N264 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

N264 adjectives 形容词：hard，stiff，etc硬的、僵直的等

hard/ha:d/[Wa1] 1 [B] which cannot easily be broken or pressed down or bent 硬的；坚固的： The ice is as hard as a rock.这冰坚如岩石.Thesnow was frozen hard．雪冻得变成坚冰．2［B］ a forceful 有力的；猛烈的：She gave him a hard push. 她用力推了他一把.b needing or usingforce 费劲的；难的；用劲的：This is hard work.这是艰苦的工作．3［B］ full of difficulty and trouble 艰难的；困苦的：They had a hard life.他们生活艰难.He gave me a hard time.他害得我好苦．4［B（on）］（of people，punishments，etc） not gentle （to）； showing no kindness（to）（指人、处罚等）严厉的；严酷的；无情的：You＇re ahard woman.你真是个狠心的女人.She was veryhard on me （＝ unkind to me）．她对我很严厉．5［A］ based on or looking for facts；firm 确凿的； 寻求事实的；坚定的；不放松的：This difficultydemands a lot of hard thinking.这个难题需要经过再三思索才能得到解决.She gave him a hardsearching look.她用审视的眼光狠狠地盯了他一眼．6 ［B］unpleasant to the senses， esp because too bright or too loud（尤指颜色或声音）刺眼的；刺耳的：Her hard voice could be heard across the room.她那刺耳的声音在房间的那一头也能听见.She paints her face with hard colours.她在脸上涂上刺眼的色彩．-ness ［U］7 ［adv］ a in ahard way；with great effort 努力地；艰苦地：He tries hard to understand, but it's too difficult for him.他努力想弄明白，可是这对他来说太难了.Look hard at this picture.仔细地看看这张画.Think hard and work hard.勤于思考，努力工作.b strongly; heavily; in large amounts over a period of time 猛烈地；重重地；一段时间里大量地：I was breathing hard as I stopped running.我停止奔跑时喘得很厉害.It＇s raining harder thanever.雨越下越大.be hard on to wear（some-thing） out easily or quickly 容易把···磨损（或穿坏）：Children are very hard on their shoes.孩子们很容易把鞋穿破.do（something）the hard way to learn by experience, not by teaching; act alone and with difficulty 凭经验学得；单独苦干 hard at it working with all one＇s force in some activity 致力于；忙于be hard hit（by）to suffer lossbecause of （some event）（因···而） 受到严重损失或打击：He was hard hit whenprices went up, because he had no hope of a wage rise.物价上涨时，他受到沉重的打击，因为他没有加薪的指望.be hard done by to be unfairlytreated 受到不公正的对待；受委屈：I was veryhard done by in receiving less money than anybody else after I had worked twice as hard.我得到很不公正的待遇，因为我工作比别人卖力一倍，但得到的报酬却比别人少.（it）come（s）hard to to be （an action） difficult to do（指行动）难做到的：It comes hard to live on a small amount of money when you＇ve been rich.一个人过惯了富裕生活，一旦要过穷日子是很难的.（it）go(es) hard with to be (an experience) diffi-cult to accept（指经历）难于接受：It goes hard with him to be alone so often.他经常这样孤独

是很难受的.die hard（of habits） to be lost with difficulty（指习惯）不轻易消失：Old habits die hard.旧的习惯不易改变.take（it） hard tosuffer deeply 心里难过；耿耿于怀：She failed her examinaion，and she＇s taking it very hard.她考试不合格，心里一直很难过.be hard put（to it）to (do something) to have great difficulty (in doing something）陷入困境；为难：I was hard put to it to keep the house warm when the heating was turned off.暖气关掉以后，要我保持整个房子暖和是很难的.

