ing against an enemy occupying their country （抵抗外国占领军的）游击队员：The partisansblew up a number of bridges which were important to the invaders of their country. 游击队员炸毁了几座对侵略军甚为重要的桥梁.

C302 nouns 名词：kinds of soldiers

according to kinds of service［C］按服役情况划分的士兵类别

regular /'regjulə/ a soldier who is a member of an army by choice over a period of time 常备兵；正规兵：The army consisted of both regulars and conscripts.这支部队由常备兵和应征新兵组成.

irregular /r'regjulə/ a soldier or armed person who fights in a war, campaign, etc only part of the time or for short times, or who has been recruited ［→C304］ in some unusual way 非正规兵：The officers led local irregulars against the enemy.军官率领地方非正规兵和敌人作战.

volunteer / vplən'tıə/ a soldier who has joined the army or offered his services for a particu-lar job without being forced 志愿兵：He joined the local regiment of volunteers.他参加了地方志愿军团.

conscript /'konskript/ a man who has been taken into the armed services whether he wishes it or not, usu as part of a national plan 应征士兵：The conscripts boarded the train to the camp where they would be trained.应征的新兵登上开往军营的火车，他们将在那里接受军训.

territorial /,terə'to:riəl/ a person, usu a man, who receives part-time training for the armed forces of a country 本土防卫队队员；地方自卫队员：Several local territorials were killed in the manoeuvres［■C285］．数名地方自卫队的士兵在演习中死亡.

reservist/rI'z3:vist/ a person who can be called on at any time to serve in the armed forces 后备役军人：He was a regular for three years and a reservist for five.他当了三年常备兵，五年后备兵.

recruit /rr'kru:t/ a person who has joined an organization, esp an army, as a conscript or a regular 新加入者；（尤指）新兵：The sergeant was told to train the recruits.那中士接到通知去训练新兵.

rookie/'ruki/ sl a recruit (to the armed forces, police，etc）（部队、警队等的）新兵；新征募的人员

veteran /'vetərən/ a person with long or special experience，esp in an army 经验丰富的人；老手；（尤指）老兵：The new recruits were impressed by the stories which the veterans told them.老兵讲述的一些经历给新兵留下深刻印象.

C303 adjectives 形容词：relating to soldiers and length of service 有关士兵与服役期的

élite ／r＇li：t／ also 又作·crack／kræk／［Wa5；A］

C304 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

highly-trained and able 精锐的；杰出的：The general sent his élite soldiers to lead the attack.将军派出精锐部队率先进攻.They wastedtheir crack regiments defending the capital while the war went on elsewhere.战争在别处进行，而他们却把最精锐的兵团浪费在保卫首都上.

veteran /'vetərən/ [Wa5; A] having long or special experience 经验丰富的：The general placed his veteran troops in the most difficult positions.将军把有作战经验的部队部署在最艰苦的阵地上.

raw／ro：／also 又作 green／gri：n／［Wal；B］ infml not experienced； untrained 无经验的；未经训练的：You can＇t send raw recruits like these into battle！你不能把这些未经训练的新兵投入战斗！The new soldiers looked very green to the veterans.在老兵看来，新兵都太嫩.

C304 verbs，etc 动词等：gathering armies and joining the army 集结部队与从军

gather /'gæðə/ [T1] to choose and bring together，or order to come together 集结；召集： The king gathered his forces near the border. 国王把他的部队集结在边境附近.They are gather-ing an army to attack us.他们正在集结部队，准备进攻我们.

recruit /rr'kru:t/ 1 [IØ] to go looking for new members，soldiers，etc 招募（新会员、新兵等）： The sergeant went recruiting．中士招兵去了．2 [Wv4;T1] to persuade, get, etc to join (an army，club，etc）征召（新兵）；招收；吸收（会员）： The sergeant recruited ten men for his regi-ment.中士给他的团征来十名士兵.The recruitingteams have done well this year.今年招募小组干得不错.recruitment ［U］ the activity of recruiting or being recruited 招募新兵（的工作）；被招募入伍

enlist/mn'list/1 [IØ (in)] to enter (a branch of) the armed forces 从军；入伍：He has enlisted in his local regiment． 他已参加地方兵团．2［T1］take into （a branch of） the armed forces 征募； 使入伍：They enlisted him into the Corps of Signals.他们把他编入通讯兵部队.enlistment[U] the activity of enlisting or being enlisted 入伍；征募（工作）enlisted men ［P］ soldiers generally士兵（总称）

sign on [v adv IØ] to join (a branch of) the armed forces by signing a paper 签约入伍：He signed on for nine years in the army.他签了约要在部队服役九年.

conscript /kən'skript/ [T1] to take (a person) into the armed services whether he wishes it or not， usu as part of a national plan 征召...人伍；征募：The government conscripted all healthy 18-year-old men．政府征召所有身体健康的十八岁男子入伍.conscription［U］ the activity of conscripting or being conscripted 征兵（的工作）；被征召入伍

draft/dra:ft/esp AmE 1 [T1 (into)] to conscript 征召...入伍；征募：All the men were drafted

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C305 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

（into the army）．男子全部被征召入伍．2［the U；A］ conscription 征兵：The draft was ended in the United States in 1972．美国于1972年停止征兵．3 ［U］ a group of people chosen by conscription 一群被征召入伍的人：That year＇s draft was the largest ever.那一年应征入伍的人数是历年来最多的.

mobilize, -ise /'məubil,aız/ [T1 often pass] to gather (men, equipment, etc) for service or use， usu in war 动员：The army has been mobilized.部队已动员起来.mobilization， -isation [U] the action of mobilizing or being mobilized 动员

levy /'levi/ 1 [T1] to gather (men to join an army），often by force 征集；征召（入伍）：They levied recruits among the local people.他们从当地居民中征兵．2［C］the occasion or result of this 征兵；征集的兵员：The levy produced 4000men．这次征兵共征到四千人．［ALSO■C293］

call up [v adv T1 usu pass] to order (esp a young man） to join the armed forces 征召（年轻人）入伍：He was called up in 1941．他于1941年被征召入伍.call-up ［C］ the act，occasion， result， etc of calling someone up 征召；征召的兵员：His call-up was in 1941．他被征召入伍的时间是1941年．There was a general call-up of all men who were 18 years old before September that year.凡是那年九月份之前年满十八岁的男子都必须应征入伍.He got his call-up papers.他收到了征兵令.

C305 nouns 名词： kinds of soldiers collectively 兵种

infantry /'Infəntri/ [(the) GU] soldiers who usu fight on foot, usu in battalions or regiments [→C292] and whose main purpose is to win. ground 步兵： The general ordered the infantry to attack.将军命令步兵发起进攻.He is aninfantry officer.他是步兵军官.

cavalry /'kævəlri/1 [(the) GU] soldiers who fight on horseback 骑兵：The cavalry galloped past. 骑兵疾驰而过.He was a cavalry officer.他是骑兵军官．2［U］ a esp AmE light， fast armoured vehicles used to protect larger, slower forces 轻装甲部队b esp BrE armour 装甲部队

armour BrE, armor AmE /'a:me/ [U] military vehicles with armour, such as armoured cars and esp tanks 装甲部队（尤指配备坦克的）：Thegeneral attacked with all his armour.将军把全部装甲部队投入战斗.

artillery /a:'tiləri/ 1 [U] large guns, esp those that are attached to wheels or fixed in one place， as on a ship or in a fort 大炮：The artil-lery bombarded the town．大炮猛轰那座城市．2[(the) GU] the part of the army trained to use such weapons 炮兵：He was a Royal Artillery Officer.他是皇家炮兵军官.

ordnance /'o:dnəns/ [U] 1 big guns on wheels （炮架装有轮子的）大炮：Bring up the ordnancenow．把大炮推上来．2 military supplies，such as weapons, ammunition [→C309], and vehicles used in fighting 军需品（如武器、弹药、车辆等）；

军械

fighting arms /'fartuy a:mz/ [P] those parts of an army which meet the enemy in combat 战斗兵种：The infantry and armour are the main fighting arms of a modern army.步兵和装甲部队是现代军队的主要战斗兵种.

support arms ／sə＇po：t ，a：mz／［P］ also 又作support [U] those parts of an army which provide support, supplies, etc for the fighting arms 后勤兵种：Good support arms are vital in war.优秀的后勤部队在战争中关系重大.

C306 nouns 名词： kinds of soldiers as individuals［C］士兵个体的种类

infantryman /'ınfəntrımən/ a soldier who is in the infantry 步兵：They need all the trained infantrymen they can get.他们需要受过训练的步兵，能得到多少，他们就要多少.

foot soldier /'fut ,səuld3ə/ esp old use an infan-tryman 步兵

cavalryman /'kævəlrımən/ a soldier who fights on horseback 骑兵

trooper /'tru:pə/1 a cavalryman or a soldier in an armoured regiment 骑兵或装甲兵2［also 又作A］ BrE （the title of） a soldier of the lowest rank in the armoured regiments 装甲兵团（最低军阶）士兵（的称呼）：Send Trooper Jones in， Sergeant．中士，叫装甲兵琼斯进来．3 AmE oneof several kinds of police officer in a car or on horseback（警车上的）警官；骑警

guardsman/'ga:dzmən/1 a soldier serving in a royal or other force guarding a king，etc 御林军士兵2 ［often cap］ BrE a soldier or officer of the Guards(= the regiments which once guarded the king or queen）英国皇家禁卫军士兵

artilleryman/a:'tilərimən/ a soldier in the artil-lery 炮兵

gunner／＇ganə／［also 又作A］esp BrE （the title of) a soldier (of lowest rank) in the artillery 炮手（英炮兵最低军阶士兵的称呼）：He was in theGunners during the war.战争期间他是炮手.Send Gunner Jones in，Sergeant.中士，叫炮手琼斯进来.

engineer /,end3ə'nıə/ a soldier who is respon-sible for digging and building，etc 工兵

sapper ／＇sæpə／［also 又作 A］ BrE 1 an army engineer 工兵 2（the title of）the lowest rank of soldier among army engineers（最低军阶的） 工兵（的称呼）：Send Sapper Jones in，Sergeant. 中士，叫工兵琼斯进来.

pioneer /,parə'nıə/ one of a special group of soldiers who go forward to prepare the way for an army's advance, by clearing roads, building bridges，etc（担任清除路障、筑桥等工作来为大军开路的）工兵

signaller BrE, signaler AmE /'sıgnələ/ a man in the army or navy whose job is to send signals （as messages）通讯兵

military policeman /'milə,təri pə'li:smən/ [often cap] a member of the military police of any army 宪兵 MP abbrev

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orderly/'o:dəli/ a soldier who attends an officer or performs duties for a commanding officer 传令兵

batman /'bætmən/ BrE (in the armed services) an officer＇s personal servant 勤务兵

C307 nouns 名词： kinds of soldiers， esp formerly ［C］（尤指过去的）士兵种类

grenadier /,grenə'dıə/ 1 a soldier, formerly one who threw grenades［→H246］手榴弹兵2［also 又作 A］ BrE （the title of） a soldier of the lowest rank in the Grenadier Guards regi-ment 英国近卫步兵第一团（最低军阶）的士兵（的称呼）：Send Grenadier Smith in，Sergeant.中士，叫列兵史密斯进来.

fusilier／ fju：zəl＇rə／ ［also 又作 A］ （the title of）a soldier (of the lowest rank) in any of several British regiments who in former times were armed with a special type of light gun, but who now carry modern rifles［→H238］（旧时）燧发枪手（的称呼）；燧发枪团士兵（现时英国若干兵团仍然沿用“燧发枪团”的名称，士兵已配备新式步枪）：Send Fusilier Smith in，Sergeant.中士，叫燧发枪手史密斯进来.He fought with theLancashire Fusiliers.他和兰开夏燧发枪团的士兵并肩作战过.

musketeer /maskə'trə/ (formerly) a foot soldier who fought with a musket［→H238］滑膛枪手

bombardier/,bombə'drə/1 a man on a military aircraft who drops the bombs（军机的）轰炸手； 投弹手2［also 又作 A］ BrE（the title．of） a member of the artillery with a rank equal to corporal［→C297］炮兵下士（的称呼）：Bombar-dier Smith，come here！炮兵下士史密斯，过来！

cavalier /,kævə'lə/ old use a horseman, knight or gentleman who supports a royalist [■C94] cause（属保皇党的）骑士或绅士

hussar /hu'za:/ a soldier in part of a European cavalry，who carried light arms（欧洲）轻骑兵

dragoon /drə'gu:n/ a soldier in part of a Eu-ropean cavalry， who carried heavy arms（欧洲） 重骑兵

C308 verbs 动词： arming and disarming ［T1］武装与裁军

arm／a：m／1 to give weapons to 供给武器；把．．．武装起来：These countries are being armed for war.这些国家正被武装起来准备打仗.Arm themen，Sergeant．中士，给士兵发枪．2［IØ］ to get weapons 得到武器；武装起来：The men arearming for war．人们武装起来准备打仗．3 tomake ready to fire，etc 使（枪等）子弹上膛随时可以发射；解除（武器的）保险（使成待发状态）：Arm the warhead［→H251］．解除弹头的保险．

disarm/dis'a:m/1 to take weapons away from 缴...的械；解除...的武装：The police disarmed the gunman. 警察卸了枪手的枪.The soldierswere disarmed as they surrendered [→C282]. 士兵缴械投降．2 to make unable to fire，etc使不

C310 THHE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

能射击：Disarm the warhead.退下弹头. disarmament [U] the state of being disarmed or the act of disarming people, a nation, etc, fully or partly 裁军；裁减军备：The two governments are having talks about disarma-ment／disarmament talks.两国政府正举行裁军谈判.

C309 nouns 名词：weapons generally 武器总称

[ALSO→H230]

weaponry/'wepənri/[U] weapons collectively 武器（总称）

arms ／a：mz／［P］ weapons 武器：The sergeant handed out arms and ammunition to the men.中士把枪支弹药发给士兵.

armament ／＇a：məmənt／ ［U］ also 又作 arma-ments [P] military forces and equipment; weapons, esp large guns, ships, tanks, aircraft, etc兵力和装备；武器（尤指大炮、军舰、坦克、飞机等）：The two nations have the necessary armaments for war.两国都拥有打仗所必需的兵力和装备.He is trying to build up their arma-ment industry.他正设法建立他们的兵器工业.

ammunition /,æmju'nifən/ [U] bullets, explo-sive materials，etc for war 弹药：The soldiers ran out of ammunition and had to surrender. 士兵的弹药用完了，只得投降.Get me some moreammunition for this rifle.给我这支步枪再弄些子弹来.ammo abbrev

munitions /mju:'nıfənz/ [P] military supplies, esp guns， shells， ammunition，etc 军用品；军需品（尤指枪、炮、弹药等）；军火：The enemy left amunitions dump near here.敌人在附近留下一个军火库.He worked in a munitions factory.他曾在军需品工厂工作.

C310 verbs 动词：military activities 军事活动

[ALSO→M22]

parade /pə'reid/1 [T1; IØ] to gather together in ceremonial order, to be looked at, to march, etc（为检阅而）集结；列队接受检阅；列队行进：Thesoldiers parade at 10 o＇clock．士兵在十点钟集合接受检阅．The officer paraded his men at 10 o＇clock．那军官在十点钟指挥士兵列队行进．2［T1］（fig） to walk about （in order to show）（为炫耀）而走来走去；展示：She paraded the room inher new dress.她穿着新衣服在屋里走来走去.Sheparaded herselfin her new dress.她走来走去炫耀她的新衣服.

salute /sə'lu:t/ [T1; IØ] (esp in the armed forces) to show respect (for) or mark a meet-ing (with) by raising the hand or a weapon or by firing a gun（尤指部队）向...致敬；向...行军礼：The soldiers saluted their captain and he saluted back. 士兵向上尉敬礼，上尉回礼.Thefleet saluted its new admiral.舰队向新任海军上将致敬.

muster /'mastə/ [T1] to bring (soldiers, etc)

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C311 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

together, esp for review, inspection, etc or as an army（为检阅、视察等而）召集或集结（军队）：The captain told the sergeant to muster the men.上尉通知中士集合队伍.The king ismustering an army.国王正在集结一支军队.

inspect /mn'spekt/ [T1] to look at (soldiers,etc) in order to examine the state of their uniforms，weapons，etc 视察；检查：Sergeant， I＇ll inspect the men now.中士，我现在就检查士兵的风纪.

review /ri'vju:/ [T1] to inspect very formally, esp of large numbers of men， ships，etc 检阅： The general reviewed the troops.将军检阅部队.

drill /dril/[T1]1 (esp of soldiers, etc) to instruct and exercise by repeating certain movements （军队）操练；训练：The sergeant drilled the recruits on the square ［→C312］．中士在操场操练新兵．2［IØ］ to exercise in this way 操练：The soldiers drilled on the square.士兵在操场操练. 3 [T1] to instruct and exercise by any kind of repeating 训练；使反复练习：The language teacher drilled the students in pronunciation. 语言老师教学生反复练习发音.

march past [v prep T1] to march in military style before an officer,etc, as part of a review, celebration，etc（检阅时）列队经过：The soldiers marched past the saluting base.士兵分列操过检阅台.

