C231 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

fined for shoplifting.她在商店里偷东西时被人抓到，并被处以罚款.

mugging/'magin/1 [U] the act of one or more persons attacking and robbing another 行凶抢劫2［C］an example of this 行凶抢劫案：There were two muggings last night in the park.昨晚公园里发生了两起行凶抢劫案.

hijacking /'har,d3æku/1 [U] an act of hijacking ［→C232］anything 拦路抢劫；劫持：Hijacking for political reasons has become common throughout the world.因政治原因而劫持的事件在全世界各地已屡见不鲜．2 also 又作 esp AmEhijack［C］ an example of this 拦路抢劫事件；劫持事件：The firm has suffered several hijackings of its lorries and their loads.那家公司的卡车及所运货物已经几次遭拦路抢劫.Therewas a hijack here last month.上个月这里发生了一宗劫持事件.

piracy /'paiərəsi/ [U] robbery by a pirate[■C231］海上抢劫；海盗行为：Their crime waspiracy on the high seas, and they were hanged.他们的罪行是在公海上抢劫，被处以绞刑.

smuggling /'smaglig/ [U] the act or crime of bringing goods into one country from another, esp by sea， without paying the necessary tax 走私（尤指海上走私）：There used to be a lot ofsmuggling along this coast.这里沿海一带过去走私活动猖獗.

C231 nouns 名词：kinds of thief ［C］各种盗贼

thief／θif／a person who steals or has stolen 贼； 小偷：That city is full of thieves，many of them just children.那个城市到处都是小偷，许多还是小孩子.A thief stole his watch.小偷偷走了他的手表.

robber /'rpbə/ a person who robs or has robbed 盗贼；强盗：The robbers stopped the train and stole the gold.强盗拦截火车，盗走了金子.

burglar /'b3:glə/ a person who breaks into houses, shops, etc, to steal things esp at night （尤指在夜间潜入住宅和商店行窃的）窃贼；夜盗burglar alarm an apparatus that makes a loud warning noise when a thief breaks into a building防盗警报器

housebreaker /'haus,breikə/ less fml a burglar, esp during the day（尤指在白昼行窃的）入屋行窃者

shoplifter ／＇Sop，liftə／ a person who shoplifts 在商店内偷拿货品的贼；店内盗窃者

pickpocket /'pik,pokit/ a person who steals things from people's pockets, esp in a crowd 扒手

mugger /'magə/ a person who mugs or has mugged one or more people 行凶抢劫的人

pirate /'parərət/ (esp formerly) a a person who sails the seas stopping and robbing ships 海盗b a ship used by pirates 海盗船

hijacker /'har,d3ækə/ a person who hijacks[→C232］拦路抢劫者；劫持者

smuggler /'smaglə/ a person who habitually

smuggles ［→C232］goods 走私者

bandit /'bændit/ a person, usu an outlaw,who lives by robbing others, usu in lonely places （尤指在偏僻之地出没的）匪徒；强盗：The banditscame down from the hills and attacked the camp.匪徒下山袭击营地.Armed bandits raided the little town.武装匪徒抢劫了那个小镇.banditry [U] the activity of a bandit or bandits强盗活动

C232 verbs 动词：robbing and stealing

抢劫与偷窃

rob/rpb/[T1 (of)] to take something unlawfully from（its owner） 抢劫；盗取：The bandits robbed us of all our money.强盗把我们的钱全抢走了.Robin Hood robbed the rich to give to the poor.罗宾汉劫富济贫.Please don＇t rob us！ 求求你不要抢我们的东西！The bank has beenrobbed.那家银行遭抢劫.

steal /sti:l/ [T1; IØ (from)] to take, usu, unlawfully （what belongs to someone else）偷窃：He stole her money.他偷了她的钱.Robin Hood stole from the rich to give to the poor. 罗宾汉劫富济贫.Help，my money has beenstolen！抓小偷，我的钱被偷了！

USAGE［用法说明］One steals things.One robs people （of things） or banks， shops，etc 接在steal 后面的是“被偷的东西”.接在rob后面的是“某人”（或是“某人＋of＋被抢的东西”），或是“银行”、“商店”等：I＇ve been robbed！我被抢了！He robbed me of my watch！他抢了我的手表！Hestole my watch！他偷了我的手表！They robbed the bank and stole £50,000．他们抢了那家银行，劫去五万英镑.

mug/mag/[T1] to rob (a person) with violence, esp in a public place（尤指在公众地方）猛烈袭击并抢劫（某人）；行凶抢劫：The old lady wasmugged in a dark street.那老妇人在黑暗的街上被抢劫.

thieve /θi:v/ [Wv4; Iø] rare to steal (things) or rob（people）偷；行窃：Those thieving villains stole all his money.那些行窃的坏蛋偷走了他所有的钱.She begs and thieves for a living.她靠乞讨和偷窃为生.

pinch／pintf／ ［T1］ esp BrE infml to steal 偷窃： Hey，someone＇s pinched my money！呀，有人偷了我的钱！（fig）Don＇t pinch my girl while I＇m out of town.别乘我出门的时候把我的女友偷去.

pilfer /'pilfə/[T1; IØ] to steal something small in small amounts, or a lot of small things from (a place）小偷小摸；偷窃（小东西）：He was caughtpilfering in the department store.他在百货商店偷东西时被捉住.He began his life of crime bypilfering (from) his fellow pupils' school lockers.他上学时就偷取同学寄物柜里的东西，从此开始了犯罪生涯.pilferer［C］ a person who pilfers 小偷 pilferage ［U］ 1 loss through pilfering 失窃的损失；被偷去的东西2 the act ofpilfering 偷窃

rustle/'rAsl/ [T1] esp AmE to steal (cattle or horses）偷（牛、马等）：He used to take part in

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cattle rustling.他曾是个偷牛贼.No one dares rustle his stock； he has too many guards.他有许多守卫人员，没人敢偷他的牲口.rustler［C］aperson who rustles 偷牲畜的贼：a cattle rustler 偷牛贼

lift／lft／［T1］infml to steal，rustle，etc 偷窃：Hey， someone has lifted my wallet！呀，有人偷了我的皮夹子！The bandits lifted 20 head of cattle（＝ 20 cows，etc）from his ranch．强盗从他的牧场偷走了二十头牛.

burgle /'bз:gəl/ BrE, burglarize /'b3:glə,raız/ AmE [T1] to steal from (a building,home, etc）潜入（建筑物、房屋）盗窃：The house wasburgled.这所房子被窃.We＇ve been burgled！有人进来偷去我们的东西了！

break in [v adv IØ] to enter a house, etc by force，against the law 非法闯入住宅行窃：Some-one broke in （to our house）last night.昨晚有人闯入（我们的家）行窃.

break into ［v prep T1］ to enter by force 强行进入；闯进：The house was broken into last night. 昨晚那所房子被人破门而入.

pirate /'paərət/ [T1] 1 to steal as a pirate would 海上抢劫：The sailors pirated the cargo.那些水手抢了船上的货物．2 ［Wv5］ to make and sell （abook, newly-invented article, etc) without permission or payment, when the right to do so belongs to someone else 盗印；盗制；侵犯···的版权、发明专利权等：This is a pirated edition ofhis book.这是他那本书的盗印本.

smuggle /'smagəl/[T1; IØ] to bring (goods,etc) into one country from another without paying the necessary tax 走私：They smuggled gold into，and opium out of， the country.他们把黄金走私运进这个国家，又把鸦片私运出去.His busi-ness is to smuggle people out of the country. 他的营生就是把人偷运出境.

kidnap /'kidnæp/ [T1] to take (someone) away unlawfully in order to demand money or something else for their safe return 绑架；诱拐： They kidnapped the rich man＇s son.他们绑架了那个富翁的儿子.kidnapper BrE，kidnaper AmE [C] a person who kidnaps people or has kidnapped someone 绑架者；绑匪；拐子

abduct/æb'dakt/ [T1] usu fml to kidnap; to take away unlawfully，usu by force 诱拐；拐走（常以暴力）；绑架：He abducted the heiress in order to get money for her safe return.他拐走了那个女继承人，要拿到赎金才把她送回去.Thepolice think the missing woman has been abducted.警方认为那个失踪的妇人是被拐走的.abductor [C] a person who abducts someone 诱拐者；拐子；绑架者 abduction［U；C］an act or instance of abducting or being abducted（被） 诱拐；（被）绑架

carry off ［v adv T1］ infml to abduct；kidnap 绑架；诱拐：The bandits carried their women prisoners offinto the hills.匪徒把抢来的妇女劫持到山上去了.

hijack /'har,d3æk/ [T1] to take control of (a vehicle) by force of arms, formerly for the purpose of stealing, now more often for other （such as political）aims 拦路抢劫；劫持（交通工具）：The terrorists hijacked an airliner at

C233 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

gunpoint（＝by pointing guns at the crew）.恐怖分子把枪口对准机组人员，劫持了客机.

hold up [v adv T1] to stop (a vehicle) or go into （a place） in order to rob it 拦劫（交通工具）；进入（某地）抢劫：Some criminals held up the local bank.一些罪犯抢劫了当地的银行.holdup［C］ an act of holding something up 拦劫；抢劫： This is a holdup；don＇t move！不许动，这是抢劫！

C233 nouns 名词：deceiving and stealing 欺诈与偷窃

fraud/fro:d/1 [U] deceiving behaviour for the purpose of gain, which may be puishable by law 欺诈；诈骗：The judge found the man guilty of fraud．法官判决那人犯了诈骗罪．2［C］anexample of this 欺诈案件：His plan for getting money is one of the cleverest frauds in recent years.他的捞钱办法是近年最狡猾的诈骗案件之一.fraudulent[B] for the purposes of or related to a fraud 欺诈的；欺骗的-ly［adv］

embezzlement /ım'bezəlmənt/ [U] the use of money placed in one's care in a wrong, usu unlawful，way for one＇s own purposes 侵吞；挪用；盗用（公款或别人委托代管之财物等）：He wasconvicted of embezzlement.他被判犯有盗用款项罪.

racket/'rækit/ [C] a fraud or trick, esp in busi-ness, so as to make money dishonestly; a criminal business or undertaking（尤指买卖中的）诈骗；讹骗；经营非法生意：This racket ismaking him a lot of money at other people's expense.他用这种诈骗手段从别人身上弄到许多钱.He has worked various rackets, including drugs and prostitution.他用过各种不正当手段来弄钱，其中包括贩毒和经营卖淫业.

swindle /'swındl/[C] a racket in which a person or group of persons is cheated out of money 诈骗；诓骗：This promise of shares in a gold-mine is just a swindle; there is no such mine! 有关金矿股分的诺言不过是一个骗局，根本就没有这样一座金矿！

extortion/Ik'sto:fən/[U] the action of extorting ［→C234］ usu money， from people 强夺；敲诈； 勒索：The charge was extortion with threats.控罪是以威胁进行敲诈勒索.

blackmail /'blæk,meil/ [U] the obtaining of money or what one wants, usu unlawfully,by threatening to make known unpleasant facts about a person or group 勒索（威胁要揭露某些事实来索取金钱等）；敲诈：Pay me or I＇ll tellthem what really happened!-That's black-mail！拿钱来，不然我就告诉他们事实真相！-这是敲诈！Never give in to blackmail.决不可在勒索面前屈服.

confidence trick [C] the action of a criminal who makes someone or some people trust him enough to give him money 骗局；欺诈： This promise of quick profits is just a confi-dence trick.很快就能获得利润的诺言不过是一个骗局.con infml abbrev a confidence trick 骗局：

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C234 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

keep something wrongly and usu unlawfully 骗

取；诈取：She defrauded her brother （out）of

his share of the land.她把她弟弟应得的那份土地

骗到手.

swindle/'swindl/ [T1] to cheat (someone), esp

unlawfully 诈骗；欺骗：Don＇t try to swindle me

with your clever schemes.别想用你那些诡计来

蒙骗我．He swindled her out of £2,000．他骗去

她两千英镑.

embezzle /ım'bezəl/ [T1] to use (money placed

by others in one's care) for one's own

purposes， usu unlawfully 盗用（公款、别人委托

代管的钱财）；侵吞（钱财）：He embezzled £15,000

before they caught him.他侵吞了一万五千英镑

后才被他们抓住了.

extort/ik'sto:t/[T1(from)] to obtain by threats,

usu unlawfully 强取；强夺；敲诈；勒索：He

extorted money from her by blackmail and

threats.他用敲诈和威胁的手段逼她给钱.

con／kpn／［T1（into）］ 1 infml to cheat or trick 欺

骗；哄骗：These advertisements con you into

thinking their products the best.这些骗人的广

告要你相信他们的产品是最好的．2 to perform a

confidence trick on 设骗局骗取：He was

conned，and lost all his money.他掉进圈套，钱

全被骗走了.

blackmail /'blæk,meil/ [T1] to obtain money

and/or what one wants from (someone) by

using blackmail ［→C233］勒索；敲诈：Don＇t

think you can blackmail me (into doing what

you want）；I＇ll report you to the police.别以为

你对我的敲诈勒索能够得逞，我会向警方告发你.

C235 nouns 名词：people who and

things which cheat ［C］骗子与骗人的东

西

deceiver /dr'si:və/ esp emot & lit a person who

deceives people 骗子：What a lying little

deceiver she is！她真是个撒谎成性的小骗子啊！

cheat/tfi:t/1 a person who cheats; a dishonest

person 骗子：Don＇t play with him； he＇s a

cheat．别和他玩，他是骗子．2 infml an example

of cheating； a dishonest， deceitful trick 欺骗；

欺诈手段：That＇s a cheat！那是欺骗行为！

fraud/fro:d/ derog 1 a person who pretends or

claims to be what he or she is not 骗子：She＇s

just a fraud； she isn＇t a doctor at all.她根本不

是什么医生，纯粹是个江湖骗子．2 a thing which

does not do what it is supposed or claimed to

do 骗人的东西；骗局：His scheme is a fraud，to

make him rich at your expense.他那套计划是个

骗局，使你受损失而自己发财.

swindler /'swindlə/ a person who swindles

someone else 骗子；诈骗者：There are plenty of

swindlers around, waiting to take people's

money by promising them more.我们周围有不

少骗子，靠谎称帮人赚钱来伺机骗钱.

confidence trickster a person who habitually

performs confidence tricks on people（经常设

圈套骗人钱财的）骗子

defraud/dr'fro:d/ [T1] to deceive so as to get or conman /'kon,mæn/ infml a confidence trick-

It＇s a con； don＇t believe him！这是骗局，别相信他！

black market [(the) C] the unlawful buying and selling of goods,foreign money, etc, where such trade is controlled, esp during or after a war 黑市；非法交易：They bought butter on the black market/they bought black-market butter.他们买黑市黄油.

