phrase as

G47 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

knock／bore someone silly 把某人打得昏头转向／使某人厌烦得要死）4［C；N］（an inoffensive word for）（非恶意用语）a silly person 傻瓜；笨蛋：No，silly，I didn＇t mean that！不是的，傻瓜， 我不是那个意思！What sillies you are！你们这些人多傻啊！-iness［U］

idiotic /,ıdr'ptık/ [B] emph very foolish:like an idiot［→G48］白痴似的；愚蠢的：What a really idiotic thing to do！做这种事情真是太蠢了！-ally[adv Wa4]

stupid /'stju:pid/ [Wa2; B; N] silly or foolish, either generally or in a certain action 愚蠢的； 笨的：He＇s rather a stupid person and it was stupid of him to do that.他是个笨蛋，去做那件事真蠢.What stupid behaviour； what a stupid thing to do！多么蠢的行为，做这种事太蠢了！Don＇t pick up that hot plate，stupid！别拿那个热盘子，笨蛋！-ly［adv］

clownish/'klaunif/ [B] foolish on purpose; of or like a clown［→G48］故意装傻的；小丑般的：He's being clownish again, trying to make people laugh.他又在装小丑了，想引人发笑.-ly[adv]

daft/da:ft/[Wal; B] infml, esp BrE silly;wild; foolish 傻的；笨的；狂野的：What a daft person he is and what a thing to do！他真是个傻瓜，瞧他干了些什么！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

absurd /əb's3:d/ [B] 1 against reason or common sense； clearly false or foolish 不合理的；荒谬的；愚蠢的：That was an absurd state-ment.那真是个荒唐的声明.Even sensible mendo absurd things sometimes.有时明智的人也会做出糊涂事来．2 funny because clearly false or impossible 荒诞的；可笑的：What an absurd idea！多么荒诞的想法啊！-ly ［adv］-ity，-ness [U]

scatterbrained /'skætə,breind/ [B] foolish; not （the result of） thinking carefully 轻率的；愚蠢的；心不在焉的：My scatterbrained wife never remembers her keys when she goes out.我那丢三落四的妻子出门老是忘记带钥匙.What ascatterbrained idea！多么轻率的想法啊！scatter-brain [C] infml a likeable but careless, forget-ful，or unthinking person 粗心、健忘或注意力不集中的人

absent-minded /'æbsənt'maındid/ [B] so con-cerned with one's thoughts as not to notice what is happening, what one is doing, etc (and therefore doing silly things）心不在焉的；茫然的： Try not to be so absent-minded; you've forgot-ten everything！不要那样心不在焉；你把什么都忘了！-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

brainless /'breinlis/ [B] esp infml & emot fool-ish；silly；stupid 没头脑的；笨的-ly［adv］-ness [U]

mindless /'maındlis/ [B] esp emot stupid,esp in doing bad things 无头脑的；笨的（尤指做坏事）-ly［adv］-ness［U］

G47 nouns 名词：lacking knowledge or wisdom 缺乏知识或智慧

ignorance／＇ıgnərəns／［U］ lack of knowledge 无

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G48 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

fool；I could see it hadn＇t got an engine.他想

把那辆旧汽车卖给我，但我可不是傻瓜，我能看得出

它根本没有引擎.play the fool to act in a fool-

ish manner 装傻：Schoolmasters don＇t like

boys to play the fool during the lessons.老师不

喜欢男孩子上课时装傻.more fool you（him，

them,etc) I think you were (he was, etc) a

fool to do， accept，expect，etc that 我认为你

（他、他们等）那样做（相信、指望等）真傻：He

picked up a strange cat and it bit him.''More

fool him; he should have known it would do

that！＇“他捡起一只野猫，而猫咬了他.”“他真蠢，早

该知道猫会咬人的.”

idiot／＇idrət／1 ［also 又作 A］ old use a person of

very weak mind who cannot behave or think

in the ordinary way 白痴：He is the village

idiot.他是村里的白痴.They have an idiot child.

他们有个痴呆的孩子．2 usu derog a foolish，

stupid person 笨蛋；傻瓜：Idiot！ You＇ve

dropped the books！笨蛋！你把书掉了.

dolt/dəult/derog a slow-thinking foolish person

傻瓜；思维迟钝的人

oaf /əuf/ a stupid, ungraceful person esp male

蠢汉；笨拙的人（尤指男人）：What oafs those men

are！那些男人多么蠢啊！oafish ［B］ like an oaf

呆子似的-ly［adv］-ness［U］

ass／æs／infml a stupid／foolish person 笨蛋；蠢

驴：Don＇t be such an ass！别这么笨！

clot／klot／infml， esp BrE a silly person 呆子；笨

蛋：What a clot he is！他真是个蠢才！

nitwit ／＇nit，wit／ also 又作 halfwit ／＇ha：f，wit／

infml a silly，foolish person 傻瓜；笨蛋

moron/'mo:ron/1 derog a very foolish person

笨蛋；傻瓜 2 tech a person born with a weak-

ness of mind, whose powers of understanding

remain at the level of those of a child between

the age of 8 and 12 低能儿；弱智人（指智力水平

仅相当于八至十二岁儿童的成人）moronic［B］of，

connected with, or like a moron; like the

behaviour， ideas， etc of a moron；stupid 低能

的；笨的；蠢的：That was a pretty moronic thing

to do！做那种事可真愚蠢！-ally［adv Wa4］

buffoon／bə＇fu：n／ a rough and noisy fool 丑角；

粗俗而喧闹的傻瓜：He was playing the buffoon

at the party.他在聚会上扮演了丑角.

clown/klaun/1 a performer, esp in the circus,

who dresses funnily, tries to make people

laugh by his jokes，or acts stupidly 小丑；丑角2

someone who behaves like this 小丑般的人；可

笑的人：Oh，stop being such a clown！喔，别当小

丑了！clownish deprec like a clown 小丑般的；

滑稽的：Stop that clownish behaviour！别那样装

疯卖傻了！-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

nut／nat／sl ＆ deprec a foolish or mad person 疯

子；呆子：He＇s a complete nut！他是个十足的呆

子！

crank /krænk/ infml & deprec a person with

fixed, strange, or foolish ideas, esp on one

particular thing 想法古怪的人：I＇m afraid he＇s a

bit of a crank on such matters as food and

health.在对食品和健康一类的事情上，他这人恐怕

有些古怪.cranky［Wal；B］ like a crank 怪癖的

-iness [U]

tried to sell me that old car but I＇m nobody＇s mug ／mag／ also 又作 sucker ／＇sakə／ infml a

知；不懂：Ignorance of the law is no excuse if you break the law.如果你犯了法，不懂法律不能成为借口.

stupidity /stju:'pıdəti/ 1 [U] the condition of being stupid 鲁钝；愚蠢：I don＇t know if he did it through ignorance or just plain stupidity.我不知道他那么做是由于无知还是纯粹由于愚蠢．2［C］ an example of this 愚蠢的行为、言语等：These stupidities must stop; they are costing too much money.这些愚蠢的事必须停止，它们的代价太高了.

foolishness/'fu:lrfnis/1 [U] the condition of being foolish 傻气；愚蠢：It＇s just plain foolish-ness to do that！ 那样做简直傻透了！2［C］anexample of this 傻事；蠢事；愚蠢的言语：Hervarious foolishnesses when she was young have now been forgotten.她年轻时做的种种傻事现在大家已经忘了.

idiocy/'idiəsi/1 [U] the condition of being an idiot［■G48］；emph great foolishness 白痴（状态）；愚蠢到极点：What idiocy is this？这种白痴行为是怎么一回事？2［C］an example of this 极愚蠢的行为或言语：His action yesterday was just another of his many idiocies.他昨天的行动不过是他所干的许多蠢事中的一件.

absurdity /əb's3:dəti/1 [U] the state of being absurd 荒谬性；愚蠢性2［C］an example of this； an absurd act， thing， or statement 荒唐可笑的事、行动或言语：Life is full of absurdities.生活中充满了荒唐可笑的事.

G48 nouns 名词：persons lacking good sense［C；（you）N］愚笨的人

fool/fu:l/1 derog a person whom one considers to be silly; person lacking in judgment or good sense 蠢货；傻瓜；笨蛋：What fool has put the wet paintbrushes on my chair？哪个笨蛋把没干的油漆刷子放在我的椅子上？What a fool I wasto think that she really loved me！我真是个傻瓜，竟以为她真的爱我！Don＇t do that，you fool！别干那种事，你这个蠢才！2（in former times）amanservant at the court of a king or noble, whose duty was toamuse his master（中世纪的帝王或贵族宫廷中逗主人开心的）小丑；弄臣makea fool of oneself to behave unwisely and lose people＇s respect 使自己出丑：He lost his temper in public last night and made a fool of himself in front of everybody.昨晚他在大庭广众面前大发脾气，当众出了丑.I hear the old doctorhas made a fool of himself with a young girl he was treating (= has formed or tried to form a sexual relationship with her）.我听说那个老医生跟他正医治的年轻女子在一起时使自己出了丑（即已经或企图跟她发生性关系）.make a fool ofsomeone to trick someone; make someone seem stupid 愚弄某人：The stranger made a fool of the trusting old lady and went off with a lot of her money.那个陌生人愚弄了那位轻信的老太太，骗走了她许多钱.no fool／nobody＇s foola person who cannot be tricked 不是傻瓜：He

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fool,esp one who is easily deceived, esp into buying things of poor quality 笨蛋（尤指购物时易上当者）；傻瓜

G49 verbs 动词：without good sense 缺乏见识

fool/fu:l/1[IØ(about, around)] to behave like

a fool 游手好闲；鬼混：Stop fooling （about）！别再游手好闲了！2［T1］to trick （someone）；to make（someone） feel a fool 愚弄；欺骗：He fooled me completely.他让我上了大当.

clown /klaun/ [ÎØ (about, around)] to behave like a clown; act stupidly or foolishly,esp on purpose 扮小丑；装傻；逗趣：Stop clowning （about）！别再装疯卖傻了！He started clowning／ to clown so as to make the children laugh. 他开始扮小丑来逗孩子们笑.