C311 nouns 名词：military activities 军事活动

parade /pə'reid/ 1 [U] (esp of soldiers,etc)a gathering together in ceremonial order, for the purpose of being officially looked at, or for a march 游行；（尤指分列式）阅兵；检阅：Thesoldiers are all on parade.士兵全部参加阅兵仪式．2［C］an example of this 阅兵；检阅：The parade began at the army camp.阅兵式在军营举行.I like watching parades.我喜欢看阅兵仪式.A parade of players took place beforethe football match.足球比赛开始前，举行了队员入场仪式.（fig）A parade of witnesses appeared in court.一行证人出现在法庭上.（BrE）The policeheld an identification parade so that she could pick out the man who attacked her.警方让嫌疑犯在她面前列队，以便她辨认袭击她的人.muster parade [C] BrE a parade,esp in the morning in an army camp, where all the soldiers, etc stand together to be inspected, given duties for the day，etc（尤指早上在军营内的）检阅：Muster parade is at 0800 hrs．早上八点正进行检阅.inspection parade ［C］ BrE a parade only for the purpose of inspecting soldiers，etc（为视察部队的）阅兵

salute /sə'lu:t/ [C] an act of saluting,either by hand or moving a weapon into a formal posi-tion，or by firing one or more guns 致敬；敬礼： The captain returned his men＇s salutes.上尉给士兵回礼．The ships gave the president a 21-gun salute.舰队鸣礼炮二十一响向总统致敬.

inspection /m'spekfən/ [U;C] the act or an act or occasion of inspection or being inspected

检查；检阅：The inspection was to be at 0800 hrs, and the men were to be in their best uniforms.早上八点正进行检阅，士兵要穿上最好的军装.

review/rr'vju:/ [C] an occasion when (usu large numbers of) troops, etc are ceremonially reviewed by an officer of high rank, a member of a royal family, a person of importance in government，etc 检阅；阅兵：The review was held last week.上周举行了阅兵.

march-past/'ma:tf,pa:st/ [C] an occasion of troops marching past a particular point (= a saluting base）， usu as part of a review 分列式阅兵：The march-past was accompanied by the band of Her Majesty＇s Royal Marines.分列式阅兵在女皇陛下的皇家海军陆战队乐队的伴奏下进行.

drill/dril/1[U] the training of soldiers,etc by or in making and repeating certain move-ments，esp in marching 操练：The recruits have drill on the square every day.新兵每日在操场操练．It＇s a drill period now． 现在是操练时间．2[U;C] the act or an act of training and instructing in a subject, esp by means of repeating and following exact instructions 训练；反复练习：The class was doing English pronunciation drills.那个班正在做英语发音练习.

C312 nouns 名词：military places［C］军事场地

[ALSO → D68 BARRACKS]

(barrack) square /('bærək) skweə/ a parade ground in an army barracks, an area, usu square， for drilling soldiers 操场；练兵场：Tell the men that it's drill on the square in 10 minutes＇time！通知士兵十分钟后在操场操练！

parade ground ／pə＇reid ，graund／［also 又作 A］ a large, flat area, usu in an army barracks, where troops can parade; fml a barrack square 阅兵场；练兵场：The parade ground was full of marching men.阅兵场内全是列队行进的士兵.The sergeant-major shouted in his best parade-ground voice.军士长在检阅场用最响亮的声音发出口令.

saluting base /sə'lu:tir ,beis/ BrE a platform on a parade ground, at a review, etc where an officer of high rank or other person is saluted and in turn salutes the troops，etc 检阅台

Religion and beliefs

宗教与信仰

C320 nouns 名词：religion and theology

［U］宗教与神学

belief/br'li:f/ the condition, esp religious,of believing（尤指宗教的）信仰：Belief in some

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kind of god or gods is common in most human societies.在大多数有人类群居的社会里，人们信仰某一种神或几种神是常见的事.

religion /rr'lid3ən/ belief in a god or gods, esp the belief that he, she, or they made the world and control it and give(s) men life after death 宗教；宗教信仰：Religion has been a powerful force in human affairs.在人类事务中，宗教历来是一股强大的力量.

faith／feiθ／strong belief in something 信仰；信赖； 信心：His faith（in God）is unshakable.他（对上帝）的信仰是不可动摇的.Keep your faith，brother，and all will be well.兄弟，忠于你的信仰，一切就会好起来的.He has great faith in you；don＇t disappoint him.他十分信赖你；别让他失望.

theology /θr'pləd3i/ the study of religion, or of a particular religion 神学：He is a student of theology．他是神学系学生．theological［Wa5； B］ of，concerning，or like theology 神学的；神学性质的；像神学的：theological arguments 神学论争 -ally ［adv Wa4］ theologian ［C］ a person who studies theology 神学家；神学研究者

mysticism /'mistə,sizəm/ [U] the theory or practice of gaining a knowledge of real truth (and union with God) by prayer and medi-tation［C333］藉祈祷和默想认识真理并与上帝同在的学说或实践；神祕主义

fanaticism/fə'nætə,sızəm/ often deprec intense belief, usu causing a person to see everything else only as it relates to that belief 狂热（信仰）： She saw the light of fanaticism in his eyes.她在他的眼神里，看到了一种狂热的光芒.Theirfanaticism makes it impossible to argue with them.他们的狂热情绪使得别人无法和他们辩论.

fellowship /'feləu,fip/ friendly coming and being together, esp among people of the same religion 伙伴关系；（教徒间的）团契：The ministerurged greater Christian fellowship among the believers.这位牧师力主在基督徒之间建立起更加亲密的团契.We have a fellowship meeting every Sunday evening.每个星期天晚上我们都开一次团契会.

C321 nouns 名词：religions and beliefs

［C］宗教与信仰

religion /r'lid3ən/ a particular system of belief and the worship, behaviour, etc associated with it 宗教：There are many religions.宗教的种类很多.The Christian and Jewish religions are historically related.基督教和犹太教在历史上是有关联的.coreligionist a person belonging to the same religion as oneself 同宗教（教派）的人

faith／ferθ／often emot a religion（宗教）信仰：He is a member of our faith.他是我们教会的人.Donot deny ［→G127］ the faith of your fathers！不要否定你祖辈的信仰！We welcome people ofother faiths here.我们欢迎具有其他宗教信仰的人来这里.

denomination /dı,npmə'neıfən/ a particular religious body with special beliefs different

C322 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

from those of others with the same general religious faith 教派：Among Christians there are many denominations.在基督教徒中，有许多不同的教派.What denomination is he？他属于什么教派？denominational ［Wa5；B］ of or concerning a denomination 教派的

sect /sekt/ a smaller group of people with special beliefs within a larger religious group （在一个大的宗教团体内具有特殊信仰的）小派别；教派：There are many religious sects in this city.这个城市有许多教派.

cult /kAlt/ (the group of people believing in)a particular system of religious worship, with special customs and ceremonies 教派；教；宗教信仰；崇拜：He belongs to a strange cult that worships trees.他信奉一种奇怪的教，该教崇拜树木.

belief/br'li:f/1 the feeling, esp religious,that something is true or that something really exists 信仰；坚信：He has a firm belief in God. 他坚定信奉上帝.It＇s my belief that she is right. 我确信她是对的．2 something believed；an idea which is considered true, often one which is part of a system of ideas 信念：These people have very unusual religious beliefs.这些人具有不寻常的宗教信念.

creed／kri：d／a stated set of religious beliefs（宗教）教义；信条：He learned the Creed by heart， from 'I believe in one God' to 'life everlasting, Amen＇.他熟记使徒信条，从“我只信奉一位真神”到“永恒的生命，阿们”全能背诵.All colours andcreeds are welcome here (= we don't exclude anyone because of colour or religion）.各种肤色和宗教信仰的人，我们都欢迎.

C322 nouns 名词：gods 神

god /gpd/ [C] 1 a being, seen or unseen, worshipped as having power over (some part of) nature and control over (some part of) human affairs； an image of such a being 神： Mankind seems always to have. believed in gods／to have had its gods.人类似乎从来就信神／有自己的神.In Hinduism Hanuman is a god in the form of a monkey.印度教认为哈努曼是一个以猴的形态出现的神.In some societies certainhuman beings are considered （to be） gods.在某些社会里，有些人被认为是神.Cupid was theRoman god of love.丘比特是罗马的爱神.Theancient Greek gods lived on Mount Olympus. 古希腊众神居住在奥林帕斯山上．2（fig） a greatlyadmired or powerful person or thing 像神一样的人；有权势或受崇拜的人或事物：To thesepeople he is a god.在这些人的心目中，他就是神.Don't make money your god/Don't make a god of money.不要成为拜金主义者.He thinkshe's a little god because he has some au-thority.他略有权势，就自以为是一个小权威了.goddess [fem]: Venus was the goddess of love in ancient Rome.在古罗马，维纳斯是爱的女神.There are many goddesses in India.印度有许多女神.

demigod/'demi,gpd/[C] 1(in ancient times)

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someone greater than a man but less than a god（古代）半神半人 2 a person who is， isbelieved to be, or believes himself to be more like a god than a man 神一样的人 demi-goddess [fem]

deity /'di:əti/1 [U] the rank or nature of a god 神的身分；神性：Among these people his deity is unquestioned；he is a god.在这些人中间，他至高无上的地位是不容置疑的，他就是神．2［C］a godor goddess 神；女神：He was reading about the deities of ancient Egypt.他正在读古埃及众神的故事．3［C］ a person considered and treated as good, interesting, and/or powerful in the highest degree 被奉若神明的人；偶像：These filmstars are her deities.这些电影明星是她崇拜的偶像.

divinity／də＇vinəti／［C］ fml a god 神： He makes pictures of the divinities of Hinduism.他为印度教诸神画像.

idol/'aidəl/ [C]1 an image worshipped as a god 神像；偶像2（fig）someone or something admired or loved too much 被崇拜的人或物：He＇s her idol；she worships him.他是她的偶像； 她崇拜他．idolize［T1］to treat as an idol 奉为偶像；崇拜：He idolizes his father.他把父亲奉为偶像．idolatry［U］1 the worship of idols 偶像崇拜2（fig） too great admiration 过分尊崇 idolater [C] a worshipper of idols; (fig) great admirer 偶像崇拜者；崇拜者 idolatrous ［B］1 worship-ping idols 崇拜偶像的2 like idolatry盲目崇拜的

C323 nouns 名词：angels，spirits，and devils［C］天使、精灵与魔鬼

angel /'eınd3əl/1 a messenger and servant of God, usu represented as a person with large wings and dressed in white clothes（身穿白衣、有翅膀的）天使2 also 又作 guardian angel aspirit who watches and guards a person 守护神；吉神 3 a person，esp a woman，who is very kind，good，beautiful，etc 善良而美丽的人（尤指女性）：She＇s an angel； she＇s so helpful.她是个可爱的人，总是乐于助人.angelic［B］ of，concerning， or like angels or an angel 天使的； 天使般的-ally［adv Wa4］

archangel /'a:k'emd3əl/(the title of) an angel with the highest rank 天使长（的称号）；大天使：The Archangel Gabriel came to him in a dream.加百列大天使在梦中来到他面前.

spirit /'spirit/ a supernatural [→C355] being, often thought of as lower and less powerful than a god 精灵；神灵；鬼怪：Good and evilspirits seem to be common in the beliefs of ancient societies.在古代社会的宗教信仰里，善良和邪恶的神灵似乎是常见的.She says she cantalk to spirits.她说她能和神灵交谈.

evil spirit /irval 'spirit/ a supernatural being who wants or tries to harm people 恶魔：The tribesmen are afraid of evil spirits which seek to steal their souls［→C324］．这个部落的人都很害怕企图盗走他们灵魂的恶魔.

devil／＇devəl／1 an evil spirit 魔鬼；恶魔：She is

possessed of a devil (= She has an evil spirit inside her）．她被魔鬼附身了．2 an evil person 恶棍；邪恶的人：That devil will do everything he can to injure you.那恶棍为了伤害你什么都做得出来． 3 infml a high-spirited person， usu a man，who is ready for adventure 精力旺盛而好冒险的人（常指男性）：He＇s a devil with theladies.他爱跟女人胡混.Be a devil and have another drink.做个男子汉，再来一杯吧.What adevil of a fellow he is！他真是一个混世魔王！4[the R] (used to give force to various expressions of displeasure）（用以强调不悦）： What the devil happened？到底出了什么事？ Who the devil is he？他究竟是谁？Where the devil has she gone？她到底去了什么地方？Thisis the devil of a problem.这真是个讨厌的问题.It＇s a devil of a job getting him to help.要取得他的帮助可太不容易了.I＇m coming！-The devilyou will（＝ No， you won＇t）！我就来！-你别来了！devilish ［B］ evil； of， concerning， or like devils or a devil 邪恶的；恶毒的；穷凶极恶的；魔鬼的；魔鬼似的-ly［adv］diabolical［B］devilish邪恶的；魔鬼的；恶魔般的-ly［adv Wa4］［ALSOC326]

demon ／＇di：mən／1 an evil spirit 恶鬼；恶魔：They believe that demons live in this cave.他们相信这个洞穴内住有妖魔鬼怪．2 something or some-one considered as being like an evil spirit 恶魔般的人或物：The demon hatred has been with them a long time.他们的深仇大恨由来已久.That child is a little demon！那孩子真是个调皮鬼！3 infml a person of unusual force， activity， or energy 精力过人的人：He＇s a demon forwork.他是个工作狂.Ah，here comes the demon driver！啊，那个精力充沛的司机过来了！demonic[B] of, concerning, or like demons or a demon （似）魔鬼的；着魔的-ally［adv Wa4］

fiend／fi：nd／1 a particularly evil spirit 魔鬼；恶魔2 a particularly nasty and cruel person 凶恶残忍的人：He is a fiend； he loves hurting people. 他残暴凶恶，以伤害人为乐.fiendish［B］of，concerning， or like fiends or a fiend 恶魔的；恶魔似的；凶恶的-ly［adv］

imp／Imp／1 a little devil 小魔鬼2（fig）a child顽童；小淘气：What is that young imp doing now？ 那个小淘气在干什么呢？impish［B］ like an imp小鬼似的；顽皮的-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

C324 nouns 名词：souls，spirits，and ghosts［C］灵魂、魂灵与鬼

soul /səul/ the non-material part of a person, believed in many religions to exist forever 灵魂：Christians believe that the （human） soul never dies.基督徒认为（人的）灵魂是永存不灭的.Do animals have souls？动物有灵魂吗？

spirit /'spirit/ the soul, esp if thought of as separate from the body（尤指离开肉体的）魂灵；鬼魂：She said she saw the spirits of dead people.她说见过死人的灵魂.Can the spirits （ofthe dead） communicate with us？死人的灵魂能和我们沟通吗？The priests say that the human

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spirit lives on when the body dies.那些牧师说， 人的肉体死后灵魂继续存在.

ghost /gəust/ the spirit, esp if seen or heard, of a dead person 鬼；鬼魂：He says he saw the ghost of his father.他说见到父亲的鬼魂.Do youbelieve in ghosts？你相信有鬼吗？He enjoys a good ghost story. 他喜欢听有趣的鬼故事.ghostly ［Wa2； B］ like a ghost 鬼似的：He saw a ghostly figure among the trees.他看到树林里有个幽灵似的身影.

phantom/'fæntəm/ the shadowy likeness of a dead person that seems to appear on earth; a ghost 鬼魂；幽灵：The phantom passed through the wall.幽灵穿过墙壁.Phantom horsemen rode by in the night.幽灵骑士在夜间骑马经过.

shade ／feid／ lit ＆ old use a ghost 鬼

spook／spu：k／infml a ghost 鬼

apparition /æpə'rifən/ (something like) a ghost，esp as it appears to the eye 鬼（尤指出现于眼前的）；幽灵；幻影；鬼魅：Several strangeapparitions appeared in the doorway.门口出现了好几个怪异的鬼魂.

spectre BrE,specter AmE/'spektə/ esp lit a ghost or apparition 鬼；幽灵

C325 nouns 名词：heaven and hell 天堂与地狱

heaven/'hevən/1[R] the place where God or the gods live; the place of complete happiness where the souls of good people go after death 天堂；天国2［U；C］infml great happiness 极乐： I was in heaven when I heard thegood news! 我听到这个好消息时，真是乐极了！This houseis alittle heaven．这座房子简直是个小天堂．3 also 又作 heavens ［R］ euph （in exclamations of surprise） God（在感叹句中）上帝：Heaven forbid（that this should happen）！上帝不容许（竟然有这样的事）！Thank Heaven you came！ 谢天谢地你来了！Good Heavens，what did you do？天哪，你干了些什么呀？heavenly［Wa2；B］ of，concerning， or like heaven（似）天堂的： What a heavenly place！这地方真像天堂一般！

paradise ／＇pærə，daıs／ 1 ［R usu cap］ heaven 天堂2［R usu cap］ the Garden of Eden 伊甸园： Adam and Eve were expelled from Paradise. 亚当和夏娃被逐出伊甸园．3［S］a place of perfecthappiness 乐土；人间乐园：The quiet village was a paradise far from the noisy city.这宁静的村落真是一个远离闹市的人间乐园．4［S9］infml afavourite place in which there is everything one wants 乐园：These forests are a hunter＇s paradise.这些森林是猎人的乐园.