C234 verbs 动词：deceiving and stealing 欺诈与盗窃

[ALSO →F203]

deceive /dr'si:v/ [T1] to cause (someone) to accept as true or sound something that is false or unsound 欺骗：I trust him because I know he would never deceive me.我信任他，因为我知道他决不会欺骗我.Do my eyes deceive me，or isthat an elephant pulling that carriage？是我眼花了，还是真有只大象在拉车？Don＇t deceiveyourself into thinking that bad plan is a good one.不要自欺欺人了，别以为那个坏计划是好的.We were deceived by him; he was really a thief.我们给他骗了，他其实是一个贼.deceit［U］activity or action which deceives 欺骗；欺诈；欺骗的行为：His deceit is disgusting； he took everybody in！他的欺诈行为真可恶，把大家都骗了！I＇m tired of your lies and deceit.我对你的谎话和欺诈讨厌透了.deception［U；C］deceit； an action which deceives 欺骗；欺骗行为：Her deceptions have made us all mistrust her.她的欺骗行为使得我们都不信任她.deceptive ［B］caused by deceit or intended to deceive 欺骗的；骗人的-ly［adv］

cheat /tfi:t/ 1 [T1 (of, out of)] to take from (someone) unfairly, dishonestly, or deceitfully 骗取；诈取：The rich lord cheated the poor old woman（out）of her land.那财主把贫穷老妇人的土地骗去了．2［IØ］ to act dishonestly or deceitfully to win an advantage, esp in a gme 作弊；哄骗：He always cheats at cards.他玩牌时总是作弊.Don＇t play with her；she cheats.别和她玩，她总是骗人．3［T1］（fig）to avoid or escape as if by deception（幸运或狡黠地）避开；逃脱：The swimmers cheated death in spite of the storm.尽管有暴风雨，游泳的人都能幸免于难.

trick /trik/ [T1 (into)] to make (someone) believe what is not true, usu in order to get something 欺骗；哄骗：She tricked him into giving her the money.他上了她的当，给了她钱.Don＇t try to trick me！别打算骗我！trickery［U］ the activity of someone who likes to trick people 欺诈；诡计 tricky［Wal；B］infml clever at tricking people 狡猾的；奸诈的：Watch that fellow； he＇s tricky！要提防那个家伙，他很狡猾！

take in [v adv T1 usu pass] infml to trick or deceive 欺骗：Don＇t be taken in by his nice smile；he＇ll cheat you.不要因他那友善的笑脸而上当，他会骗你的！She took them all in with hersad story.她用一套自己编造的悲惨遭遇把他们全骗了.

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ster 骗子：Don＇t listen to him； he＇s just a conman！别听他的，他是个骗子！

racketeer /rækr'trə/ a person who makes money by dishonest business methods, usu in an organized racket 诈骗者（通常是有组织的诈骗）；经营非法生意者：The city used to be full ofgangsters and racketeers.那城市过去到处是恶棍和骗子！

embezzler /ım'bezlə/ a person who embezzles or has embezzled money 盗用（公款、代保管之财物）者；侵吞款项者

extortionist /ik'sto:fənist/ a person who extorts or has extorted anything, esp money,from anyone 强夺者；敲诈者；恐吓勒索的人

blackmailer /'blæk,meilə/ a person who blackmails or has blackmailed anyone 敲诈勒索者

black marketeer a person who sells goods on the black market 做黑市买卖的人

C236 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

defaming 诽谤

defame/dr'feim/ [T1] to (try to) damage the good name of (a person), usu by unfair means 诽谤；中伤；破坏···的名誉：He has been defamingus for years but luckily few believe hislies.他多年来一直诽谤我们；幸好没有什么人相信他的谎言.defamation ［U］ the act of defaming or being defamed 诽谤；中伤：I＇ll sue you for defa-mation of character if you go on telling these lies：如果你还继续散布谎言，我就以诽谤人格罪告你. defamatory ［B］ for the purpose of defaming 毁谤的；中伤的：He must stop making these defamatory statements.他必须停止散布这些诽谤性的言论.

slander /'sla:ndə/1 [T1] to defame (someone) in speech （口头上）诽谤；诋毁；中伤：Stopslandering us; no one believes your lies anyway！不许你再诽谤我们，反正没人相信你的谎话！2［C］a spoken statement about someone that unfairly damages his or her good name 诽谤言论；口头诽谤：These slanders must stop.必须制止这些诽谤言论．3［U］ the making of suchstatements 诽谤；诋毁；造谣中伤：This is pure slander and I'll sue [→C203] him for slander if he doesn＇t apologize.这纯属诽谤，如果他不向我道歉，我就控告他.slanderous［B］ of，concerning， like， or likely to cause slander 诽谤的；诋毁的；中伤的：She is saying a lot of slan-derous things about him.她讲了许多中伤他的话.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

libel /'labəl/ 1 [T1] to defame (someone) in writing or print（用文字）诽谤：He seems to enjoy libelling me．他似乎以写文章诽谤我为乐．2[C] a printed or written statement, picture, etc about someone that unfairly damages his or her good name 诽谤性的文字、图画等：Theselibels are quite ridiculous.这些诽谤文章真是荒谬可笑．3 ［U］ the printing etc of such a state-ment，etc 诽谤；刊登诽谤性文章、图画等：Thisstatement is libel; I'll sue him for libel if he

C238 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

prints it.这话纯属诽谤，如果他发表，我就以诽谤罪告他．4［C］ infml an unfair or untrue remark 不公平或不真实的评论：It＇s a libel；it isn＇t true！这是诽谤，不是真的！libellous［B］of，concern-ing， like， or likely to cause libel 诽谤的；中伤的： What you have written is libellous.你写的东西都是诽谤性的.-ly ［adv］-ness［U］

C237 nouns 名词： violent or dangerous crimes［U］残暴或危险的罪行

assault ／ə＇so：lt／ ［also 又作 C］ a sudden violent unlawful attack with blows against another person， or the threat of such an attack 突然猛击；伤害人身的威胁：The man was charged withassault.那人被控犯有殴打他人罪.assault andbattery [U] tech an assault which includes actual blows 殴打（已遂）；伤害人身：He wasfound guilty of assault and battery.他被判犯有殴打罪.

fire-raising /'faiə,reizij/ deliberately and usu unlawfully setting fire to property in order to cause destruction 纵火：These men are quite capable of fire-raising.这帮家伙很可能会纵火.fire-raiser [C] a person who takes part in fire-raising 纵火者

arson／＇a：sən／the criminal act of fire-raising 纵火（罪）：He committed arson by burning down two buildings.他放火烧毁两座楼房，犯了纵火罪.arsonist［C］tech a fire-raiser 纵火者

vandalism/'vændəlizəm/ intentional, needless, and usu widespread damage and destruction, esp of public property 对公共财物的故意破坏：Vandalism can cost the country millions of pounds annually.故意破坏公共财物的行为，导致国家每年几百万英镑的损失.

looting/'lu:tin/ tech the action of looting [■C238］洗劫；抢劫：The police arrested many people for looting during the riots.警察逮捕了许多在骚乱期间乘机抢劫的人.

C238 nouns＆ verbs 名词和动词：stolen goods and stealing goods 赃物与偷窃

stolen goods [P] any goods which have been stolen 赃物：He was charged with receiving stolen goods.他被控接受赃物.

loot /lu:t/ 1 [U] goods, esp valuable objects, taken away unlawfully, as by soldiers after defeating an enemy， or by thieves 赃物；掠夺物； 战利品：The bandits divided their loot.匪徒们瓜分了抢来的赃物.Where did the thieves keepthe loot？盗贼把赃物藏在什么地方？2［T1］totake loot（from）劫掠：The soldiers looted and burnt the village.那帮士兵把村子洗劫一空，然后放火烧了它.

plunder /'plandə/esp lit 1 [U] goods seized by soldiers，etc， usu by force； stolen goods 掠夺物； 赃物：The conquering army filled many carts with their plunder.占领军把掠夺来的物品装满了

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C239 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

好几大车.The thieves hid the plunder in a cave．盗贼把赃物藏在山洞里．2［T1］to seize(goods) unlawfully or by force from (people or a place）， esp in time of war or disorder 劫掠（尤指在战时或混乱时期）；抢劫：The soldiersplundered the helpless villagers.士兵抢劫了无防御力的村民.Crowds were busy plundering the shops.人群忙着抢掠商店里的货物.The soldierswere forbidden to plunder．禁止士兵抢劫．3［U］ the act of plundering 抢劫；劫掠：Those lawless men lived by plunder.那些不法之徒以抢劫为生.

spoils/spoilz/[P] esp lit goods taken unlawfully or by force， as in time of war or by thieves 掠夺物；战利品：The soldiers expected the spoils of victory to be divided up among them.士兵指望分得掠夺得来的东西.Well，where are thespoils？喂，抢来的东西放在哪儿？

booty /'bu:ti/ [U] esp lit or old use loot;plun-der 赃物；掠夺物；战利品

C239 nouns 名词：murder and suicide 谋杀与自杀

[ALSO→A8,10]

murder /'m3:də/ 1 [U] the crime of killing a person unlawfully 杀人；谋杀：He is guilty of murder.他犯有谋杀罪.She loves reading murder stories．她喜欢看描写凶杀案的小说．2［C］an occasion of murder 谋杀；杀人案；谋杀案：The police are investigating two local murders. 警方正在调查当地两起谋杀案.murderer［C］aperson who commits or has committed murder 谋杀犯；杀人犯；凶手 murderess（fem）［→F110 MURDEROUS]

manslaughter /'mæn,slo:tə/ [U] the crime of killing a person unlawfully but not inten-tionally 过失杀人（罪）；误杀：The man was found guilty of manslaughter;the charge of wilful murder was dropped 经调查，那人犯的是误杀罪，因此撤销了对他的谋杀控罪.

homicide /'hpmə,said/1 [U; C] tech murder or a murder 杀人（案件）：She is guilty of homi-cide.她犯有杀人罪.The Homicide Squad［→C224］ will look into this murder．凶杀案小队将调查这宗杀人案件．2［C］a murderer 杀人者；杀人犯 homicidal［Wa5；B］ relating to or likely to commit homicide 杀人的；有杀人倾向的-ly[adv]

suicide /'su:ə,said/ 1 [U] the act of killing oneself， usu seen as unlawful 自杀：She committed suicide while her mind was disturbed.她是在心神烦乱的情况下自杀的.attempted suicide 自杀未遂2［C］an example of this 自杀案：The police are investigating［→N360] several murders that have been made to look like suicides.警方正在调查儿起伪装成自杀案的杀人案件．3［C］ a person who commits ortries to commit suicide 自杀者；企图自杀者suicidal 1 [B] relating to or likely to commit suicide 自杀的；可能自杀的：He was feelingsuicidal．他有自杀的倾向．-ly［adv］2 dangerous to oneself 危及自身的；自取灭亡的：It is suicidal

to drive that broken-down old car！开那辆老破车，真是找死！

Prison and punishment

监狱与刑罚

C250 nouns 名词：prisons and cells ［C］

监狱与牢房

prison／＇prizən／［also 又作 U］ a set of buildings in which people who have done wrong are kept locked up; a place where a person is shut up against his or her will 监狱；牢狱：He has been sent to prison for three years.他入狱已有三年之久.Several men have escaped from a local prison.好几名犯人从地方监狱越狱逃跑了.

jail／d3eil／［also 又作 U］，also 又作 gaol BrE ／d3eil／ a public prison 监狱：Lock him up in jail.把他关进监牢.The town jails are full of arrested people.城里的几座监狱都关满了被捕的人.

penitentiary ／penə＇tenfəri／， also 又作 infml abbrev pen／pεn／AmE a prison 监狱

lockup ／＇lpk，Ap／ infml a prison or jail 监狱；拘留所：They put the drunken men in the lockup for the night.他们把醉汉押在拘留所过夜.

dungeon /'dand3ən/ a dark prison under-ground， usu in a castle 地牢；土牢：Throw the prisoners into the dungeons！把这些犯人投入地牢！

cell／sel／ a small room in a prison 牢房；小囚房； 囚室：They put all the prisoners in one cell.他们把所有犯人都关在一间牢房内.condemned cellthe cell in which a person condemned to death is kept 死囚牢房

bonds /bpndz/ [P] esp lit ropes, chains, etc; （fig） imprisonment 绑绳；锁链；关押；监禁：They kept him in bonds for a year.他们把他关押了一年.The prisoner broke his bonds and got away.犯人挣断了绑绳跑掉了.

C251 verbs 动词：imprisoning and confining［T1］关押与监禁

imprison /m'prizən/ to put in a prison or to keep in a place or state from which one cannot get out 关押；监禁；禁锢：They imprisoned him for seven years.他们把他关押了七年.（fig）I＇m imprisoned in this terrible life；there＇s no escape.我被束缚在这种可怕的生活之中，无法摆脱.

jail，also 又作 gaol BrE ／d3erl／to put in jail 关进监狱：The sheriff jailed him on a charge of theft.县治安官因他犯了偷窃罪而将他关进监狱.

uị (əuoəwos) ind o1 pwf 1ou [Ape A] dn yoo prison or a hospital for mad people 把（某人） 关进监狱或精神病院：The police locked him up

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for his own safety.警方为确保他的人身安全而把他监禁起来.He should be locked up； he＇s dangerous.他是个危险人物，应该关起来.

put away ［v adv］ infml to lock up 监禁；关进精神病院：They put him away； he was quite mad. 他们把他关进疯人院了；他完全疯了.

detain/dr'tein/1 to keep (a person) from leav-ing during a certain time 扣押；拘留：The police have detained two men for questioning at the police station.警方拘留了两个人，在警察局里进行审问．2 tech to keep in custody［→C252］拘留：He has been detained indefinitely.他已被无限期地拘留了．3 to delay 留住；耽搁：I am sorryto detain you, but I have one more question to ask.很抱歉要耽搁你，但我还有一个问题想问问你. This matter isn＇t very important and shouldn＇t detain us very long.这件事不太重要， 不会耽搁我们过久的.

intern /in't3:n/ to put in prison, or limit the freedom of movement of (someone considered dangerous), esp in wartime or for political reasons 拘禁；软禁；限制行动自由（尤指战争期间或出于政治原因）：Several hundred people were interned in case some of them were enemy agents.有好几百人遭到拘禁，以防其中混有敌人的特工.

confine /kən'farn/ [(to)] to keep in a small space or within narrow limits 关在一个狭小的地方；限制在一个狭小范围内活动：The child wasconfined to his room.那孩子被关在自己的房里.His illness confines him to a chair.他因病只能坐着.The madman was confined in case he attacked anyone.那疯子被关了起来，以防他打人.-ment［U（to）］

C252 nouns 名词：imprisoning and confining［U］关押与监禁

imprisonment /Im'prizənmənt/ the condition of being（put） in prison 监禁：His sentence was imprisonment for five years.他被判五年徒刑. His period of imprisonment was up; he was set free.他的刑期已满，被释放了.Imprisonmentfor a length of time can have strange effects on people.一段时间的监禁会对人产生奇异的影响.prison ／＇prizən／ confinement in a prison 坐牢：

She＇s in prison for theft.她因盗窃而坐牢.

jail，also 又作 gaol BrE ／d3eil／confinement in a jail 坐牢：He is in jail for assault and battery ［→C237］．他因殴打罪而坐牢．

captivity /kæp'tivəti/ the state of being a captive［→C253］囚禁；拘留：His captivity ended last night.昨晚他被解除拘禁.Manyanimals breed better when they are free than they do when in captivity.很多动物自由时的繁殖能力都是比关着时强.

confinement /kən'faınmənt/ the condition of being confined in or to a place; euph impris-onment 限制；监禁：He is finding his confine-ment rather boring;he hates being confined to the house／to（his）bed.他觉得行动受限制的生活太无聊，他讨厌被关在家里／被迫卧床.The