G50 adjectives 形容词：relatingto a normal mind［B］有关精神正常的

normal /'no:məl/ not mad or unusual in the mind in any way 智力正常的；精神健全的：Thesechildren are quite normal; there is nothing wrong with them in mind or in body.这些孩子都很正常，他们的身心很健康.-ly［adv］：Shewasn＇t behaving normally at all.她行为极不正常.ab-［neg］： He began acting in an abnormal way.他的举止开始反常.She was behavingabnormally.她行为反常.

balanced /'bælənst/ having a steady, normal mind，character，natural，etc 稳当的；正常的；平稳的：He is a very balanced kind of person.他是个非常稳当的人.Balanced people don＇t domad things like that.正常的人是不会那样胡来的.He＇s very well-balanced.他性情非常平稳.

sane/sein/[Wal] 1 esp tech healthy in mind; not mad 神志清楚的；头脑清楚的；精神健全的：Heis quite sane; there is no need to treat him like a mad person.他精神很健全；没必要把他当作疯子．2 produced by good reasonable thinking； sensible 明智的；合乎情理的：They have madesome very sane suggestions for changes in the law.他们提出了几条关于修改法律的非常明智的建议.in-［neg］-ly·［adv］-ness ［U］

G51 nouns 名词：relating to a normal mind［U］有关精神正常的

sanity/'sænəti/esp tech the state of being sane, not mad; the condition which one considers reasonable 神志清楚；头脑清楚；心智健全；精神健全：His sanity is root in doubt； he is as sane as you or I.他的精神无疑是健全的；他像你和我一样神志清楚.The sanity of their suggestions suggests that we can work well with them. 他们的建议很合情理；这表明我们能够与他们很好地共

G52 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

事.in-［neg］

normality /no:'mæləti/ the state of being a normal person 正常状态：She has returned to normality after a severe mental illness.她得过一场严重的精神病后已经恢复了正常.ab-［neg］

balance /'bæləns/ the normal steady state (of one＇s mind）（情绪的）稳定， 镇定； 镇静： He killedher while the balance of his mind was disturbed.他在精神错乱的状态下把她杀死了.

G52 adjectives 形容词： not normal in the mind 精神不正常的

mad/mæd/[Wa1] 1[B (with)] showing that one suffers from a disease of the brain or disorder of the mind 疯狂的；发狂的；精神错乱的（often inthe phrs go mad 发疯）：She went mad after the death of her son.她在儿子死后就疯了.There＇s a mad look in his eye.他的目光里有一种疯狂的神态.（fig）She is mad with grief.她痛心疾首．2［B］also 又作 tech rabid （of a dog） suffering from a disease which causes wild behaviour 患狂犬病的 3［B］ very foolish and careless of danger 鲁莽的；糊涂的：You mad girl, to go out with no coat on such a cold day！你这疯丫头，这么冷的天气出门都不穿外套！4[F (about, for)] filled with strong feeling, interest，etc 热爱上···的；迷于：He＇s mad about football.他给足球迷上了.I＇m mad about you. 我热烈迷恋着你.They＇re mad for new clothes （＝ are always buying them）.他们发狂似地买新衣服.drive someone mad to worry someone enough to make him go mad 使（人）发狂： You're driving me mad with the noise you're making！你们发出的吵闹声简直要使我发疯了！like mad infml very hard／fast／loud，etc 发疯似地；拼命地；非常快地；非常大声地：He shoutedlike mad but they were too far away to hear. 他发疯似地喊叫，但他们离得太远，没有听见.Theyran like mad to catch the moving bus.他们狂奔着想追上已经开动的公共汽车.

crazy /'kreizi/ [Wal] infml 1 [B] mad; ill in the mind 疯狂的；疯癫的：You＇re crazy to go out in this weather.你在这种天气出门真是发疯了.Thecriminal went crazy． 那个罪犯发疯了．2［B］ impractical，foolish不实际的；荒唐的：That＇s the craziest idea I＇ve ever heard！那是我所听到的最荒唐的想法！3［F］wildly excited 狂热的；迷恋···的：I＇m really crazy about her.我爱她爱得简直要发狂了.-zily［adv］-ziness ［U］

crazed／kreizd／［Wa5； B］ dangerously mad 疯狂的：He＇s crazed； he＇ll kill somebody if we don＇t stop him！他发疯了，如果我们不制止他，他会杀人的！She had a crazed look on her face.她脸上带有疯狂的神色.

insane /In'sem/ [B] esp tech (of people and their acts）mad（指人或其行为）疯狂的；神志不清的；精神不健全的：He was put in a home forinsane people.他被送进了疯人院.What aninsane thing to do！做那样的事真是发疯了！-ly[adv]

deranged /dr'reind3d/ [B] put in a state of

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G53 KNOWING ＆ LEARNING 知道与学习

disorder， esp in relation to the mind 混乱的； （尤指）精神错乱的：The poor woman＇s mind has been deranged for many years.那位可怜的女人神经错乱已有好几年了.She is deranged.她精神错乱了.

unbalanced /An'bælənst/ [B] not in a normal state of mind 神经失常的；精神错乱的：She＇sbeen behaving in a pretty unbalanced way for some months now.她举止失常已有好几个月了.Idon't think he's actually unbalanced,but he should see a doctor.我并不认为他真的神经错乱了，但是他应该去看看医生.

lunatic /'lu:nə,tik/ [B] esp emot completely mad 疯狂的；极端愚蠢的：That＇s a lunatic idea！那是个疯狂的想法！

raving/'reivig/ [B] (up to the point of) talking wildly；emot mad 说胡话的；疯狂的：He＇s a raving madman.他是个胡说八道的疯子.He＇sraving（mad）.他在说胡话.

berserk /b3:'s3:k/ [B] mad and showing violent anger 狂怒的；疯狂的 （esp in the phrs goberserk 发狂）：On hearing the news he went berserk (with anger) and broke several pieces of furniture.听到这个消息，他暴跳如雷，砸坏了好几件家具.He looked berserk with anger.他看上去气得发狂.

nuts／nats／［F］ infml（slightly）mad（轻微）发疯的：He＇s been nuts for a long time.他已经疯疯癫癫好久了.

nutty /'nati/ [Wal; B] BrE infml slightly mad （轻度）疯狂的：What a nutty idea！多么疯狂的想法啊！

off one＇s head infml quite mad 精神失常的；疯狂的：He went off his head years ago.几年前他就神经失常了.You＇re off your head if you think that！你那样想的话就简直是疯了！

off one＇s rocker infml off one＇s head 疯狂的out of one＇s mind not fml（completely） mad 神经错乱的：You＇re out of your mind if you think that！如果你那么想，你就是神经不正常！

morbid /'mo:bid/ [B] (of a person or the mind) unhealthy; not normal; having an unhealthy desire or need to think about death, illness, etc（指人或其精神方面）病态的；不健康的；不正常的：He has a morbid fear of death.他对死亡有一种病态的恐惧.morbidity ［U］ the state of being morbid 病态；不健康的状况

G53 nouns 名词：not normal in the mind 精神不正常

madness /'mædnis/ [U] the state or condition of being mad， all the time or at any time 疯狂；精神失常；神经错乱：Madness is often causedby what happens to a person.精神失常往往是由于一个人的遭遇引起的.It＇s（an act of） mad-ness to do a thing like that！ 做那样的事情简直是发疯！

insanity/mn'sænəti/ [U] esp tech the state of being mad or insane 疯狂；精神失常；神经错乱：His insanity caused him to do some terrible things.精神失常使他做了一些可怕的事情.It is

sheer（＝ complete） insanity to do that！那样做完全是发疯了！

lunacy /'lu:nəsi/ [U] esp emot (complete) madness，esp in particular ideas， acts，etc 疯狂； 精神失常：What lunacy！真是发疯了！That ideais pure／sheer lunacy！那个想法简直是发疯！Hewas near lunacy when he did／said that.他做那样的事／说那样的话时已几乎是疯了.

mania /'meınıə/1 [U] disorder of the mind of a very forceful kind， dangerous to others 癫狂； 疯狂2［C（for）］ not fml a desire so strong that it seems mad 狂热： She has a mania for（driving） fast cars.她对（开）快车有一种狂热．3［U9］ not fml， tech in comb a strong unreasonable desire or keenness···迷；···狂： He＇s got car mania.他是个汽车迷.She suffers from kleptomania(= a desire to steal things)/ megalomania desire for great power and importance）.她患有偷窃狂／自大狂.

G54 nouns 名词：persons who are not normal in the mind ［C；（you）N］精神失常者

madman /'mædmən/ a male person who is mad （男性）疯子；疯人：That madman killed two people.那个疯子杀死了两个人.（fig）He driveslike a madman; I'm sure he'll have an acci-dent one day.他开车发疯似的；我相信他总有一天会出事.

lunatic／＇lu：nə，tik／ 1 esp emot a madman 疯子： He drives like a complete lunatic; he'll kill himselfor someone else one of these days.他开起车来完全像个疯子，总有一天他不是撞死自己就是撞死别人．2 formerly a person who is mad and needs care 精神病患者：They put him in an asylum（＝special home） for lunatics.他们把他送进一所精神病院.

maniac /'meini,æk/1 a person (thought to be) suffering from mania of some kind 胡言乱语的疯子；躁狂者；极端狂热者：I＇m sure he＇s a sexmaniac．我可以肯定他是个色情狂．2 esp emot amad person； a wild， thoughtless person 疯子； 极其莽撞的人：He drives like a maniac；I＇m sure he＇ll kill somebody one day.他开起车来像个疯子；我相信他总有一天会撞死人的.She waskilled by a maniac.她被一个疯子杀害了.

imbecile／＇imbəsi：l／1 a person of weak mind 白痴；智力不健全者2 derog a fool or stupid per-son 呆子；愚笨的人：What an imbecile，going out without a coat in weather like that！真是个呆子，在这种天气出门连外套都不穿！Imbecile-Itold you to take some money！笨蛋，我告诉过你要带些钱的！

crackpot /'kræk,ppt/ infml & emot a mad person 疯子：He is really a crackpot； he has some very strange ideas.他真是个疯子，有些想法非常奇怪.What a crackpot idea！多么疯狂的想法啊！

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Communicating, mainly by

speaking and talking

主要通过说话进行联络

G60 verbs 动词：saying，speaking，and telling 说、讲与告诉

say /sei/1 [T1] to pronounce (a sound,word, etc）说话；发音：What did you say？-I said， You＇re standing on my toe！＇你说什么？-我说，“你踩在我的脚尖上了！”You must learn tosay ＇please＇，young man！年轻人，你必须学会说“请”！2［T1,5a，b，6a，b；（in questions，with words like no, not, etc and in subordinate clauses) IØ] to express (a thought, intention, opinion， question，etc） in words（用言语）表达（思想、意向、意见、问题等）：Don＇t believeanything he says. 他说什么也别相信.He said（that）I was standing on his toe.他说我踩在他的脚尖上了.Will it rain？-I should say so／not. 会下雨吗？--我想会的／不会的.Will your partywin the election?-I'd rather not say./Who can say？／It＇s not for me to say！你的党会在选举中获胜吗？-我宁可不表态.／谁知道呢？／这不该由我来说！In this letter he says where to meet him， but does not say when.在这封信中他说了到哪儿去接他，但没有说什么时候（去接他）.It says inthis book that most of the earth is covered by water．这本书里说，地球的大部分被水覆盖着．3［same as 同 2］ not fml to show 表示；表明：What time does your watch say？你的表几点了？ She was smiling but her eyes said she was unhappy．她在笑，但是她的眼神表明她并不高兴．4［T1，Sa imper］ not fml to suppose（祈使句）假定（说）；比如说：（Let＇s）say your plan fails：then what do we do？（让我们）假定你的计划失败了，那么我们怎么办？Would you take an offer of，say，£100 for your car？比方说，如果出价一百英镑买你的汽车，你卖不卖？Can you come todinner，say，7.30？你能来吃饭吗，七点半，怎么样？5 [Wv6; T3] not fml to direct or instruct someone 要求；指示；说：She says to meet her at the station.她说要到车站接她.It says on thebottle to take a spoonful every four hours. （药）瓶上写明每四小时服一汤匙.it goes withoutsaying not fml of course，clearly 很清楚；不言而喻：It goes without saying that your pans depend on the weather.很清楚，你的计划取决于天气．I say BrE infml 1 （a rather weak expression of surprise, interest, anger, sorrow, etc）（表示轻度的惊讶、感兴趣、恼怒、悲伤等）哎呀：My husband is ill today.-Oh，I say！I＇m sorry to hear that.今天我丈夫病了.-哎呀，那太遗憾了．2 （used to call someone＇s attention） （欲引起别人注意时的用语）喂：I say，isn＇t itgetting late？ 喂，时间不早了吧！I say，I＇ve just had a wonderful idea！嗳，我想到一个好主意.Iwouldn't say no BrE infml yes please; I'd like it／some（表示赞同）可以的；好的：Have another drink？-Well， I wouldn＇t say no.再来一杯好吗？-好吧.say AmE infml（used to express