hell /hel/1 [R] (esp in the Christian religion) a place where the souls of the wicked are said to be punished after death（尤指基督教所说的）地狱：The priest said they would go to hell for their sins［→C341］．那位牧师说，他们因罪孽深重而要下地狱．2［U；C］ a place or state or great suffering 极端痛苦的地方或状态：His life hasbeen a hell since his wife came back to him. 自从他的妻子回来以后，他的生活一直痛苦不堪．3

C326 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

(a swearword used in anger or to strengthen an expression）（诅咒语，用来加强语气）：I won＇t， you say？-By hell I will！你说我不会？-见鬼吧，我一定会！What the hell is going on here？ 这里到底发生了什么事？What the hell＇s thatthing on your head-a hat？你头上戴的是什么鬼玩艺儿-帽子？That＇s a hell of a goodstory！那可真是个有意思的故事！Go to hell-Leave me alone！滚开-让我独自呆着！Likehell I will！（＝I won＇t）我才不呢！hellish［B］ like or belonging to hell；terrible 地狱（似）的； 可怕的-ly［adv］

inferno /In'f3:nəu/1 [the R sometimes cap] esp lit hell 地狱：She said she had suffered the pains of the Inferno during the last few years. 她说几年来受尽了煎熬．2［C］（fig）a burningplace 火海（指大火的地方）：The blazing build-ing was an inferno; no one could get in or out.那座大楼烧成了一片火海，谁也无法进出.infernal [B] 1 [Wa5] like or belonging to hell 地狱（般）的2terrible 可怕的-ly［adv］

purgatory /'p3:gə,təri/ 1 [R sometimes cap] (esp in Roman Catholic teaching) a condition or place in which the soul ofa dead person must remain and be made pure by suffering for wrongdoing on earth until it is fit to enter Heaven（尤指罗马天主教所说的）涤罪（人死后灵魂须赎罪净化以待上天堂的情况）；涤罪所；炼狱2[U] often humor any place, state, or time of great （but not lasting） suffering 暂时受难的地方；临时惩罚所；暂时的苦难：His years in thearmy were pure purgatory.他在军队的几年生活纯粹是活受罪.Angela has a sharp voice；it＇s purgatory to be in the same room with her.安琪拉的声音又尖又高，同她在一间房里真受罪.

limbo /'limbəu/ 1 [R sometimes cap] (esp in Roman Catholic teaching) a condition or place, neither heaven nor hell, where the souls of those who have not done evil may go even though they were not Christians during their life（尤指罗马天主教所说的）地狱边缘（既非天堂亦非地狱之地，未作恶之非基督徒死后其灵魂之归宿处）：Children who died before they could be baptized [→C334] and those who lived before Christ are said to wait in limbo until Christ comes again.据说死前未受洗礼的儿童以及生于基督诞生之前的人，都在地狱边缘等待基督再来．2［U；（S）］ a state or place where nothing happens，where changes are impossible 没有什么事发生或无法改变的状态或地方：I＇m in limbo，waiting to see if I've been accepted for the new job.我现在无所事事，等着看人家是否录用我，给我那份工作.The town is just a limbo of oldfactories and out-of-date ideas.那个镇简直是死气沉沉，只剩下些破旧的工厂和过时的思想.

C326 nouns 名词：God，Christ，etc ［R］上帝、基督等

God/gpd/1 the one great spirit or power, usu thought of as having a personality, usu ex-pressed as male, in religions such as Christi-

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anity，Judaism，and Islam（基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教的）神；上帝；天主；真主；造物主：Theyprayed to God for His guidance.他们祈求上帝的指引.Only God knows where they are now. 天晓得他们现时在哪儿．2（in expressions show-ing emotion, whether or not God as such is intended）（表示说话人的情感）：Oh God，I don＇t know what to，do！天哪，我不知道该怎么办！Thank God，you＇re safe！谢天谢地，你没出事！ Dear God，what are you doing now？天呀，你又在干什么？I wish to God you would go away！ 老天保佑，我巴不得你快走开！For God＇s sakestop doing that！看在上帝的面上，别再那样干了！

Supreme Being /su: pri:m 'bi:n/ [the] fml God上帝；天主

Deity／＇dirəti／［the］fml God 上帝；天主

Allah／＇ælə／（the Islamic name for） God（伊斯兰

教的）真主；安拉

Christ／kraist／also 又作 Jesus （Christ）／＇d3i：zəs (kraist)/1 the man who established Christian-ity, considered by Christians to be the son of God and to be still alive in heaven where he forms one of the persons of the Trinity,and considered in Islam as a major prophet [ C343］基督；耶稣；耶稣基督（基督教的创始人，基督教徒把他看做上帝之子，现仍活在天国，是三位一体的成员之一，并被伊斯兰教奉为主要的先知）2（inusu powerful expressions of emotion,taboo for some people）（用于表示强烈感情或某些人的忌讳）：Christ，what are you doing？哎呀，你在干什么呀？I wish to Christ you＇d told me about it！天哪，你要是早把这件事告诉我该有多好！In thename of Christ why did you do it？究竟你为什么那样做？Oh Christ，I was scared！天哪，真把我吓坏了！Jesus（Christ），what＇s happening？我的老天爷，发生什么事啦？

Lord／lo：d／1 ［the； also 又作 A］ a god，but esp the Christian God or Christ 主（尤指上帝、基督）：Thank the Lord！感谢主！The Lord God helped us.上帝帮助了我们.＇Lord Krishna will help，＇said the Hindu.那印度教徒说：“迄里什那大神会帮忙的．”2（in expressions of emotion， not as strong as God or Christ）（用于表示感情， 但不如God或Christ 强烈）：Good Lord！哎呀！ Lord help you！老天保佑你！

Virgin (Mary) /'v3:d3ın ('meri)/ [the] (in the Christian religion） the mother of Christ（基督教的）圣母玛利亚

Holy Ghost ／həuli ＇gəust／ also 又作 Holy Spirit [the] (in the Christian religion) God in the form of a spirit（基督教所说的）圣灵

(Holy) Trinity /(,həuli) 'trinəti/ [the] (in the Christian religion) the three forms of God: the Father, the Son (Christ) and the Holy Ghost or Spirit（基督教所说的圣父、圣子、圣灵）三位一体；圣三一 trinitarian ［Wa5； B oftencap］ of or concerning the Trinity 三位一体的； 关于三位一体的

Devil /'devəl/ [the] 1 the most powerful evil spirit; the enemy of God in such religions as Christianity 魔王；魔鬼（基督教所说的上帝的敌人）：The Devil and his fiends in hell are described in the first book of Milton's 'Para-dise Lost＇.密尔顿在《失乐园》第一卷中描写了地

狱里的魔王和恶鬼．2（in expressions ofemotion，surprise，etc）（用来表示激动感情、惊愕等）：Where the Devil have you been？你到底去了哪儿了？What in the name of the Devil does she want now？她这回究竟要什么？

Satan／＇seitən／（a name for） the Devil 撒旦（魔鬼的名字）：He gave his soul to Satan in return for earthly power.他把灵魂交给撒旦来换取人世间的权力.satanic ［B often cap］（wicked） like Satan 恶魔般（邪恶）的：dark satanic practices 阴险邪恶的手段

C327 nouns 名词：major religions ［R］ 主要宗教

[ALSO → J44 CROSS & CRESCENT]

Christianity / kristr'ænəti/1 the religion based on the life and teachings of Christ and the belief that he (is The Son of God who) came to save the world 基督教：Christianity teaches that Christ will come again in the future to judge the world.基督教义说，基督为审判世界将会复临．2［U］ the condition or fact of being a follower of any of the various branches of this religion 基督徒精神；基督徒的身份：I have neverdoubted his Christianity, although he isn't very kind to some people.我从不怀疑他的基督徒精神，虽然他对某些人并不太好.

Christendom /'krisəndəm/ esp formerly all Christian people in general; the Christian countries of the world 基督教徒（总称）；全世界的基督教国家：The Church wanted allChristendom to join in a holy war against its enemies.教会要求所有的基督徒都参加圣战来对付它的敌人.

Islam /'isla:m/ the religion taught by Moham-med in Arabia in the 6th & 7th centuries AD 伊斯兰教（穆罕默德于公元第六、第七世纪在阿拉伯传布的宗教）；回教：The followers of Islam do not usually eat pork or drink alcohol.伊斯兰教的信徒通常不吃猪肉，也不喝酒.

Mohammed/məu'hæmid/the founder of Islam 穆罕默德（伊斯兰教创始人）Muhammad(preferred spelling for academic, etc works on Islam）（此拼法多用于伊斯兰教学术著作）Mahomet now rare (older European form of Mohammed）（古代欧洲用）

Judaism /'d3u:der,izəm/ the religion and culture of the Jews 犹太教：Judaism has several features in common with Christianity and Islam, including belief in one God, and is older than both.犹太教和基督教、伊斯兰教有不少共同之处，其中包括它们都是一神教，而犹太教比后两者创立更早.

Hinduism /'hindu:,izəm/ the Hindu religion and its customs, mainly in India, such as its social caste [→C150] system, general belief in reincarnation [→C342] and many deities [→C322］印度教和印度国内习俗（如社会种姓等级制度、普遍信奉转世投胎和许多神）

Buddhism /'budizəm/ the religion and/or phi-losophy [■G6] taught by Gautama the

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Buddha in about the 6th century BC in India 佛教（以及由佛陀释迦牟尼于大约公元前六世纪在印度传授的哲学思想）：The removal of desire is acentral element of Buddhism.排除欲念是佛教的中心要旨.

Shinto(ism) /'Sintəu(Izəm)/ the traditional reli-gion of Japan, including the worship of deities ［C322］and ancestors［→C17］日本的神道；神道教（包括信奉神和祖先）

Confucianism /kən'fju:fənızəm/ the beliefs and practice(s) of those who follow Confucius [■C328］，esp in China in former times（中国）孔子的儒教；孔教

C328 adjectives 形容词：relating to the major religions ［B］ 有关主要宗教的

Christian /'kristfən/1 [Wa5] of or relating to Christ，Christianity，or Christians 基督的；基督教的；基督徒的：Her Christian faith is well-known.她对基督教的信仰是人所共知的.I don＇tlike the way Christian ideas work in practice,' said the angry politician.那位怒气冲冲的政治家说：“我不喜欢基督教思想在实践中运作的方式.”Hetries to lead a Christian life.他尝试过基督徒的生活．2 following the example of Christ； having qualities such as kindness, generosity, etc 有基督精神（如仁慈、慷慨等）的：He behavedin a (very) Christian way to all people, even his enemies.他一贯以基督精神待人，即使对待自已的敌人也是如此.What a truly Christian thing to do！做这件事，真是一项善举啊！

Islamic／Iz＇læmik／also 又作 Muslim／＇mAzləm／ also 又作 Moslem ／＇mpzləm／ ［Wa5］ of or relating to Islam 伊斯兰教的；回教的：He studies Islamic law.他研究伊斯兰教规.Muslim law traditionally allows a man four wives, although today in practice this is becoming less common.在传统上，伊斯兰教规允许一个男子娶四个妻子，但现在这种情况实际上已越来越少了.

Jewish /'d3unf/ [Wa5] of or relating to the Jews or Judaism 犹太人的；犹太教的：He isinterested in the Jewish religion.他对犹太教有兴趣.

Hebrew/'hi:bru:/[Wa5] of or relating to the Hebrews,the Hebrew language, or Jews, Judaism，etc 希伯来人的；希伯来语的；犹太人的；犹太教的

Hindu /'hindu:/ [Wa5] relating to Hindus or Hinduism 印度人的；印度教的

Buddhist /'budist/ [Wa5] of or relating to Buddhism 佛教的：There is a Buddhist shrine ［→C351］ near the village．村子附近有一座佛寺．

Shinto /'fintəu/ [Wa5] of or relating to Shintoism 神道教的：They visited the Shinto temple［→C351］．他们参观了神道寺院．

Confucian /kən'fju:fən/ [Wa5] relating to the ideas of Confucius or Kung Fu Tse, who lived in China in the 5th and 6th centuries BC and taught standards of behaviour such as being loyal to one＇s ruler， father， husband， etc 孔教的；儒家的（孔子生活于公元前五至六世纪，传授忠孝等礼教）

C330 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

C329 nouns 名词： persons belonging to the major religions ［C］信奉主要宗教的人

Christian /'kristfən/ a person who believes in any of the various branches of Christianity;a person who lives a good Christian life and who is always willing to help others 基督徒；基督教徒；具有基督徒精神、乐于助人的人：The earlyChristians were not well treated in ancient Rome.早期的基督徒在古罗马受到虐待.

Muslim／＇mAzləm／also 又作 Moslem／＇mpzləm／ a person accepting Islam 伊斯兰教徒；回教徒；穆斯林：Moslems and Christians have not always lived in peace together.伊斯兰教徒和基督教徒之间并不是经常和平共处的.

Jew /d3u:/ a person who is considered by religious belief or by blood to belong to a religion or race, once living only in the land of Israel 犹太人；犹太教徒 Jewry［R］ the whole Jewish community 全体犹太人

Hindu /'hindu:/ a person accepting Hinduism 印度教徒：Modern Îndia is not a religious state， but the majority of its people are Hindus.现代印度不是一个宗教国家；但大多数印度人是印度教徒.

Buddhist /'budrst/ a person accepting Bud-dhism 佛教徒

C330 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：kinds of Christianity 基督教分类

(Roman) Catholic /('rəumən) 'kæθəlik/ [C; Wa5; B] ( a member) of or belonging to the Roman Catholic Church（罗马）天主教徒（的）； 旧教徒（的）：The Catholic Church has very many members throughout the world.罗马天主教在全世界拥有众多信徒.The priest wanted tosend Catholic children to Catholic schools.那神父要把信天主教的儿童送到天主教学校上学.Thepriest said that the man was a good Cath-olic/that the girl was from a good Catholic family.神父说那个男子是一位虔诚的天主教徒／那女孩出身于一个良好的天主教家庭.RC abbrev-ism [U] the beliefs and religious system of Roman Catholics 罗马天主教教义与组识

Protestant /'protistənt/ [C; Wa5; B] (a member) of any of several branches of Christianity that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century 新教徒（十六世纪从罗马天主教分裂出来的教派）；新教徒的-ism [U] the beliefs and religious system of Protestants 新教徒的教义与组织

Orthodox Church /'o:0ə,dpks 'tf3:tf/ [the R] any of several Christian churches with members esp in Eastern Europe and the Near East 希腊教会；东正教会（特指东欧和近东的基督教会）Orthodox ［Wa5； B］ relating to any Orthodox church 希腊教会的；东正教会的

Anglican /'ænglikən/ [C; Wa5; B] (a member) of the Anglican Church, esp the Church of

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C331 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

England 英国国教的（教徒）；英国圣公会的（教徒）-ism ［U］ the beliefs and religious system of Anglicans 英国国教教义与组织；英国圣公会教义与组织

Episcopalian /I,pıskə'peıliən/ [C; Wa5;B]1(a person accepting a church) having bishops[■C347］主教派的（教徒）2 Anglican圣公会的（教徒）-ism ［U］ the beliefs and religious system of Episcopalians 主教派或圣公会教义与组织

Presbyterian / prezbə'tıərıən/ [C; Wa5; B] (a member) of a Protestant church governed by a body of official people all of equal rank,as in Scotland 长老会的（教徒）-ism［U］ the beliefs and religious system of Presbyterians 长老会教义与组织

Lutheran /'lu:θərən/ 1 [C; Wa5; B] (a member) of the Protestant church founded by Martin Luther in 16th-century Germany 路德会（十六世纪马丁·路德创立于德国的新教）的（教徒）；信义会的（教徒）2［Wa5；B］relating to Luther，his ideas，writings，etc 关于马丁·路德的思想或著作的-ism ［U］ the beliefs and religious system of Lutherans 路德会的教义与组织；信义会的教义与组织

Methodist/'meθədist/ [C; Wa5;B](a member) of a Christian group which follows the teachings of John Wesley 卫理公会（信奉约翰·卫斯理的学说）的（教徒）；循道宗的（信徒）Methodism [U] the beliefs and religious system of Methodists 卫理公会的教义与组织；循道宗的教义与组织

Baptist/'bæptist/ [C;Wa5; B] (a member) of a denomination [→C321] which believes that baptism [→C335] should be only for people old enough to understand its meaning and that they should be immersed (= placed) fully in water 浸信会（主张只有在年龄上达到能理解洗礼意义的人才能受洗，而且受洗者应完全浸于水中）的（教徒）