stiff／stif／［Wal］1［B］not easily bent 不易折弯的； 硬的；僵直的：What stiff paper！这纸多硬！Shoes are often stiff when they＇re new.新鞋往往紧绷绷的．2［B］not easily moved，turned，etc 粘稠的；不易移动、转动的：Beat the eggs until stiff.把蛋打稠．3［B］formal；not friendly 拘谨的；生硬的；冷淡的：a stiff smile 不自然的笑容；The guestfelt a bit stiff surrounded by people he didn't know, but after a few drinks he became quite gay.那客人在一群陌生人中间显得有些拘谨，但是和大家一起喝过几杯之后，他就变得愉快活跃了．4［B］painful when moved 一动就痛的：I feel stiff after my long walk.长途跋涉后，我感到双腿酸痛.His stiff aching muscles felt better after a hot bath.洗了个热水澡之后，他感到原先僵硬酸痛的肌肉舒服一些．5［F］ infml too much to accept； unusual in degree 过分的；过高的：It＇s a bit stiff to expect us to go out again at this time of night.夜里这么晚还要我们再出去，未免有点过分了.The cost is stiff.费用太高了.-ly［adv］-ness [U]

rigid /'rid3id/ [B] 1 esp tech stiff; not easy to bend 坚硬的；不易弯曲的；具刚性的：The tent wassupported on a rigid framework.帐篷由一个坚硬的框架支撑着．2（of a person or his character or opinions) firm; fixed; not easy to change （指人、性格、意见等）严格的；固定的；死板的；僵硬的：He＇s very rigid in his ideas on marriage.他对婚姻问题有他自己固定的看法.He knows therigid discipline of army life.他知道军队生活有严格的纪律.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

firm /f3:m/ [Wal; B] strong, solid and hard;not moving easily 结实的；坚硬的；牢固的；稳固的：Some soft foods become firm when cold.有些软食物冷却后会变硬.Is the ice on the lake firmenough to walk on？湖面上的冰是否坚硬得可以在上面行走？-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

tough /t^f/ [Wal; B] difficult to break,eat,cut, etc 坚硬的；不易磨损的；咬不动的；切不开的：Thismeat is very tough.这肉很老.Use a tougher cloth； this one is too easily torn.用一块结实一点的布，这块太容易破了.-ness ［U］

crisp/krisp/[Wal; B] 1 hard; dry;easily broken 硬的；干的；脆的；松脆的；易碎的：crisp pastry 松脆的油酥点心2 firm；fresh 绷紧的；新鲜的；鲜脆的：a crisp apple 一个鲜脆的苹果；crisp vegetables 鲜嫩的蔬菜3 newly made or prepared； fresh 刚制好的；崭新的；新鲜的：He gave me a crisppound note.他给我一张刚印好的一英镑钞票.Hisshirt was crisp and clean.他的衬衣簇新且干净.4（fig）（of hair） tightly curled（指头发）很卷曲的；卷得紧的：She wore jewels in her beautiful crisp hair．她那美丽的鬈发上戴着珠宝．5（fig）

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(of style, manners, etc) quick; showing no doubts or slowness；clear（指风格、态度等）干脆的；干净利落的；明快的：a quick crisp reply 爽快、干脆的答复；a crisp manner of speaking 明快的说话方式6（fig）（of the air，weather，etc） cold； dry；refreshing（指空气、天气等）寒冷的；干燥的；清新的：a crisp winter day 寒冷干燥的冬日；thecrisp autumn wind 清爽的秋风 7［IØ；T1］ to (cause to) become crisp (1, 2) esp by cooking or heating（尤指烘烤而）（使）变松脆：If youcook this pastry at a high temperature it should crisp nicely.如果你用高温烤这些饼，就能使它松脆可口.

N265 adjectives 形容词：hard in special ways［B］特别形式的艰难、严厉、严峻、严格、坚固等

harsh/ha:f [Wal] 1 unpleasant in causing pain to the senses 引起感官不适的：It was a harshlight（too strong for the eyes）.这光线（强得）太刺眼了.They were harsh colours.那些色彩太耀眼.He had a harsh voice.他的声音太刺耳.Thiscloth is harsh to the touch（＝rough）.这布摸起来太粗糙．2 （of people， punishments， etc） showing cruelty or lack of kindness（指人、处罚等）严厉的；苛刻的；无情的：The punishmentwas too harsh. 这次惩罚太严厉了.-ly［adv］-ness [U]