G60 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

surprise or a sudden idea）（表示惊讶或表示突然想到什么主意）喂：Say， haven＇t I seen yousomewhere before？喂，我以前在什么地方见过你吧，是吗？Say，now I remember！喔，我现在想起来了！say for oneself／something to offer as an excuse or as something in favour or defence为自己找理由、借口或作辩解：You＇re lateagain: What have you got to say for yourself? 你又迟到了，你还有什么理由吗？She is a stupidperson with nothing to say for herself.她是个愚蠢的人，不会为自己说话.It is a bad idea withvery little to be said for it.这是个一无是处的坏主意，没什么好话可说的.say what you like notfml even though you may not agree 无论你怎样说：Say what you like， （but） I think British weather is nice.无论你怎样说，我还是认为英国天气好.that is to say （abbrev i.e.） in other words; expressed another (more exact) way 即；也就是说：Working as hard as before，that is to say not very hard.像以前一样工作，也就是说不很努力地工作.they say not fml people say；it＇s usually thought 据说；有人说：They say that falling in love is wonderful.据说堕入爱河是妙不可言的.what do you say？ infml you＇ll agree， won＇t you？（表示征求意见）你同意吧？你以为怎样？ Let＇s go into business together： what do you say？我们一起做生意吧，你看怎么样？Whatdo you say we go into business？我们合伙经营怎么样？What do you say to going into busi-ness together？（我们）一起做生意怎么样？youdon't say (so)! infml (an expression of slight surprise）（表示轻微的惊异）未必吧！不至于吧！you said it! AmE infml you're right; I agree 说得对：Let＇s go home-You said it！ I＇m tired. 我们回家吧！-对！我累了.

speak /spi:k/ 1 [IØ] to say things; express thoughts aloud； use the voice 说话；谈话：Don＇t speak with your mouth full of food.嘴里满是食物时不要说话.He was speaking to a friendwhen I came along.我到的时候他正在和一个朋友说话.＇Can. I speak， please？＇ he asked the chairman of the meeting.“我能发言吗？”他问会议主席．2［I0］to express thoughts， ideas，etc in some other way 表现；表达；表明：The book speaks of the writer＇s childhood.这本书叙述了作者的童年.Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩.Everything at the meeting spoke of careful planning.会上的一切都表明是经过仔细筹备的．3［IØ］to make a speech 演说；讲演；发言：I＇ve invited her to speak at／to our club on any subject she likes.我已邀请她到我们俱乐部来演讲，她喜欢讲哪个主题都可以.I hope she＇llspeak (for) about 20 minutes and then answer questions.我希望她讲二十分钟左右，然后回答问题．4 ［T1］ to be able to talk in （alanguage）（会用某种语言）讲；说：We need someone who can speak French.我们需要一个会讲法语的人.No English is spoken there.那里不讲英语.She is from a Spanish-speaking country．她来自一个讲西班牙语的国家．5［T1］often emph to express or say 表达；说；讲： Speak the truth！讲真话！He was hardly able to speak a word．他几乎连一个字也说不出来．6［IØ（to）］ to be feeling friendly enough to speak 可

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G61 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

以友善地说话：After their fight they＇re not speaking（to each other）.他们打架后就（彼此） 不理睬了．on speaking terms 1 willing to talk and be polite to another, esp after a quarrel （尤指在吵嘴后）愿意礼貌地交谈：She and hermother are not on speaking terms after last night．昨晚之后，她和她母亲就互不理睬了．2 goodenough friends to exchange greetings 点头之交so to speak as one might say 可以这样说：He was up to his neck， so to speak，in debt.可以说他已是债台高筑了.speak one＇s mind toexpress one＇s thoughts directly 直言不讳；讲心里话：I＇m angry and I want a chance to speak my mind to the director.我很生气，我想找个机会跟董事说说心里话.speak volumes to mean alot 意义重大；含义很深：She only said ＇perhaps＇， but that spoke volumes.她只说了“也许”两个字，但却意味深长.

tell /tel/1 [D1 (to), 5a, b; T1 (of)] to make (something) known in words to (someone); express in words； speak 告诉；说；讲：Did you tell Aunt Joan the news about Paul？关于保罗的消息你告诉了琼伯母吗？If you tell your secretto Jessie you might as well tell the whole town.你如把秘密告诉杰西，就等于告诉了全镇的人.John told us he＇d seen you in town.约翰告诉我们他在市内见到你.I can＇t tell you howpleased I am to be here tonight.我无法向你表达我是多么高兴今晚能到这里来.Can you tell mewhat time the party starts？你能告诉我聚会什么时候开始吗？Good children always tell the truth.好孩子总是讲真话的.I always tell mydaughter a story before she goes to sleep.女儿睡前我总是给她讲个故事.Don＇t tell me you＇vemissed the train (= I'm worried by the fact that you seem to have missed the train）.别对我说你没赶上火车.I＇m right，I tell you！（＝you can be certain that I＇m right）告诉你吧，我是对的！2［T1；V3；D5a，b］ to warn；advise 警告；忠告：I told you mother would beat you if she heard you swearing.我警告过你，如果母亲听到你说脏话，她会打你的.I told you that man wasevil but you wouldn＇t listen to me.我告诉过你那人是个坏蛋，可你偏不听我的话.I told you toexpect trouble, and now look what's hap-pened！我警告过你会有麻烦的；现在你看，出事了吧！3［D6a，b；X9］ to show； to make known 表明；显示：This light tells you if the machine is on or off.这只灯表明机器是开着还是关着.Willyou tell me how to do it？你能不能告诉我该怎么做？4［Wv6；T1；6a，b］ to find out；know 知道； 看出：It＇s impossible to tell who＇ll win the next election.无法预测下次选举谁会获胜.How doyou tell which handle to turn when the light goes out？灯熄灭时你怎么知道应转动哪个把手？5［V3； D6a，b； X9］ to order；direct 吩咐；命令；指示：Children should do as they＇re told.小孩子应该听话.I told you to get here early，so why are you late？我叫你早些来，你为什么来晚了？Don＇t try to tell me whether I can or not！别来命令我能做还是不能做！6［Wv6；T5a，6a(whether, if), b (whether); X9,esp from, apart；IØ］ to recognize；know 认出；分辨：It was so dark I couldn＇t tell it was you.天太黑了，我

认不出是你.It＇s difficult to tell Jean from Joan； they look so alike.很难分清谁是珍妮谁是琼；她们两人是那么相像.I can＇t tell if it＇s him or not.我不清楚是不是他.Which team will win？-Who can tell？哪个队会获胜？-谁晓得？7［IØ］to be noticeable； have an effect 露出；显示；对... 产生效果：Her nervousness began to tell as soon as she entered the room.她一进屋就露出紧张的样子．8［IØ］to speak someone＇s secret to someone else 泄漏（秘密等）；吐露：If I let youknow my secret will you promise not to tell? 如果我让你知道我的秘密，你能答应不说出去吗？alltold altogether; when all have been taken into account 总计：There were over 50O visitors all told.共有来宾五百名.tell the time to read the time from a clock or watch 报时 there is／was／ will be no telling it is/was/will be impossible to know 难说；说不清：There＇s no telling what will happen if she meets him while she's in this temper.如果她在发这么大的脾气时遇到他，很难说会发生什么事.you can never tell also 又作you never can tell one can never be sure about something because one can easily be deceived without knowing it 谁也不知道；谁也不敢说 you＇re telling me infml （a strong way of saying）I know this already（强调的说话）我早就知道了

relate /rr'leit/ [T1 (to)] fml to tell (esp a story) 讲；叙述（事件等）：He related （to us） the story of his escape from the enemy.他（向我们）讲述他从敌人那里逃出来的经过.Strange to relate，Ionce shot a lion.说来奇怪，有一次我打死了一只狮子.

recount／rr＇kaunt／［T1］ esp lit to tell or relate 叙s f possible.他尽量详尽地向我们讲述了那件事.

name /neim/ [X1]-to give a name to (someone or something), esp in a speech but also in writing 命名；把···取名为：They named the boat ＇The Electra＇.他们把那条船命名为“依莱克特拉”号.The boy was named John.那男孩子取名为约翰.

call/ko:l/ 1 [X1,7,9] to say that (someone) is （something）把···叫做：She called him fat.她说他胖.Call me what you like.你随便叫我什么都行．2 ［X1,7］to consider 以为；认为；看作：I call him a fool.我把他看作傻瓜.I don＇t callRussian a hard language.我不认为俄语是一种难学的语言.That＇s what I call dishonest.我认为那就是不老实．3［X1］to name 命名；把···取名为：We＇ll call the baby Jean.我们给婴儿取名叫珍妮.Let＇s call the new town Harlow.让我们命名这新市镇为哈洛镇.

G61 verbs 动词：pronouncing and reciting 发音与背诵

[ALSO→G231]

pronounce/prə'nauns/ [T1; X1; L9] to make the sound of (a language, a letter, a word, etc) （in a particular way） 发···的音；发音：She pronounces Spanish very well.她的西班牙语发

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音很好.In the word ＇knew＇ the ＇k＇ is not pro-nounced; the word is pronounced without the k＇.在单词“knew”中，字母“k”不发音；这个词读起来不带“k”的音.In chemical＇ the ＇ch＇ is pronounced／k／.在单词“chemistry”中，“ch”发／k／音.Try to pronounce （the word／sound） clearly.要（把那个字／音）读清楚.

recite /rr'sait/ 1 [T1; IØ (from)] to say (some-thing）， esp from memory or as a list 背诵；朗诵； 吟诵：He recited（from） the Bible to them.他背诵《圣经》给他们听．2［T1］emph ＆ usu deprecto say strongly， esp as a list 列举；力陈：As usual he began to recite all his complaints to us.和往常一样，他开始把他的抱怨一五一十地讲给我听.

utter /'Atə/ [T1] to make (any sound) with the mouth； esp emot ＆ emph speak or say 发出（声音等）；讲；说：The first sound a child utters is usually ＇ma＇.小孩子发出的第一个声音往往是“妈”.He didn＇t utter a word but you could see that he was very angry.他一句话也没有说，但你可以看出他很生气.