C331 nouns，etc 名词等：persons

believing or not believing in religion

［C］信教者与不信教者

believer/br'li:və/ [(in)] 1 a person who has religious faith 信徒：Believers in Christianity should try to live together in peace.基督教信徒应当努力做到和平共处．2 a person who believes（in） something or someone 相信某物或某人有价值者：He is a great believer in fresh air as a cure for illness.他深信新鲜空气能治病.

unbeliever/,Anbə'li:və/ often deprec a person who has no faith (in something, esp a religion）不相信...的人；（尤指）不信教的人

nonbeliever /,npnbə'li:və/ a person who has no special reason, wish, or need to believe (in something，esp a religion）无信仰的人

infidel /'ınfədəl/ usu deprec someone who does not follow the speaker's religion; an unbe-liever (used esp in former times by Muslims and Christians of each other）不信本教者；异教徒（尤指从前基督教徒和伊斯兰教徒之间的相互称

呼）：Kill the infidels！杀死那些异教徒！

adherent /əd'hiərənt/ [(of)] a person who favours and supports a particular idea, opinion，or political party 信徒；拥护者；支持者： The people there are mainly adherents of Islam.那里的人大多数是伊斯兰教的信徒.

devotee /,devə'ti:/ [(of)] a person who devotes him/herself to religion; a very religious person （usu of a stated kind）献身于宗教者；虔诚的人：The temple was full of devotees.那寺院里挤满了善男信女.He is a devotee of the Hindu goddess Kail.他是印度教女神凯莉的崇拜者.

convert/'konv3:t/ [(to)] a person who has been converted [→C340] to anything, esp a religion 改变（尤指宗教）信仰的人：She is a recentconvert to Roman Catholicism.她最近皈依罗马天主教.

pilgrim /'pilgrim/ a person who travels to a sacred place, special shrine [→C351],etc as an act of religious devotion, penance [→C341], to be healed，etc 朝圣者（到圣地或圣祠朝拜、求赎罪、求医等）：Many Catholics go as pilgrims to Lourdes in France.很多天主教徒去法国的卢尔德朝圣.The Hindu pilgrims were travelling to Benares.印度教朝圣者正在前往贝那拉斯.pilgrimage [U;C] the act or an act of going on a journey as a pilgrim 朝圣

fanatic/fə'nætik/ often deprec a person who engages in fanaticism [→>C320] or who has a very strong religious belief 狂热者；狂热的教徒： He is a religious fanatic.他是一个宗教的狂热分子.fanatical［B］like a fanatic 狂热的；入迷的： He's a fanatical supporter of hislocal football team.他是自己家乡足球队的狂热支持者.-ly［advWa4]

heretic /'herətrk/ a person who supports or is guilty of heresy［→C336］异教徒；信奉异端邪说的人：The heretics were condemned to death. 那些异教徒被判死刑.

agnostic /æg'npstik/1 a person who says that he does not know whether there is a God or not， or which religion，etc is true 不可知论者： He was born a Christian but he is now an agnostic.他生下来就成了基督教徒，可现在变成了不可知论者.In these matters I am an agnostic. 在这些事情上，我是个不可知论者.He is a politi-cal agnostic．他是一个政治上的不可知论者．2［B］claiming not to know 不可知论的：I am agnos-tic in religious matters.在宗教问题上，我是个不可知论者．-ally［adv Wa4］ -ism ［U］ the ideas， etc of agnostics 不可知论

atheist/'erθirst/ a person who denies the exist-ence of God or any gods 无神论者 atheism ［U］ the ideas， etc of atheists 无神论 atheistic ［B］ of or concerning an atheist or atheism 无神论者的；无神论的-ally［adv Wa4］

evangelist /I'vænd3əlist/1 a preacher [→C344] of the Gospel [→C337],esp one who travels and holds meetings wherever he can for whoever will listen（尤指旅行传道的）福音传教士2 any of the writers of the Gospels《福音书》著者 evangelism ［U］ the beliefs， etc of evangelists 福音传教士的教义 evangelical [Wa5; B] of or concerning evangelists or

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evangelism 福音（传教士）的-ly［adv Wa4］

proselyte /'prosil,ait/ a person who has been persuaded to join a religious, political,etc, group different from the one to which he previously belonged 改变宗教或政治信仰者；改宗者 proselytism ［U］ any effort to persuade anyone to join a religion， etc 劝人入教

apostle/ə'ppsəl/1 a follower of a great man or woman, esp one who is sent to spread his or her teachings（伟人的）信徒（尤指其思想的鼓吹者）2 ［usu cap］ any of the original twelve followers of Jesus Christ 基督的十二使徒之一apostolic [Wa5; B] 1 of or like an apostle or the Apostles（基督教《圣经》中所讲的）使徒的；似使徒的 2 （esp in Roman Catholicism） coming from the time of the Apostles,esp the Apostle Peter（尤指罗马天主教所说的）源于使徒时代的（特别是由宗徒伯多禄开始的）

C332 verbs 动词：believing and

worshipping 信仰与崇拜

believe in [v prep T1]1 to have faith or trust in 相信；信奉：Christians believe in Jesus.基督徒信奉耶稣.She firmly believes in nature cures for all illnesses．她坚信大自然能治愈一切疾病．2 toconsider (something) to be true; consider （something or someone） to exist 相信；信任；信仰：Do you believe in everything the Bible［→C337］says？ 你相信《圣经》上所说的一切吗？Christians and Muslims both believe in God. 基督徒和伊斯兰教徒都信奉神.

worship /'w3:fip/ [T1; IØ] to give praise and admiration to (esp God) in prayer, singing, etc（尤指对上帝的）礼拜；敬仰；崇拜：＇Let usworship God，＇said the priest.那牧师说：“让我们敬拜上帝吧.”Many Hindus worship more than one god. 很多印度教徒不只信奉一个神.Don＇t talk while they are worshipping. 他们做礼拜时，我们不要说话.（fig）She worships herhusband.她崇拜她的丈夫.worshipper BrE， worshiper AmE [C] a person who worships (a god，etc）礼拜者；崇拜者

revere /rI'və/[T1] to give great respect and admiration to 崇敬；尊崇：The people revere their priest.人们崇敬他们的牧师.reverence ［U］ 1 the act of reverig 尊敬；尊崇：He showed great reverence for/towards the pictures of the god．他对神像十分崇敬．2 the state of revering尊崇的样子 reverent［B］showing reverence 尊崇的；虔诚的：He went up to the church door in a very reverent manner.他虔诚地向教堂门口走去.ir-［neg］-ly［adv］

venerate/'venə,reit/ [T1] to revere or worship greatly 对...深怀敬意；尊敬；景仰：The priests venerate the shrine [→C351]as the holiest in their religion.神父们非常景仰圣地，把它视为他们宗教最神圣的地方.veneration［U］ the act ofvenerating 尊崇；崇敬

adore /ə'do:/ [T1] to show great,esp religious, love to 崇拜；崇敬；敬爱：The peasant girl adored the statue of the Virgin Mary.那农村姑

C334 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

娘非常崇敬圣母玛利亚的雕像.adoration［U］theact of adoring 崇拜；敬慕

C333 verbs 动词：praying and

meditating 祈祷与冥想

pray /prei/[IØ (for)] to (try to) communicate ideas,feelings,needs, wishes, etc to God or a god 祈祷；祷告：The people knelt to pray.人们跪下祈祷.Let us pray.我们祷告吧！She prayedfor God＇s help.她祈求上帝帮助.We can only wait and hope and pray.我们只能等待、盼望和祈祷.The farmers are praying for rain.农民正在求雨.He prayed to God for help.他向上帝祷告，祈求他的帮助.

preach/pri:tf/1 [T1; IØ] to speak publicly about （a religion， etc）宣讲（教义）；传道；布道：He preached the Gospel [→C337]to the unbeliev-ers.他向不信教的人宣扬福音.What will he bepreaching about on Sunday？星期天他传道时要宣讲什么？The priest preached against evil.牧师讲道，谴责邪恶行为．2［IØ（to）］ deprec to givemoral advice （to）说教；劝诫：The teacher began preaching to the pupils about good behaviour.老师开始对学生训话，要他们循规蹈矩.Don＇t start preaching （to me）！别开始（对我）训话了！3［T1］（fig） to urge；teach 鼓吹；教导： Their leaders are preaching war as a solution to their problem.那些领导人正在鼓吹用战争来解决他们的问题.

chant/tfænt/[IØ; T1] 1 [IØ] to sing with little change of voice level 单调地唱；吟诵：The priest began to chant．那牧师开始吟唱．2［T1；Iø］to repeat（words） continuously in time 一再齐声呼喊：The crowd chanted “Down with the government！”人群高呼“打倒政府！”When the football crowd is chanting you can hear them a mile away.当足球赛的观众齐声呼喊时，你在一英里外都能听得见.

meditate /'medə,teit/ [IØ] to fix and keep the attention on one matter, having cleared the mind of other thought, esp for religious reasons or to gain peace of mind （尤指为宗教原因或为使心情平静而）静思；冥想；默想：She saysshe has learnt to meditate by using Hindu techniques.她说她学会了用印度教的方法冥想.Well, meditate and you may find an answer to your problems.好好想一想吧，你或许会找到问题的答案的.meditation ［U］ the activity of meditating 静思；冥想；默想

C334 verbs 动词：blessing， baptizing，

etc［T1］祝福、洗礼等

bless/bles/1 a (of God) to look with favour on 赐福；保佑：（May God）Bless you，and may you have all you could wish for！上帝保佑你，愿你一切如意！b to ask God＇s favour for 祝福；求神赐福于：The priest blessed the ship before it left port．牧师在船离开港口前为其祝福．2 to make

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C335 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

holy，esp for religious use 使化为神圣；使圣洁： The priest blessed the bread and wine.牧师祝福面饼和酒，使其化为神圣．3 to praise or callholy 颂扬；赞美；称为神圣：Bless the name of theLord！赞美主之名！

consecrate /'konsi,kreit/ to make holy or give to God＇s use esp in a special ceremony （尤指在特别仪式中）使变神圣；给...祝圣；奉献：Thebishop consecrated them to the service of God.主教把他们奉献给上帝的事业.conse-cration [U] the act of consecrating a place or person 奉献；祝圣；献身

desecrate /'desi,kreit/ esp emot to destroy the holiness of （a place，etc）亵渎：The unbelieyers have desecrated the greatest shrine [→C351] of our faith by keeping their horses there！那些不信教的人亵渎了我教最伟大的圣地，他们竟然在那里养马！desecration［U；C］ the act or action of desecrating a place，religion，etc 亵渎圣地或宗教

profane /prə'fein/ to treat (a holy place,thing, etc） without proper respect 亵渎（圣地或圣物）： Your behaviour profanes this temple！你的行为亵渎了这座寺院！Do not profane the name ofGod in this way！不要如此亵渎上帝之名！

solemnize /'spləm,naiz/ to perform the cere-mony of 为...举行（宗教）仪式；举行...典礼：Thepriest solemnized their marriage.牧师为他们主持了婚礼.

initiate /I'nfi,eit/ [often pass] to introduce to (someone) some secret or mysterious knowl-edge;to introduce (someone) into a society, group，etc esp with special ceremony 告诉（某人）秘密或神秘知识；（尤指经过特别的仪式）介绍（某人）加入某个组织：He has been initiated into the brotherhood ［→C346］．他已被介绍入会． Who will initiate her in the mysteries of the faith？谁来向她传授本教的秘法？

baptize, -ise /bæp'taiz/ 1 to perform the ceremony of baptism［C335］on 为．．．举行洗礼仪式：They baptized him into the faith last week．上星期，他们为他举行了入教的洗礼仪式．2[X1] to admit as a member of a given church by baptism 使受洗入教：He was baptized a Roman Catholic．他受洗礼成为罗马天主教徒．3［X1］ to give （someone） a name at baptism 洗礼时给（人）命名：He was baptized John Jones， but he＇s changed his name since.他受洗时取教名为约翰·琼斯，但后来他已改名.

christen /'krisən/ 1 to make (someone) a member of a Christian church by baptizing 为...施洗礼使成为基督徒：He was christened lastSunday．他上星期天受洗礼成为基督教徒．2［X1］to give （someone） a name by baptizing 施洗礼时命名：They christened the baby John.他们给那孩子施洗礼并取名为约翰．3［X1］（fig）to name（esp a ship） at an official ceremony（举行仪式） 给...命名（尤指船）：We asked the Queen to christen the ship.我们请求女王为该船命名.Theship was christened the Queen Mary.该船被命名为“玛丽皇后号”.

circumcise /'s3:kəm,saiz/ to cut off the skin (foreskin) at the end of the sex organ of (a man) or part of the sex organ (clitoris) of (a

woman）为...行割礼（割除男子的包皮或女子的阴蒂）：Muslims circumcise their young boys according to the laws of their religion.伊斯兰教徒按照宗教戒律为幼小男孩割包皮.There arestill one or two African tribes who circumcise their women, but it is against the law in most countries.在非洲仍有一两个部落保留着为妇女割阴蒂的风俗，但在大多数国家，这样做是违法的.circumcision [U;C] the act of circumcising, esp as part of a Jewish or Muslim religious service 包皮（或阴蒂）环切；（尤指）割礼（犹太教和伊斯兰教仪式）

ordain/o:'dein/ [often pass] to make (some-one）a priest， minister，etc 任命（某人任圣职）： He was ordained in 1960．他在1960年获授予圣职.ordination ［U；C］ the act or ceremony of ordaining or being ordained 授任圣职（仪式）

C335 nouns 名词：praying，blessing， baptizing，etc 祈祷、祝福、施洗礼等

prayer /preə/ 1 [U;C] the act or an act of praying 祈祷：Prayer is usually an important part of a religion.祈祷通常是宗教活动的一个重要部分.She said her prayers before going to bed.她睡觉前祈祷.Let us offer up a prayer to God.让我们向上帝祈祷吧.Where is my prayerbook？我的祈祷书在哪儿？2［U；C usu pl］aservice or form of worship 祈祷仪式：Are you coming to prayer？ 你来参加祈祷仪式吗？Morn-ing Prayers are at seven.早祷仪式七时开始.When is the prayer meeting？什么时候举行祈祷会？3 ［C］ the form of words used in prayer 祈祷文：You must learn the Lord＇s ［■C326］ Prayer.你必须记住主祷文.

amen/'er'men/ [interj] (a word used at the end of a prayer, esp by Christians and Jews, mean-ing＇May it be so＇）阿们（基督教徒和犹太教徒祈祷时的结尾语，意思是“但愿如此”）；阿孟

worship/'w3:fip/ [U] the activity of worship-ping 膜拜；礼拜；崇拜：In the evening they all join in worshiplin the worship of God.晚上他们都参加了对上帝的礼拜.What form of worshipdo they have in that religion？那个宗教的礼拜形式是什么？

service /'s3:vIs/ [C often in comb]a (usu Chris-tian) form of religious worship following a certain pattern of prayers，songs，etc 礼拜仪式； 崇拜仪式：The church service is at 10.30 am every Sunday.教堂每星期日的礼拜仪式于上午十点半举行.We are holding an evening service tomorrow.明天我们将举行晚堂崇拜.The funeralservice was brief.丧礼仪式很简短.

sermon /'s3:mən/ [C] 1 a religious talk,usu Christian and given as part of a church service 讲道；布道：The priest＇s sermon was on love and fellowship.神父讲道的主题是关于爱情和友谊．2（fig） deprec advice that is not asked for 说教：Please don＇t give me a sermon on how to lead my life！请别给我讲处世为人的大道理！

chant /tfænt/ [C; U] 1 an often repeated tune, often with many words sung on one note,in which the time is largely controlled by the

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words， esp in religious services 单调的反复吟诵（尤指在宗教仪式中）：Can you hear the chant ofthe priests？你能听得见神父们的吟诵吗？I enjoylistening to monastic ［→C351］chants．我喜欢听修道院里唱的歌．2 words continuouslyrepeated in time 齐声反复呼喊的话：The chantof the crowd was ＇Equal rights for all＇.群众喊的口号是“人人权利平等”.

hymn /him/ [C] a religious song, usu to praise God，a god，or gods 赞美诗；圣歌：The people stood up to sing a hymn.人们站起来唱圣歌.Letus sing Hymn 42 in the hymn book．让我们唱赞美诗集中的第四十二首圣歌.The priests sanghymns to their gods.牧师们唱圣歌赞美神.