severe /sə'viə/ [Wa2] 1 not kind or gentle in treatment; not allowing failure or change to rules， standards， etc；stern；strict 严厉的；严格的；严肃的；严苛的：He is a severe judge of otherpeople.他评论起别人来总是严厉刻薄.She had asevere look on her face.她脸色严肃.These are very severe military rules．这些军规十分严厉．2 very harmful or painful; serious or uncomfor-table 痛苦的；严重的；剧烈的：It is the severestwinter for 10 years．这是近十年来冷得最厉害的一个冬天.He faces severe difficulties／penalties. 他面对严重的困难／严厉的处罚．3 needing effort；difficult 严峻的；艰难的：It is a severe test of ability／a severe competition.这是一次对能力的严峻考验／一场激烈的竞争．4 plain； without orna-ment；austere 简朴的；朴素的；朴实无华的：Heliked the severe beauty of the simple church building. 他喜欢那座简陋教堂的质朴的美.Herhair was tied straight back in a severe way.她把头发整齐地扎在脑后，显得朴素大方．5 express-ing a strongly unfavourable judgment; very critical（批评）尖刻的；尖锐的；苛刻的：The Timescertainly didn't like the new film; their re-marks were very severe.《泰晤士报》无疑是不喜欢这部新影片；他们的评论很尖刻.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

strict /strikt/[Wa1] 1 severe, esp in rules of behaviour（尤指行为规则）严格的；严厉的：Thisis a strict rule.这是一条严格的规定.They arevery strict with their children.他们对自己的孩子管教得很严．2 exact 精确的；严密的：He gave us astrict interpretation of the facts.他把事实向我们作了精确的解释.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N266 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

stringent/'strmnd3ənt/[B] (esp of rules, limits, etc） severe； making difficult demands（尤指规定、限制等）严格的；严厉的；严苛的：stringentlaws／restrictions 严厉的法令／限制；stringent measures to deal with street crime 对付街头犯罪的严厉措施

rigorous／＇rigərəs／1 severe；painful 严峻的；严酷的；痛苦的：He did not enjoy the rigorous hardships of the journey.他对旅途中种种艰辛感到无乐趣可言．2 careful and exact．认真的；严密的；精确的：He made a rigorous study ofthe plants in the area.他对该地区的各种植物作了周密的考察.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

disciplined /dısəplind/ having discipline [■N267］；severe in training； controlled 有纪律的； 经严格训练的；受严格约束的：His army is a verydisciplined force； it is highly disciplined.他的军队是一支纪律严明的军队；有着高度的纪律性.

stern /st3:n/ [Wal] 1 very firm or hard towards others＇ behaviour 严格的：She is a stern teacher．她是个严格的老师．2 difficult or hard to bear 难以忍受的；严厉的：What stern punish-ment！多严厉的惩罚！3 showing firmness esp with disapproval 坚决的；坚定的；强硬的（尤指不赞成）：He gave the child a stern look.他朝孩子严厉地瞪了一眼.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

austere／o：＇strə／1 lacking comfort；hard 清苦的； 俭朴的：We led an austere life in the moun-tains．我们在山区过着清贫俭朴的生活．2 lackingthe ability to enjoy life; self-controlled; seri-ous 不知生活乐趣的；自我节制的；严肃的：He isan austere person with an austere manner.他是一个举止严谨、一本正经的人．3 without orna-ment；plain 简朴的；朴素的；朴实无华的：It wasan austere style of painting.这是一种朴实的绘画风格.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N266 nouns 名词： kinds of hardness 各种各样的严厉

severity/sə'verəti/1 [U] the state or quality of being severe 严厉；严格；严苛：He treated them with severity.他待他们很严厉.The severity of his punishment was undeserved.他不应受到如此严厉的惩罚．2［C usu pl］ a severe act or con-dition 严厉的待遇；艰苦的条件：He has knownall the severities of army life.他经历过军队生活的种种艰辛.

rigour BrE, rigor AmE /'rigə/ [U] 1 hardness; lack of mercy 严厉；无情：He deserves to be punished with the full rigour of the law. 他应受到法律的严厉制裁．2［the U9 often pl withthe same meaning］ severe conditions 严酷；艰苦：He will suffer all the rigour（s） of winter／of army life.他将饱尝严冬的／军队生活的一切艰难困苦．3［U］ （of a subject of study） exactness that demands clear thinking（指研究科目）严密；精确：We need the rigour of scientific proof.我们需要严密的科学根据.

rigidity/rr'd3ıdəti/ [U] the quality of being rigid 坚硬；刚硬；僵化；死板：He knows the rigidity ofthe framework／of her opinions.他知道这个框架是坚固的／她的意见是难以改变的.