C253 PRISON ＆ PUNISHMENT 监狱与刑罚

prisoners are all safely under confinement. 所有的犯人都被监禁起来，保证不会出事.solitaryconfinement being imprisoned completely alone, esp as a punishment in prison or in the .army单独监禁；单独禁闭

house arrest confinement to one＇s home 软禁（在家里）：He has been under house arrest for two years; the government won't imprison him but they won't let him have freedom of move-ment either.他已经被软禁在家两年了，政府不把他关进监狱，但也不给他行动自由.

custody /'kastədi/1 tech imprisonment under guard 拘留；监禁：The prisoner is in custody， awaiting trial．那犯人被拘留候审．2 a protected condition 保护；保管：His money is in safe custody in the bank／in their hands.他的钱很安全，保管在银行里／他们手中．3 tech legal care 监护：When her parents died she was placed in the custody of her aunt.她父母逝世后，她就被交托给姑母监护.

detention /dr'tenfən/ 1 the condition of being detained (usu by force) against a person's wishes 扣押；羁押；拘留：The men have all been placed in detention/are all under detention until we can decide who is to blame.这些人都已被拘留，直到我们能判定谁该负责．2 the act ofdetaining 扣押；羁押；拘留（指行动）：The deten-tion of these men will cause trouble;they are foreign nationals.拘押这些人会带来麻烦，他们是外国公民.

internment/in't3:nmənt/the act of interning or the period of time during which a person is imprisoned 拘留；禁闭；拘禁期间：The intern-ment of political prisoners without trial is quite common.未经审判就关押政治犯是常有的事.

guard/ga:d/1 the condition of being guarded 看守；警戒：He was sent for trial under （armed） guard．他被（武装）警卫押解去受审．2ácondition of being alert and watchful 警惕；提防；警戒（esp in the phr on guard 警戒；提防）：Be on (your) guard against surprise attacks. 提防突袭！

C253 nouns 名词：prisoners［C］囚犯

prisoner /'prizənə/ a person who has been put in a prison 囚犯；（狱中的）犯人：Bring theprisoners here for questioning.把犯人带上来审问.The prisoners were allowed out of jail for exercise once a day.犯人获准每天放风一次.

captive /'kæptiv/ a person taken prisoner, esp in war 俘虏（尤指战俘）：The captives were all killed.俘虏全被杀死了.

convict/'konvikt/ tech a person being kept in prison（狱中的）犯人；在押犯：The convicts were locked in their cells.犯人都被锁在牢房内.ex-convict a person who was a convict at a time in the past从前曾被判刑的人；前科犯

jailbird ／＇d3erl，b3：d／sl a convict（狱中的）犯人； 囚犯

detainee/,di:ter'ni:/ a person under detention 被拘留者

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C254 PRISON ＆ PUNISHMENT 监狱与刑罚

internee /,mt3:'ni:/ a person who is interned （在战时或因政治原因）被拘留者

cellmate /'sel,meit/ a prisoner who shares a cell with another 同一牢房的犯人：They werecellmates in prison for two years.他们在同一牢房里被关了两年.

C254 nouns 名词： warders and jailers

［C］狱警与看守

guard/ga:d/ a person (usu paid) to guard prisoners，convicts，etc 看守；狱吏；卫兵；警卫

warder／＇wo：də／a guard， esp in a prison（尤指监狱的）警卫；狱警；看守：Two prison wardersguarded the men.两名狱警监视着那些人.

jailer，also 又作 gaoler BrE ／＇d3eilə／ a person in charge of or working in a jail 狱卒；监狱看守：The jailer carried a big bunch of keys.那狱卒带着一大串钥匙.

governor /'gavənə/ a person in charge of a prison 典狱长：The （prison） governor arranged the prisoner＇s parole［→C262］．典狱长负责安排犯人的假释.

C255 verbs 动词：punishing and deterring ［T1］惩罚与阻吓

[ALSO→C210,211]

punish /'panif/ to cause to suffer bodily, by imprisonment, etc for some crime or act which is not acceptable 处罚；惩罚：We shall punish him ifhe disobeys.如果他不服从，我们就处罚他.The criminals will be punished for their crimes.这些罪犯犯下罪行，必将受到惩罚.

deter /dr't3:/ to make lesswilling to do (some-thing）阻吓；使不敢；防止：Many people believe that the threat of punishment deters possible criminals.许多人相信刑罚有阻吓作用，使人不敢犯罪.If we stop him， we may deter others from doing the same thing.如果我们制止他，就有可能防止其他人干同样的事.

chasten/'tfeisən/1 to make (a person who has done wrong) behave correctly by punishment 使受惩罚后改邪归正；通过责罚使（犯错误的人）改正：5 years in prison had not chastened him． 五年的监狱生活并没有使他改过自新．2［Wv4,5］to make (someone or someone's behaviour) improve 磨练；使长进：He had been chastened by various experiences in life but especially by the death of his wife.各种生活经历，尤其是妻子的去世，使他受到了磨练.Life has had achastening influence on him.生活的磨练对他深有影响.

chastise／tfæ＇staiz／ fml 1 to punish severely 严惩；重罚：The father chastised his wicked son with a whip．父亲用鞭子抽打他那不肖的儿子．2to blame severely 严厉谴责：Parliament intends to chastise the slowness of the government in making a new prices and incomes agreement with the unions.政府迟迟未能与工会达成关于物价和收入的新协议，议会打算就此事提出严厉指责.

persecute /'p3:sikju:t/1 to punish unfairly, esp by treating cruelly; cause to suffer (esp for religious or political beliefs）迫害（尤指出于宗教或政治信仰的原因）：The Romans persecutedthe early Christians, often causing them to be eaten by lions.古罗马人迫害早期基督教徒，常拿他们去喂狮子.He has an illness of the mind inwhich he thinks that everyone is persecuting him．他患有精神病，总以为人人都在迫害他．2 totrouble continually；annoy 困扰；烦扰：She is persecuting her husband with complaints.她不断唠叨抱怨，使她丈夫烦透了.

victimize, -ise/'vikti,maiz/ esp emot to make (someone) a victim [→B167]; persecute （someone）使作牺牲；迫害；使受害：Stopvictimizing these men just because they tell the truth！不要因为这些人讲了真话就迫害他们！victimization, -isation [U] the act of victimizing 牺牲；迫害

C256 nouns 名词： punishments and deterrents 惩罚与制止

punishment /'panifmənt/ 1 [U] the act of punishing； the condition of being punished 处罚；惩罚：The punishment he suffered was terrible．他受到的惩罚是骇人听闻的．2［C］an actof usu lawful punishing 惩罚；刑罚：What is the punishment for this crime？ 这种罪应判什么刑罚？There are various punishments.刑罚有很多种. corporal punishment ［U］ bodily punish-ment of a person 体罚：Corporal punishment can include beating a criminal.体罚可包括殴打罪犯.capital punishment ［U］ punishment by death 死刑：Capital punishment can be by hanging or shooting.死刑可用绞刑或枪毙来执行.capital ［Wa5； B］ punishable by death 死刑的： Murder used to be a capital offence in Britain.从前在英国谋杀是死罪.

penalty /'penlti/1 [U] punishment for breaking a law， rule， or agreement in law 刑罚；处罚；惩罚（often in the phr pay the penalty 受罚）：If you break the law you must pay the penalty/ must be ready to suffer the full penalty.你如果犯了法，就得受到惩罚.If they do this，it wil beunder penalty of death.他们如果这样做，就会被处死刑．2 ［C］something （such as a number of years in prison or an amount of money to be paid） that is ordered as a punishment（服刑、罚款等的）处罚；刑期；罚金：Fishing in this riveris forbidden-penalty £10．此河严禁捕鱼，违者罚款十英镑.Some people think that the penal-ties suffered by criminals are too light.有人认为对罪犯的刑罚太轻了．3［C］ suffering or lossthat is the result of one's unwise action or of one＇s condition or state 报应；苦果：One of the penalties of fame is that people point at you in the street.名人要付的一种代价，是要受到路人的指指点点，评头品足.He had indigestion；hewas paying the penalty for eating too much.他患了消化不良症，这是他太贪吃的报应．penal［B］1[Wa5] of, concerning, or for the purpose of

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punishment in law 受刑罚的；刑法上的：Thepenal code (= laws concerning punishment) must be changed．刑法必须修改．2 severe as if in punishment（如刑罚一般）严厉的：These taxes aren＇t just high；they are penal！这些税不仅高得吓人，简直是一种刑罚！penal servitude[U] punishment by being sent to prison and made to do specially hard work 劳役监禁；劳役刑（监禁加劳役的刑罚）：The murderer wassentenced to penal servitude for eight years/for life.那杀人犯被判八年苦役监禁／终生苦役监禁.

hard labour BrE, hard labor AmE/hard 'lei-bə/[U] a prison sentence with very hard work （作为刑罚的）苦役；劳役；强制劳役：He wassentenced to five years＇hard labour.他被判五年劳役.

life (imprisonment) [U] the punishment of being put in prison for the rest of a person's life or for a very long but unfixed time 无期徒刑：The sentence was life imprisonment.判决是无期徒刑.He was given life.他被判无期徒刑.

deterrent/dr'terənt/[C] anything, esp a punish-ment，which serves to deter 制止物；阻吓措施： Many people believe that capital punishment is a deterrent to murder.许多人认为死刑有阻吓作用，能制止谋杀.

chastisement /'tfæestizmənt/[C;U] fml (a) severe punishment 严厉的惩罚：The people suffered badly under the enemy's chas-tisements.敌人残酷的镇压使人民备受折磨.Chas-tisement is often not the best way to improve someone＇s character.严厉的惩罚通常不是改进一个人品格的最好方法.

fine /fain/ [C] a sum of money taken from someone as a punishment, esp by a court of law 罚款：The fine for what he did was £20．他要为他的行为付二十英镑罚金.Has she paid thefines yet？她交罚款了吗？

persecution/ p3:sr'kju:fən/ 1 [U] the act of persecuting 迫害：Persecution of a religious group usually fails to destroy it.宗教团体通常不是迫害所能消灭的．2［U］ the state of beingpersecuted 受迫害：The defeated nation live in persecution．战败国处于受迫害的状况．3［C］acase or example of this 迫害（的事例）：This race has suffered terrible persecutions.这个种族受到残酷的迫害.

sentence/'sentəns/[C] the punishment given to someone for some crime, esp by a judge in a court of law（尤指法官的）判决；判刑；刑罚：Hereceived a ten-year prison sentence for his crimes.他因犯罪被判十年监禁.She faces（＝mayreceive) a sentence of ten years' imprison-ment.她可能被判十年监禁.

C257 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

punishing by beating，etc 体罚等

beat/bi:t/[T1] to strike repeatedly with a whip, stick，etc（连续地）用鞭子、棍等打：Beat himhard；he deserves to be punished.狠狠地打他， 他罪有应得.The man was beaten to death with

C258 PRISON ＆ PUNISHMENT 监狱与刑罚

heavy sticks.那人被大棒活活打死.He gave theman a beating.他把那人打了一顿.

thrash ／Oræf ［T1］ to beat severely 痛打：The man thrashed his enemy.那人痛打他的敌人.They thrashed him until he could not stand. 他们狠狠地打他，直到他倒在地上站不起来.

whip/wip/1 [C] a piece of rope,leather,etc, often with a stick as a handle, used for beat-ing persons， animals，etc 鞭子：He struck her with a whip. 他用鞭子抽她.She used her whip to make the horse go faster.她用鞭子打马，要它跑快些．2［T1；IØ］ to strike or beat with a whip 鞭打：She whipped the horse to make it go faster.她鞭打那匹马，要它跑快些.That mandeserves to be whipped/deserves a whipping!' he said.他说：“那人该挨鞭子！”

flog／flpg／［T1］ to whip or beat severely 重打；鞭笞：Flog him！痛打他一顿！The sailor was flogged for not doing as he was told.那水手因为没照命令去做，挨了一顿鞭子.

lash／læf／1 ［C］ an esp long thin whip 长鞭：She struck him with her lash．她用长鞭抽他．2［C］a blow from a whip 鞭挞；鞭打：They gave the prisoner twenty lashes.他们打了那犯人二十皮鞭.3 ［T1］ to strike or beat with a lash 鞭打：He lashed the horse to get it to go faster.他用鞭抽打那匹马，要它跑快些.The sailor was lashed fornot doing as he was told.那水手因没照命令去做而受鞭笞．4［Iø］to move with great force 猛烈冲击；猛烈打击：The waves lashed against the rocks／ship．大浪拍击着岩石／那只船．5 ［IØ out（at）］ to attack someone forcefully 猛然攻击：He lashed out （at them） with his feet.他（向他们） 猛地踢去．6［X9］to tie（someone）tightly 把（某人）绑紧；把···扎牢：They lashed him to a tree. 他们把他牢牢地绑在树上.

birch /b3:tf/ [T1] to strike with a birch (=one or more sticks cut from a birch ［→A155］tree）用桦树条打：The boy was birched for stealing.那男孩因偷窃而遭鞭打.

cane／kein／［T1］to beat with a cane ［→H42］用藤条、笞杖等打：The teacher caned the boy.教师用笞杖打那男生.

C258 verbs 动词：punishing by killing ［T1］处死

execute/'eksikju:t/ to kill according to law or any custom，plan，etc 处死；处决：They executed murderers in those days.从前他们把杀人犯处以死刑.He was executed for treason［■C138］．他因叛国罪被处决.execution［U；C］ the act or an act of executing 处决；执行死刑：The sentence was death by execution.判决是执行死刑.They carried out the execution at dawn.他们在拂晓时执行了死刑.

hang/hæn/ to execute by hanging (by the neck) 绞死；吊死：In those days a man could be hanged by the neck until dead.那时，人的脖子上会被套上绞索，直至吊死为止.＇Hang him！＇thepeople cried.人们大声喊道：“绞死他！”.hanging [U;C] the action or an act of hanging some-

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one 绞刑；绞死：Hanging was abolished some years ago in this country.几年前这个国家废除了绞刑.The hangings took place in prison.绞刑在狱中执行.

behead /br'hed/ to execute by cutting off the head 斩首：The executioner beheaded the pris-oner with an axe.刽子手用斧头把犯人斩首.

guillotine /,gilə'ti:n/ to behead by guillotine[→C260］用断头台斩首：The men were guillotined． 那些人被送上断头台斩首.

chop off [v adv] to cut off in one or several sharp blows 砍掉：The axeman chopped off Mary Queen of Scots＇ head.刀斧手砍下苏格兰女王玛丽的头.

decapitate ／dr＇kæpə，teit／fml to behead 斩首： The prisoners were all decapitated.所有犯人都被砍了头.decapitation ［U］ the act of decapi-tating 斩首；砍头

crucify /'kru:sə,far/ to kill by nailing or tying to a cross and leaving to die 钉（或捆）在十字架上处死

crucifixion /,kru:sə'fikfən/1 [C; U] (an example of） the act of crucifying 钉死于十字架2a［the R usu cap] the death of Christ on the Cross 耶稣被钉死十字架上b［C］ a picture or figure ofthis 耶稣被钉死在十字架上的画或像

C259 nouns 名词：people punishing by killing［C］死刑执行者；刽子手

executioner /,eksr'kju:fənə/ a person who executes criminals condemned [→L156] to death 行刑者；刽子手：The public executioner hanged the criminal.刽子手把罪犯绞死了.

hangman/'hænmən/ an executioner who hangs condemned prisoners on a gallows [→C260] 绞刑吏；刽子手

axeman/'æksmən/ an executioner who uses an axe to cut off the heads of condemned prisoners 刀斧手；刽子手

C260 nouns 名词：ways of punishing by killing 处死的方式

gallows /'gæləuz/ [Wn3; C; P] a wooden framework from which criminals are hanged （见622页彩图）（木框）绞架；绞刑架：He paid（the price） for his crime on the gallows.他因犯罪而落得被绞死的下场.

scaffold /'skæfəld/ 1 [C] a platform (as of a gallows）绞刑台2［the R］ the gallowS 绞刑架： He died on the scaffold.他死在绞刑架上.You＇ll go to the scaffold if you kill her！你要是杀了她， 就要上绞刑架！

guillotine /'gilə,ti:n/ [C; the R] a framework with a blade which can rise and fall, used esp in France, to behead condemned [→L156] persons（见622页彩图）（尤指法国的）断头台：She went to the guillotine in the French Revo-lution，她在法国大革命时期被送上断头台.