G62 verbs，etc 动词等：talking，not

talking，and interrupting 说话、不说话与打断别人的话

talk/to:k/1 [IØ] to use human words; have the power of speech； make words；speak 说话： Human beings can talk；animals can＇t.人会说话，动物不会．2［IØ］to make words，thoughts， ideas， etc known by means of speech 谈话；交谈：I＇m talking seriously now！我的话不是开玩笑的！When I＇m talking to your father I expect you to be quiet. 我和你父亲谈话时希望你安静.There's an important matter I want to talk about with you．有一件重要的事我想和你谈谈．3［IØ］ to copy human speech 模仿人说话：Have you taught your bird to talk？你有没有教你的鸟说话？4［IØ］to express thoughts as if by speech （用类似言语的方式）表达思想：People whocannot speak or hear can talk by using signs. 聋哑人能用手语交谈．5［T1］to speak about 谈论：Let＇s not talk business now.我们现在别谈正事. We talked music all night．我们整晚谈论音乐．6［T1］ to express in words 表达；讲；说：Talk sense！要讲理！7［T1］less common to be able to speak （a language）能讲（某种语言）：Do you talk French？你会讲法语吗？8［IØ］to give infor-mation，usu unwillingly（常指不情愿地）说出；供出（消息等）：Have you persuaded the prisoners to talk yet？ 你说服那些囚犯招供了吗？9［IØ］tospeak about other people's actions and private lives 讲闲话：Don＇t do anything foolish； you know how people talk.别做傻事，你知道别人是会讲闲话的！I hope you＇ve not been talking about me again. 希望你不是又在讲我的闲话.talk big infml to speak with too much pride in oneself or one's actions; make oneself or one's actions seem more important than they are 夸口；吹牛

converse/kən'v3:s/[IØ (on/about and/or with)] often fml to talk informally 交谈；闲谈：After a

G62 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

year of studying at university I feel able to converse with anyone about anything.我在大学学习了一年后，感到能和任何人谈论任何事情.

confer/kən'f3:/[IØ (together,with)] esp fml & pomp to talk 商谈；协商：We must confer soon. 我们必须尽快协商.They conferred（together）on the matter.他们一起商议了这件事.Theyconferred with us about it.他们和我们商谈了这件事.

chat /tfæt/ [IØ (away)] infml to talk in a friendly，familiar，informal manner 闲谈；聊天： The two friends sat in a corner and chatted （away） to each other about life in general.两个朋友坐在角落里，闲谈着一般的生活琐事.I liketo chat with her now and then.我喜欢不时和她谈谈天.

chat up [v adv T1] (esp of men) to make friends by talking to（esp a woman）（常指男子） 与（女子）攀谈：He＇s always trying to chat up the girls.他总是想和女孩们攀谈.

fall silent /fol 'sailənt/ [v adv IØ] esp lit to stop talking 停止讲话：When he walked into the room they all fell silent.当他走进房间时，他们便鸦雀无声了.

shut up [v adv]1 [IØ] esp infml to stop talking 不再说话；住嘴：They all shut up when hewalked into the room.他走进房间时他们都不说话了．Shut up，will you！别说了，行不行！2［T1］ to cause to stop speaking 不许···开口；使···闭嘴不说：Shut these men up，please！请你叫这些人住嘴！The bad news shut them up very quickly.坏消息很快就使他们都不说话了.

clam up [v adv IØ] infml to become suddenly and fully silent 突然沉默下来：She clammed up whenever I mentioned her husband.我一提起她的丈夫，她马上就不说话了.

interrupt /,intə'rapt/ [T1; IØ] to stop (someone speaking, etc) by speaking oneself or doing something noisy，etc 打断（别人的话等）；插嘴：Please don't interrupt(me) while I'm talking/ speaking.我讲话时请不要打断（我）.They keepinterrupting！他们老是插嘴！Their noise inter-rupted what we were doing.他们的喧闹声打断了我们的工作.interruption ［U；C］ the act of interrupting or being interrupted; an example of this 插话；打断（说话）：All the interruptions made him forget what he wanted to say.不断的插话使他忘了自己想说什么.

in /in/ [adv] (used in verbs of interrupting such as与以下表示“打断”的动词连用）：

break in ［v adv IØ］ infml to interrupt 插话；打断（说话）：Excuse me breaking in， but I have some news for you.请原谅我打断你，我有些消息要告诉你.She broke in with some ideas of her own.她插话谈了些她自己的想法.He broke in onour conversation.他打断了我们的谈话.

butt in [v adv IØ] sl often deprec to interrupt, usu by speaking 插嘴：I wish you wouldn＇t keep butting in tolon our conversation.我希望你别总是在我们谈话时插嘴.

burst in [v adv Iø] infml, emot & emph to interrupt suddenly or strongly 突然插嘴；突然打断：She burst in （on our conversation） with some very bad news.她突然打断我们（的谈话），

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告诉我们一些很坏的消息.

chip in [v adv IØ (with)] infml sometimes deprec to enter a conversation suddenly with an opinion 突然插嘴：We were talking sensibly until he chipped in with his foolish ideas.我们一直在正经地谈话，直到他忽然插进来谈了些愚蠢的想法.She chipped in that it was time to go home.她忽然插嘴说应该回家了.

chime in [v adv IØ (with); T5] infml to inter-rupt or join in a conversation by expressing （an opinion） 插嘴；搭话；为···帮腔：He＇s always ready to chime in with his opinion.他随时都要插嘴，表示自己的意见.She chimed in that it wastime to go home.她插嘴说该回家了.

into /'intu:/ [prep] (used in verbs of interrupt-ing such as 与下列表示“打断”的动词连用）：

break into ［v prep T1］ infml to interrupt 插嘴； 打断：She broke into our conversation and asked us to help her.她打断我们的谈话并要求我们帮助他.

butt into [v prep T1] sl often deprec to interrupt 打断：Stop butting into our conversations！别打断我们的谈话！

G63 verbs 动词：communicating and informing 传达与通知

[ALSO→G190]

communicate /kə'mjuinəkert/ fml 1 [T1] to make （news， opinions， feelings，etc）known 传达；表达；告知（消息、意见、感受等）：I don＇t thinkthat politician communicates his thoughts very clearly.我认为那个政治家没把自己的想法表达清楚．2［IØ］ to share or exchange opinions， news，information，etc 联络；交换（意见、消息等）：Has the Minister of Foreign Affairs com-municated with the Americans yet？外交部长和那些美国人交谈过没有？I can＇t communicatewith them； the radio doesn＇t work.我无法和他们联络，无线电坏了．3［T1］to pass on（a disease， heat，movement，etc）传染（疾病）；传送（热气、运动等）：This one person communicated the disease to the whole town.仅此一人就把这种疾病传遍整个城市．4［IØ（with）］to join 连接；相通：Our bedroom communicates wih the bath-room.我们的卧室与浴室相通.

contact/'kontækt/[T1] to write, telephone, go and talk to， etc（someone）（以写信、打电话、面谈等方式）与（某人）联系；与···联络；与···接触：Contact me when you arrive.请你一到就与我联络.

inform/in'fo:m/[T1 (of, about);D5a] often fml to tell； to give information to 通知；告诉：He informed us （that） he was coming.他通知我们他要来了.

let...know infml to pass information to (some-one）让···知道；通知；告诉：I＇ll let you know about it as soon as I can.我会尽快让你知道这件事的.He didn＇t let us know when to come. 他没有告诉我们什么时候来.Don＇t forget to letme know soon！别忘了快点通知我！

notify /'nəutə,fai/ [D1 to/of, D5; T1] to tell

（someone），esp formally（尤指正式地）告诉；通知：She notified us of the meeting.她把开会的事通知了我们.Why weren＇t we notified in time？ 为什么没有及时通知我们？He notified the acci-dent to the police.他向警方报告了那次事故.Henotified the police of the accident.他把那事故报告了警方．notification 1［U］ the act of noti-fying 通知；通告2［C］an example of this，espa piece of paper giving notification 布告；通知单confide /kən'faid/ [IØ (in); X9] to tell someone

（something）as a secret（向某人）倾诉（秘密）； 吐露（秘密）：John felt he could confide in his wife.约翰觉得他可以向妻子倾吐心中的秘密.Sheconfided the matter to me.她向我吐露了那桩心事.

advise /əd'vaız/ [T1; D5, 5b, 6a] fml to inform; give notice to 通知；告诉：I have advised her that we are coming.我已通知她我们就来.Would you please advise us as to your plans? 请将你们的计划告诉我们好吗？Will you advise us（of）when the bags should arrive？你是否可以告诉我们提包何时到达？

brief/bri:f/ [T1 (on)] to tell (someone,esp a lawyer） the necessary information 扼要地告诉（尤指律师）必要的情况：He briefed his lawyer onwhat to do.他简要地告诉他的律师要做些什么.You must brief me; I don't know what happened.你必须向我扼要地说明情况；我不知道发生了什么事情.

G64 verbs 动词：speaking and lecturing 演说与讲授

speak to [v prep T1] 1 to talk, esp formally, to （a group of people）（尤指正式地）对···发表讲话；谈话；对···发表演讲：He is speaking to our club next week about his books.下星期他将在我们俱乐部就他的著作发表演讲．2 to talk to（someone）about something unsatisfactory that he or she has done 告诫；责备：All right，I＇ll speak to him about it.好吧，我会就这件事责备他的.

address／ə＇dres／fml1［T1］to speak to 对···发表演说：He addressed the meeting last night.昨晚他在会上发表了演说．2［X9］ to direct （one＇sspeech or writing） to a person or group （口头或书面）向个人或团体陈述：Please address yourremarks to the chairman.请向主席陈述你的意见.He addressed himself to the meeting on the subject of employment.他针对就业问题向与会者发表了讲话．3［T1（as）］to speak or write to （someone）称呼：Don＇t address me as ＇Offi-cer＇.不要称我为“长官”.

lecture /'lektfə/1 [IØ] to give a lecture [→G65] 讲课；讲授：He lectured on biology last night.昨晚他讲授生物学.What＇s he lecturingon tomorrow？他明天讲什么题目？2［IØ］to work in a college, university, etc as a lecturer [→I134] 授课；（在大学）任教：She lectures at Glasgow University．她在格拉斯哥大学任教．3［T1］to talksolemnly and at length to 长时间地训斥：She lectured us on coming home late every night. 她因我们每晚都夜归而把我们训斥了一顿.