psalm /sa:m/ [C] a sacred song, esp those in the Bible［→C337］（尤指圣经中的）圣歌；诗篇

blessing /'blesin/ [C] 1 an act of asking or receiving God＇s favour， help， or protection 祈福；上帝的赐福；保佑：The blessing of the Lordbe upon you all.愿天主赐福给大家.Don＇texpect any blessings to fall from heaven.别指望福从天降．2（fig）infml approval； encourage-ment 批准；鼓励：The government has given its blessing to the new plan, and will provide the necessary money.政府已批准那项新计划，并将提供所需的资金．3 a gift from God； something one is glad of 神恩；恩典；福气；喜事：It＇s a bless-ing to have her here to help us.有她来帮助我们，真是福气.Count your blessings： you＇re luckier than you think.算一算你的福分吧，你要比自己想象的幸运得多.What a blessing this fine weather is！天气这么好，真是运气！a blessing in dis-guise something not very pleasant,which however is really a good thing after all 表面不很好而实际很好之事；祸中之福：The storm was ablessing in disguise because it kept us at home when you telephoned.你打来电话时，我们正好因暴风雨出不了门，真可谓错有错着！

ceremony /'serə,məni/ [C; U] a special action or set of actions done,esp by a priest,official, etc at a particular time, in a particular place, for a particular purpose, etc, usu formal and often religious 典礼；仪式：The wedding ceremony was simple but beautiful.结婚仪式简单而动人．ceremonial 1［Wa5；B］ of，concern-ing, or like a ceremony or ceremonies;formal, as in a ceremony 仪式的；礼仪上的；正式的：Shewas wearing ceremonial dress.她身穿礼服.-ly ［adv］2［U；C］ceremonial acts 礼仪；仪式；典礼： The religious service was full of ancient ceremonial（s）.这次宗教礼拜采用了很多古老仪式.ceremonious [B] 1 liking or interested in （what happens in） ceremonies 喜好礼仪的；讲究礼仪的：Some religions are more ceremonious than others.有些宗教要比另一些宗教更讲究仪式.2 very or unnecessarily polite，formal，etc 过分客套的；拘泥于礼节的 un-［neg］ -ly ［adv］：Sheleft quickly and unceremoniously.她很不客气地匆匆走了.

rite/rait/ [C usu pl] a form of behaviour with a fixed pattern， usu for a religious purpose（常指宗教的）仪式：They performed the funeral rites for the dead.他们为死者举行了葬礼.

ritual /'rıtuəl/ 1 [C; U] one or more ceremonies

C335 RELIGION ＆BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

or customary acts which are often repeated in the same form 仪式；典礼：Buddhist ritual is very different from Christian church services. 佛教仪式与基督教仪式迥然不同.She wentthrough the ritual of preparing the meal.她照老例把饭做了．2［Wa5；A］ of，concerning，or like ritual 宗教仪式（般）的：The women began a ritual dance.妇女们开始跳一种宗教典礼上跳的舞蹈.-ly［adv］

devotions /dr'vəufənz/ [P] fml & old use prayers， meditation ［→＞C333］，etc祈祷；灵修；礼拜（仪式）：The priest was interrupted at his devotions.牧师的祈祷被打断了.

litany /'litəni/ [C] a form of prayer, esp in the Christian churches, in which the priest calls out and the people reply, always in the same words（尤指基督教的）连祷（牧师颂出祷文，众人以同样的祷词回答）；启应式祈祷

liturgy /'lıtəd3i/ [C; U] 1 a form of worship in the Christian churches using prayers,songs, etc according to fixed patterns in religious services（基督教）礼拜仪式2［the R sometimes cap］ the written form of these services 礼拜公祷文

sacrifice/'sækrə,fais/ [C;U] the act of giving something (precious) to another person or to God or the gods 供奉；献祭；牺牲：In past times many peoples made human sacrifices to their gods.在古代，有很多民族拿活人来祭神.We mustmake a fitting sacrifice to show our faith.我们必须作出适当的牺牲来表明我们的信仰.（fig）Shemade a lot of sacrifices in order to give her children a good start in life.为了使孩子们的生活有一个良好的开端，她作出了很多牺牲.sacri-ficial［B］ of or being （a） sacrifice 献祭的；供作牺牲的；供奉的：a sacrificial lamb 献祭的羔羊-ly[adv]

sacrament/'sækrəmənt/ 1 [C] any of several religious ceremonies in the Christian churches said to give strength to the soul（基督教的）圣礼；圣事：The Roman Catholics have seven sacraments, including the marriage service, but Protestants have only baptism and communion.罗马天主教有七种圣礼，其中包括婚礼，而新教只有洗礼和圣餐礼．2［the R often cap］communion 圣餐礼 Blessed Sacrament ［the R] the bread eaten in the Eucharist, and sometimes also the wine which is drunk 圣餐； 圣餐面饼；用作圣餐的面饼和葡萄酒

communion ／kə＇mju：nıən／， also 又作sometimes Holy Communion [R sometimes cap] the service, esp in Protestant churches, in which bread and wine are taken as a sign of Christ's body and blood 圣餐礼（尤指新教仪式，以面饼和葡萄酒象征耶稣的身体和血）

mass /mæs/1 [C; R often cap] an esp Roman Catholic church service in memory and honour of Christ＇s last supper 弥撒（尤指罗马天主教纪念耶稣最后的晚餐之仪式）：They go toMass every Sunday.他们每个星期天都去望弥撒.2 ［C］ the music for such a service 弥撒曲：He has written a new mass.他作了一首新弥撒曲.Eucharist /'ju:kərist/ [the R] fml Holy Com-

munion； the mass 圣餐；弥撒

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baptism /'bæptizəm/1 [U] a Christian religious ceremony in which a person is touched by or placed in water to make him or her pure and show that he or she has been accepted as a member of a church（基督教的）洗礼；浸礼 2[U] a ceremony in any other religion in which water is used to make people pure 其他宗教的洗礼3［C］an example of these ceremonies 洗礼（的事例）：There haven＇t been many baptisms in the village church this year.这所乡村教堂今年举行的洗礼仪式不多.baptismal［Wa5；B］ of or concerning baptism 洗礼的：His baptismal name was John.他的教名是约翰.

C336 nouns 名词：holy writings and

teachings圣经与教义

scripture /'skriptfə/ [U; C usu pl; sometimes cap] the holy writings of a religion, esp the Bible 经文；经典（尤指《圣经》）：He read to themfrom Scripture.他给他们读《圣经》.She is well acquainted with Hindu scriptures.她精通印度教经文．scriptural［Wa5；B］ of， concerning，or like scripture（似）经文的-ly［adv］

holy writ /,həuli 'rit/ [U often cap] scriptures; sacred writing or law 经文；经典；《圣经》：What he says is not according to Holy Writ.他说的话并非依据《圣经》所说.

canon /'kænən/ [C] 1 a religious, usu Christian law（通常指基督教的）教规：The canons of theChurch forbid this．基督教教规禁止这种事．2aset of generally accepted scriptures 经典：The Buddhist Canon was laid down long ago.佛教经典很久以前就制定了．3 fml a general socialprinciple 规范；准则：Your actions violate every civilized canon！ 你的行为违反了一切文明准则！canonical [B] according to the canons: （religiously）authorized 合乎教规的；（宗教上）权威的-ly［adv Wa4］

doctrine /'dpktrin/ [C;U] a principle, esp religious, or the whole body of principles in a branch of knowledge or system of belief 教旨； 教义；原则；教条；学说；主义：Christian andMuslim doctrines are very different.基督教与伊斯兰教的教义迥然不同.Political doctrineschange with political fashions.政治教条随着政治潮流而改变.His ideas are against established doctrine.他的思想与公认的学说背道而驰.doctrinal [Wa5; B] concerning or according to doctrine 教义的；主义的；学说的-ly［adv］

dogma /'dpgmə/ [C; U] a belief or system of beliefs, usu religious, political, etc to be accepted as true without question（通常指宗教、政治等的）教条；教义；信条：These dogmasare old-fashioned，＇he said.他说：“这些教条已经过时了.”dogmatic［B］ of，concerning，like， or having the nature of dogma（似）教义的； （似）教条的 -ally ［adv Wa4］ dogmatize，-ise ［T1；IØ］ to express as dogma 教条式地表述

teachings /'ti:tfigz/ [P] the things which are taught，esp by a religious leader（尤指宗教领袖的）教导；教义；学说：Mahatma Gandhi＇s

teachings are about peace among the different religions.圣雄甘地的学说主张不同宗教和平共处.

heresy /'herəsi/ [U;C] (a) belief or opinion that is against what is generally accepted, esp in religion（尤指宗教的）异端；邪说：It is heresyto say or believe that！说那种话或相信那种事都是异端！He was burnt at the stake（＝while tied to a wooden post) for heresy/for many heresies.他由于传布异教邪说而被绑在火刑柱上活活烧死.heretical［B］ of，concerning，like，or having the nature of heresy（似）异端邪说的；左道旁门的-ly［adv Wa4］

sacrilege /'sækrəlid3/ [U] the act of using something holy for purposes which are not holy 亵渎圣物：It is sacrilege to use this church as a military base！把这座教堂用来作军事基地是一种亵渎行为！You have committed sacrilege by entering the forbidden shrine ［→C351］！你闯入神龛禁地，犯了亵渎罪！sacrilegious［B］showing no respect for what is holy 亵渎圣物的：It is a sacrilegious act， wearing shoes inside a mosque.在清真寺内穿着鞋子是一种亵渎行为.-ly［adv］

C337 nouns 名词：major holy books 主要的圣书

Bible /'barbəl/ [C; the R] 1 (a copy of)the holy book of the Christians, consisting of the Old Testament and the New Testament《圣经》（包括旧约全书和新约全书）2（a copy of） theholy book of the Jews, corresponding to the Old Testament（相当于旧约全书的）犹太教圣经bible (usu fig) (a copy of) a book of great importance 有权威的典籍；经典：That dictionary is his bible for studying English. 那本辞典是他学英语的万宝全书.biblical［B sometimes cap］ of，like， or about the Bible（似）圣经的：He wrote in a biblical style.他用圣经文体写作.These things happened in Biblical times.这些事情发生在圣经时代.

gospel /'gpspəl/1 [often cap] a [the R] the life and teachings of Jesus Christ in the first four books of the New Testament of the Bible 福音；《圣经》新约四福音书所记载的耶稣基督生平和教训：He taught them the Gospel.他向他们传布福音.b any of these four books 四部福音书之一：These words are from the Gospels/from the Gospel of St John/the Gospel according to （St）John．这些话出自福音书《约翰福音》．2［S］(fig) a thing that may be or can be believed completely 信条；真理：He teaches a gospel of health and love.他讲授健康及爱情之道.gospeltruth [the R] infml something which is completely true 绝对的真理：It＇s the gospel truth；believe me！这是绝对真实的，相信我吧！

Koran /ko:'ra:n/, less common Quran/kə'ra:n/ ［C； the R］ the holy book of the Muslims（伊斯兰教的）《可兰经》；《古兰经》Koranic，Quranic ［Wa5；B］ of，like，or about the Koran（似）《可兰经》的；（似）《古兰经》的

Vedas/'veidəz/ [the P] the (four) principal

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scriptures of the Hindus《吠陀》（印度教的四部主要经典）Vedic ［Wa5；B］of，like，or about the Vedas（似）《吠陀》的

C338 adjectives 形容词：relating

particularly to religion［B］专门关于宗教的

religious /rr'lid3əs/1 [Wa5] of or concerning religion 宗教的：He enjoys religious music and books on religious subjects.他爱听宗教音乐，也爱读有关宗教问题的书．2 having a great interestin or desire for religion 笃信宗教的；虔诚的：Sheis very religious by nature 她生性笃信宗教.ir-[Ape]■I-[8əu]

spiritual /'spıritfuəl/ of or concerning the soul or spirit, not the mind or body;very much influenced by religion 精神（上）的；心灵（上） 的；深受宗教影响的：She leads a very spirituallife.她过着颇为超乎世俗的生活.He felt a spiri-tual sympathy with the local religion.他对当地的宗教有一种精神上的同情感.-ly ［adv］ spiritu-ality [U] the state or condition of being spiri-tual精神（性）；灵性

ecclesiastical /I,kli:zr'æstrkal/[Wa5] of or concerning the or any Christian church 基督教会的：He knows a lot about ecclesiastical history．他熟谙基督教会史．-ly［adv Wa4］

devotional /dr'vəufənəl/ of, about, or used in devotions 虔诚的；用于祈祷的：She thinks that Hindu devotional literature is wonderful.她认为印度教的祈祷文献十分精采.

sectarian/sek'teəriən/ of, or like the way of,a religious sect ［→C321］宗派的；教派的：Let us try to forget sectarian differences.让我们尽量忘掉派别歧见吧.-ism［U］

ecumenical / i:kju'menikal/ of or concerning the whole Christian religion or the universal Church 全基督教的；全世界基督教会的：Theecumenical movement seeks to bring the many Christian denominations [→ C321] closer together.基督教合一运动旨在促进基督教诸多教派的团结．-ly［adv Wa4］ ecumenism ［U］ the ecumenical movement; an ecumenical way of treating religious matters 基督教合一运动；普世教会主义；泛基督教主义

holy /'həuli/[Wal](in the service) of God or religion 神圣的；宗教的；圣洁的：He reads theHoly Bible every night.他每晚都看《圣经》.The Koran is the holy book of the Muslims.《可兰经》是伊斯兰教的圣经.She is a true saint ［■C343］ and leads a very holy life．她是真正的圣徒，过着圣洁的生活.holiness［U］ the state of being holy 神圣；圣洁

sacred/'seikrid/ often fml connected with or made for God；holy 上帝的；神的；神圣的：TheKoran is the sacred book of Islam.《可兰经》是伊斯兰教的圣典.Jerusalem is sacred to all Christians，Jews，and Muslims.耶路撒冷对所有基督教徒、犹太教徒和伊斯兰教徒都是神圣的.-ness [U]

godly /'gpdli/[Wal] fml & sometimes pomp

C339 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

deeply religious 敬神的；虔诚的：He was a godly man and led a godly life.他是一个敬神的人，过着虔诚的教徒生活.un-［neg］-liness［U］

divine /də'vam/1 [Wa5] of, from or like God or a god or gods；relating to religion 神的；神圣的； 像神般的；宗教的：Charles I believed in the divine right of kings to rule their lands.查理一世相信神授君权以治理国土.Divine Service is at11 o＇clock．礼拜仪式于十一时开始．2 infml excel-lent；wonderful 极好的；非凡的：Oh，the music was just divine！啊，那音乐真是妙极了！-ly［adv］ divinity ［U］ the state of being divine 神性

heavenly /'hevənli/ [Wa5] belonging to heaven; God 天的；天国的：Our Heavenly Father will look after us，＇the priest said.牧师说：“天父会保佑我们.”

celestial /sə'lestrəl/ [Wa5] 1 of or belonging to the sky or heaven 天空的；天的：The sun，the stars，and the moon are celestial bodies.太阳、星星和月亮都是天体．2 heavenly；having thequalities of a god 天国的；神仙的：Her beauty was celestial. 她美如天仙.In former times China was called the Celestial Empire.从前中国被称为天朝.