(execution) block /(,eksr'kju:fən) blpk/[C; the R] the wooden block on which a person's head rests when being beheaded 断头台：He went to the block for his crimes.他因犯罪被送上断头台.

(electric) chair /(r'lektrik) tfeə/ [C; the R] an electrified chair used in some states of the US for the execution of condemned criminals 电椅（美国一些州用以执行死刑）：He went to the(electric) chair for a crime he didn't commit. 他没有犯罪却无辜被送上电椅处死.

gas chamber /'gæs ,tfeimbə/ [C; the R] a room which can be filled with poisonous gas, used for executing people（用于执行死刑的）毒气室：He died in the gas chamber.他死在毒气室内.

firing squad /'farəri skwod/ [C] a group of armed men, usu soldiers, who are used to shoot condemned persons 执行枪决的行刑队：He died before a firing squad.他被行刑队枪决.

C261 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：punishing by sending away 流放

banish /'bænif [T1] 1 to send away, usu out of the country，as a punishment 流放；放逐（通常到国外）；驱逐出境：He was banished for politi-cal reasons．他因政治原因而被流放．2（fig）tostop thinking about 摈弃（某种想法）；忘却：You can banish from your mind any idea of a holiday；we＇re not going anywhere.你还是趁早打消度假的想法，我们哪儿也不去.banishment［U］ the state of being banished 被流放；被驱逐

exile ／＇egzail／1 ［T1］ to send into banishment放逐；流放：They exiled Napoleon to the island of St Helena．他们把拿破仑放逐到圣赫勒拿岛．2［U］the state of exile 放逐；流放：The Scots lord was living in exile in France.那个苏格兰贵族在法国过着流亡生活．3［C］ an exiled person；aperson far from home 被放逐者；流亡者；远离家乡的人：These exiles cannot return to their native land，as they fear execution.这些流亡者不能回自己的国家，因为害怕被处死.

extradite /'ekstrədait/ [T1] to send (someone who may be guilty of a crime and who has escaped to another country） back for trial 引渡（逃犯）：He was extradited from France to Britain to stand trial for murder.他杀了人，从法国被引渡回英国接受审判.extradition ［U；C］the act or an act of extraditing 引渡：The minister signed the extradition （order）.部长签署了引渡令.

deport /dr'po:t/ [T1] to send (an unwanted person） out of a country 驱逐出境：They deported him after he wrote a critical news-paper article about their government.他在报纸上发表了一篇批评政府的文章后，就被驱逐出境了. deportation ［U；C］ the act or an act of deporting or being deported 放逐；（被）驱逐出境：The minister signed the deportation order. 部长在驱逐令上签了字.

evict /r'vikt/ [T1] to take (a person) away (from a house or land） by law or by force（按法律或

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用武力）把（租户等）赶出（房屋或土地）；驱逐：Thelandlord had the legal right to evict his tenants［→D64］，by force if necessary．地主有驱逐佃户的合法权利，必要时可使用武力.eviction[U;C] the act or an act of evicting or being evicted（被）驱逐

C262 nouns 名词：remission， pardon， and parole 减刑、赦免与假释

remission /r'mifən/ [U;C] (an act of) reduction in full or in part of a prison sentence 减刑；赦免：He got three years＇ remission （of sentence） for good behaviour. 由于服刑期间表现好，他被减免三年徒刑.Therecannot be anyremission for him; his crimes were too grave.他的罪行十分严重，不可能获得减刑.

pardon /'pa:dən/ [C;U] (an act of) forgive-ness，esp in legal remission of a sentence 赦免； 免罪：He was released from prison with a full pardon.他获赦免释放.Does he expect pardon for his offences？他指望自己的罪过能获赦吗？

amnesty /'æm,nesti/ [C]a general pardon,esp for offences against the state, in which prisoners may be released 大赦（尤指对政治犯的）：The new governor declared a total amnesty for political offenders.新总督宣布对全体政治犯实行大赦.

parole /pə'rəul/ [U] 1 the letting out of a person from prison, on condition that the person behaves well（在表现好的条件下）假释（esp in the phr on parole 获得假释）a before the end of the period of imprisonment 刑满前假释b for a particular time within that period 服刑期间某一段时间内假释：He was let out ofprison for a week on parole, to see his sick wife.他获假释出狱一周以探望他患病的妻子.Theparole board decides when a prisoner may be let out．假释管理委员会决定犯人何时能获假释．2this letting out， or the length of time it lasts 假释；假释期：He was out on six weeks＇parole.他获假释出狱六周.Her parole will soon be over. 她的假释期即将结束.break （one＇s） parole tofail to return to prison after being out on parole 假释期满，违誓未回监狱

probation /prə'beıfən/ [U] the legal system in which (esp young) offenders [→C228] are not put in prison if they do not do anything against the law for a certain length of time 缓刑：He＇s on three years＇ probation. 他被判缓刑三年.Her probation officer （＝ a social worker who advises people on probation) warned her to keep away from her criminal friends.她的监护官（＝监督缓刑犯的官员）警告她不要和她的罪犯伙伴来往.

C263 verbs 动词：relating to punishment

［T1］有关刑罚的 [ALSO→C211]

serve／s3：v／tech to live through 服（刑）：The

prisoner served his sentence and was released. 那犯人服刑期满被释放了.

parole /pə'rəul/ [usu pass] to set free on parole 假释：He was paroled last week.他上周获假释.

commute /kə'mju:t/ [(to)] to reduce (a punish-ment in law） in severity 减免（刑罚）：His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 他的死刑获减免，改为无期徒刑.

remit／ri＇mit／to shorten 减免；减短：His sentence was remitted by three years for good behav-iour.他因表现好获减刑三年.

pardon/'pa:dn/ to release from a charge or a sentence 免罪；赦免：He was publicly pardoned for his crimes.他获公开赦免.

Warfare,defence, and the army

战争、防御与军队

Fighting, war, and peace

战斗、战争与和平

C270 nouns 名词：war and peace 战争与和平

war /wo:/[U] 1 armed force used by two or more countries or groups against each other 战争：War is terrible.战争很可怕.They are afraid that war will break out soon.他们担心战争很快就会爆发.Few people nowadayswelcome war.现在儿乎没有人希望打仗.The twocountries are at war.这两国正在交战.He declared war on his enemies. 他向敌人宣战. They went to war against us.他们对我们开战.Waging war for any length of time is costly.打仗不管打多久总要付出高昂的代价．2 a strugglebetween opposing forces or for a particular purpose 斗争；冲突：The class war in Britain has been long and bitter.英国的阶级冲突不仅持久而且剧烈.We must wage war against disease. 我们必须跟疾病作斗争.wartime［U］the timewhen a war is happening 战时：Wartime conditions are usually hard.战争时期的境况总是艰苦的.

warfare /'wo:,feə/ [U] making war; the con-dition of （being at） war 打仗；战争状态：He has experience of this kind of warfare.他有应付这种战争的经验.（fig）He＇s used to political warfare.他惯于政治斗争.

peace/pi:s/ [U] 1 a time or condition when there is no war or violence 和平：The peace was too short； war broke out again.和平很短暂，战争又爆发了.They signed a peace treaty at the end of the war.战争结束时，他们签署了和平协定.The two countries have been at peace for

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years．这两国多年来一直和平共处．2 a state offreedom from disorder in a country, with the citizens living according to the law 安宁；平静的生活：The people kept the peace.人民维护社会安定.There were no breaches of the peace last night.昨晚没有发生扰乱治安的事.peacetime［U］ a time when a nation is not at war 和平时期：These things don＇t happen in peacetime.和平时期不会发生这种事.

fighting/'faitn/ [U] continuing armed violence or quarrelling 战斗；争斗；争论：The fighting went on for eight days.战斗持续了八天.When did the fighting stop？战斗是什么时候停止的？

conflict /konflikt/[U] a condition of war; violent quarrelling 冲突；斗争；争吵：We expect conflict over these matters;neither country is going to back down.我们预料在这些问题上会有争执，两国都不会让步.The area is in a state ofarmed conflict.这一地区正处于武装冲突状态.

combat /'kpmbæt/ [U] fighting, usu between individuals or small numbers（少数人之间的）搏斗；格斗；战斗：Have you been in combat yet？ 你跟人格斗过吗？Combat conditions were terrible.战斗条件很差.He is an expert in unarmed combat.他精于徒手格斗.

action／＇ækfən／［U］ fighting generally 作战；战斗： That regiment has often seen action.该团经常作战.The Royal Scots went into action behind their pipers.皇家步兵第一团在风笛乐队的引领下展开战斗.

hostilities ／hps＇trlətiz／［P］acts of war 战争行动； 战斗：Hostilities began last week.战斗于上周开始了.

fight/fait/[U] ability or capacity to go on fight-ing 战斗力：There is no fight left in the men； they are exhausted.这些人已完全失去战斗力，他们已筋疲力竭了.

battle ／＇bætl／ ［U］ lit 1 willingness to fight 斗志： The light of battle was in his eyes.他眼中充满斗志．2 fighting 战斗；斗争：He enjoys books about battle and sudden death.他喜欢看关于战斗和暴死的书籍.The soldiers went into battle （＝went forward to fight）.士兵投入战斗.

confrontation /,konfən'terfən/ [U] the act of facing, confronting, being ready to fight, argue，etc 对抗：Confrontation between states can start wars.国与国之间的对抗会导致战争.

C271 nouns 名词：wars and battles ［C］ 战争与战斗

war／wo：／an occasion or period of war 战争；战争时期：There have been wars since the human race began its history.自有人类历史以来就有战争.They hope to avoid another war.他们希望能避免另一场战争.The First World War beganin 1914．第一次世界大战是在1914年开始的．

conflict／＇konflikt／ an occasion of conflict 冲突； 斗争；争执：These minor conflicts do not add up to open war.这些小冲突不会酿成一场公开战争.You can expect a conflict of opinion between those two men.你可以预料到他们两人

之间会发生意见冲突的.

clash／klæf／1 ［（between）］ a fight；battle 战斗；冲突：A border clash between the two armies started the war.两支军队因边界冲突而引发了这场战争．2 an example of opposition or dis-agreement 不一致；不和谐：a clash of colours 色彩不和谐；clash of interests 利害冲突 3 a loudconfused noise 撞击声：The soldiers were woken by the clash of weapons.士兵被武器的碰撞声惊醒了.

fight /fait/ an occasion or period of violent action 战斗；打斗；战斗时期：The two men gotinto a fight last night.昨晚他们两人打架.Fights broke out in the bar.酒吧里发生了打斗事件.Itwas a long hard fight between the two nations.两国打了一场艰苦持久的战争.

battle /'bætl/ 1 a fight, usu between (large) armies， navies， etc in a particular place 战役（通常指陆军、海军等在某一特定地点进行的战斗）：The battle began at dawn.战役在拂晓时爆发了.In the past there were many battles between the English and the Scots.从前，英格兰人和苏格兰人之间打过多次仗．2（fig）struggle，effort 奋斗；努力：It＇s quite a battle to get money to pay the rent.为了挣钱付房租真得奋斗一番.

struggle/'stragal/ esp emot a violent or long fight；a struggling ［■C274］action 激烈或长期的战斗；搏斗；斗争；挣扎：She tried to escape buther struggles were useless.她试图逃走，但她的挣扎都白费气力.Help us in our struggle to free our country from the enemy.支援我们为把我国从敌人手中解放出来而进行的斗争.

confrontation / konfrən'teifən/ a time when people face each other in anger, argument, or readiness for trouble 对抗：This confrontation between the two groups could lead to killing. 这两伙人的对抗可能导致互相残杀.

duel /'dju:əl/ a fight, esp between two people according to certain rules, esp formerly with swords or guns 决斗（尤指过去两人之间用剑或手枪进行的决斗）：The two men fought a duelover the woman.他们两人为了那个女人进行了一场决斗.The battle in the air was made up of duels between the many planes.那场空战双方都有许多飞机参加.

C272 nouns 名词：fronts and fields 前线与战场

front/frant/[C; the R sometimes cap] in war, the line along which fighting takes place together with the part behind it concerned with supplies 前线；战线：The reserves were sent up to the front.后备部队被派赴前线.The war isbeing waged successfully on all fronts.一场战争正胜利地在各条战线上进行着.The Minister ofWar visited the soldiers at the Front.国防部长到前线看望士兵.The enemy attacked on a widefront.敌人在广阔的战线上发起进攻.The frontcollapsed (= was destroyed) and the enemy forces poured through.防线崩溃了，敌军蜂拥而来.

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front line [C; the R] 1 the line of soldiers, defences，etc at the front 前线：These men are going straight to the front line.这些人正直奔前线．2（fig） the most advanced or responsible position 第一线：These doctors are in the front line in the fight against disease.这些医生在第一线与疾病抗争．front-line［Wa5；A］：These are front-line troops.这些是前线部队.

line /lam/ [C; the R; A] (esp formerly) the line of battle taken up by an army（尤指从前的）战线；防线：These are regiments ［→C292］ of the line and will not run when the enemy attack. 这些是正规步兵团，敌人进攻时，他们决不会溃散.The enemy broke through our line.敌人突破了我们的防线.

lines/lainz/[P]1 the line along which an army is organized 阵线：He was taken prisoner behind the enemy lines．他在敌人后方被俘．2 anarmy camp 营房：Tell the men not to leave the lines tonight.通知士兵们今晚不要离开营房.

battlefield /'bætl,fi:ld/ [C] a particular place where a battle is or has been fought 战场：This peaceful-looking place was one of the worst battlefields of the First World War.这个看来十分宁静的地方，在第一次世界大战时曾是战斗最激烈的战场之一.

battleground /'bætl,graund/ [C] a place where battles （often） happen 战场：The borderland was a battleground for centuries.这个边境地区过去几百年来一直是战场.

field/fi:ld/[the R] the place where a battle,war, or campaign takes place or was fought 战场；战地：He died on the field of battle.他战死沙场. The old soldier said that life in the field was different from peacetime soldiering.那老兵说， 战地生活与和平时期的军人生活是大不相同的.