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speechify /'spi:tfə,far/ [IØ] infml often deprec to make a speech or speeches, esp in a (too) proud，fine-sounding way（滔滔不绝地）演说；高谈阔论：I＇m only a simple man and no good at speechifying.我不过是个粗人，不善于高谈阔论.

speak up ［v adv IØ］ speak more loudly 提高声音说：Speak up，please；I can＇t hear you.请大声说；我听不见你的话.

speak out [v adv IØ] to speak boldly,freely, and plainly 照直说；坦率地讲：He was afraid io speak out in case he should lose his job.他不敢直说，怕丢了工作.She spoke out against their real enemies.她痛斥了他们真正的敌人.

G65 nouns 名词： talk and conversation 谈话与会话

talk/to:k/1 [C] something which one says,or has prepared to say， to a group of people 谈话； 演讲：He gave us a very interesting talk on India.他给我们作了一次关于印度的十分有趣的演讲.I heard his talk on the radio last night.我昨晚从广播中听到了他的讲话．2［C］an occasionof talking， usu seriously 会谈；交谈：The two governments had/held talks about their common troubles.两国政府就共同的困难举行了会谈.I＇ll have a talk to him about his bad behaviour.我将和他谈一下关于他的恶劣行为问题. She had a talk with him about his plans. 她和他就他的计划谈了一次话．3［U］ often deprecanything that someone says 闲谈：Every time I see him it＇s just talk，talk，talk！我每次见他，都是没完没了地聊天！4［the R9，esp of］ anysubject of conversation 话题：Her sudden marriage is the talk of the street.她突然结婚一事成了街头巷尾的话题．5［U often in comb］ aparticular way of speech or conversation 某种特殊的谈话方式或话题：baby talk(= the waybabies talk, or the way adults talk to babies) 娃娃话；shop talk（＝ talk about business） 行话6［U］ empty or meaningless speech 空话；废话： His threats were just talk；don＇t worry.他的威胁只是说说而已，不必担心.My husband＇s all talkand no action;he has plenty of ideas but never puts them into practice.我丈夫只说不做； 他主意很多，但从不实行.

conversation/ kpnvə'seıfən/ [C; U] (an) infor-mal talk in which people exchange news, feelings，and thoughts 谈话；会话；谈天：Mrs Smith spends a lot of time in conversation with her neighbour.史密斯太太花费许多时间和邻居谈天.I had a long conversation with Paul this morning; he's very nice to talk to infor-mally.今天早晨我和保罗谈了很久，和他聊聊天是很愉快的.

conference/'konfərəns/ [C] a meeting to talk about some matter of work, government, etc 会议；讨论会：He is attending a scientific conference at Leeds University.他正在利兹大学参加一个科学讨论会.in conference having ameeting 正在开会：Mr Smith can＇t see you at the moment；he is in conference.史密斯先生现

G66 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

在不能见你，他正在开会.

banter／＇bæntə／［U］ light，joking talk 玩笑；打趣： The actress exchanged banter with reporters. 女演员和记者们相互开玩笑.

chat /tfæt/ infml 1 [C] a friendly, informal conversation 闲谈；谈天：I had a long chat with him about his garden when I last saw him.上一次我遇到他时，和他闲谈了很久有关他花园的事情．2［U］ the act of chatting 闲谈：We need less chat and more work if we're to finish today. 我们想要今天完工的话，就必须少谈天多做事.

speech/spi:tf/ [C]1 an act of speaking formally to a group of listeners 演说：He gave／made a speech there last week.他上周在那里作了一次演说.We keep records of all their speeches.我们保存他们演说的全部记录．2 the words so spoken发言稿；演说词：The minister＇s speech was sent to the newspapers in advance.部长的演说稿事先就送到了报社．3 a usu long set of lines for anactor to say in a play 台词：He learned the speech very carefully.他很仔细地背了台词.

address/ə'dres/ [C] fml a speech, esp one that has been formally prepared and made to a group of people gathered specially to listen 演说：His address lasted an hour.他的演说长达一个小时.

lecture/'lektfə/[C] 1 a speech spoken or read before a group of people, esp as a method of teaching at universities，etc 演讲；讲课；讲座2 sometimes deprec a long solemn warning 教训； 训斥：He gave me a lecture on driving care-fully.他教训了我一顿，叫我开车小心些.Herecomes another of his lectures on how to behave.他又来教训我们该如何守规矩啦！

recitation / resə'teıfən/1 [U] the act of reciting ［→G61］背诵；朗诵；详述2［C］ an example of this 背诵、朗诵或详述的事例3［C］anything，espa poem， when recited or used for reciting 背诵或朗诵的诗、文章等（尤指诗）：Say your reci-tation. 你背诵吧.He bought a book of recitations.他买了一本朗诵用的书.

word/w3:d/1[C often pl] infml a short speech or conversation 简短的谈话：Can I have a word with you（about him）？我能和你谈谈（关于他的情况）吗？I had a few words with her on the subject．我和她就那个问题谈了一下．2［S］theshortest（type of） statement 最简短的话：In a word，no.一句话，不行！I don＇t believe a word of what he said.他的话我一句也不相信.Don＇tsay a word to anyone.对任何人都要只字不提.

utterance /'Atərəns/ 1 [U] the act of uttering ［→G61］ sounds 发声：Animals have the power of utterance，but not of speech.动物有发声的能力，但是没有说话的能力．2［C］deprec anythingspoken；word（说出的）话；言辞；话语：Don＇t listen to his utterances; they have little value. 别听他的话；他的话没有什么价值.

G66 nouns 名词：monologue and dialogue 独白与对话

monologue，also 又作 monolog AmE ／＇mpnə-lpg/[C]1 a spoken part in a play where one

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G67 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

person speaks at length（戏里的）独白2 a poem or other piece of writing intended to be spoken on a stage by one person 独白诗；独脚戏剧本 3 infml a rather long speech by one person that prevents others taking part in the conversation 一个人滔滔不绝的讲话（使别人无法发言）

dialogue，also 又作 dialog AmE／＇darə，lpg／［C； U]1 (a) written conversation in a book or a play（书中或剧中的）对话；对白：She can writedictionaries but she can't write good dialogue. 她能编写词典，但是写不好剧本对白.Turn to thepage with the dialogue between Smith and Brown．请翻到有史密斯与布朗对话的那一页．2(a) conversation which examines differences of opinion，as between leaders（如领导人之间的）对话；会谈：At last there can be（a） mean-ingful dialogue between our two governments. 我们两国政府之间终于能进行有意义的对话了.

G67 adjectives 形容词：talking a lot，too much，or well［B］（过分）健谈的，有口才的

talkative/'to:kətiv/ infml tending to talk a lot 喜欢说话的；多嘴的；健谈的：She＇s a very talk-ative girl.她是个十分爱说话的女孩.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

chatty／tfæeti／［Wal］infml 1 fond of talking 爱说话的；多嘴的：She＇s a chatty sort of girl.她是个多嘴类型的女孩．2 having the style and mannerof informal conversation 唠唠叨叨的；谈家常似的：She wrote them a chatty letter.她给他们写了一封闲话家常的信.-tily［adv］-tiness［U］

garrulous /'gærələs/ habitually talking too much，esp about unimportant things 爱唠叨的； 喋喋不休的-ly［adv］-ness［U］

loquacious /ləu'kweifəs/ usu fml, emph, or pomp liking to talk a great deal 健谈的；多话的： Yes，he is rather loquacious，isn＇t he？是的，他确实很健谈，是吧？-ly［adv］ loquacity［U］ the quality of being loquacious 健谈；多话

eloquent /'eləkwənt/ 1 talking well, so as to persuade，interest，etc 有口才的；善辩的：What an eloquent speaker he is！他是个多么有口才的演说家啊！2 persuading in this way 动人的；有说服力的：His eloquent words produced the effect he wanted and people gave money to help him.他动人的言语产生了他想得到的效果，人们纷纷捐款帮助他.-ly［adv］eloquence［U］

G68 verbs 动词：talking in various ways 各种讲话方式

whisper/'wispə/1 [T1; IØ] to speak with normal lip and tongue movements and noisy breath, but not with the usual movements in the throat which produce the voice, so that only a person nearby can hear 低语；耳语：Stop whis-pering in the corner; say whatever it is out

loud.别在角落里交头接耳，要讲什么就大声讲.Shewhispered a few words weakly before she fell unconscious.她有气无力地低声说了儿个字就晕过去了．2［IØ］（fig）（usu of the wind） to make a soft sound（常指风）飒飒地响：the wind whis-pering in the roof 在屋檐间飒飒作响的风声 3[X9 (about) often pass] to tell (a secret) widely 把（秘密）传开：His adventures have been whispered through the village/whispered about／whispered everywhere.他的奇遇已传遍全村／传开了／传遍各地.

chatter/'tfætə/ [IØ]1(of people) to talk rapidly and at length, usu about something unimpor-tant 饶舌；喋喋不休：Two people annoyed every-one by chattering right through the film.有两个人在电影放映时一直喋喋不休，使大家都很恼火.Iwish you'd stop chattering on about things you don＇t understand.我希望你不要再喋喋不休地谈那些你不懂的事了．2（of certain animalsand birds) to make quick speech-like sounds （动物）吱吱喳喳叫；（鸟）啁啾：The monkeys werechattering（away） in the trees.猴子在树林里吱吱地叫（个不停）．3（of the teeth） to knock together through cold or fear（牙齿）打颤（因寒冷或惊慌）：Her teeth were chattering with the cold．她冻得牙齿直打颤．4（fig） （of machines） to make a noise of this kind（机器等）发出快速而断续的声音；格格作响：Machine guns chat-tered in the distance.远处传来格格的机枪声.

natter/'nætə/ [IØ (away, on)] BrE infml to talk continuously about unimportant things; chat-ter 闲谈；聊天：They nattered （away） all after-noon and never did any work.他们整个下午都在聊天，一点工作也没有做.They kept nattering（on） about silly things.他们一直在瞎扯，谈些无聊的事.

babble /'bæbəl/1 [IØ] to talk foolishly or ina way that is hard to understand 胡言乱语；含糊不清地说：During his fever he babbled without stopping．他在发高烧期间不停地说胡话．2［T1］toexpress by babbling 喋喋不休地讲；唠叨：Shebabbled her thanks in a great hurry. 她匆忙叽哩咕噜地道了谢．3［T1（out）］to repeat foolishly； tell（secrets）多嘴；泄漏（秘密）：He babbled the secrets （out） to·his friends.他说漏了嘴，把秘密泄漏给朋友们了．4［IØ（away）］to make continu-ous sounds， like a baby learning to speak （婴儿等）牙牙学语；咿咿呀呀地说：The baby babbled（away） for hours.这个婴儿咿咿呀呀学说话有好几个小时．5［Wv4；IØ］ to make continuous sounds, like a stream running gently over rounded stones（流水）潺潺作声：The water babbled past／along.水潺潺地流过.

blab /blæb/ [IØ; Tl (out)] sl to tell (a secret), usu foolishly 泄漏（秘密）：Here come the police； someone must have blabbed.警察来了； 一定是有人泄漏消息了.He blabbed out every-thing they wanted to know.他把他们要知道的一切都泄漏出去了.

mumble /'mambəl/ [T1, 5; IØ] to speak(words) unclearly（在嘴里）叽叽咕咕地说；喃喃地说：What did you say？ Stop mumbling！你说什么？ 别叽叽咕咕地说话！The old woman mumbled aprayer.那位老妇人叽叽咕咕地祷告着.