C339 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：relating generally to religion 有关宗教的一般用语

lay /lei/[Wa5] 1 [A; (B)] of, relating to,or performed by people who are not in official positions within a religion 凡俗的；一般信徒的； 不担任神职的：He is a lay preacher［■＞C344］．他是一位平信徒传道师．2［A］ not trained in orhaving knowledge of a particular profession or branch of learning such as law or medicine 外行的（未经专业训练或不具备专业知识的）：Tothe lay mind these things are very technical and mysterious.在外行人眼中，这些事都是十分专门和神秘的.

secular /'sekjulə/ [B] 1 of or concerningthe ways of the world, not the (spiritual) values of religion 世俗的；非宗教性的：He is no longer apriest；he leads a secular life.他不再当牧师了， 现在过着世俗生活.Most states are secular butsome have a religious basis.大多数国家都是非宗教性国家，但有些具有宗教基础．2［Wa5］ of thepower of the state，not the church 政权的（非教会的）：In some countries there are both religious and secular courts of law.在一些国家里，宗教法庭和世俗法庭并存.

profane／prə＇fein／ ［B］ 1 not sacred； worldly 世俗的：He reads both sacred and profane litera-ture．他既读宗教文学，又读世俗著作．2 having orshowing lack of respect for God or religion 不敬神的；亵渎宗教的：That man uses veryprofane language.那人使用极为亵渎的语言.profanity [U;C] the state or condition of being profane； anything profane 亵渎神圣；渎神的事物 profanities［P］foul language 污言秽语worldly /'w3:ldli/ [Wal; B] sometimes deprec

not spiritual；material 世俗的；物质的；追逐名利

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C340 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

的：He is more interested in worldly glory than in salvation［→C341］．他对尘世的荣誉要比对灵魂的得救更感兴趣.These worldly people have no time for religion.这些追名逐利的人无暇顾及宗教.-liness［U］

earthly /'3:0li/[Wa5; B] belonging to the world and not heaven，God，etc 世间的；世俗的：He seeks no earthly reward;his reward will come in heaven.他不追求人世间的报答，他的奖赏将在天国取得.

pagan /'peigən/ [B;C] (a person who is) not part of a major world religion, esp not Christianity 不是世界上任一主要宗教的（信徒）；（尤指）非基督教的（信徒）；异教的；邪教的；异教徒；邪教徒：They tried to convert the pagan people of the islands to Christianity.他们试图使那些岛上信奉邪教的人皈依基督教.-ism ［U］

heathen /'hi:ðən/ [B; C; the P] usu deprec(a) pagan 异教徒；不信世界上任一主要宗教的人；信仰异教的；所信的宗教不是世界上主要宗教的：Hebecame a missionary [→C344], to teach Christianity to the heathen. 他成为一位传教士，向异教徒传布基督教.These people areheathens; they have no proper religion or culture.这些人都是异教徒，他们既没有正式的宗教，也没有文化.What heathen ideas！真是异端邪说！-ism［U］

C340 verbs 动词：converting people 改变人们的信仰

convert /kən'v3:t/ [T1 (from, to)] to cause to accept new religious beliefs, esp those of Christianity 使改变信仰（尤指改信基督教）：Hewas converted to Christianity from paganism. 他从信奉异教改为信奉基督教.He convertedthem to Buddhism.他使他们皈依佛教.

evangelize, -ise/I'vænd3ə,laiz/1[IØ] to (try to) spread (belief in) one's religion, esp Christianity 传教（尤指基督教）2［T1］to teach （and convert）对...宣讲福音（使信奉基督教）：Hewent out to evangelize the heathen.他到外面对不信教者宣讲福音.

proselytize,-ise /'prosələt,aiz/ [IØ] to try to persuade people to adopt one's own beliefs, religion，etc 劝别人改信自己的宗教：He isalways proselytizing for his religion.他总是在劝别人改信他的宗教.

save /seiv/ [T1](in the Christian religion) to free (someone) from evil; to redeem from evil （基督教所说的）从罪恶中拯救（某人）：He hasspent his life saving souls for Jesus.他毕生为耶稣拯救人的灵魂.Are you saved，brother？你得救了吗，兄弟？＇Christ died to save us all！＇ the priest cried.牧师大声地说：“基督为拯救众生而死！”

redeem /rr'di:m/ [T1 (from)] to buy or gain freedom for (a person), esp (in the Christian religion） freedom from evil 赎出；（尤指基督教的）赎罪：His belief will redeem him from sin ［→C341］．他的信仰将把他从罪恶中赎救出来．redemption ［U］ 1 the action of redeeming 赎

出；赎罪2 the state of being redeemed 得救

repent /rr'pent/ [IØ; T1] to be sorry for(evil things one has done） 忏悔；后悔：＇Do you truly repent，my son？＇asked the priest.牧师问道：“孩子，你真的忏悔了吗？”He repented his sins［→C341］．他为自己的罪恶而懊悔．repentant ［B］showing or feeling repentance 忏悔的；悔悟的懊悔的un-［neg］

C341 nouns 名词：salvation， sin， and penance 得救、罪恶与苦修

salvation /sæl'veifən/ [U] the act or state of being saved, esp (in the Christian religion) from sin（尤指基督教）（从罪恶中）得救：Hiswork was the salvation of souls.他的工作就是拯救灵魂.Pray for their salvation.为拯救他们的灵魂而祈祷吧！

grace／greis／［U］（in the Christian religion）（基督教所说的）1 the mercy of God（上帝的）慈悲；仁慈：By the grace of God／By God＇s grace the ship came safely home.托上帝的福，船安全回来了．2 the state of the soul when freed from evil 天恩；恩宠：His experience changed his life and he believed he had been brought to grace.他的经历改变了他的生活，他相信他已蒙受天恩了.Theman died in a state of grace, attended by a priest.那人在上主恩典的状态中死去，牧师当时在场照应.

sin /sın/ 1 [U](esp in the Christian religion) wrongdoing; actionagainst moral rules (thought to have been) established by God （尤指基督教所指的）罪；（违反上帝道德法则的）罪行：＇Sin and wickedness fill the world，＇ said the priest 牧师说：“世界充满了罪孽与邪恶．”2［C］an example of this 罪行：It is a sin to tell a lie. 说谎是犯罪行为.He is guilty of the sin ofadultery［→C30］．他犯了通奸罪．＇God will punish them for their sins！＇he said.他说：“上帝会因他们的罪行而惩罚他们！”

original sin /ə,rıd3ənəl 'sın/[U] (esp in Roman Catholic teaching) mankind's first disobe-dience of God, which is said to mark everyone from birth（尤指罗马天主教教义中说的）原罪

penitence /'penətəns/ [U] the quality or state of repenting 忏悔；后悔：The thief expressed penitence for all his past actions.那盗贼对自己过去的一切所作所为表示忏悔．penitent 1［B］showing or feeling penitence 忏悔的；悔罪的2 ［C］a penitent person 悔过者；忏悔者

repentance/ri'pentəns/ [U] the act of repent-ing or feeling of having repented one＇s sins 忏悔；悔恨：Come to repentance！＇ cried the priest.牧师大声地说：“忏悔吧！”

penance /'penəns/1 [U] punishment of oneself done freely to show that one is sorry for having done wrong 表示忏悔的自我惩罚；（赎罪的）苦行；苦修：She is doing penance for her sins．她正在苦修以赎罪．2［U；C］punishment ordered esp by a Roman Catholic priest by which forgiveness of sin can be obtained（罗马天主教的）告解3［C］not fml something that

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one must do but greatly dislikes 苦事：Some people enjoy speaking in public, but for others it is a penance.有些人喜欢演说，但对另一些人来说，这是活受罪.do penance for humor to suffer for (something foolish that one has done）为某种愚蠢行为而受罪：You＇ll have to dopenance tomorrow for all the wine you've drunk tonight.你今晚喝了这么多酒，明天必然自.食其果.

C342 verbs 动词：raising from the dead， making holy，etc 复活、神化等

resurrect/rezə'rekt/ [T1 often pass] to bring （the dead， old ideas，etc） back to life or use 使复活；恢复：Christ was resurrected from the dead.耶稣死而复生.I wish you wouldn＇t resur-rect these old problems all the time.我希望你不要总提这些老问题．resurrection 1［U；C］the act or an act of resurrecting 复活；恢复 2 ［the R usu cap］ in the Christian religion（基督教所说的）a the rising of Jesus from the grave or the anniversary of this 耶稣复活；耶稣复活的周年纪念日 b the rising of all the dead， esp for judge-ment on the Last Day 最后审判日所有死者的复活

deify／＇di：ə，far／［T1］ to make into a god 奉．．．为神： The local villagers deified the old holy man and said he was God on earth.当地村民奉那位老圣贤为神，称他为活神仙.（fig）He has sort ofdeified his mother; in his eyes she can do no wrong.他有点神化了自己的母亲；在他的心目中，母亲从不会做错事.deification［U］ the process of deifying or being deified（被）奉为神；神化

canonize,-ise /'kænən,arz/ [T1](esp in the Roman Catholic Church) to make into a saint ［C343］（尤指罗马天主教）封为圣徒 canoniza-tion, -isation [U] the act of canonizing or being canonized（被）封为圣徒

sanctify ／＇sænktə，faı／ ［T1］ to make holy 使神圣； 使净化：Many saints have lived here and sanc-tified the stones by their presence,' said the priest.神父说：“许多圣徒在这里住过，使那些石头都因此成为神圣的了.”God＇s grace， they said，would sanctify the believers against sin and the works of Satan.他们说上帝的恩典将使信徒摆脱罪恶，并不为撒旦所诱惑.sanctification［U］the act of sanctifying or state of being sancti-fied 神圣化；圣洁

incarnate/mn'ka:neit/ [T1 usu pass] to put (God, a spirit， idea， etc） into bodily form（指上帝、魂灵、理想等）以人形显现；赋以形体：According tothe Christian religion, God was incarnated in Jesus Christ.按照基督教的说法，耶稣是上帝的化身．incarnation 1 ［U；C］ the act or an act of incarnating 化身：She is the incarnation of all good things.她是一切美好事物的化身.The localHindus call him an incarnation of the god Krishna.当地印度教徒称他为迄里什那大神的化身．2 ［the R usu cap］ （in Christianity） the coming of God to earth in the body of Jesus Christ上帝以耶稣基督之形体降临人间

reincarnate /,ri:in'ka:neit/ [T1 usu pass] to

C343 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

cause to become again a living creature with a body,after death, esp according to religious beliefs such as Hinduism（尤据印度教等）使转生 reincarnation 1 ［U；C］ the act or an act of being reincarnated 再生；再投胎：Some Buddhists believe in the reincarnation of people as animals.有些佛教徒相信人会转世托生为动物．2［C］ the creature，person，etc that results 转世后的生物或人：He believes he mustnot kill any animal, because it may be a reincarnation of a human being.他深信不可以杀生，因为动物可能是转世投生的人.

transmigrate /trænz'maigreit/ [IØ] (of souls) to pass at death to the body of a new person (or animal) according to religious beliefs such as Hinduism（印度教所说的）（灵魂）转世；转生；投生 transmigration ［U］ the process of trans-migrating 转世；轮回

C343 nouns，etc 名词等：religious persons［C］信教者

holy man /'həuli mæn/ a man who gives his life completely to religion, esp when giving up normal life，clothes，eating habits，etc 献身于宗教的人（尤指放弃世俗生活、衣着以及饮食习惯者）：India is a land which venerates [→C332] its holy men.印度这个国家尊崇为宗教而献身的人.

saint／seint／［also 又作 A often cap］ a person of a holy and admired way of life, esp one given the title of saint in the Roman Catholic Church after death 圣者；圣徒：Saint Teresa lived in Avila.圣女泰瑞莎生活在阿维拉.He isone of the living saints of Hinduism.他是印度教活着的圣徒之一.sainthood［U］ the condition of being a saint 圣徒身分（地位）saintly［Wa2； B] like a saint; having the qualities of a saint 像圣徒的；圣洁的-liness［U］

messiah/mə'sarə/ [often cap] a new leader in a (new) religion, esp one whom prophets have spoken about and esp [cap] Christ in the Christian religion or the man still expected by the Jews 弥赛亚（犹太人所期待的救世主）；（基督教）基督；救世主：Our Messiah will come.我们的救世主一定会来的.He is the new messiah ofthe poor and oppressed.他是穷人和被压迫者的新救世主．messianic ［Wa5；B］ of，concerning， or like a messiah 救世主的；似救世主的

saviour BrE, savior AmE /'seiviə/ [sometimes cap] a person who saves others, esp [cap] Christ in the Christian religion, who is said to save people from sin［→C341］救星；救世主（尤指把人们从罪恶中拯救出来的耶稣基督）：Thepriest told them to have faith in their Saviour, Christ the Lord.牧师告诫他们要信仰他们的救星-主基督.She regards him as her saviour； he helped her in a time of great trouble.她把他看作救星；他在她极端困难时帮过她.

prophet/'profit/1(esp in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim religions) a person who believes that he is directed by God to make known and explain (God's will) or to lead or teach a （new）religion（尤指基督教、犹太教、伊斯兰教

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的）先知；代神发言者：Muslims accept Christ as a prophet but regard the Prophet Mohammed as more important.伊斯兰教徒承认基督是先知，但他们认为先知穆罕默德更为重要．2 a thinker，poet, etc who introduces and teaches some new idea which (he thinks or someone thinks) will make people＇s lives better 先驱（尤指倡导新思想的思想家、诗人等）：The poet Shelley wasa prophet of social reform.诗人雪莱是倡导社会改革的先驱．3 a person who foretells［→L158］ or claims to foretell the future 预言者；预告者： Farmers or sailors are usually good weather prophets.农夫和水手通常善于预报天气.

seer /srə/ fml & old use a prophet(esp def 3) 预言者

medium /'mi:diəm/ a person who is said to be able to talk to the dead and give their messages to the living灵媒；通灵之人

mystic/'mistik/ a person who practises mysti-cism [→C320], who has or claims to have secret or higher spiritual knowledge 有神奇能力的人；能与灵界相通的人；通灵者

martyr /'ma:tə/ 1 a person who is killed or caused to suffer greatly, esp for his or her religious or political beliefs 殉道者；烈士：the ancient Christian martyrs 古代基督教殉道者；a martyr to science 为科学而殉难的人2［T1］tokill or cause to suffer as a martyr 杀害；折磨（坚持某种主义或信仰的人）： He was martyred byhis religious enemies.他被敌对教派的人杀害了.3［C］（fig） a sufferer， usu from an illness（常指因病）受折磨的人：He is a martyr to sorethroats.喉炎使他痛苦不堪.martyrdom［U］ death or suffering as a martyr 殉道；受难

C344 nouns 名词：priests and ministers of religion［C］神父与牧师

priest/pri:st/ a man specially trained, esp in

some Christian churches and esp in the

Roman Catholic Church, for various religious

duties such as performing certain holy

ceremonies and services, doing good works,

etc 教士；牧师；（尤指罗马天主教的）神父：She

asked to see a priest.她要求见神父.The priest

celebrated mass ［→C335］．神父主持弥撒．

Roman Catholic priests are not free to marry.

天主教神父不得结婚.Hindu priests are called

＇brahmins＇.印度教的教士叫做婆罗门.priest-

hood 1 [(the) U] the office, position, or rank

of a priest 教士、神父、牧师的职位、阶级：He

entered the priesthood

(= became a priest)

last year．他去年成为牧师．2［GU］ the whole

body of priests, usu of a particular religion or

country 某一宗教或国家的全体教士、牧师或僧侣：

The Dutch priesthood is different from the

Italian priesthood. 荷兰教士与意大利教士不同.

priestly ［Wa5；B］ of or like a priest 教士的；像

教士的：He has his priestly duties to perform.

他要履行牧师的职责.priest-ridden ［B］deprec

(of a ruler or nation) too much under the

control ofa priest or priests（指统治者或国家）

受教士支配的；受教士压迫的

priestess /'pri:stis/ (in some religions but not Christianity, Islam, or Judaism) a woman trained to perform special religious acts,esp in a temple [→C351], to give advice to people, etc（除基督教、伊斯兰教、犹太教以外的）女教士；女祭司；尼姑：She was a priestess of the goddess Kali.她是女神凯莉的女祭司.

minister /'mmistə/ a person who has been officially approved to look after the spiritual needs of a Protestant［■＞C330］community（新教教区的）牧师：The local minister takes the service every Sunday.当地牧师每星期天主持礼拜仪式．ministry 1 ［the R］ the office， profession， or work of a minister 牧师的职业、职务2［theGU］ the whole body of ministers 全体牧师

preacher /'pri:tfə/ a person who preaches[= C333］ esp a form of Christianity（尤指基督教的）传教者；传道士：The preacher told them to give up their evil ways and ask for God's forgiveness.传道士告诫他们要停止作恶并请求上帝宽恕.lay preacher a person who is not a priest or minister but preaches for a denomi-nation［→C321］ of Christianity（未受神职的）平信徒传道师

clergyman/'kl3:d3ımən/ a priest or minister of a Christian church（基督教的）教士；神父；牧师clergy [the GU] priests or ministers collec-tively神父或牧师总称

cleric／＇klerik／esp fml a clergyman 神父；牧师；教± clerical [Wa5; B] relating to or like a clergyman or the clergy教士的；似教士的

churchman /'tf3:tfmən/ fml & old use a (usu senior） clergyman（常指地位较高的）牧师；教士ecclesiastic／r，kli：zr＇æstik／fml a clergyman 牧

师；教士；神职人员

chaplain /'tfæplin/ a priest or minister looking after a chapel [→C350], or in the armed forces（负责小教堂或随军的）教士；牧师：Heserved as an army chaplain for some years.他当了几年随军牧师.

padre /'pa:dri/1 a priest or minister in the armed forces；chaplain 随军牧师；随军传教士：Ask the padre to see him．请随军牧师去见他．2［also 又作 N］any Christian priest， esp when addressed（基督教的）牧师；神父（特别用于称呼）：Would you help me，Padre？神父，你帮帮我，好吗？

pastor／＇pa：stə／ ［also 又作A］（the title of）a Christian priest or minister in charge of a church and its members, esp a priest of a Church other than the Catholic Church or the Church of England（尤指非天主教或英国国教的）牧师（的称号）：Pastor Smith was waiting at the church door.史密斯牧师在教堂门口等着.pastoral [Wa5; B] concerning a pastor orhis religious work 牧师的；牧师职务的

vicar /'vıkə/ a priest in charge of a church and the spiritual [→C338] needs of a community in the Church of England（英国国教）教区牧师：The local vicar took the Sunday service.当地的教区牧师主持了星期天的礼拜仪式.

elder /'eldə/ an official of some Christian churches, esp an elected member of the governing body of a Presbyterian church（教会

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的）长老；长老会中的长老

missionary /'mıfən,əri/ a person who works, esp in a country not his or her own, to persuade people to accept his or her religion, as a Christian does in a non-Christian country （在别国传教的）传教士：Many churches used tosend missionaries to China.过去许多教会都派传教士到中国去.