C273 adjectives 形容词：relating to war

［B］关于战争的 [ALSO→F220,221]

warlike/'wo:,laik/1 ready for or threatening war 准备作战的；有战争危险的：The two statesbegan to behave in a very warlike manner.两国都摆出一副准备交战的姿态．2 liking or skilledin war 好战的；善战的：The Scots in the pastwere a warlike nation.苏格兰人从前是一个好战的民族.

belligerent /bə'lid3ərənt/ at war; having or showing anger and readiness to fight 交战中的； 好战的；生气而准备打架的：I don＇t like yourbelligerent manner，Jones.琼斯，我不喜欢你那好斗的模样.-ly［adv］

bellicose／＇belikəus／fml warlike 好战的；好斗的： He is rather a bellicose person.他是个相当好斗的人.

martial/'ma:fal/ of or concerning war; ready to fight 战争的；军事的；好战的：He spoke aboutthe martial spirit of his soldiers.他谈到自己的士兵的士气问题.

military/'milətəri/ of, for, by, or connected with soldiers， armies，or war fought by armies 军人

的；军事的；战争的；军用的；军队的

militant /'milətənt/ having or expressing a readiness to fight or use force; taking an active part in war， a fight， or a struggle 富于战斗性的；好战的：That country is militant in making its claims.该国在提出权利要求时，态度十分强硬.A few militant members of the crowd began throwing stones at the police.人群中的一些好斗分子开始向警察投掷石块.Hisspeech was extremely militant.他的演说充满战斗意味.-ly［adv］ militancy ［U］ the stateor condition of being militant 战斗性；交战状态

embattled /Im'bætld/1 surrounded by enemies 被敌军包围的：The soldiers in the embattled town soon lost heart (= became discouraged). 困守在城内的士兵很快就丧失了斗志．2（fig）（of aperson) continually troubled by annoying or harmful influences（指人）常受骚扰的；（不断地）受侵害的3（of castles，forts，etc） having a wall round the roof with openings to shoot through（指城堡、要塞）有射击孔或有雉堞墙的4(of armies, etc, esp formerly) arranged for battle（指军队等，尤其是从前的）作好战斗准备的；严阵以待的

combative /kəm'bætıv/ ready or liking to fight 好斗的：He has a rather combative manner.他的态度颇好斗.

C274 verbs 动词：fighting and warring 战斗与作战

wage/weid3/ [T1] to begin and continue (a struggle of some kind）开始并继续进行（某种争斗）：They have been waging war against us for years.多年来，他们一直在对我们进行战争.Hewaged the campaign［→C285］well．这个战役， 他打得好.

break out ［v adv IØ］ to begin 爆发；发生：War broke out in 1939．战争于1939年爆发．

fight /fait/ 1 [IØ; T1] to use (armed) forces （against）； to struggle （against）（跟···）打仗； （与···）斗争：He fought（the enemy）well.他（打敌人）打得很好.We shall fight this injustice.我们要和这种不公正的行为作斗争．2［IØ；T1］toresist by using force 反抗：If you attack， we＇ll fight（back）．若你们进攻，我们就反击．3［IØ］tostruggle together 打架；战斗：The two men were fighting in the street.那两个男人在街上打架.The armies fought until they were exhausted. 那些军队一直打到筋疲力竭才罢休.

combat/'kpmbæt/[T1] often fml to resist by fighting 抵抗；反击：We shall combat these assaults with every weapon we have.我们要拿起一切武器，抵抗这些进攻.（fig）Doctors havebeen trying to combat this disease for years.多年来，医生一直在设法战胜这种疾病.

battle／＇bætl／［IØ］ esp emot to fight hard 奋战： He battled to victory against many enemies. 他经过奋战打败了许多敌人，终于取得胜利.

struggle /'stragəl/ [IØ, 3] esp emot to fight violently，esp to escape 奋斗；斗争；抗争；挣扎： She struggled to get away from him.她挣扎着

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要摆脱他.They have struggled for years to free their country from the enemy.为把国家从敌人手中解放出来，他们多年来一直在进行斗争.

war/wo:/[IØ]esp lit & emot to fight, usu over a longer period 战斗（通常指较长时期的战斗）：Weshall war against injustice till we have a better world.我们要和不公正的现象作斗争，直到世界变得更美好.These tribes have been warring for centuries.这些部族之间的战争已经持续了好几百年.

duel／＇dju：əl／ ［IØ］ to fight a duel［→C271］决斗： The famous swordsman enjoyed duelling.这位著名的击剑手喜欢决斗.duellist BrE，duelistAmE ［C］ a person who fights（in） a duel 决斗者

C275 verbs 动词：attacking and

ambushing 进攻与伏击 [ALSO→N335]

attack /ə'tæk/ [IØ; T1] to move or act violently against （a person， enemy， place，etc）攻击（一个人、敌入、某地等）；进攻：The soldiersattacked.士兵们进攻了.They attacked the castle.他们向城堡进攻.The politician attacked his opponents in his speech.这位政治家在演说中攻击他的对手.

assault/ə'so:lt/ [T1] 1 esp old use & lit to attack 攻击；袭击：The soldiers assaulted the castle.士兵们袭击城堡．2 to attack personally 人身袭击：Get a policeman!-that man is assaulting those women！快叫警察来，那人正在袭击那些妇女！

invade /In'veid/ [T1] 1 to attack so as to take control of （a country，city，etc）入侵（一个国家、一座城市等）；侵略：The enemy armies invaded the country at two points.敌军从两处入侵这个国家．2 to enter in large numbers 大批进入；涌人：Holiday-makers invade this place during the summer months.度假者在夏季大批涌入这个地方．3（fig）to enter into and spoil 干预；侵害： I don't want to invade your private life unnecessarily.我不想无端干扰你的私生活.

overrun /əuvə'ran/ [T1] esp emot to invade completely 侵占：The enemy overran the country in one short week (= in only a week). 在短短的一周里，敌人就侵占了这个国家.Thedefences were overrun and the soldiers were killed.防御工事被摧毁，士兵全都阵亡了.

occupy/'pkjupai/ [T1] to take (land, a country, etc） by force 占领（土地、国家等）：The armyoccupied theforts which the enemy had left. 军队占领了敌人遗下的堡垒.The invading armyoccupied the capital city.侵略军占领了首都. The partisans began to attack the occupying forces wherever possible.游击队在一切可能的地方开始打击占领军.occupation ［U sometimes cap] the act or an act or time of occupying or being occupied（被）占领；（被）占领期间

engage／in＇gerd3／ ［T1］ to meet and fight 交战； 交火：Our men engaged the enemy at dawn.我军在拂晓时分和敌军交火.

besiege /br'si:d3/[T1] to attack (a place) by surrounding with soldiers, so that no one can get in or out 包围；围困；围攻：The king began to besiege the castle／walled city.国王开始围攻城堡／筑有城墙的城市.

invest ／in＇vest／ ［T1］ old use ＆＆ lit to besiege 包围；围攻：The army invested the city.军队包围了这座城市.

breach/bri:tf [T1] to break through; to make a hole or breach in （esp a wall）突破（尤指围墙）； 在···造成缺口：The soldiers breached the walls and poured into the city.士兵突破围墙，涌入城内.

storm /storm/ [T1] to attack with great force, numbers， speed，etc， usu successfully（常指成功地）猛攻；强击；强袭：The soldiers stormed and took the castle.士兵们经过一阵猛攻占领了城堡.

raid /reid/ [T1; IØ] to make a raid [→C276] (on); to attack for a short time or quickly, usu with a smaller number of soldiers, criminals, etc 袭击；突袭：They raided the enemy positions almost daily. 他们几乎天天袭击敌军阵地.Thethieves raided the shop and stole a lot of money.盗贼冲入商店，抢走大量金钱.raider［C］a person who raids any place 袭击者

thrust /Orast/ [IØ] to attack suddenly and forcefully 强攻；突袭：The army thrust （forward） towards the enemy headquarters.军队向敌军司令部发起突袭.

drive/draiv/[IØ (on, forward)] to thrust again and again， further and further 进军：The army drove on towards the enemy capital.部队向敌国首都挺进.

push /puf/ [L9, esp on, forward] to attack steadily 推进；持续进攻：Our men are pushing forward on all fronts against weakening enemy resistance.我军全线推进，持续进攻正日益削弱的敌军抵抗力量.

ambush /'æmbuf/ [T1] to attack unexpectedly from secret positions 伏击；设置埋伏以突袭：Thecompany was ambushed in the hills and wiped out to a man (= every man was killed). 这个连在山上遭到伏击，全部被歼灭.They plan toambush our troops.他们计划伏击我军.

C276 nouns 名词：attacking and ambushing 进攻与攻击

attack /ə'tæk/ [C] an action, usu military, against a person， group， place，etc 进攻；袭击： The attack was timed for dawn.进攻定在拂晓开始.The enemy attacks failed.敌人的进攻失败了.Many men died in the attack.在进攻中死了很多人.（fig） The politician began an attack on his opponents＇policies.那政治家开始攻击对手们的政策.

assault ／ə＇so：lt／ ［C］ a strong attack 猛攻；袭击： The assault failed.进攻失败了.After several fierce assaults the soldiers took the town.经过多次猛攻之后，士兵们占领了这座城镇.

offensive／ə＇fensiv／ ［C； the U］ tech an attack 进

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攻；攻击：When did the enemy offensive begin？ 敌人什么时候开始进攻的？We go on the offen-sive soon（＝We attack soon）.我们很快就进攻了. invasion /m'ver3ən/ [C;U] an occasion of

invading or being invaded 入侵；侵略：The enemy invasions were fiercely resisted.敌人的入侵遭到猛烈的抵抗.Invasion is a commonoccurrence in human history.在人类历史上，侵略是常有的事.

engagement /In'geid3mənt/ [C] often tech a battle 交火；交战：Although it was only a short engagement, a lot of men were killed or wounded.尽管交火时间不长，却造成许多伤亡.

siege /si:d3/ [U;C] an attack on a placeby keeping an army round it and stopping anyone or anything from getting in or out 围攻；围困；包围：The siege of the castle lasted for six months.这座城堡被围困达六个月之久.Thecity is in a state of siege.这座城市处于被围困状态.

action /'ækfən/ [C] an occasion of fighting or military action 战斗；军事行动：The action did not last long and no one was killed.战斗持续的时间不长，无人死亡.The war consisted largelyof limited actions.这场战争的战事绝大部分是有限度的军事行动.

skirmish /'sk3:mıf/ [C] a brief usu unimportant and unplanned fight 散兵战；小规模战斗：Thefront between the armies was quiet except for occasional skirmishes.除了零星的小接触之外，前线无战事.He was killed in a local skirmish. 他在一次局部的小战斗中阵亡.

thrust /Orast/ [C] a strong attack (intended) to go deep behind enemy lines（旨在插入敌后的） 强攻：The thrust was successful and reached the enemy headquarters ［→J227］．强攻成功，直捣敌军司令部.

push／puf／［S］ a large and steady attack 推进；持续进攻：The big push began last night.军队昨晚开始大推进.

raid/reid/ [C] a sudden, secret, or unexpected attack，usu by a small group（小支部队的）突袭； 偷袭：The enemy began armed raids across the border.敌人越过边境，开始进行武装袭击.In anair raid last night enemy aircraft bombed the city.在昨晚的一次空袭中，敌机轰炸了这座城市.The tribesmen carried off many animals in their cattle raids／their raids on our cattle.那个部落的人每次偷袭我们的牛群，都劫走许多牲口.

foray／＇forei／［C］ esp lit ＆ emot a raid 突袭；偷袭：They made a foray into enemy territory.他们到敌后进行偷袭.These vicious forays against our men must be stopped！必须制止对我军的这种凶狠袭击！

ambush/'æmbuf/ [C;U] (the placing of sol-diers, etc for) a surprise attack, usu in difficult country 埋伏；伏击：The bandit chief planned the ambush carefully.那匪首精心策划了这次伏击.The soldiers lay in ambush.士兵们布置埋伏. bombardment /bpm'ba:dmənt/ [C] (an) attack

firing big guns 炮击；轰击；轰炸：He could hear the sound of a navy bombardment.他听得到海军的炮击声.The bombardments lasted a week. 炮击持续了一周.

C277 verbs 动词：facing， defending， and retreating 对抗、保卫与撤退

face/fers/[T1] to go, turn, or look towards or to stand looking at (a person, group,etc that is a danger，enemy，etc）面对（某人、危险、敌人等）； 朝向：Bravely he faced his enemies.他勇敢地面对敌人.She did a terrible thing and now she can＇t face him any more.她干了一件丑事，再也没脸见他.（fig）The men faced great dangers fearlessly.那些人无畏地面对巨大的危险.face upto [v adv prep T1] emph to face; accept （something unpleasant）勇敢地面对；正视： Come on；face up to your troubles.来吧，勇敢地正视自己的困难！face the music infml toaccept one's punishment or trouble one has helped to cause 接受应得的惩罚；面对自找的麻烦：She＇s afraid to face the music.她不敢承担后果.

confront/kən'frant/1 [T1] esp fml to face or face up to 勇敢地面对；正视：He confronted his enemies bravely．他勇敢地面对敌人．2［T1 with］ to bring face to face 使面对：She confronted him with the facts about his crimes.她迫使他正视自己的犯罪事实.

defend /dr'fend/ [T1] to fight for (a place, people，idea，etc）保卫（一个地方、人民、思想等）：He defended the castle against its attackers.他保卫城堡，和来犯者战斗.Defendyourselves！-The enemy are coming.起来保卫你们自己！-敌人来了！I＇ll defend theseopinions against anyone.不论是谁反对，我也要为这些意见辩护.She tries to defend her chil-dren against all outside criticism.她竭力保护自已的孩子们，反对来自外界的一切责难.

fight back [v adv IØ] (of people, animals, etc) to defend themselves（人或动物等的）还击；反击；抵抗：The defenders fought back bravely.防御者英勇地还击.If they attack，we＇ll fight back with everything we have.如果他们来犯，我们就拿起一切武器自卫还击.

resist /rr'zist/[IØ; T1] fml to fight back (against) 抵抗；反击：Attack and we＇ll resist.如果有人进攻，我们就反击.The city was besieged for months but the citizens resisted every attack. 城市被围困了好几个月，但民众打退了每一次进攻.

drive back， also 又作 drive off ［v adv T1］ esp emot to force by fighting to go back or away 击退；赶走：They drove back the invaders.他们击退了侵略者：He drove them off.他把他们赶走了.

repel/rr'pel/ [T1] often tech to drive back or off 击退；赶走：The sailors repelled the men trying to board their ship. 水兵击退了企图登船的人.The enemy was repelled with heavy losses.敌人被击退，损失惨重.

repulse ／ri＇pals／ ［T1］fml to drive back；repel 击退；打退：The citizens of the besieged town repulsed the enemy.被围在城里的民众打退了敌人的进攻.

dislodge /dis'lpd3/ [T1] to force (soldiers, etc) from a position by attacking 把···从阵地赶走： They dislodged the enemy from their positions

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on the hill.他们把敌军赶出山头阵地.

reinforce /,ri:m'fo:s/ [T1]1 to send extra troops to 增援：He used his last reserves ［→C293］ to reinforce the defenders of the town.他用自己剩下的全部后备部队增援守城者．2 to strengthen 加强；加固：The walls were reinforced. with concrete.墙用混凝土加固了.reinforcement［U］ the act of reinforcing 增援；加强；加固

retreat/rr'tri:t/ [IØ] (of armies, etc) to go back because unable to go forward（指军队等）撤退： The enemy retreated under heavy attack.敌军遭到沉重打击后撤退.