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N267 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 満和重

discipline /'dısəplin/1 [U] training of the mind and body to produce obedience and self-control（为使人守纪律而进行的身心方面的）训练；锻炼；修养：school／military discipline 学校／军事训练 2 ［U］ control gained as a result of this training 纪律；秩序；风纪：There＇s no discipline among those soldiers.那些士兵纪律松散.The teacher can't keep discipline in her classroom. 这位老师无法维持课堂纪律．3［U］punishment 惩戒；惩罚：That child needs discipline； give me my stick．这个孩子应该惩戒一下；把棍子递给我．4［C］ a method of training 训练方法：Learning poetry is a good discipline for the memory.学习诗歌是训练记忆力的好方法．5［C］a branch oflearning studied at a university（大学的）学科： You're no good at history, so you'd better choose one of the other disciplines.你的历史成绩不行，所以你最好还是另选别的学科吧.

austerity. /p'sterəti/ 1 [U] the quality of being austere 严峻；严厉；朴素；质朴 2 ［C usu pl］ anaustere act， practice，or manner 节俭；苦行；苦修：We practised various austerities to make our money last longer.我们采取各种方法节衣缩食，尽量使手头的钱耐用一些．3［U］ a way of lifethat does not cost much, esp one forced on a country in time of war（尤指战争时期实行的）紧缩；节制：It was a period of austerity.那是一个紧缩时期.

N267 adjectives 形容词：not hard［B］不硬的

soft/spft/[Wal] 1 not firm against pressure; giving in to the touch; changeable in shape; not hard or stiff 软的：This is a nice soft chair／bed.这张椅子／床又软又舒适.His footsank slightly into the soft ground.他的脚稍微陷入松软的地面.The book had a soft（＝paper） cover.那本书是软面的（即平装本）.He shapedthe clay while it was soft.他趁土软时把它塑造成形．2 less hard than average 硬度较低的：Lead is one of the softer metals.铅是一种较软的金属.3 smooth and delicate to the touch 柔软的；柔滑的：What lovely soft skin you have！你的皮肤真柔软！This is the softest finest wool.这是最柔软、最纤细的毛线．4 restful and pleasant to the senses，esp the eyes（尤指使眼睛感到）柔和的：The restaurant had soft lights and played soft music.这家餐馆里灯光柔和，音乐轻柔动听.It wasa soft summer evening.那是一个柔和的夏夜.She had beautiful soft brown eyes.她有一双美丽柔和的棕色眼睛．5 quiet； not making muchnoise；not loud 轻声的；轻柔的；压低声音的：Herwhisper was so soft I could hardly hear it.她低声细语，我简直听不清．6 not violent；gentle 温和的；温柔的：Soft winds came from the south. 从南边吹来阵阵和风.She felt a soft touch onher shoulder.她感到有人轻轻地碰了一下她的肩膀．7 not angry or excited；making calm 平心静气的；和缓的：He gave a soft answer to the angry questions.他心平气和地回答了那些怒气冲冲的质问．8 not fml not showing or needing

hard work；easy 轻松的；舒适的：This is a soft life！这可是一种安逸的生活！He has a soft jobwith few duties and good pay.他的工作轻松，不负什么责任，报酬却很丰厚．9 weak in conditionof the body（身体）软弱的；无力的：I＇m afraidmy office job is letting me get soft.我担心整天坐办公室使我变得软弱无力.Children these daysare too soft！＇he said.他说：“现在的孩子太娇嫩了．＂10 not fml easily persuaded； easy to make agree or do what one wishes 易被说服的；耳软的：You must think I＇m soft ifyou think I＇ll let you do that！如果你以为我会同意你去干那种事，你一定认为我是一个唯唯诺诺的人！-ly［adv］-ness[U]