C345 nouns 名词：monks and nuns 僧侣与修女

monk /mank/ [C] a member of a male religious group united in giving their lives to God or a religious purpose and living in a monastery [→C351] together where they follow a set of rules, own nothing as individuals and do not marry 僧侣；修道士：The monks were praying in the chapel［→C350］．修道士正在教堂里祈祷．monkish ［B］ often deprec like a monk 僧侣似的；像修道士的

nun/nan/[C] a member of a female religious group united in giving their lives to God or a religious purpose and living in a convent [→C351] together where they follow a set of rules, own nothing as individuals and do not marry 修女；尼姑

friar /'frarə/ [C; A] (the title of) a man belong-ing to any of several Catholic Christian groups similar to monks, esp formerly leadinga wandering life as preachers ［→C344］（天主教的）男修士（的称呼）；（尤指从前的）托钵流浪的修士：Two Dominican friars came along the road.两个多米尼加托钵修士沿着大路走来.FriarJohn waited at the church door.约翰修士在教堂门口等候.

hermit/'h3:mit/ [C] 1 esp formerly a holy man who lived alone， thinking and praying 隐修者： A hermit used to live in that cave.一位隐修者曾在那山洞里住过．2 a person who avoids otherpeople 离群独居者；隐士：He＇s a bit ofa hermit； he likes to be left alone.他有点隐士的作风，喜欢离群独处.hermitage ［C］ the place where a hermit lives or has lived 隐居处

religious /rr'lıd3əs/ [Wn3; C] a person who has given his or her life to the service of God; a monk or nun 僧侣；尼姑；修士；修女

ascetic /ə'setik/ [C; B] (of or like) a person who does not allow himself or herself bodily pleasures (and may gladlysuffer bodily pain), esp for religious reasons（尤指因宗教原因的）禁欲主义者；苦行者；苦修者；（似）禁欲主义者的；（似）苦行者的；（似）苦修者的-ally［adv Wa4］ asceti-cism [U] the way of life, ideas, etc of ascetics 禁欲主义；苦行；苦修

C346 nouns 名词： titles of priests and other religious persons 牧师及其他宗教人士之头衔

Reverend /'revərənd/ [N; A] (a title of respect for） a clergyman，etc 牧师（或教士）的尊称：

C347 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

Reverend Jones has moved to a new church. 琼斯牧师已搬到一座新教堂去了.When will thenew church be finished，Reverend？牧师，那座新教堂什么时候完工？Will the nuns accept thechanges，Reverend Mother？院长，修女们会接受这些变革吗？Rev also 又作 Revd abbrev：Revd T．R．Jones， 3 New Road 新路3号琼斯牧师收

Father /'fa:ðə/ [A; C; N] (a title of respect for) a priest or a monk, esp in the Roman Catholic Church（尤指罗马天主教会）神父（的尊称）：Father Brown is our local priest.布朗神父是我们这一地区的教士.One of the Fathers met us atthe monastery［→C351］gates．一位神父在修道院门口迎接我们.

Mother /'mлðə/ [A; C; N] (a title of respect for) a nun who is in charge of other nuns in a convent［■C351］女修道院院长（的尊称）：Mother Teresa will see you now.泰瑞莎院长现在要见你.May I speak to you alone，Mother？ 院长，我能单独与你谈谈吗？Mother Superior（the title of） the nun in charge of a convent 女修道院院长（的称号）

brother /'braðə/ [C; A often cap] (a title for)a male member of a religious group, esp a monk 男教友（尤指僧侣）；修士：The Brotherslive a simple life.修士们过着简朴的生活.Can Ihelp，Brother John？ 约翰修士，要我帮忙吗？brotherhood 1 [GC] a group of men, usu monks, leading a religious life, usu together in one place（宗教的）全体男性同道2［U］thecondition of being spiritual brothers 教友情谊； 兄弟关系：He believes in the brotherhood of all peoples.他相信各民族都是兄弟.

brethren /'breðrən/ [P; N] (often in formal or solemn address) the members of a religious group (male and female) or the members of an association or profession（通常用于正式或严肃的场合称呼教友、会友或同行）教友们；弟兄（姊妹）们；诸会友；诸同行：Dearly beloved brethren， we are gathered here to remember our departed friend (= our friend who has just died）.亲爱的弟兄们，我们在这里聚会是为了缅怀我们的故友.His medical brethen disagree with him.他的医学界同行不同意他的看法.

sister /'sistə/ [C; A; N often cap] (a title for) a nun 修女（的称呼）：Can I help，Sister？修女，要我帮忙吗？sisterhood ［GC］a group of women， usu nuns, leading a religious life, usu together in one place 妇女的宗教团体；（常指）修女会

C347 nouns 名词：persons and titles in various Christian churches ［C］各基督教会的神职人员与称呼

pope /pəup/ [often cap] (the tile of) the head of the Roman Catholic Church 罗马天主教教皇；教宗：The Pope appeared before the people： 教皇出现在人们面前.Most popes have beenItalians.大多数教皇是意大利人.Pope Johnreceived his visitors.教宗约翰接见他的来访者.papal [Wa5; B often cap] of the Pope or the Papacy 罗马天主教教皇的；罗马天主教教皇之权力和职位的 papacy 1［the R sometimes cap］ the

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power and office of the Pope 罗马天主教教皇之权力及职位2［C］ the time during which a particular Pope ĥolds office 某一位教皇的任期： This happened during the papacy of Pope John．这件事是教宗约翰在位期间发生的．3［Uoften cap] the system of having a Pope at the head of the （Roman Catholic） Church（罗马天主教的）教皇制度；教宗制度 popery ［U］derogthe teachings and forms of worship of the Roman Catholic Church 罗马天主教之教义及礼拜仪式popish［B］derog Roman Catholic 罗马天主教的

patriarch /'peitri,a:k/1 [usu cap] any of several chief bishops of the Eastern Churches（东正教的）大主教：The Patriarch of Jerusalem was present．耶路撒冷大主教当时在场．2［usu cap］abishop of the Roman Catholic Church ranking just below the Pope（罗马天主教中地位仅次于教皇的）大主教；高级主教3 apprec an oldand much respected man 极受尊敬的老人；年高德劭的人；长老 patriarchal［Wa5；B］ of， concerning，or like a patriarch（似）大主教的

cardinal／＇ka：dənəl／［also 又作 A］（the title of） a priest with one of the highest ranks in the Roman Catholic Church, who is a member of the Sacred College which elects the Pope（罗马天主教会的）红衣主教；枢机主教

bishop／＇bifəp／［also 又作 A；N］ （the title of）a priest of high rank in several Christian churches（基督教的）主教episcopal［Wa5；B］1 fml of or concerning bishops 主教的：The bishop wore his episcopal ring on his finger. 主教的手指上戴着一枚主教戒指．2（of a Church）governed by bishops 主教管辖的：The Church of England is an episcopal church 英国国教是由主教管辖的教会.

archbishop ／＇a：tf＇bifəp／ ［also 又作 A］ （in many Christian churches) (the title of) the highest or a very high rank of priest（基督教的）大主教；主教长

canon／＇kænən／ ［also 又作 A］ （the title of）a Christian priest with special duties in connec-tion with a cathedral［→C350］在大教堂担任职务的（基督教）教士

abbot/'æbət/ a monk who is in charge of an abbey［■C350］修道院院长

abbess /'æbIs/ a nun who is in charge of a convent［→C351］女修道院院长

prior /'prarə/ 1 a monk who is the head of a priory［→C350］小修道院院长2 the monk next in rank below an abbot大修道院的副院长

prioress /'praiəris/ a nun who is the head of a priory 小女修道院院长

deacon/di:kən/ an officer of various Christian churches， below a priest or minister 基督教会中的执事；（罗马天主教的）助祭

deaconess／＇di：kənis／ a female deacon 基督教会中的女执事

C348 nouns 名词： districts and groups in churches 教区与教堂里的团体

parish/'pærif/1 [C] a district in the care of a

single priest or minister and served by one church 教区：The priest had a large parish of poor people in his care.该教士负责的大教区有不少穷人居住.He was looking for the parish church.他在寻找该教区的礼拜堂.The parishregister records all the marriages performed in this church.教区记录簿上记载着在这座教堂里举行的所有婚礼．2［the GC］the people living in a parish 教区全体居民：The parish don＇t want this new kind of service.该教区的居民不喜欢这种新的礼拜仪式.parishioner ［C］ a person living in a particular parish, esp one who regularly attends the parish church 教区居民（尤指经常去教区教堂做礼拜者）parochial［B］1[Wa5] relating, belonging, or limited to a parish 教区的2（fig） not having a wide view of things or experience of the world 狭隘的；偏狭的：He has very parochial ideas.他有些想法非常狭隘.

see/si:/ [C] the district under the government of a bishop or archbishop 主教或大主教的辖区diocese／＇daiə，sıs／［C］ fml＆ tech a see 主教的教

区 diocesan ［Wa5； B］ of or concerning a diocese or see 主教教区的

bishopric /'bıfəprik/[C]1 the position, rank, or office of a bishop 主教职位 2 the see ordiocese of a bishop 主教辖区

synod /'sinəd/ [C] a meeting about church affairs to decide important matters for a whole group of churches（讨论决定教会重要事务的）宗教会议：The Synod of Whitby was held in 664 AD (when the churches of the British Isles were reorganized）.威特比宗教会议于公元664年举行（正值不列颠群岛的教会改组期间）．

congregation / kongrı'geıfən/ [GC] a group of people who worship regularly in a particular church or the group present there at one particular time（尤指参加宗教礼拜仪式的）会众：We have a large active congregation in this parish.我们这个教区有一大批积极参加宗教活动的群众.The congregation stood up to sing.参加礼拜仪式的会众起立唱歌.

flock／flpk／［GC］ （fig）a congregation 会众：The priest tried to care for all the members of his flock.牧师尽量照顾他管辖的全体教徒.

Church /tf3:tf/ [often cap] an organization of Christian believers as 1 [the R] all the Christian believers in the world 世界上所有基督教徒 2 ［the R］ the members of the various branches of Christianity 基督教各教派的教徒：She lived and died a member of the (true) Church．她毕生都是个（虔诚的）教徒．3［C］thebody of Christians in a town or area 一城镇或地区的全体教徒：Paul went to address theChurch at Rome.保罗去罗马给教徒演讲.Estab-lished Church [C] a form of Christianity officially supported by the state 国教

Kirk /k3:k/ [the R usu cap] ScotE the Church, esp the Church of Scotland 苏格兰教会

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C349 nouns 名词：parts of a church

building［C］（见622页彩图）教堂建筑的各部分

altar/'o:ltə/1 a table or raised level surface on which offerings are made to God or a god（置祭品于神前的）祭坛；神坛2 the table，esp in achurch on which the bread and wine are blessed in a Communion ［→C335］ service 圣餐台

pulpit/'pulpit/ the (usu small) raised structure in a church from which a clergyman [→C344] addresses the congregation［→C348］教堂中教士向会众布道的讲坛

nave/nerv/ the long central part of a church where people sit to worship,usu between two aisles 教堂中的长形中殿，会众祈祷的地方（通常两旁有走廊）；本堂

aisle /ail/ a passage, usu one of two, leading through the length of a church and divided from the nave by a row of pillars ［■D26］（教堂中的）侧廊（有一排立柱把侧廊与本堂隔开）

choir/kwaiə/ 1 [GC] a group of people who sing together esp during religious services（尤指教堂中的）唱诗班 2 that part of a churchbuilding where such a group of people sit 唱诗班的席位：The procession of priests moved through the choir to the altar.教士们列队穿过唱诗班的席位走向圣坛.

pew /pju:/ a long seat with a back to it, for people to sit on in a church 教堂内有靠背的长椅steeple /'sti:pal/ a pointed tower which is part of a church 教堂的尖塔

belfry /'belfri/ 1 a tower for a bell,as in a church 教堂的钟塔 2 the part of this tower onwhich the bell hangs 钟楼

churchyard /'tf3:tf,ja:d/ an open space around and belonging to a church and in which dead members of that church can usu be buried 教堂墓地［ALSO→C58 GRAVEYARD］

（其余见彩图）

C350 nouns 名词： church buildings and organizations 教堂建筑与组织

church/tf3:tf/1 [C] a building made for public Christian worship（见622页彩图）（基督教的） 教堂；礼拜堂：Most churches have towers，bells， and windows made from stained (=coloured) glass.多数教堂都有塔楼、钟和彩色玻璃窗.I hopethey don't make that old church into a garage.我希望他们不要把那座旧教堂变成汽车库.2 [the R] the profession of the clerge [ C344］牧师的职业；神职：When he was 30 hejoined the church and became a priest.他三十岁时任神职，成为一名牧师．3［U often cap］religious power （as against state power）教权： Do you agree with the separation of church and state／Church and State？你赞成政教分离吗？

kirk／k3：k／［C］ ScotE a church（苏格兰）教堂：

C351 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

That＇s a beautiful old kirk.那是一座漂亮的古老教堂.

chapel/'tfæpal1 [C] a place, such as a small church, a room in a hospital, prison, etc, but not a parish church, used for Christian worship 小教堂（非教区教堂）；医院或监狱里用作祈祷的房间2［C］a part of a large church with its own altar and used esp for private prayer and small religious services 大教堂里的小礼拜堂（设有祭坛，用于个人祈祷或小型的礼拜仪式）3［C］(esp in England and Wales) a church or place of worship of Nonconformists (= those who do not belong to the established church or the Roman Catholic Church）（尤指英格兰及威尔士）非国教教徒或非天主教徒用的礼拜堂4．［C］（inScotland） a Roman Catholic church（在苏格兰）天主教堂 5［U］ the way of worshipping God used in such a place 礼拜堂里的礼拜仪式：He goes to chapel every Sunday night.每个星期天晚上他都去做礼拜.

cathedral /kə'θi:drəl/ [C] the chief church of a diocese [→C348], usu large and ornamented 总教堂；大教堂；主教座堂

abbey /'æbi/1 [C] (esp formerly) a building in which Christian monks or nuns live shut away from others; a Christian monastery or convent ［→C351］（尤指过去的）修道院2［the GU］ thegroup of people living in such a building 修道院内全体修道士3［C］a church or house thatwas once such a building 曾是修道院的教堂或住宅

priory /'prarəri/ [C often cap] a Christian re-ligious house where monks or nuns live,but smaller and less important than an abbey 小修道院；小女修道院

C351 nouns 名词：other places of worship［C］其他礼拜场所

[ALSO→C327-9]

temple /'tempal/ a place of worship,esp other than Christian 寺庙（尤指非基督教的）：TheHindus worship in temples.印度教徒在寺庙拜神.

shrine /Sram/ 1 a holy place, in a church, temple, or outdoors, such as a small building by the roadside（教堂或庙宇内的）神龛；（路边的）小庙；圣地：The pilgrims ［→C331］ stopped at the wayside shrine to pray.朝圣者在路旁的小庙前停下来祷告.Lourdes is an important Cath-olic shrine．卢尔德是天主教重要的圣地．2 a setof holy objects; the remains of a holy person, body,etc, kept together after his or her death 圣物；收藏圣徒遗骨的墓或匣

sanctuary /'sænktfu,əri/1 a holy place, esp an inner part of a church, where one cannot enter unless given the special right to do so 圣堂；神殿（尤指教堂的内殿，非经特许，一般人不得进入）2 a place of protection，often formerly a religious building, where no harm can be done（常指过去宗教建筑物内的）庇护所；避难所3［U］protection，as in such a place 庇护；避难

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mosque /mpsk/ a building in which Muslims worship 清真寺

minaret/,minə'ret/ a tall tower, one or more of which form part of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to prayer（伊斯兰教寺院的） 尖塔

pagoda /pə'gəudə/ a Buddhist temple built of several floors or levels, often with an orna-mented roof at each level 佛塔

monastery /'mpnəs,tri/ a building in which monks［→C345］live together 修道院；寺院；庙宇：There are Buddhist monasteries in Nepal. 尼泊尔有佛教寺院.monasticism［U］ the way of life of monks and nuns 僧尼的生活方式monastic [Wa5; B] of or concerning monks, monasteries，or monasticism 僧侣的；修道院的； 寺庙的；出家人的：They lead an almostmonastic life in that house.他们在那座房子里过着几乎是出家人那样的生活.

convent／＇kpnvənt／also 又作 nunnery／＇nanər／ a building in which nuns [→C345] live to-gether 女修道院；尼姑庵

cloister /'kloistə/1 [C usu pl] a covered pas-sage which surrounds an open square garden or courtyard, which has open archways on one side facing into the garden or courtyard and which usu forms part of a church, monastery, or convent（教堂、修道院等的）回廊；游廊2［Cusu sing; the R] a place of religious peace and quiet； convent； monastery 修道院；寺院：The religious girl dreamed of life in the cloister.那个虔诚的女孩向往修道院里的生活.cloistered［B］shut away from the world in or as if in a monastery 遁世的；隐居的；与世隔绝的：He led acloistered life as a young man.他年青时过的是隐居生活.