C278 nouns 名词：defending and retreating 防御与撤退

defence BrE, defense AmE/dr'fens/1 [U] the act or action of defending 防御；防卫；保卫：The defence of this town is of great strategic [■C285］ importance．保卫这座城镇具有重要的战略意义. There was no defence against the enemy／the disease.对敌人／疾病毫无防备.Attack is the best form of defence.进攻是最好的防御方法．2［C usu pl］ something used or prepared for defence 防御物；防卫物：The town＇s defences were very weak.该城的防御工事很薄弱.What defences do you have？你们有什么样的防御设施？defensive ［B］ 1 that defends； that is for defence 防御的；保卫的：defensive weapons 防御武器2 sometimes deprec（for someone＇s behaviour or language) always seeming to be expecting attack（对某人的言行）庇护的；讲好话的：Why is he so defensive about his wife＇s work？他为什么老是替妻子的工作讲好话呢？onthe defensive prepared for an expected attack 处于防御的状态-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

position /pə'zıfən/ [C] a place to be defended, attacked， etc 阵地：Where are the enemy＇s main positions？敌人的主阵地在哪里？Theposition was attacked and overrun yesterday. 昨天阵地遭到进攻并被占领了.The soldiers tookup defensive positions and waited.士兵进入防御阵地等待着.

resistance/rr'zistəns/1 [U] the act or action of resisting 抵抗：Their resistance oflagainst the invading forces was heroic［→F129］．他们抵抗侵略军的行动是英勇的．Surrender ［→C282］！Resistance is useless．投降吧！抵抗是没有用的．2［S；U］an act of resisting 抵抗行动：They put up a brave resistance (against the enemy) but were defeated in the end.他们奋勇抗敌，但最终还是失败了．3［（the）GU sometimes cap］ the movement(s) in a country which resist an occupying power 抵抗运动：The invaders executed several leading members of the local Resistance.侵略者处决了几名当地抵抗运动的主要人物.The resistance movement could not be stamped out［→＞N338］．抵抗运动是扑灭不了的．

retreat /rr'tri:t/ 1 [U] the act or action of retreating 退却；撤退：The enemy is in（full-scale）retreat！敌军（全线）撤退！2［C］an act of retreating 撤退：There will be no more retreats； we stand and fight in this place！我们不再后撤，

要在此地坚守和战斗到底！

C279 verbs 动词：bombing and shelling

［T1］轰炸与炮击 [ALSO → H242,246]

bomb／bpm／to drop bombs on 轰炸；向···投炸弹： The enemy aircraft bombed the city.敌机轰炸了这座城市.

bombard /bpm'ba:d/ to keep attacking heavily （as if）with big guns 炮轰；炮击；向···连珠炮似地提问：The warships bombarded the port.那些军舰炮击了港口.The speaker was bombarded with questions.讲者受到连珠炮似的提问.

shell／jel／ to fire shells at 炮击；炮轰：The big ships shelled the harbour.巨型战船炮击了港口.The soldiers were ordered to shell the town.士兵奉命炮击该城.shellfire ［U］ the firing of shells 炮火

strafe /streif/to attack with heavy gunfire from a low-flying aircraft（低飞的飞机）扫射：The diving plane strafed the ship.俯冲的飞机扫射了这艘船.

rake/rerk/ to fire (with guns) at,from end to end 扫射；纵射：The enemy guns raked our defences.敌人的枪炮向我们的防御工事扫射.

C280 verbs 动词：winning and defeating 胜利与失败

[ALSO→C133,K107]

win /win/ [IØ; T1] to be successful in (a war, game，etc）赢得（战争、比赛等的）胜利：We havewon！我们胜利了！We won the war.我们打赢了这场战争.He fought to win，not just to survive ［→A2］．他不只是为了生存而战斗，而是为了胜利．winner［C］a person who wins 获胜者

defeat /dr'fi:t/ [T1] 1 to win an (esp military) victory over (a person, group, army, nation, etc）打败（一个人、一群人、一支军队、一个国家等）：Our men have defeated him.我们的人打败了他．Hitler was defeated in 1945．希特勒在1945 年被打败.Our men were heavily defeated in the battle． 在这次战斗中，我军败得很惨．2 tocause to fail 使失败：It was a lack of men and equipment that defeated him, not the enemy. 导致他失败的原因不是敌人，而是兵员和装备的不足.

rout／raut／［T1］ emph to defeat completely 击溃： He routed the enemy in a decisive battle.他在一次决定性的战役中击溃了敌人.

vanquish /'vænkwif [T1] esp lit & old use to defeat 击败：He has vanquished all his foes.他击败了所有敌手.

triumph/'trarəmf/[IØ (over)] esp emot to win completely and gloriously 大胜：He has triumphed at last over all his enemies/ problems.他终于战胜了所有的敌人／困难.

conquer /'konkə/ [T1; IØ] to defeat completely （esp a country，people，etc）征服（尤指国家、人民等）：The-Romans conquered all the lands and peoples around them.罗马人征服了所有的

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邻国及其人民.You may conquer a place， but you cannot necessarily conquer people's minds.你可以征服一个地方，但你不一定能征服人的心.They attacked and conquered.他们进攻并征服了该地.conqueror ［C］ a person who conquers 征服者

overcome /,əuvə'kam/ [T1; IØ] esp emot to conquer 战胜；征服；克服：We will overcome our enemies even if it takes a thousand years！我们一定会战胜敌人，即使需要花上一千年！She over-came all her difficulties by working hard.她藉着苦干克服了一切困难.＇We shall／will overcome！＇he cried.他喊道：“我们一定胜利！”

master／＇ma：stə／［T1］ 1 to gain control over 征服；控制：The horse tried to run away，but he succeeded in mastering it.那匹马企图逃跑，但是他制服了它．2 to gain as a skill 精通：He nevermastered the art of public speaking. 他始终没有学会演说的技巧.I am too old to master anew language.我年纪大了，无法再精通一门新的语言了.

C281 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

capturing and liberating 占领与解放

capture／＇kæptfə／1［T1］ to get by fighting 捕获； 俘获；夺得；占领：The soldiers captured the hill from the enemy.士兵从敌人手中夺取了山头.Many enemy soldiers were captured in the battle．战斗中俘获了许多敌兵．2［U］ the actionof capturing or being captured 俘获；被俘；夺取； 占领；被占：His capture ended the war.战争随着他被俘而告终.

take ／teik／ ［T1］ esp emot to capture 夺取；占领： After heavy fighting our men took all the enemy positions.经过激烈的战斗，我军攻占了敌军的全部阵地.I shall take the city or die in theattempt！＇he cried.他大声说道：“我一定要拿下这座城市，否则杀身成仁！”

appropriate /ə'prəupri,eit/ [T1] to take for oneself，esp by force，stealing，etc 征用；占用； 窃用：The government appropriated his land. 政府征用了他的土地．appropriation 1 ［U］ theact of appropriating 征用；占用；盗用（的行为）2［C］ an example of this 征用；占用；盗用（的事例）3 [C] something, esp money, taken,kept,or set aside for a particular purpose 被征用的东西；（尤指）拨款；经费

seize /si:z/ [T1] to capture or take quickly or very forcefully 强取；强占；攫取；抓住：Enemy troops seized the city in a sudden night attack. 敌军在一次夜袭中强占了这座城市.seizure［U］the action of seizing or being seized（被）攫取； 强占：His seizure of the city started a war.他强占了这座城市，从而引起了一场战争.

annex /ə'neks/ [T1] to take control over or seize （esp land）吞并；兼并（领土）：He annexed the little country by force.他用武力并吞了那个小国.annexation 1 [U] the act or result of annexing or being annexed 吞并、被吞并（的行为或结果）2［C］an example of this 吞并、被吞并（的事例）

commandeer /komən'drə/ [T1] (esp of

soldiers, etc) to seize (buildings, animals, food，money，etc） for military purposes（尤指士兵）强占（房屋、牲口、食物、钱财等）作军用；征用：The army arrived in the town and commandeered almost everything.军队开进城后，几乎把一切都征用了.

liberate /'libə,reit/ [T1] to set free from a conqueror 使获自由；解放：The Allied Forces liberated Paris.盟军解放了巴黎.liberation［U］ the action of liberating or being liberated 解放；被解放

relieve /rr'li:v/ [T1] 1 to stop the siege[→C276] of（a place）援救（被围的地方）；解救：An armywas sent to relieve (the troops besieged in) the city.一支部队被派去解救那座城市（困守在城里的军队）．2 to take over duty from 换．．．的班；接替：I＇ll relieve you at 2 a．m．我半夜两点来换你的班．relief [U] the act of relieving or being relieved 解围；救援；被救：The relief of the city took place too late to save his life.这座城市解围得太迟了，没有来得及挽救他的命.

C282 verbs 动词：losing and giving up

失败与投降 [ALSO→K107]

lose/lu:z/ [IØ; T1] to fail in (a war, battle, etc); not win 失败：The enemy lost；we have won.敌人失败了，我们胜利了.Their army lost the battleand this caused them to lose the war.他们的部队作战失利，从而导致这场战争的失败.loser［C］aperson who loses 失败者

sürrender /sə'rendə/1 [IØ] to stop fighting and allow soldiers, police, etc to take one as a prisoner 投降；自首投案：The general told his men that they would never surrender.将军告诉他的士兵，他们决不会投降.I surrender-don＇tshoot！＇“我投降，别开枪！”2［T1］to hand over交出：He surrendered his weapons to the enemy officer.他向敌军军官缴械投降.

yield /ji:ld/ [IØ; T1: (to)] esp emot & lit to surrender 屈服；投降：We shall never yield！我们决不屈服！They are not the kind of people to yield to threats.他们不是那种屈服于威胁的人.He yielded the castle to his enemies.他把城堡拱手让给敌人.

give in [v adv IØ] esp emot to admit defeat; surrender 认输；屈服；投降：Well， do you give in or must we go on fighting？怎么样？你认输不认输？要不，咱们继续再打下去？

give up [v adv] esp emot 1 [Iø] to admit defeat and stop resisting 承认失败并停止抵抗；放弃：The soldiers gave up one by one.士兵们相继停止抵抗.Why don＇t you accept your defeat and give up？为什么你不认输，停止抵抗呢？2［T1］tosurrender；hand over 投降；自首投案；交出：He gave himself up to the police.他向警方投案自首.Give up your weapons and surrender.放下武器投降吧！

desert /dr'z3:t/ [IØ; T1] (of soldiers) to leave （an army，post，etc）illegally（指士兵）开小差；擅离职守：He deserted （his post） and was shot. 他因临阵脱逃而被枪毙了.deserter ［C］ a person

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who deserts or has deserted 逃兵 desertion ［U；C］ the act or an act of deserting 开小差；擅离职守：He was shot for desertion.他因开小差而被枪毙.There have been many desertions from the army.部队已发生多次开小差事件.

C283 nouns 名词： victory，defeat，and surrender 胜利、失败与投降

victory/'viktəri/1 [U] the condition of winning or state of having won 胜利：We must fight on； victory is in sight.我们一定要战斗下去；胜利已在望了．2［C］an occasion of winning 胜利：His victory over his enemies will go down in history.他对敌作战的胜利将永垂史册.We havenot always had victoris; there have also been times of defeat.我们并非百战百胜，也有失败的时候.victor ［C］ a person who has won a victory； （fml） a winner 获胜者；胜利者 victorious［B］ experiencing victory 得胜的；获胜的-ly［adv］

triumph／＇traiəmf／1 ［U］ complete victory 大胜； 成功：Triumph showed on the faces of the victors．获胜者脸上都露出了胜利的神色．2［C］anoccasion of great victory 大胜：Winning this battle is the general＇s greatest triumph. 打赢这一战役是将军的最大胜利.The team has hadmany sporting triumphs.这个队在体育比赛中多次获胜.triumphant［B］showing triumph 得意洋洋的；胜利的-ly［adv］

conquest/'kogkwest/[U; C] the process,time, or result of conquering or being conquered 征服：The Norman Conquest of England began in 1066．诺曼人征服英国始于1066年．Thissad situation is the result of foreign conquest. 这种悲惨的局面是给外国征服造成的结果.Theking's conquests were considered a great national glory.国王出征所获得的胜利被视为全民族的光荣.

defeat／dr＇fi：t／1［U］ the act of defeating 失败： The defeat of the army was terrible news.军队战败的消息太可怕了．2［U］ the act or state ofbeing defeated 失败；败北：Their defeat was total．他们彻底失败了．3［C］ a case of being.defeated 失败；败局：In twelve games this year our team had only two defeats.在今年的十二场比赛中，我们队仅输掉两场.

loss/lps/1 [U] the condition or fact of losing （something or someone）打败仗；失去：The loss of their seaport was a great problem for the army.海港的失守成为部队的一个大难题.Theysuffered the loss of one of their great cities.他们其中一个大城市失守了．2［C usu sing］ anoccasion of losing （something or someone）.损失；失去：He has had a considerable loss of blood from the wound. 他的伤口流了很多血.Another loss like this one and we'll lose the whole war.再遭受一次这样的损失，我们将彻底输掉这场战争.

losses/'lpsiz/ [P] persons, usu soldiers, killed in a war or battle 损失（指战斗中阵亡的士兵）：Losses on both sides were heavy.双方伤亡惨重. They suffered heavylgreat losses in the last war.在上次战争中，他们损失惨重.

casualty /'kæ3uəlti/ [C] a person who is wounded (or killed) in a war, battle, accident, etc 伤亡人员；（战争、意外事故中的）死伤者：Thearmy suffered heavy casualties in the attack. 部队在进攻中伤亡惨重.He is a casualty of thelast war；he lost the sight of one eye.他是上次战争的伤兵，他有一只眼睛失明了.

rout /raut/ [C] emph a complete defeat and disorderly running away 溃败；溃退：Many men died in the rout.许多士兵在溃退中死去了.

surrender /sə'rendə/ [U] the act of surren-dering 投降： Surrender is unthinkable； we fight here until we die.投降是不可能的，我们要在这里战斗至死.The enemy＇s unconditional surren-der was accepted by our highest-ranking gen-eral.敌人的无条件投降已为我军最高将领所接受.

setback/'set,bæk/ [C] a difficulty which causes someone to fail, lose, etc esp for a short time （尤指短时间的）挫折；失败：The advancingsoldiers received an unexpected setback when they attacked the city and failed to take it.士兵们在推进时攻城未遂，受到一次意想不到的挫折.

C284 nouns 名词：stopping fighting 停止战斗

disengagement /,disuj'geid3mənt/ [U;C] the action of separating or being separated, esp of two armies，etc 分离；（尤指两军）脱离接触：Thedisengagement was slow and many soldiers were killed before all the fighting ended.两军脱离接触的过程很慢，以致在战斗全部结束之前又死了许多士兵.He approves of the disengagement of the Church from national politics.他赞成教会与国家政治分离.

ceasefire/'si:s,farə/ [C] the act of stopping fighting for a long or short period 停火：The ceasefire was ordered for the 11th hour of the 1lth day．已下令于十一日十一时停火．Thegeneral said that there would be no ceasefire and no mercy.将军声称决不停火，绝不留情.

truce/tru:s/ [C;U] an agreement during a war or a battle to stop fighting （for a time）停战； 休战协定

armistice／＇a：məstis／ ［C］ fml a truce 停战；休战协定：The Armistice was signed in late 1918 and the Great War came to an end． 1918 年底停战协定签署了，大战宣告结束.

peace treaty /'piis ,tri:ti/ [C] a treaty [→G110] or common agreement at the end of a war 和约；和平条约；共同协定：Many nations signed thePeace Treaty.许多国家在和平条约上签了字.