gentle /'d3entl/ [Wal, 3] 1 not violent; soft in movement 不猛烈的；和缓的；轻柔的；徐缓的：agentle wind 轻风； a gentle slope （＝not steep） 平缓的斜坡2 kind and ready to help others 温柔的；和善的：She＇s a very gentle person，who never loses her temper.她很温柔，从来不发脾气.-tly ［adv］-tleness ［U］

tender ／＇tendə／ ［Wa2］ 1 not hard or tough 不硬的；嫩的；柔软的：Cook the meat a long time so that it＇s really tender.把肉煮久一点，让它烂一点.2 delicate; too easily crushed; needing careful handling 嫩弱的；纤弱的；娇嫩的：tender flowers 娇嫩的花朵3 a easily hurt；sensitive； delicate 敏感的；一触即痛的：After riding such a longway on a bicycle his bottom was very tender. 骑了这么长一段路的自行车以后，他感到臀部一碰就痛.b painful；sore 痛的；酸痛的：a tender tooth 一颗痛牙4young；inexperienced年幼的；未成熟的：a child of tender years 年幼的孩子5 gentle and loving； sympathetic；kind 温柔的；爱护的；有同情心的；善良的：He has a tender heart.他心地善良.The woman gave her child a tender look. 这女人用疼爱的目光看了看她的孩子．6 that mightoffend or hurt people 可能得罪人或伤人感情的；敏感的：One should always avoid tender subjects of conversation at parties.在社交场合， 应当永远避免谈论敏感的话题.-ly［adv］-ness［U］delicate．／＇delikət／1 finely made； delightful 精致的；精美的；雅致的：a delicate piece of silk 一块精美的丝绸；a delicate pattern 一个精致的图案；delicate food and wine 佳肴美酒 2 finely made; needing careful handling; easily broken or hurt 精致的；脆弱的；易破碎的；不耐碰的：Thebody is a delicate machine.人体犹如一部易坏的机器.Treat this delicate glass carefully.小心对待这个易碎的玻璃杯．3 needing careful treat-ment or tact [→G39];likely to go wrong at any moment 微妙的；棘手的；须小心处理的：adelicate affairlposition／subject 一个微妙的事件／ 地位／问题 4 easily made ill；easily yielding to illness 脆弱的；易得病的：He is a delicate child， in delicate health.他是个脆弱的孩子，容易得病.5 very pleasing but perhaps not easy to recog-nize，taste， smell，see，etc 给人快感而又难辨的； 清淡的；柔和的：delicate tastes／smells／colours 可口的味道／清淡的香气／柔和的颜色6 sensitive 敏感的；灵敏的；敏锐的：He has a delicate ear and adelicate sense of touch.他有灵敏的听觉和触觉.That delicate instrument can record even very slight changes.那架灵敏的仪器连很细微的变化也

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能记录下来．7 sensitive to bad manners in oneself or in others 对自己或别人的失礼举止敏感的：Some delicate people don＇t like to offend；others don＇t like to be offended.有些敏感的人不愿招惹别人，而另一些则不喜欢别人招惹自己.She has delicate feelings.她感情细腻.-ly [adv]-ness [U]

mild ／maıld／［Wa1］ gentle，soft 温和的；温柔的；柔和的；柔软的：What lovely mild weather！多么和煦的天气啊！He has a very mild manner with children but is much harder on adults.他对儿童态度非常温和，但对成人就严厉得多了.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

limp /lmp/[Wa1] lacking strength or stiffness 软弱无力的；无生气的：The book had limpcovers (= with a soft cloth cover rather than hard protective back）.那本书是软封面的.The heat was too much for her; she went limp and fell to the ground.她热得实在受不了，身子一软便倒在地上.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N268 adjectives 形容词：not stiff［B］不僵硬的

flexible/'fleksəbəl/1 that can bend or be bent easily＿易弯曲的；柔韧的：This piece of metal is very flexible．这块金属很容易弯曲．2（fig）that can change or be changed to be suitable for new needs，changed conditions，etc 灵活的；可变通的：The government must be flexible in its handling of this dangerous state of affairs.政府在应付这一危险事态时必须灵活.in-［neg］-bly[adv]-bility [U]

supple /'ѕApəl/[Wal, 3] 1 bending or moving easily，esp in the joints of the body 柔软的；易弯曲的：She has a supple body．她的身体柔软．2(fig) quick in thinking, changing one's ideas, values，etc易适应的；反应快的

pliable/'plarəbəl/1 easily bent without breaking 柔韧的；可弯的：Baskets are often made of pliable stems．篮子大多是用柔韧的枝条编织的．2(fig) able and willing to change or to accept new ways and ideas 圆通的；能灵活变通的；善适应的：It＇s necessary to be pliable in a changing world.在一个多变的世界里，人们必须善于灵活变通.