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mutter /'matə/ [T1, 5; IØ] to speak (usu angry or complaining words) in a low voice, not easily heard 咕哝；低声说（通常是气话、怨言）：Hemuttered a threat.他低声恐吓.She kept（on） muttering to herself.她不断地喃喃自语.

G69 nouns 名词： talking in various ways 各种讲话方式

whisper／＇wispə／1［C］whispered words 低语；耳语；私语2［C usu sing］ （fig） a soft， windy sound（风的）飒飒声：the whisper of the wind in the roof 屋檐间飒飒的风声 3 ［U］ the type ofsounds made by the throat when whispering 窃窃私语声

chatter/'tfætə/ [U] 1 rapid informal unimpor-tant conversation 饶舌；闲谈：I dislike chatter when I＇m trying to work.我想工作的时候不喜欢别人闲谈．2 a rapid knocking sound made by teeth, machines, etc; the rapid speech-like sounds made by certain animals and birds（牙齿、机器等发出的）格格声；（动物的）吱吱唧唧声；（鸟的）啁啾声：The chatter of typewriters could be heard outside the room.房外能听到打字机的格格声.

natter/'nætə/ [S] BrE infml an informal con-versation， esp about unimportant things 闲谈； 瞎扯

babble/'bæbəl/1 [U] childish, disordered,or foolish talk 胡话；语无伦次的话；幼稚的话：Stopthat babble at once！快别说那种无聊幼稚的话了！2 [S] a confused sound of many people talking at once 众人说话乱哄哄的声音：A babbleof voices came from the room.一阵乱哄哄的声音从房内传出来．3［U］ speech that is hard tounderstand because of its speed and pronun-ciation（由于声音不清或速度太快而）模糊不清的话4［U；S］ a sound like that of water running gently over rounded stones 潺潺的流水声

mumble /'mambəl/ [S] the sound of mumbling 咕哝；含糊不清的话：All I could hear throughthe door was a mumble of voices.隔着门我能听到的只是许多咕咕哝哝的说话声.

mutter ／＇mAtə／［S］ the sound of muttering 喃喃低语声；咕哝；抱怨：the mutter of angry voices 愤怒的咕哝声

G70 verbs 动词：remarking and expressing 陈述与表达

remark/rr'ma:k/1 [T5a] to say (not in answer to anything）说；讲；陈述：He remarked that it was getting late.他说天色渐渐晚了.It＇s getting late，＇he remarked．他说，“时间不早了．”2［T1,5］ fml ＆ old use to notice 注意到；看到；觉得；发觉：I remarked her absence of hair/that she had no hair.我发觉她没有头发.

comment /'kpment/ [IØ; T5a] to make a remark；give an opinion 评论；发表意见：The king refused to comment on the election

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results.国王拒绝对选举结果发表意见.Shecommented that it was time to go home.她说是该回家的时候了.

observe /əb'z3:v/ [T5a] often fml to make a remark；to say 说；讲；评述：He observed （to her） that the meal was excellent.他（对她）说这餐饭好吃极了.

express/ik'spres/[T1, 6a] to show (a feeling, opinion, or fact) in words or in some other way 表示；表达：She expressed her thanks.她表示她的谢意.The prices are expressed in both dollars and pounds.用美元和英镑两种货币来标价.I can＇t express how grateful I am.我无法表达我的感激之情.She tried to express heropinion／feelings，but couldn＇t.她想要表达自己的意见／感情，但说不出来.

air /eə/ [T1] often deprec to express (opinions, etc）发表（意见等）：He began to air his ideas about crime and punishment.他开始发表自己对犯罪与惩罚的意见.She airs her views on sexto anyone who＇ll listen.她对任何愿意听的人发表自己对性问题的看法.

word ／w3：d／ also 又作 phrase／freiz／［X9］to express or put into words 用话表达；措辞；说：How would you like me to word this invi-tation？你想要我用什么措辞来写这份请柬？Idon＇t like the way this note is phrased.我不喜欢这个条子上的措辞.

put/put/[X9] infml & genl to express or word 表达；说明；措辞：I＇m not sure how to put myplan to you.我不知道该怎样向你说明我的计划.Let＇s put it like this： I want to help you. 让我们这样说吧：我愿意帮助你.

compliment/'kpmpləmənt/[T1 (on)] to praise someone with a compliment 夸奖；恭维：He complimented her on her new dress.他夸奖了她的新衣服．complimentary ［B］1 expressing praise，etc 称赞的；表示恭维的un-［neg］2 given free, out of kindness, for business reasons, etc 免费赠送的：complimentary tickets for the theatre 招待戏票

G71 nouns 名词：remarking and expressing 说话与表达

remark /rr'ma:k/1 [C (about, on)] a spoken or written opinion（书面或口头的）话；语言；意见：Don't makelpass rude remarks about her appearance．不要对她的外貌作无礼的批评．2［U］fml notice 注意：Her absence of hair could hardly escape remark/was worthy of remark. 她没有头发，这很难不引起注意／值得注意.

comment/'kpment/ [C; U] (an) opinion, expla-nation, or judgment written or spoken about an event，book，person，state of affairs，etc 评论；议论；意见：What comments have you on／about my son＇s behaviour？你对我儿子的行为有什么意见？I read your comments on his new book butdisagree with them.我读了你对他的新书的评论，不过我不同意你的意见.Herbehaviour at the dance caused a lot of comment.她在舞会上的举止引起了不少议论.Do

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you buy your newspaper for its political com-ment？你买报纸是为了读报上的政治评论吗？There's no comment I can make on this matter.关于这件事我无见解可谈.No comment（＝I don＇t want to say anything about it）.无可奉告.

observation/,pbzə'veijən/ [C] a remark, often descriptive 言论；描述；评论：His clever observations (about people's behaviour) at the party made them laugh.他在聚会上（对人们行为）的风趣描述把他们逗得哄堂大笑.

expression /ik'sprefən/1 [C;U] (an act of) expressing 表现；表示；表达：They greeted him with many expressions of pleasure.他们以各种欢欣的话语来表达对他的欢迎.A governmentshould permit the free expression of political opinion.政府应该允许自由表达政治见解.He＇snot educated enough to give expression to all his thoughts.他所受过的教育有限，难以表达出自已的一切想法．2［U］ the quality of showing or performing with feeling 表情；有感情：She has a beautiful voice, but doesn't sing with much expression.她嗓音优美，但唱歌时缺乏感情.

compliment /'kpmpləmənt/ [C] an expression of praise， admiration，respect，etc 恭维；赞扬； 敬意：You did well！-Thanks for the compli-ment.你干得好！-谢谢你的夸奖.He＇s alwayspaying her compliments; he thinks she's wonderful.他总是赞扬她；他认为她很了不起.

aside /ə'saıd/ [C] 1 a remark in a low voice not intended to be heard by everyone present 低声自语（不想让在场者听到）2 a remark or storytold during a speech but which has no part in the speech 离题的话：His speech was unin-teresting but he made many amusing asides. 他的演说乏味，但是他讲了很多有趣的题外话．3words spoken by an actor to those watching the play and not intended to be heard by the other characters（戏中的）旁白

G72 verbs 动词：stating and affirming 陈述与断言

state/steit/1 [T1,5,6a,b] often fml to say, express， or put into words，esp formally（尤指正式地）说；陈述；声明：State your name andaddress.说出你的姓名和地址.This book states the case for women＇s rights very clearly.这本书把女权问题阐述得很清楚.I＇d like to state that Ihave never seen this woman before.我要声明我以前从未见过这个女人．2［Wv5；T1］to set inadvance；fix； specify［■N63］标明；写明： Theatre tickets must be used on the stated date.戏票必须按标明的日期当天使用.

attest/ə'test/fml & rare 1 [T1, 5, 6a] to declare solemnly 郑重声明：I attested the facts.我郑重声明这些是事实.I attested what I had seen.我声明我见到的情况属实．2［T1］ to be or giveproof of 证明；表明：His success attests his ability．他的成功证明了他的才能．3［T1］to showto be true by signing as proof that one was present 签名为···作见证：I attested the agree-

ment that the two businessmen made with each other.本人为这两位商人达成的协议签名见证．4［T1］ to make （somebody） promise to tell the truth， as in court（在法庭）使宣誓讲真话attest to [v prep T1] fml to be or giveproof of 证明：His success attests to his ability.他的成功证明了他的才能.

declare /dr'kleə/ 1 [T1; X1, 7] to make known publicly or officially, according to rules, custom，etc宣布；声称；声明：The government of this country has tonight declared war on its neighbouring country.该国政府已于今晚向它的邻国宣战.Jones was declared the winner of the fight.琼斯被宣布为这场拳赛的优胜者.The youngprince declared himself king before anyone could stop him.在任何人能阻止他之前，那位年轻的王子已宣布自己为国王.I declare Alvin B.Schiff elected！我宣布阿尔文·B·希夫当选！2[T1,5a; X (to be) 1,7; L9] to state or show (one's view) with great force so that there is no doubt about the meaning 声称；断言：He declared his position.他表明了自己的立场.He declared（that）he was right.他声称自己是对的. He declared himself (to be) a member of the party.他声明自己是该党党员.They declaredforlagainst the plan.他们声明赞成／反对那个计划.(lit) His actions declared him (to be) an honest man．他的行动表明了他是个诚实的人．3[T1] to make a full statement of (property for which tax may be owed to the government） 申报（应纳税的物品）：He declared his new Swiss watch when he returned to Britain and had to pay £5．他回到英国时，（向海关）申报了新买的瑞士手表，不得不交税五英镑.Have you anything todeclare？你有什么东西要申报纳税的吗？declareoneself to state clearly one's point of view or intentions 发表意见；表明态度 declarable ［Wa5；B］ that should／must be declared 须报关纳税的：Have you any declarable goods？你有没有需要申报纳税的物品？

assert/ə's3:t/1 [T1, 5; X (to be) 1, 7] to state or declare forcefully 声称；断言：She asserted her ideas loudly and clearly.她大声而清楚地申述了自己的意见.He asserted that he was not guilty. 他声称自己无罪.She asserted her belief that he was not guilty 她坚持相信他是无罪的．2［T1］tomake a claim to； defend in words 维护（权利）； 辩护：He angrily asserted his rights.他愤怒地起来维护自己的权利．3［T1］ to show，esp force-fully，the existence of 有力地表明：He asserted his control by making them stop talking.他制止了他们的谈话以显示自己的权威.

affirm/ə'f3rm/1 [T1, 5] to declare (usu again or in answer to a question）（通常是再度或回答某一问题）断言；声称；肯定：He affirmed his love forher.他肯定了自己对她的爱.He affirmed that hewas telling the truth． 他声称自己讲的是实话．2[IØ] to promise to tell the truth in a court of law, but without mentioning God or the Bible in the promise（在法庭上不以上帝或《圣经》为誓而）保证（说实话）：He said the Bible meant nothing to him and that he chose to affirm rather than to swear.他说《圣经》对他毫无意义，因此他不进行宣誓而宁愿作出保证说真话.