C285 nouns， etc 名词等：planning and action in war 战争部署与战斗行动

strategy /'strætəd3i/ 1 [U] the art of planning and moving forces, etc, esp in war, politics, etc 兵法；战略：The general＇s understanding of strategy was responsible for his many vic-tories．将军多次打胜仗是由于他通晓兵法．2［C］an example of this 战略：None of his strategies

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worked.他的战略无一奏效.Let＇s try a different strategy.我们试一试不同的战略吧.strategic[Wa5;B] relating to strategy; important in someone＇s strategy 战略的；有战略意义的：Themen were moved from the base for strategic reasons.出于战略原因，士兵从基地转移了.Thisbridge is of great strategic importance to the enemy and must be destroyed.这座桥在战略上对敌人很重要，必须毁掉．-ally ［adv Wa4］ strat-egist [C] a person practising or good at strat-egy战略家

tactics /'tæktiks/ [GU] the art of using or moving forces,etc esp in war, politics, etc or in a battle， particular situation，etc 战术：They moved the troops back in a sudden change of tactics.他们突然改变战术，把部队撤了回来.tac-tical ［Wa5；B］ relating to tactics 战术的：The general had great tactical ability but was less able in wider matters of strategy.将军运用战术的能力很强，但在更广泛的战略问题上，能力就比较逊色了.-ly ［adv］ tactician ［C］ a person engaged in or good at tactics 战术家

operations /,ppə'reıfənz/ [P] movements of troops, ships, etc in war, during manoeuvres, etc 军队的调动；军事行动：His plan ofoperations was classically simple.他的军事部署是传统而简单的.The operations went ahead smoothly.军队的调动进展顺利.ops tech abbrev operations 军队的调动；军事行动

manoeuvres BrE, maneuvers AmE/mə'nu:v-əz/[P] planned movements of troops, ships, etc as training for war 军事演习：The soldiers were all out on manoeuvres.士兵全都外出演习去了.

campaign/kæm'pein/1 [C; on U] a connected set of military actions with a particular purpose（包括一系列战斗的）战役：Napoleon＇sSpanish campaign and the campaign to take Moscow were both failures.拿破仑的西班牙战役和进攻莫斯科的战役都失败了.He was oncampaign for a year.他出征去了一年.The spring campaign went well.春季战役进展顺利. 2［IØ］ to wage or go on a campaign 作战；出征： He campaigned in India for five years.他在印度作战五年.When will you start campaigning again？你们什么时候再出征？campaigner［C］a person who campaigns, esp a soldier who has been on many campaigns 老兵（esp in the phr an oId campaigner 一名老兵）

The armed forces

武装部队

C290 nouns，etc 名词等：armed forces 武装部队

(armed) forces /(a:md) 'fo:sız/ [P] the military forces of a country, usu the army,navy, and air force一国的武装部队（陆、海、空三军）

C291 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

(armed) services /(a:md) 's3xvIsIz/ [P often cap] the armed forces, esp during peace time （尤指和平时期的）武装部队：He joined theServices as a boy and left an old man.他少年从军，退伍时已成老头子.

army/'a:mi/1 [(the) GC often cap] the military forces of a country, esp those trained to fight on land 军队（尤指陆军）：He had joined the Army to become a soldier.他从军是为了成为一名军人.He became an army officer.他成为一名陆军军官．2［C］a large body of people armed and trained for war 集团军；兵团3［C］any large group， esp one that is ordered（有秩序的）大群：An army of workers built the dam.一大群工人修筑了这条堤坝.He saw an army ofants approaching.他看到一大群蚂蚁爬过来了.

troops /tru:ps/ [P] soldiers organized or operating collectively 军队；部队：The dancers went to entertain the troops.舞蹈家们去为军队表演.The general withdrew his frontline ［■C272] troops for a rest and sent up his reserve ［→C293］troops to replace them．将军把前线部队撤回休整，并派出后备部队去接替他们.The citywas full of troops.城里满是军队.

paratroops /'pærə,tru:ps/ [P] a number of paratroopers [→ C295] trained to fight together 伞兵部队：They saw enemy paratroops dropping from aircraft.他们看见敌人的伞兵部队从飞机上跳伞下来.

garrison /'gærəsən/ 1 [C] the soldiers, etc in a fort，town，etc to guard it 驻军；卫成部队：The garrison of the fort defended it bravely.卫成部队英勇保卫要塞．2［T1］to put a garrison in 驻守；守卫：We must garrison all these forts and outposts properly.我们必须切实守卫所有这些要塞和前哨阵地.garrison town［C］a town where troops are permanently stationed 有部队长期驻防的城市

navy /'neivi/ [(the) GC often cap] the organiza-tion, including the ships, people, buildings, etc which makes up the power of a country for war at sea 海军：Britain has always had a large navy，called the Royal Navy.英国一直拥有一支庞大的海军，称为皇家海军.The Navy want（s）more money for ships this year.今年海军需要更多的钱来修造军舰.

air force /'eə,fo:s/ [(the) GC often cap] that part of the military organization of a country that is concerned with attack and defence from the air 空军：The US Air Force and the Royal Air Force were working together.美国空军和英国皇家空军并肩作战.

marines /mə'ri:nz/ [(the) P] the soldiers who serve in a ship of the navy 海军陆战队士兵

C291 adjectives 形容词：relating to armed forces［Wa5；B］有关武装部队的[ALSO→C273]

military/'mılə,təri/ 1 of, for,by,or connected with soldiers， armies， or war by armies 军事的： In some countries every healthy young man must do a year's military service a

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soldier for a year) when he comes of military age（＝is old enough）.在一些国家里，所有身体健康且又达到入伍年龄的男青年都必须服兵役一年.When the old general died he was given a military funeral.老将军去世后，人们为他举行了军事葬礼.It was decided not to defend the town，which was of little military value.这座城没有什么军事价值，决定不予防守.They engagedthe enemy in combined military and naval operations.他们和敌人进行了一场陆海大战.Hisbearing was very military (= he looked and acted like a soldier）.他的外貌和举止很有军人风范.He was treated in a military hospital.他在一家军医院里接受治疗.He comes from an oldmilitary family (= his father, grandfather, etc were soldiers）．他出身于军人世家．2［the GU］ soldiers collectively；the army 军队；军人（总称）：As the police were no longer able to keep order in the city, the military were called in to help them.由于警察已无法维持城市的治安，所以调军队来协助他们.militarily［adv］

naval /'neivəl/ of, relating, or belonging to a navy or ships of war 海军的；军舰的：He tookpart in a great naval battle.他参加了一次重大的海战.

civilian /sə'vılıən/ being of or belonging to any person or organization which is not military 平民的；文官的；非军方的：The country has a mili-tary，not a civilian government.这个国家是由军政府而不是文官政府治理的.

C292 nouns 名词：special parts of armies［GC］军队建制

[ALSO→C305]

section /'sekfən/ esp BrE, squad /skwod/ esp AmE a small group of men in an army,usu a corporal and eight or ten men 班（包括班长和八至十名士兵）

platoon /plə'tu:n/ a group of soldiers fighting on foot, usu of about 30 men,and part of a company 排（步兵排，大约三十人，是连的组成部分）

troop /tru:p/ a group of esp soldiers mounted on horses or in armoured vehicles, two or more making up a squadron 骑兵队或装甲兵队（两队或两队以上构成一个连）

company/'kampəni/ one of the groups of men in an army, usu about 120, three or four of which make up a battalion 连（约一百二十人，三、四个连组成一个营）

squadron /'skwodrən/ a group of cavalry or armoured vehicles, three or four of which make up a regiment 骑兵连或装甲兵连（三、四个连组成一个团）

battery/'bætəri/ a group of large guns (artil-lery) and the soldiers who use them,several of which make up a regiment 炮兵连（几个连组成一个团）

battalion /bə'tælən/ in modern warfare, a fighting unit of about 600 infantrymen 营（约六百名步兵）

regiment/'red3əmənt/1 a large military group usu commanded by a colonel; an important unit of cavalry, armour, artillery, engineers, etc 团；（骑兵、装甲兵、炮兵、工兵等）团：Hecommanded a tank regiment in the war.战争期间，他指挥一个坦克团．2 a militaryorganization, usu drawn from one area of a country, which sends battalions of infantry-men to serve in an army 从某地区抽调来的步兵团：He belongs to the 1st Battalion of the Royal Border Regiment.他是（英国）皇家边防团第一营的.The Black Watch are a famous Scottish regiment of infantry.“黑色警卫队”是著名的苏格兰步兵团.The English Countyregiments have changed a lot in recent years. 英国的郡兵团近年有很大改变.When the warbroke out he joined his local regiment.战争爆发后他就加入了地方团队．regimental［Wa5；B］relating or belonging to a regiment 团的 -ly [adv]

brigade /bri'geid/ a part of an army division, usu consisting of three battalions 旅（通常包括三个营）

division /də'vı3ən/ a large military or naval group, esp one able to fight on its own with-out needing additional support or supplies, and often in an army consisting of two or more brigades or about 20,000 men 师（由两个或更多的旅组成，约两万人）：The men of theHighland Division held the bridge against all enemy attacks.苏格兰高地师的士兵坚守大桥，抵御敌人的一切进攻.

corps/ko:/[Wn3]1 a large trained group in an army军；军团：He was posted to command the 3rd Infantry Corps．他受命指挥第三步兵军团．2a group in the army with special duties and responsibilities 特种部队：He joined the Intelli-gence Corps.他参加了情报部队.The job of theCorps of Signals is to keep communications going.通讯兵的职责就是保持通讯畅通.

C293 nouns 名词： other parts and kinds of armies 其他部队建制

legion /'li:d3ən/ [C]1 (in ancient Rome) a divi-sion of the army containing between 3,000 and 6,000 foot soldiers（古罗马）军团（约有三千至六千名步兵）：The Ninth Legion disappeared without trace in Scotland.第九军团在苏格兰消失得无影无踪．2 a group of present or formersoldiers or other servicemen（由现役或退伍军人组成的）军团：He＇s a member of the British Legion.他是英国军团的成员.He fought in theFrench Foreign Legion in North Africa.他在北非法国外籍军团中作过战．3（fig） a large groupof people 一大群人：She has a legion of admiring boy-friends.她有一大群爱慕她的男友.commando /kə'ma:ndəu/ [C] BrE a group of

soldiers trained for certain kinds of surprise attacks 突击队：He served in a Royal Marine Commando during the war.战争期间，他在皇家海军陆战队的突击队服役.

194

知更鸟

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

A76：unusual birds 罕见的鸟类

peacock

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

force／fo：s／ ［C］ any organized military group 部队：The government sent a small force to protect the people.政府派出一支小部队去保护人民.A force of armed men attacked the village. 一队武装人员袭击了村子.

assault force ／ə＇so：lt ，fo：s／also 又作 task force /'ta:sk,fo:s/ [C] a military force trained for a special assault ［■＞C276］or dangerous job 突击队；特遣部队：Task Force ＇Victor＇ attacked last night.“胜利者”突击队昨晚出击了.An enemyassault force landed in small boats on the coast.一支敌军的突击队乘小船在沿海登陆.

expeditionary force /,ekspr'difən,əri fo:s/[C] a military force sent on a special campaign [ C285］派遣军；远征军：He was with the British Expeditionary Force in France in the Second World War.在第二次世界大战期间，他随英国远征军在法国作战.

column/'kpləm/ [C] a usu large and long line of soldiers, vehicles, ships, etc esp\_when moving（军队、车队、舰队等的）纵队：A Frenchcolumn was marching towards the city.一支法国纵队正向该市挺进.

contingent /kən'tind3ənt/ [C] a group (of soldiers, ships, etc) esp put together to give special help（军队、船舰等的）分遣队；小分队：Two contingents of newly-trained men arrived in the camp.两支刚接受完军训的小分队抵达营地.detachment/dr'tætfmənt/ [C; on U] a group of esp soldiers separated from a larger group and sent on special duy 分遣队；支队：The detachment arrived at its camp.分遣队到达营地.The soldiers are on detachment at the moment.士兵此刻正在执行派遣任务.

host/həust/[GC] esp formerly a large number, esp of armed men 大群；大量（尤指武装人员）：The enemy host approached.大批敌军临近了. They killed a host of enemy soldiers.他们打死了大批敌兵.

war-party /'wo:,pa:ti/[GC] a group of men, usu belonging to a less developed society, and gathered for war（不发达社会的）战斗队：A war-party of Sioux Indians attacked the US fort. 苏族印第安人的一支战斗队攻打了美国要塞.

levy/'levi/ [C] the soldiers collected in a levy ［→C304］征集的兵员：He commanded one of the local levies.他指挥一支当地征集的部队.

reserve /ri'z3:v/ [C usu pl;U] forces kept in reserve 后备部队：The general did not want to commit (= send into battle) his reserves until the decisive moment.不到决战关头，将军不愿意投入他的后备部队.He held two battalions inreserve.他保留两个营的兵力作为后备部队.

reinforcements /,ri:ın'fo:smənts/ [P] forces brought to help those already fighting 增援部队：Send for reinforcements！去调援军来！

flank /flænk/1 [C] the side, esp of an army, animal，etc 侧翼：The enemy attacked our left flank.敌人向我们左翼进攻.They attacked onboth flanks．他们从两翼同时进攻．2［Wv4；T1］toattack （an army， etc） on one or both flanks 从侧翼（或两翼）进攻：They flanked us.他们从侧翼进攻我们.They did a flanking attack.他们从侧翼攻击．3［T1 usu pass］ to be at one side of 位

C295 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

于···的侧面：The general was flanked by his chief officers.将军的两旁是他的主要军官.

C294 nouns 名词：parts of navies，etc

［C］海军建制

fleet/fli:t/a number of ships, esp warships in a navy 船队；（尤指）舰队：A fleet of enemy warships was approaching the coast.一支敌方舰队正朝着海岸驶来.There are a hundredvessels in their submarine fleet.他们的潜水艇舰队有一百艘舰艇．The admiral［■C298］ of thefleet arrived.舰队司令到了.The US First Fleet is in the area， on manoeuvres ［→C285］．美国第一舰队在这地区进行军事演习.

flotilla /flə'tilə/ a (small) group of small warships 小舰队（由小型战舰组成的舰队）：Several flotillas of ships are sailing in the area.有几支小舰队正在这地区航行.

squadron /'skwodrən/1 a number of warships 海军中队；分遣舰队：A squadron of five shipssailed last night.昨晚一支有五艘船的海军中队出航了．2 a number of military aircraft（空军）中队：The squadron of fighter planes passed overhead.战斗机中队从上空飞过.He is a pilotin 294 Squadron．他是空军二九四中队的飞行员．armada /a:'ma:də/ a large fleet esp of armed ships 舰队：The Spanish Armada sailed against England in 1588.1588年西班牙无敌舰队出征英格兰.