C352 nouns 名词： superstition and mythology 迷信与神话

superstition/,su:pə'stıfən/ [U] belief which is not based on reason or fact but on association of ideas， as in magic 迷信：Superstition still has a powerful hold on many minds.迷信思想仍然牢牢地占据着很多人的头脑.Believing that thenumber 13 is unlucky is typical of super-stition.认为“十三”这个数字不吉利的想法，是典型的迷信思想.

mythology /mr'θpləd3i/1 [U;C] a system of beliefs contained in myths ［→C353］神话：He is interested in Greek mythology.他对希腊神话有兴趣．2［U］ the study of myths 神话学：＇My-thology is an important but often forgotten part of psychology［→I76］，＇he said．他说：“神话学是心理学的重要组成部分，但常常被人忽略.”

myth /miθ/ [U] old stories which are not (strictly) historical; imagination and nothing else 神话；虚构：These stories are pure myth； those things never happened.这些故事纯属虚构，那样的事从未发生过.This is all myth；Idon＇t believe a word of it！＇he said.他说：“这完全是荒诞无稽之谈，我根本不信！”

folklore/'fəuk,lo:/ [U] (the study and collection of) traditional stories belonging to a tribe, people，etc 民间传说；对民间传说的研究（和收集）；民俗学：This story is found in the folklore of many countries.这个故事在许多国家的民间传说中都能找到.folklorist ［C］ a person who studies folklore 民间传说研究者；民俗学者

C353 nouns 名词：superstitions and legends 迷信与传奇

superstition /,su:pə'stifən/ [C] a belief which is not based on reason 迷信：There is a super-stition that if you step on a worm it will rain. 有一种迷信认为，要是你踩了一条虫，天就会下雨.These people believe in all sorts of old superstitions; for them seeing a black cat means good luck, but the number 13 means bad luck.这些人相信各种古老的迷信说法，他们认为见到黑猫就意味着要交好运，而十三这个数字则意味着倒运.

myth /miθ/[C] an ancient story, usu containing religious or magical ideas which may (try to) explain natural or historical events 神话：He enjoys reading the Greek myths,especially the stories of Odysseus.他喜欢阅读希腊神话，尤其喜欢看奥德修斯的故事.-ical［B］of，concerning，or like a myth 神话的；神话般的：Dragons［■A93］ are mythical beasts.龙是神话中的野兽.

legend /'led3ənd/1 [C] an old story about great deeds and people of ancient times, having a slight possible base in truth（关于古代伟大事件或人物的）传说；传奇：There is a legend that aprincess died here.传说有一位公主死于此地.Celtic legends contain many ideas which seem strange today.在凯尔特人的传说中，有许多想法在今天看来显得十分奇怪．2［U］ the kind oftradition that legends belong to（与传统观念有关的）传说；传奇：According to legend，a prin-cess died here.据传说，有一位公主死于此地.legendary [B] of, concerning, or like a legend 传说（中）的；传奇性的：A legendary princess died here.一位传说中的公主死在这里.His abilityin football has become legendary.他踢足球的技巧已成了传奇.

fable/'feibəl/ [C] 1 a story, esp about animals, that is meant to teach people a lesson about how to behave 寓言：Aesop＇s Fables were writ-ten in ancient Greece．《伊索寓言》写于古希腊．2a story which is not accepted as true 荒诞的故事；无稽之谈：Stop telling us your fables；tell the truth．别胡编了，说真话吧．fabled［Wa5；B］ esp lit ＆ poet famous in stories 故事中有名的： He is a great footballer.-Yes; I've come to see his fabled footwork (= the movement of his feet, when playing football) that people talk so much about. 他是一名优秀的足球运动员.-是的，人们对他的脚法津津乐道，我就是来看他那给说得神乎其神的脚法.

fairy tale／＇feəri teil／also 又作 fairy story ［C］1 a story about fairies［C357］，etc神仙故事；童话：The children love listening to fairy tales.孩

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子们爱听童话.This is an old Romanian fairy tale．这是一个古老的罗马尼亚童话．2 a storywhich is hard to believe, esp one intended to deceive（尤指故意骗人的）荒诞的故事；谎言：Stopmaking up these fairy tales; no one believes you.别再胡编乱说一起了，没人相信你的话.That＇sa great fairy story-Where did you get it？那是弥天大谎-你从哪儿听来的？fairy-tale［A］ ofor suitable to a fairy tale； unreal； magical 神仙故事的；童话式的；不真实的；神秘的：The shophad a fairytale atmosphere; the children loved it.那家商店有一种童话般的气氛；孩子们都很喜欢.

folktale /'fəuk,teil/ [C] a popular story passed on in speech from an earlier time or in a simple society 民间故事：They have published a book of Indian folktales.他们出版了一本印度民间故事集.

C354 nouns 名词：magic魔法

magic/'mæd3ik/ [U] 1 the system of trying to control events, nature, etc by calling on spirits，secret forces，etc 法术；魔法：They claim to use magic to change the weather, bring rain，and so on.他们声称可用法术改变天气，呼风唤雨等等．2 tech the system of thought which imagines that objects cause effects 巫术：The people who believe in magic think that pricking the figure of a man will wound the man himself.那些相信巫术的人认为，用针刺一个人的像能伤及其本人．3 the art employed by atheatrical performer who produces unex-pected objects and results by tricks 魔术；戏法4 strange influence or power; a charming and mysterious quality 魔力；魅力：She seemed to know my feelings by magic.她似乎具有魔力，竟知道我的感受.The magic of that evening still affects me.那个夜晚的魔力至今影响着我.

black magic [U] magic believed to be done with the help of evil spirits or the Devil（借助于恶魔的）黑魔术；妖术

white magic [U] magic believed to be done with the help of God, angels, good fairies[ C357］，etc（借助于上帝、天使、善神的）白法术

occult /ə'kalt/ [the R sometimes cap] fml magic，black magic， mysticism，etc 神秘学；神秘.魔术：He has studied the Occult for many years.他研究神秘学已有多年了.

witchcraft /'witf,kra:ft/ [U] the practice of magic, esp that of a witch or wizard[→C356], in order to make things happen 巫术；妖术：She was burned alive for practising witchcraft.她因搬弄巫术而被活活烧死.What witchcraft isthis?-Are you trying to tell me that the dead can live again？这是什么妖术？-你是要我相信人可以死而复活吗？

sorcery /'so:səri/ [U; C usu pl] acts of magic, esp to make things happen to people and things 巫术；妖术：This is sorcery and must be punished by the true Church！这是妖术，必须受到正统教会的惩罚！The wizard＇s［C356］sorceries made everyone fear him.那巫师的巫术使得人人都怕他.The work of the scientists

C355 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

seemed like sorcery to thesimple people.对那些无知的人来说，科学家的工作就像巫术.

voodoo /'vu:du:/ [U] a type of religion, esp in Haiti and other parts of the West Indies, whose practices are like black magic（尤指在海地和西印度群岛一带流行的）伏都教：Voodoopractices include attempts to kill at a distance by magic.伏都教的巫术包括试图用魔法远距离杀人.

spell/spel/[C]1a a condition caused by ma-gical power 着魔；中邪 b the magic words producing this condition 符咒；咒语：The witch put a spell on the young girl, turning her into a fish.那女巫用符咒镇住那位年轻的女孩，把她变成了一条鱼．2（fig） a strong attractive power 诱惑力；魅力：The children fell under the spell of his wonderful storytelling. 他讲起故事来娓娓动听，孩子们都听得入了迷.cast a spell （on） put aspell（on）施符咒（镇住）；（对...）作法：The witch cast a spell （on the young girl）.女巫作法（镇住那少女）.

C355 adjectives 形容词：relating to magic and supernatural things ［B］有关魔法与超自然事物的

magic／＇mæd31k／1［Wa5］relating to magic 魔术的；法术的：He used magic power to bring rain. 他作法祈雨.Can you do magic tricks？你会变戏法吗？2 mysterious，like magic 神奇的；不可思议的；魔术般的：What a magic influence he has on her！他对她的影响真是不可思议啊！

magical /'mæd3ikəl/ sometimes deprec gener-ally relating to magic of any kind 法术的；魔术的；魔术似的；不可思议的：Her suddendisappearance seemed magical.她像变戏法似的突然消失了.Stop all this magical nonsense and be sensible.别这样胡说八道，理智点.

mystic /'mistik/ having or claiming a hidden spiritual meaning， nature，or power 神秘的；奥妙的；魔力的：The cult has various mystic ceremonies.那个教派有各种各样的神秘仪式.Hewas reading the mystic works of Roumi.他正在读罗密的神秘小说.This story comes from theMystic East.这个故事来自神秘的东方.

mystical /'mistikal/ sometimes deprec generally relating to mystic things, mystics, and mysti-cism 神秘的；不可思议的：His writings are ful ofmystical nonsense！他的作品充满了荒诞不经的内容！

occult /ə'kalt/ secret; hidden from ordinary people； magical and mysterious 秘密的；不公开的；神秘的；玄妙的：He claimed that the secrets of occult power were known to him.他自称知道魔力的秘密.

supernatural / su:pə'nætfərəl/ beyond what is considered natural or explained by known physical laws 超自然的；怪异的：He seemed to have supernatural strength and power.他似乎具有超自然的力量和能力.Angels and demonsare supernatural beings.天使与魔鬼都是超自然的东西.-ly ［adv］ supernatural ［the R often

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C356 RELIGION ＆ BELIEFS 宗教与信仰

cap] all and any happenings which are or appear to be supernatural 超自然现象-ly［adv］ superstitious / su:pə'stifəs/ feeling, showing, or believing in superstitons of any kind 迷信的：What a superstitious person he is； he won＇t sleep in Room 13！他这人可真迷信，竟然不肯睡十三号房！-ly［adv］

C356 nouns 名词：persons concerned with magic［C］会魔法的人

tribes of North America valued their medicine men greatly.北美洲的印地安人部落极其尊重巫医.witchdoctor /'witf,dpktə/ a man in an undevel-oped society, who is believed to have magical powers（在未开化地区的）巫医：The Africantribal witchdoctor began to make spells.那个非洲部落的巫医开始念咒作法.

C357 nouns 名词： various supernatural beings［C］各种鬼神

magician /mə'd3ifən/ 1 (in stories) a person who can make strange things happen by magic（故事里的）魔法师：The old magician turned him into a mouse.那个老魔法师把他变成了一只老鼠．2 a person who does magictricks 魔术家；魔术师：They have a professional magician on the show tonight.今晚他们请到一位职业魔术家来表演.

witch /witf/ a woman who has, or is believed to have, magic powers, esp who can cast spells on people 女巫；巫婆：The wicked witch cast her spells.那邪恶的女巫念咒作法.She＇s a witch；she has a strange power over people.她是女巫， 她对人有一种奇异的镇慑力量.

warlock／＇wo：，lpk／ esp old use a male witch 男巫：On that night witches and warlocks came to dance among the standing stones.那天晚上， 女巫和男巫来到石林跳舞.

wizard/'wizəd/ (esp in stories) a man who has magic powers，esp to cast spells（尤指故事里的） 男巫；术士：The wise old wizard helped them to defeat the evil witch.足智多谋的老男巫帮助他们击败了邪恶的女巫.wizardry［U］ the actions，etc of a wizard； great skill 巫术；法术；奇才；异能

sorcerer ／＇so：sərə／ a wizard or magician 男巫；魔法师

sorceress／＇so：səris／ a female wizard； a witch 女巫；女魔法师

medicine man/'medsən ,mæn/ a man believed to have magical powers 巫医：The Red Indian

fairy/'feəri/ a usu small imaginary figure with magical powers and shaped like a human, often female 神仙（尤指仙女）

elf/elf/a type of small fairy which is said to play tricks on people 小精灵；小妖精

goblin /'goblin/ a usu unkind or evil spirit which plays tricks on people 妖精；恶鬼

gnome /nəum/1 (in fairy stories) a little (old) man who lives under the ground and guards stores of gold（童话中在地下守护宝藏的）土地神；地精2 a stone figure representingthis 土地神的石像：a garden gnome 花园里的土地神像

nymph/nimf/ one of the beautiful young girls believed, esp by the ancient Greeks, to live in trees，rivers， etc and to guard them（古希腊神话中居住在山林水泽的）美丽小仙女

ogre /'əugə/1 (in fairy stories) a frightening creature like a very large man（神话故事里的） 大妖怪2（fig）a frightening person 恶魔般的人ogress [fem]

satyr/'sætə/1 (in Greek myth)one of a group of manlike creatures with legs and a tail like a goat, famous for their sexual powers and desires（希腊神话中的）森林之神（半人半羊，有山羊般的腿和尾巴，以淫欲闻名）2 a man with greatsexual desires 淫欲无度的男人；色情狂；色鬼

centaur/'sento:/ a being in Greek mythology whose lower parts are like a horse and upper parts are like a man（希腊神话中）上半身像人、下半身像马的怪物

D

Buildings, houses, the home, clothes, belongings, and personal care

建筑物、房屋、家庭、服装、财物与个人护理

Architecture and kinds of

houses and buildings

建筑和各式房屋及建筑物

D1 verbs 动词：building things 建造

[ALSO→I3]

build /bild/ [D1(for);T1] to make by putting together parts, materials, etc, esp so as to rise above the ground 建筑；建造：They built the house themselves.这房子是他们自己动手建的.Can you build me a house/build a house for me？你能给我建一所房屋吗？He built the hutout of wood.他用木料盖了这间小屋.（fig）Themanager of the firm hopes to build the busi-ness into something big.公司的经理希望把生意做大． build in ［v adv Tl］1 ［usu pass］ tomake a fixed part of （usu） a room 为（通常指屋子）建一个固定的装置：These cupboards are buit in. 这些碗橱都是嵌在墙内的.They are built-incupboards．这些碗橱都是入墙的．2［pass］（fig） to cause to be a part of something which can-not be separated from it 使成为不可分割的组成部分：The difficulties here seem to be buil in. 这些困难似乎都是一开始就有了的.build into［vprep D1 usu pass] 1 to fix to (something) so as to make a part of it 嵌入；使固定于（而成为其中一部分）：The cupboards are built into the walls．那些碗橱是入墙式的．2 to cause to be apart of 使成为一部分：The difficulties are built into the work. 这项工作有着种种内在的困难.build on [v adv T1 often pass] to make as an addition to a building 外加建筑：This part of the hospital was built on later.医院的这一部分是后期加建的．build up ［v adv T1 usu pass］ tocover with buildings 建设起来；发展起来：The area has been built up a lot since I lived here. 自从我居住此地以来，这一地区有了很大的发展.Ithas become a built-up area.这里已成为建筑物林立的地区.

construct/kən'strakt/ [T1] more fml to build, esp part after part as a system 建筑；营造（尤指由各部分建成一个整体，比build一词正式）：Theywanted to build a new bridge and he has to construct it for them.他们想筑一座新桥，他必须为他们把桥建起来.（fig）He tried to construct a

theory to fit the facts, but he did not know enough about what had happened.他想建立一种能解释这些事实的理论，但他对发生过的事却知道得不多.

erect /r'rekt/ [T1] fml to build,esp from the ground upwards 建立；使直立；竖立（较build-词正式）：They erected the new building in six months.他们用六个月把新楼建成了.He plans toerect a memorial ［→C59］ to his father．他打算为他父亲竖立一座纪念碑.

put up ［v adv T1］1 infml to build 建造：The firm is putting up a new block of flats.那公司正在建造一片新的住宅大楼．2 to raise；to fix inposition 竖起；固定位置：Put the tent up here.在这儿撑起帐篷.

synthesize, -ise /'sinθə,saiz/ [T1] 1 to put （things） together to make a whole 综合 2 to make（something） by synthesis 用合成法合成： Scientists synthesize many natural materials now.现在科学家可以用合成法合成多种天然材料.synthetic 1 [Wa5; B] of, concerning, like, or the result of synthesis 综合的；合成的2［C］ something made this way 用合成法制成的东西：This cloth is a synthetic.这是一块合成纤维布.-ally [adv Wa4]

D2 nouns 名词：building things 建筑

[ALSO→I4]

building/'bildn/ [U] (the business, art, etc,of) making buildings，houses，etc 建筑业；建筑术；建筑：He works in the building trade.他在建筑行业做事．builder ［C］1 a person who builds （esp houses）建筑工人；经营建筑业者：He＇s a localbuilder．他是一位本地建造商．2［in comb］some-thing that brings into being or develops 形成或发展成的东西：Hard work is a great character builder.艰苦工作对建立个人性格有很大帮助.building society [C] (in Britain) an associ-ation into which people put money. This money is then lent to those who want to buy or build houses（英国）房屋互助协会（一个互助组织，会员集股投资以贷款给拟购置或建造房子的人）： He put his savings （＝ the money he had saved）in a building society.他把自己的积蓄投资在房屋互助协会.Building societies lend people's savings to other people in the form of mortgages［C215］．房屋互助协会以抵押贷款的

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