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pronounce/prə'nauns/ [T5; X (to be) 1, 7]1 to declare as one＇s opinion after consideration 声明；宣称；表白：Everyone pronounced the dinner to be very good.人人都说这顿饭非常美味可口.He pronounced himself too tired to go any further.他声称自己太累了，不能再往前走了.Thedoctor pronounced the man dead.医生宣称那个人已死亡．2 fml to state or declare officially or with ceremony 正式宣布；庄重宣布：At theend of the marriage ceremony the priest said, I now pronounce you man and wife.＇婚礼结束时，牧师说：“我现在郑重宣布你们已结为夫妇.”

proclaim /prə'kleım/ [T1, 5; X (to be)1,7]fml to make (esp something of national impor-tance） known publicly； declare officially 宣告； 宣布；公布（尤指国家的重要事件）：The ringingbells proclaimed the end of the war.钟声宣告了战争的结束.Peace was proclaimed.宣布了和平.

G73 nouns 名词：stating and affirming 陈述与断言

statement/'steitmənt/1 [C] often fml some-thing that is stated; a written or spoken declaration esp of a formal kind 言论；声明；声明书：Do you believe the witness＇s statement？ 你们相信证人的证词吗？The penalty for makingfalse statements to the tax officer can be severe.向税务官员作不实申报会受到严厉的惩处.This writer makes a lot of foolish statements; he doesn＇t know his subject well at all.这位作家说了不少蠢话，他对那个问题一点也不了解.Theminister is under pressure to make an official statement.部长受到压力，要他发表一项官方声明.2 ［U］ expression in words 措词；用语言表述：The details of the agreement need more exact statement.协议的细节需要更精确的措词.

declaration /,deklə'rerfən/ 1 [U] the act of declaring 宣布：The declaration of the winner of the election took place last night.昨晚宣布了选举的获胜者．2［C］an example of this 宣言；声明：His words were （like） a declaration of war.他的话就（像）是一篇宣战书.There weremany declaraions against the war.有许多反战声明.

assertion／ə＇s3：fən／1［U］ the act of asserting 声明；主张；断言2［C］ a forceful statement or claim（某种）主张；断言：He repeated his asser-tions that he was not guilty.他再度声明自己无罪.assertie ［B］ marked by or making asser-tions 断言的；武断的：You couldn＇t fail to notice that assertive young man.你不会不注意到那个武断的年轻人吧！-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

affirmation/ æfə'meifən/ 1 [U] the act ofaf-firming 断言；肯定2［C］something affirmed， esp a solemn declaration in a court of law to tell the trth 断言；证词；（尤指在法庭上说真话的）保证：He made an affirmation that what he said was the truth.他保证自己说的都是真话.

pronouncement /prə'naonsmənt/ [C] an offi-cial statement 宣告；公告：They waited for the

G74 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

government to make its pronouncement on housing.他们等待着政府就房屋问题发表公告.

attestation/æte'sterfən/ 1 [U] the act of attesting 证实；证明 2［C］a declaration or statement that the maker promises to be true 保证属实的证词；证言；证明书

ultimatum /,Altə'meitəm/ [C] a statement of conditions to be met, esp under threat of force, as when one nation threatens war unless another agrees 最后通牒；哀的美敦书（often in the phr give one＇s ultimatum 发出最后通牒，give someone an ultimatum 向某人发出最后通牒）：Their ultimatum threatened war. 他们的最后通牒预示要发生战争.

G74 verbs 动词：claiming and announcing 要求与宣布

claim/klerm/1[T1; IØ] to ask for or demand (a title, property, money, etc which one does not yet possess) as the rightful owner or as one's right（正当或有权）要求；索取（头衔、财产、金钱等）：The King of France claimed the Spanish crown as his by right.法国国王认为他有权取得西班牙的王位.Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident？出了车祸以后你有没有要求索取保险金？2［T1］ to call for；deserve； need 需要；应得：This difficult document claimed all our attention for several weeks.这份困难的文件我们花了全部精力处理好几个星期．3[T1] to take (a title, property, money, etc) as the rightful owner（根据权利）取回（头衔、财产、金钱等）；认领：Passengers should claim their property as soon as they leave the plane.旅客一下飞机就应立即领回自己的物品.Lost propertywhich is not claimed in three months is sold. 失物如在三个月内无人认领就被出售．4［T3,5a］todeclare to be true, esp in the face of doubt, disagreement， opposition， etc 声称；断言：He claims to own that car but I don't believe him／it.他声称自己是那辆车的车主，但是我不相信他／他的话.

allege /ə'led3/ [T1, 5, 5b]fml to state or declare without proof or before finding proof（没有根据地）断言；指控；宣称：The newspaper alleges that the man was murdered but they have given no proof.报纸宣称那人是被谋害的，但他们没有提出证据.So they allege，but have they any proof？他们是这样说的，但是他们有证据吗？alleg-edly [adv Wa5] according to statements made without proof 传闻；据说：Allegedly he killed his wife.据说他杀害了妻子.

aver /ə'v3:/ [T1, 5] fml to state forcefully; declare 断言；宣称：He averred that he had never seen her before.他断言他从未见过她.

announce /ə'nauns/ 1 [T1, 5] to make known publicly 宣布；宣告：The government an-nounced that they would pay their debts.政府宣布将清偿债务.They announced the date of their wedding in the newspaper.他们在报纸上宣布了他们的婚期．2［T1］ to state in a loudvoice (the name of a person, etc on arrival,

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etc,as of people at a party or aircraft at an airport）通报（客人来到）；宣布（飞机抵达机场）：Will you announce Mr and Mrs Smith, please？请通报一下史密斯夫妇到了.BritishAirways announce the departure of their Flight 123 to Edinburgh．英国航空公司宣布飞往爱丁堡的第123次航班即将起飞．3［T1］ to read(news) or introduce (a person or act) on the radio，television，stage，etc（在电台、电视台或舞台）报告（新闻）；介绍（人物）4［T1,5］（fig）tomake clearly known 表明；显示：The bright flowers and warm winds announced that spring had come.鲜艳的花和温暖的风表明春天已经来临.

intimate /'intə,meit/ [T1,5b] fml to make known，esp indirectly；suggest 宣布；通知；（尤指）暗示；提示：He intimated a wish to go by saying that it was late.他说天晚了，暗示他想要走.He intimated that he wanted to go.他示意他想要走.

G75 nouns 名词：claiming and

announcing 要求与宣布

claim /kleim/ [C] 1 a demand for something as one＇s by right（根据权利而提出的）要求：Thegovernment would not even consider his claim for money.对他索取赔偿金的要求，政府根本不考虑．2 a right to something 权利；要求权：The prince had a claim to the Russian crown. 那位王子有继承俄国王位的权利．3 a statement ofsomething as fact 主张；断言；声明：The govern-ment's claim that war was necessary was mistaken.政府断言战争是必然的，这种说法是错误的．4 something claimed， esp an area of land 要求物（尤指一块土地）5 a sum of moneyclaimed，esp from an insurance company（尤指保险公司的）赔偿金；赔偿款项：Did you getthat claim you asked for？你获得你要求的保险赔款了吗？

allegation/æli'geifən/1 [U] the act of alleging （无根据的）指控；断言；宣称：Allegations against other people won＇t help him now.现在他一再胡乱指责别人，对他也没有什么好处了．2［C］fml astatement that charges someone with doing something bad or criminal but which is not supported by proof（无证据的）指控：Can you provide proof to support these allegations？你能提出证据来证实这些指控吗？He madeallegations of cruelty unsupported by proof.他指控别人残暴却没有证据.

announcement /ə'naunsmənt/1 [U] the act of announcing or being announced 宣布；通告： The announcement of the names of the winners in the competition will take place tomorrow．竞赛优胜者的名单将在明天宣布．2［C］an example of this； something announced 宣告；通知：He heard several announcements about what would happen, both on radio and television.他从收音机和电视里多次听到关于即将发生的事的预告.（fig）The bright flowers were an announcement that spring had come.鲜艳

的花朵宣告了春天的来临.

intimation /,ıntə'meıfən/ fml 1 [U] the act of intimating 通知；提示；暗示2［C］an example of this，esp when written（尤指书面的）通知；暗示； 提示：We received no （written） intimation of his intentions.我们没有收到有关他的意图的（书面）通知.

G76 verbs 动词：repeating［T1］重复

say．．．again ［also 又作 T5］ to say for a second or third etc time 再说一遍：Let me say （once） again that I think we can help you.让我再说一遍，我认为我们能帮助你.He kept saying it againand again.他一遍又一遍地老是说着这件事.

repeat ／rr＇pi：t／ ［also 又作 T5］ esp fml to say (something) again, for a second or further time 重复：He repeated his question.他重复了他的问题.

reiterate／ri：＇itəreit／ fml ＆ pomp to repeat 反复讲；重申：Please be good enough to reiterate your point.请重申一下你的论点.reiteration ［U］ the action of reiterating 重申；反复讲

restate /ri:'steit/ to state (something) again, either as before or in a slightly different (and better）way 重申；（与前一次声明完全相同或稍有不同的）再次声明：He restated his position more clearly／strongly. 他更加明确地／更加强烈地重申了自己的立场.

re-phrase/rir'freiz/ to say (something) again in a different or better way 改变说法；重新措词：Re-phrase the question，please.请把这个问题的措词修改一下.

re-express/,ri:ik'spres/ to express (something) again， usu in a different （and better） way（常指以不同的方式）重新表述：I think you shouldre-express that point.我认为你应该把那个论点重新表述一下.

G77 verbs 动词：insisting and emphasizing 坚持与强调

insist /mn'sist/ 1 [T5a; IØ] to declare firmly （when opposed）（在遭到反对时）坚决主张；坚持：He insisted that she was wrong. 他坚持说她错了.Please，I must insist！对不起，我非坚持不可！2［T5c；IØ （on）］ to order （something to happen）一定要（做某事）；硬要；坚持：Sheinsisted on him going.她一定要他去.You must come；I insist（on it）.你务必来，我坚决要求这样.I insist that you come.我一定要你来.

demand/dr'ma:nd/ [T1, 3, 5c; (IØ)] to claim as if by right; to ask or ask for and not take'No' for an answer（不容否定地）要求；诘问；查询：I demand my rights／my money！我强烈要求得到我应有的权利／应得的钱！I demanded his name／aclear answer.我要求知道他的姓名／得到明确的答复． The letter demands £10,000 for your daughter＇s life.这封信要求一万英镑来赎取你女儿的生命.I demand to know the truth！我要求知道真相！I demand that he （should） go there at

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G80 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

强调；着重（esp in the phr lay stress on 强调；着

重于）：The speaker laid stress on the impor-

tance of the new laws to women and children.