C295 nouns 名词：servicemen［C］军人

serviceman /'s3:vis,mən/ a member of the armed forces of a country 军人：Servicemen stationed locally use this pub a lot.驻扎在当地的军人经常光顾这家小酒馆.ex-serviceman ［C］aperson who was at one time in the armed forces 退役军人：He joined his local ex-servicemen＇s club.他加入了当地的退伍军人俱乐部.

soldier /'səuld3ə/ 1 a man, usu in·uniform, trained to fight，esp for his country，on land 士兵；军人： Squads of soldiers patrolled ［→C225］ the streets.一小队一小队的士兵在街头巡逻.Hehas been a soldier for most of his life.他当兵当了大半辈子．2 also 又作 private（soldier）aperson of the lowest rank in an army 列兵；二等兵 soldierly ［B］having.or showing the good qualities of a soldier 军人（似）的；有军人气概的-liness ［U］

sailor／＇seilə／ also 又作 seaman ／＇si：mən／a man who belongs in a navy 水兵：There were a number of soldiers and sailors in the bar.酒吧里有不少陆、海军士兵.

airman /'eəmən/ a man in an air force,esp one not above the rank of a non-commissioned officer 航空兵（尤指士官以下的人员）airwoman[fem]

marine /mə'ri:n/ a soldier who serves on a ship of the navy 海军陆战队士兵

paratrooper /'pærə,tru:pə/ a soldier trained to

197

C296 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| drop from an aircraft using a parachute 伞兵 | Major-General | Major General |
| para BrE infml abbrevcommando /kə'ma:ndəu/ a soldier in a | 陆军少将Brigadier | 陆军少将Brigadier General |
| commando force［C293］突击队员：He was a | 陆军准将 | 陆军准将 |
| commando during the war.战争期间，他是一名 | Colonel | Colonel |
| 突击队员. | 陆军上校 | 陆军上校 |
|  | Lieutenant-Colonel | Lieutenant Colonel |
| C296 nouns 名词：military ranks | 陆军中校M | 陆军中校 |
| generally一般军阶 | ajor | Major |
| 陆军少校 | 陆军少校 |
| [ALSO→J215,6] | Captain陆军上尉 | Captain陆军尉 |
| rank /rænk/ [U; C] the position of a person (in | Lieutenant | 上1st Lieutenant |
| an army，navy，etc）军阶；军衔：By 25 he had | 陆军中尉 | 陆军中尉 |
| reached the rank of cptain.他二十五岁就已经 | 2nd Lieutenant | 2nd Lieutenant |
| 获得上尉军衔了.What is your rank？你的军衔是 | 陆军少尉 | 陆军少尉 |
| 什么？He stated his name， rank， and number. |  | Chief Warrant Officer |
| 他讲了自己的名字、军衔和号码. |  | 陆军一级准尉 |
| ranks/rænks/1 [the P] the ordinary soldiers of |  |  |
| an army 普通士兵：He rose from the ranks to | Warrant Officer | Warrant Officer |
| become a general.他出身行伍，逐步晋升为将军. | 1st Class | 陆军二级准尉 |
| The sergeant was reduced to the ranks (= | 陆军一级准尉 |
| made an ordinary soldier) for refusing to obey | Warrant Officer |  |
| an order．那个军士因抗拒命令而被降为列兵．2 | 2nd Class |  |
| ［P9］（fig） pomp（the） class or group （of）阶级；. | 陆军二级准尉 |  |
| 阶层:He joined the ranks of the unemployed | Staff Sergeant | Sergeant Major |
| 他加入了失业者阶层. | 陆军上士 | 军士长 |
| rank and file [(the) GU]1 the ordinary soldiers | Sergeant | Specialist 9 |
| of an army collectively 普通士兵（总称）2（fig） | 九级陆军专业人员 |
| the ordinary members of an organization（一 | 1st Sergeant |
| 个组织中的）一般成员 | 陆军中士 | 一等军士 |
| other ranks [P] common soldiers, usu below | Corporal | Master Sergeant |
| the rank of sergeant军士以下的普通士兵 | 初级军士长 |
| men /men/ [P] infml 1 soldiers not including | Specialist 8 |
| their officers 士兵（不包括军官）：Give the men | 八级陆军专业人员 |
| their orders，Sergeant．军士，给士兵下命令吧！2 | Sergeant First Class |
| soldiers generally 士兵（总称）：The men don＇t | 陆军上士 |
| like what＇s happening，Sir.长官，士兵对正在发 | Specialist 7 |
| 生的事不满.enlisted men ［P］ soldiers collec- | 七级陆军专业人员 |
| tively 士兵（总称） | Staff Sergeant |
| commission /kə'mifən/[C] (an official paper |
| 陆军参谋军士 |
| stating) the authority to act as an officer of | Specialist 6 |
| the higher level in an army, navy,or air force | 六级陆军专业人员 |
| （授予陆海空三军高级军官的）委任（状）：He held |
| Sergeant |
| a commission in the army.他持有军队的委任令. | 陆军中士 |
| He resigned his commission.他把委任的高级军 | Specialist 5 |
| 职辞去了. | 五级陆军专业人员 |
| warrant/'wprənt/[C] (an official paper stating) |
| Corporal |
| the authority to act as an officer of the lower | 陆军下士 | 陆军下士 |
| level in an army， navy， or air force（授予陆海空 | Lance Corporal | Specialist 4 |
| 三军低级军官的）委任（状） | 四级陆军专业人员 |
| Private 1st Class |
| C297 nouns 名词：particular ranks in the | 陆军代理下士 | 陆军一等兵 |
| Army陆军军阶细目 | Private | Private |
| 陆军列兵 | 陆军二等兵 |
| BRITISH ARMY US ARMY | C298 nouns 名词: p | articular ranks in the |
| 英国陆军 美国陆军 |
| Field-Marshal General of the Army | Navy 海军军阶细目 |  |
| 陆军元帅 陆军五星上将 |  |  |
| General General | ROYAL NAVY | US NAVY |
| 陆军上将 陆军上将 | 英国皇家海军 | 美国海军 |
| Lieutenant-General Lieutenant General | Admiral of the Fleet | Fleet Admiral |
| 陆军中将 陆军中将 | 海军元帅 | 海军五星上将 |

C300 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Admiral | Admiral | Air Marshal | Lieutenant General |
| 海军上将Vice-Admiral | 海军上将Vice Admiral | 空军中将Air Vice Marshal | 空军中将Major General |
| 海军中将 | 海军中将 | 空军少将 | 空军少将 |
| Rear-Admiral | Rear Admiral | Air Commodore | Brigadier General |
| 海军少将 | 海军少将 | 空军准将 | 空军准将 |
| Commodore | Commodore | Group Captain | Colonel |
| 海军准将 | 海军准将 | 空军上校 | 空军上校 |
| Captain | Captain | Wing Commander | Lieutenant Colonel |
| 海军上校 | 海军上校 | 空军中校 | 空军中校 |
| Commander | Commander | Squadron Leader | Major |
| 海军中校 | 海军中校 | 空军少校 | 空军少校 |
| Lieutenant- | Lieutenant | Flight Lieutenant | Captain |
| Commander | Commander | 空军上尉 | 空军上尉 |
| 海军少校 | 海军少校 | Flying Officer | First Lieutenant |
| Lieutenant | Lieutenant | 空军中尉 | 空军中尉 |
| 海军上尉 | 海军上尉 | Pilot Officer | Second Lieutenant |
| Sub-Lieutenant | Lieutenant Junior | 空军少尉 | 空军少尉 |
| 海军中尉 | Grade |  | Chief Warrant Officer |
|  | 海军中尉 |  | 空军一级准尉 |
| Acting Sub- | Ensign | Warrant Officer | Chief Master |
| Lieutenant | 海军少尉 |
| 海军少尉 |  | 空军准尉 | Sergeant |
|  | Chief Warrant Officer |  | 空军一级军士长 |
|  | 海军一级准尉 |  | Senior Master |
|  |  |  | Sergeant |
| Fleet Chief Petty | Warrant Officer | Flight Sergeant | 空军二级军士长 |
| Officer | 海军二级准尉 | Master Sergeant |
| 海军总上士 |  | 空军上士 | 空军三级军士长 |
|  | Master Chief Petty | Chief Technician | Technical Sergeant |
|  | Officer | 空军机械长 | 空军（技术军士）上士 |
|  | 海军一级军士长 | Sergeant | Staff Sergeant |
|  | Senior Chief Petty | 空军中士 | 空军（参谋军士）中士 |
|  | Officer | Corporal | Airman First Class |
|  | 海军二级军士长 | 空军下士 | 空军一等兵 |
| Chief Petty Officer | Chief Petty Officer | Junior Technician |  |
| 海军上士 | 海军三级军士长 | 空军（技术军士）下士 | Airman Second |
| Petty Officer | Petty Officer 1st | Senior Aircraftman |
| 海军士官 | Class | 空军一等兵 | Class |
|  | 海军上士 |  | 空军二等兵 |
|  | Petty Officer 2nd | Leading Aircraftman | Airman Third Class |
|  | Class | 空军二等兵 | 空军三等兵 |
|  | 海军中士 | Aircraftman | Airman Basic |
| Leading Seaman | Petty Officer3rd | 空军新兵 | 空军入伍兵 |
| 一等水兵 | Class |  |  |
|  | 海军下士 |  |  |
| Able Seaman | Seaman | C300 nouns 名词:k | inds of officers [C]军 |
| 二等水兵 | 水兵 | 官类别 |  |
| Ordinary Seaman兵 | Seaman Apprentice水兵 |
| 普通水Junior Seaman | 见习Seaman Recruit | officer/'pfisə/also 又 | 作 commissioned officer |
| 海军新兵 | 海军新兵 | fml a person in a po | sition of command in the |
|  |  | armed forces and (u | su) with a commission 军 |
| C299 nouns 名词: p | articular ranks in the | 官:The colonel sum | moned his officers.上校召 |
| 集他的军官.The men |  were led by a junior offi- |
| Air Force 空军军阶 | 细目 | cer.士兵由一名低级军ing officers were all | 官率领.Only senior serv-owed to attend (the meet- |
| RAF英国皇家空军 | USAF美国空军 | ing).只有高级现役军commanding office | 官获准参加会议.r /kə,ma:ndny 'pfisə/ the |

commanding officer /kə,ma:ndny 'pfisə/ the

officer with general authority in a (usu larger)

unit（较大部队的）指挥官：He asked to see his

commanding officer.他请求见指挥官.CO

abbrev

空军元帅 General officer in command the officer commanding a

Marshal of the Royal Airforce

Air Force 空军五星上将

空军上将

Air Chief Marshal 空军上将

199

C301 THE ARMED FORCES 武装部队

（usu smaller） unit（小部队的）指挥官：Who is the officer in command here？这儿的指挥官是谁？OC abbrev

second in command the officer next to the officer in command 副指挥官

commandant /,komən'dænt/ a usu military officer in charge of a fort， prison，etc（要塞或防区）司令官：The word ＇commandant＇is not used much in the British or US armed forces. 英美两国军队中不常使用“司令官”一词.

orderly officer esp BrE, officer of the day also 又作 duty officer esp AmE the officeron general duty for a period of 24 hours and responsible for emergencies, guards, etc during that period 值日官

noncommissioned officer/,npnkə'mıfənd 'pfi-sə/ an officer of the lower level in an army, etc，esp a sergeant or corporal 军士（尤指中士、下士）：No army can function properly without good noncommissioned officers.没有优秀的军士，军队就不能充分运作.NCO abbrev non-comrare abbrev

ensign/'ensain/1 (in Britain before 1871) (the title of) an army officer of the lowest rank who carried the flag（1871年前英国陆军中的）掌旗官2（the title of）a US Navy officer of the lowest rank（美）海军少尉

lieutenant/lef'tenənt/1 [→C297,8 RANK LISTS] （见陆、海军军阶细目）2(fig) a person who ischief helper to another 副手；主要帮手：Ask Miss Smith; she is my lieutenant in these matters.去问史密斯小姐吧，在这些问题上她是我的副手.lieutenancy ［U］ the condition of being a lieutenant in the army or navy 陆军中尉或海军上尉的职衔

captain /'kæptin/ 1［■C297,8 RANK LISTS］（见陆、海军军阶细目）2（the title of） a personcommanding a ship，plane，etc 舰长；船长；机长： The captain brought the ship safely into harbour.船长指挥船只安全驶入港口.AskCaptain Smith if I can speak to him.请问史密斯机长，我可否和他谈谈．3（fig）a leader巨头；领袖：He is one of the great captains of industry. 他是工业界巨子之一.captaincy［U］ thecondition of being a captain in the army or navy陆军上尉或海军上校的职位

midshipman /'mid fipmən/ (the title of) a boy or youth who is being trained to become a naval officer 海军军官学校学员；海军军官候补生

warrant officer/'wprənt ,pfisə/1 (in Britain) (a man who holds) the highest noncommis-sioned rank in the army, air force, or marines 英国陆、空军或海军陆战队准尉2（in the USA）(a man who holds) the highest noncommis-sioned rank in the army, air force, marines,or navy 美国陆、海、空军或海军陆战队准尉 WOabbrev

petty officer/peti 'pfisə/ (the title of) a non-commissioned officer of high rank in the navy 海军军士；海军士官

general staff /,d3enərəl 'sta:f/ [(the) GC often cap] the officers in an army who work for the commanding officers and help to plan military actions 总参谋部全体人员

C301 nouns 名词：various names for soldiers，etc［C］各种士兵名称

warrior /'wpriə/1 a man, usu in a less devel-oped society, who is habitually ready for war or to fight for his chief， tribe，etc（通常为不发达社会的）战士；武士：The chief called hiswarriors．酋长召集他的武士．2 infml a personwho has military experience, inclinations, interests，etc（老）战士；尚武的人：The old warrior has seen many campaigns [→C285]. 那位老战士经过多次战役.He＇s quite a warrior，always getting into fights with people.他真是一个好斗的人，时常和人家打架.

fighting man /'faitny ,mæn/ esp emot a soldier, esp one in the army for a long time 战斗员（尤指老兵）：＇Our country has a great tradition of proud fighting men！＇he cried.他大声地说：“我们国家有一个伟大的传统：我们的战士是自豪的斗士！”

man-at-arms /'mænət'a:mz/ (esp formerly) a soldier, esp in armour (and often riding a horse）士兵（尤指古时的重骑兵）：The king＇s ownmen-at-arms guarded the castle.国王的御用骑兵亲自守卫城堡.

mercenary /'m3:sənəri/ a soldier who fights for the country，etc which pays him（外国）雇佣军： Many European mercenaries have fought in African wars.许多欧洲雇佣军曾在非洲战争中作战.

legionary /'li:d3ənəri/ a member of a military legion ［→C293］ of any kind 军团（或部队）的一员：The Roman legionaries were tough， disciplined soldiers.古罗马军团的成员都是顽强而守纪律的战士.

legionnaire /,li:d3ən'eə/ (the title of) a soldier esp in the French Foreign Legion 法国外籍军团的成员（的称呼）

combatant/'kombətənt/ a person who fights or is fighting 战斗员：Only combatants were allowed near the front line［■C272］．只准许战斗员靠近前线.

noncombatant /npn'kombətənt/ a person who does not fight or is not fighting 非战斗员

belligerent /bə'lid3ərənt/ a person actively engaged in a war，rebellion，etc 交战人员：All belligerents will be shot on sight.所有交战人员一经发现立即开枪射杀．［ALSO→C273］

hostile /'hpstail/ any person regarded as belonging to or fighting for an enemy force 敌对分子：A party of hostiles was seen in the hills.一伙敌对分子出现在山上.

militant /'milətənt/ a militant [→C273] person 好斗的人；好战分子：These student disorders may have been started by a few militants.学生的骚乱可能是由少数好斗分子挑起的.

civilian /sə'viliən/ a person who is not a member of the armed forces 平民；百姓：The officer told all civilians to leave the area.军官通知所有平民撤离这一地区.Several innocentcivilians were killed by the bombs.一些无辜百姓被炸死了.

partisan /'pa:təzæn/ a member of a group fight-

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