发言人强调新法律对于妇女和儿童的重要性.

emphasis /'emfəsis/ [C; U (upon, on)] special

force given to certain words, ideas, or details,

in speaking, writing, drawing, etc, to show that

they are particularly important 着重；强调：

That textbook places/lays/puts a special em-

phasis on grammar.那本教科书特别注重语法.

'Surely you're not coming?' he said, with great

emphasis on 'you' (= he said the word slowly,

loudly，and clearly）.“你肯定不来吗？”他说道，特

别强调“你”字.

G79 verbs 动词：overstating and understating 夸张与轻描淡写

exaggerate/ig'zæd3ə,reit/ [Wv5; IØ; T1] to say

or believe more than the truth or what is

necessary (about); to make (something) seem

larger，better etc than in reality 夸大；夸张：We

mustn＇t exaggerate the danger.我们决不能夸大

危险.She has an exaggerated idea of her own

beauty(= She thinks she is more beautiful

than she is）.她过高估计自己的美貌.He always

exaggerates; don't believe everything he says.

他总是夸大其词，不要他说什么都相信.-dly［adv］：

He is exaggeratedly proud of his position.他对

自己的地位洋洋得意.

overstate /'əuvə,steit/ [T1] to state more

strongly than is usual or acceptable, etc,

making things appear better, worse,or more

important than they really are 夸大；夸张；说得

过分（esp in the phr overstate one＇s case 夸大

自己的情况）：People won＇t believe you if you

overstate your case.如果你把自己的情况说得过

分，人家就不会相信你.

pile on ［v adv T1］ （esp in the phr pile it on 夸

张）infml to exaggerate or overstate 夸张：He

tells great stories about life when he was

young, but I think he piles it on a bit, don't

you？他把自己年轻时的生活讲得很了不起，但是我

认为他有点夸大了，你说是吗？

understate /'Andə'steit/ [T1] to state less

strongly than is usual or acceptable,etc,

making things appear better, worse, or less

important than they really are 用较轻或较弱的

语句表达；有意轻描淡写：Don＇t understate what

you＇ve done；tell us the facts.对你所做的事不要

轻描淡写；把事实告诉我们吧.

G80 nouns 名词：overstating and understating 夸张与轻描淡写

exaggeration/rg,zæd3ə'rerfən/1[U] the act of

exaggerating, of saying or believing more than

the truth or what is necessary 夸大；夸张（指行

为）：To say she is the most beautiful girl in the

stress／stres／［U］ a sense of special importance ｀country is just exaggeration.说她是全国最美丽

once！我要求他立即到那里去！What is themeaning of this？＇he demanded.“这是什么意思？”他质问道.I＇m not just asking；I＇m de-manding.我不是在请求，而是在要求.

stress/stres/ [T1] to give a sense of importance to（a certain matter）着重；强调；加重语气说：He stressed the need for careful spending if they were not to find themselves without money.他强调说如果他们不想弄得身无分文的话，用钱就必须审慎.

emphasize, -ise /'emfə,saiz/ [T1] to place emphasis（on）；stress 强调；着重指出：The band emphasized the beats in the music to show that it was a marching tune.乐队演奏时加强了节拍以表明那是一首进行曲.The teacher em-phasized the importance of care in crossing the road.老师强调过马路时要小心的重要性.

underline /,Andə'laın/ [T1] 1 to mark (one or more words) by drawing a line underneath esp to show importance or to give force（尤指为指出重要性或强调而）划线于（词语）之下：Theexample sentences in this book were first underlined by hand to tell the printer to print them in italics.本书中的例句起初用手在下面划线，以告知排字工人应用斜体字排印．2（fig）togive force to (an idea, feeling,etc which has been expressed or shown）强调；加强（想法、感情等）：His refusal to go underlined his dislike of the place.他不肯去更加表明他不喜欢那个地方.rub in ［v adv T1］ （esp in the phr rub it in 反反复复提别人不愉快的事情）infml often deprec toemphasize or keep repeating something 强调； 反反复复地说：All right， I understand， but I don't like it; don't rub it in!/stop rubbing it in! 行了，我明白了，但是我不喜欢它；别再说了！／别没完没了地提它了！

point up [v adv T1] to add to, show the quali-ties of， or make clearer 增添或显出···的特质；使···明显；突出：The writer has pointed up his story with an effective use of local scenery.作者在书中有效地利用了当地的景色，使故事更为逼真.

highlight /'har,lait/ [T1] to pick out or take (something) as an important point; to throw attention on to 强调；使显著：His sister＇s refusal highlighted his offer to help.他姐姐的拒绝更显出他主动提出帮助的难能可贵.

G78 nouns 名词：insisting and

emphasizing 坚持与强调

insistence／mn＇sistəns／［U］ the act of insisting 坚

持；强调；极力主张：His insistence on seeing her annoyed us all.他坚持要见她，使我们都感到不快.demand /dr'ma:nd/ [C] an act of demanding a claim 强烈要求：The workers＇ demand for higher wages seems reasonable.工人们提高工资的要求看来是合情合理的.（fig）This work makesgreat demands on my time.这项工作要花费我很多时间.The demand for change has a lot of popular support.改革的要求得到人民普遍的支持.

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G81 SPEAKING ＆ TALKING 说和讲

的女孩不过是夸张而已．2［C］an example of this夸张；夸大（指事例）：It＇s an exaggeration to say she is the most beautiful girl in the country.说她是全国最美丽的女孩是太夸大了.

overstatement /'əuvə'steitmənt/[U;C] the act of overstating 夸张；夸大；言过其实：Be careful； the overstatement of your case could harm your position.要小心，把你的情况过分夸张可能会损害你的地位.

understatement /'andə,steitmənt/ [U;C] the act of understating 谨慎的陈述；保守的说法；打了折扣的话；轻描淡写：British humour oftencontains understatement（s）.英国人的幽默往往包含了有意的轻描淡写.

G81 verbs 动词：explaining and

describing 解释与描述 [ALSO→I43]

explain/ik'splem/ [IØ; T1, 5a, 6a, b] to give the meaning of (something); to make (something) clear，by speaking or writing 解释；说明；阐明：1 don＇t understand this；please explain.这一点我不懂；请解释一下.The lawyer explained the new law（to us）.律师（向我们）解释新法律.He ex-plained how to use the telephone.他说明如何使用电话.Explain what this word means.解释一下这个词是什么意思.She explained that shewas a foreigner.她解释说她是个外国人.explainoneself to make one＇s meaning clear 说明自己的意思：I don＇t understand what you＇re talking about； would you explainyourself a little？我不明白你在说些什么；你可否把自己的意思解释···下？［■N227］

account for [v prep T1, 4, 6a] to explain or give a reason for 解释；说明：He could not account for his foolish mistake.他无法解释为什么会犯那样愚蠢的错误.It is difficult to account for the absence of policemen at the meeting.很难解释为什么那次集会上没有警察.

describe /dr'skraib/ 1 [T1, 6a,b] to give a picture in words of 描写；描述；形容：He described the man／place／event.他描述了那个人／ 那个地方／那件事.Try to describe exactly what happened before the accident.尽量准确地把出事之前发生的事描述一下．2 ［T1］ tech to draw theshape of 画：He described a circle within a square．他在一个正方形内画了一个圆圈．3［T1］（fig） to move in the shape of 按某种形状移动：The falling star described a long curve in the sky.流星在空中划了一道长长的弧线.descrip-tive［B］1［Wa5］ that describes 记述的；描写的： descriptive writing 描写文2 that describes well 描写得很好的；生动的：It＇s the most descriptivewriting I have ever read.这是我所读过的描写得最生动的文字.Your words are very descriptive； I understand exactly.你讲得很生动；我完全理解.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

define /dr'fain/ [T1] 1 to explain the exact meaning of （a word， phrase， etc）为···下定义： This book defines many words.这本书为很多单词下了定义.Can you define life＇for me？你能替我把“生命”一词下定义吗？2 to make（some-

thing） clear and see to understand 解释清楚；说明：He defined the matter very well.他把这件事讲得十分清楚．definitive ［B］1 serving to define or as a means of defining 限定的；明确的2thebest，most useful， etc of a usu stated kind 权威性的：He wrote the definitive book on the subject.他写了关于这个问题的权威性著作.-ly[adv]

put across also 又作 put over ［v adv T1］ to cause to be understood； explain 讲明白；解释： He puts it across very well, he almost convinces me.他解释得很清楚，儿乎说服了我.

G82 nouns 名词：explaining and

describing 解释与描述

explanation /,eksplə'neıfən/ 1 [U] the act of explaining, giving meanings, or making （something） clear 解释；说明（指行为）：Expla-nation isn＇t always easy．解释并非总是容易的．2［C］an example of this 解释；说明（指实例）：Can you give us an explanation of what you did? 你能否就你的所作所为给我们一个解释？Hisexplanation of the new law was very in-teresting.他对新法律所作的解释十分有趣.

description /dr'skripfən/1 [U] the act of giving a picture in words 描写；描述；形容（指行为）：Description isn＇t always simple.描述并非总是容易的．2［C］an example of this 描写；描述（指实例）：He gave us a description of the man／ place／event.他把那个人／那个地方／那件事给我们描述了一番.

account /ə'kaunt/ [C] a written or spoken report； a description， explanation， or story（书面或口头上的）报告；描述；解释；故事：She gavethem an account of what happened in her own words.她用自己的话向他们描述了所发生的事.Their two accounts are very different.他们两人的叙述完全不同.

definition /,defə'nıfən/1 [U] the act of defining 定义；解释2［U］ the clearness of something， esp when seen，drawn，or heard（尤指事物在见到、画出或听到时的）清晰：The drawing lacksdefinition．这幅画不清晰．3［C］ an example of defining; an explanation of the meaning of （something）定义：This book is full of defi-nitions.这本书里充满了定义.

G83 verbs 动词：discussing and debating 讨论与辩论

talk about [v prep T1,6] to talk (with someone) on a particular matter（与别人）谈论：Let＇s talk about the job／what to do／where to go.让我们谈一下这项工作／该做些什么／要到哪里去.

discuss /dr'skas/ [T1, 6a, b] to talk about (something with someone) from several points of view 讨论；议论：She refuses to di-scuss the matter with him.她拒绝和他讨论这个问题.The women were discussing hats.妇女们在谈论着帽子的事.We discussed what to do and

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