pliant／＇plaiənt／1 pliable 柔韧的；易弯曲的：The wires were pliant and easily bent into the shapes he wanted.这些铁线柔性好，易于弯成他所需要的各种形状．2（fig）easily influenced； yielding to the wishes or commands of others 柔顺的；顺从的：She has a pliant nature and will agree to do as the rest of us wish.她性格柔顺，一定会同意照我们大家所希望的去做.-ly[adv]-ancy [U]

plastic /'plæstik/ [Wa5] 1 easy made,bent, formed into different shapes 可塑的；塑性的： Clay is a plastic material.黏土是一种可塑性材料．2［Wa5；A］ concerned with changing the shape of something 造型的；塑造的：The plastic arts turn materials into the special shapes desired by the artists.造型艺术是把材料塑造成艺

N269 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 満和重

术家所要的各种特殊形状的艺术.-ticity［U］

elastic/r'læstik/1 (of material such as rubber) which springs back into the original or natural shape after being stretched（指橡皮等物）有弹性的；有弹力的：She wore an elastic swimsuit. 她穿着一件弹性游泳衣.（fig）Lions move withelastic grace.狮子行走时给人一种富于弹性的优美感．2 not stiff or fixed； able to be changed to fit all cases 灵活的；可伸缩的：The club haselastic rules.这个俱乐部的规则是灵活的.Withhis elastic character he will soon be cheerful again.他个性轻快开朗，很快又会高兴起来的.in-[neg]

yielding /'ji:ldr/ 1 able to bend; not stiff or fixed 能弯曲的；不硬的；不固定的2 likely toagree with or give in to others 易让步的；依从的；屈从的：He has a yielding character and will soon change his mind.他性格温顺，很快就会改变主意的.

springy /'sprigi/ [Wal] coming back easily to the original shape 有弹性的；有弹力的：It was aspringy old wood floor.那是一种有弹性的旧木头地板.-ily［ady］-iness ［U］

N269 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：bending， stretching， and slanting 弯曲、延伸与倾斜

[ALSO→N295]

bend/bend/1 [T1; Iø] to (cause to) be forced into or out of a curve or angle（使）弯曲；使成弧形或一角度：He bent the wire.他把金属丝弄弯.The wire bent easily.这种金属丝易弯曲.（fig） He is very firm about it: I cannot bend him. 他对这件事的态度很坚决，我无法使他改变主意.Hewill not bend．他不会屈从．2［X9］（fig）to di-rect（one＇s efforts） to 专心于；专注于：He bent his mind to the job.他专心于这项工作.bent ondetermined to do 一心一意要：He is bent on becoming a doctor／going to India.他一心一意要成为一名医生／到印度去.

stretch /stretf/ 1 [T1] to (cause to) become wider or longer（使）变宽；（使）变长：You must stretch these new shoes by wearing them.这双新鞋你得穿穿才能变宽.My wool coat stretchedwhen I washed it.我的羊毛外套洗过以后变大了.2［T1］ to cause to reach full length or width 使最大限度地拉直：Try to stretch the rope between these two poles.把这根绳子在这两根柱子之间拉直.（fig）You are stretching my patience to the limit.你已使我忍无可忍了.This is a job whichstretches one／one＇s powers.这是一项使人竭尽心力／要拼命干的工作．3［L9］to spread out 展开；伸展；延伸；绵亘：The waters of the sea stretched round them as far as the eye could see.海水在他们四周伸展开去，一望无际．4［IØ］to be elastic有弹性；有弹力：Rubber bands stretch.橡皮筋是有弹性的．5［T1］ to cause to go beyond a limit （of rule or time）使逾越（规则、时限等）：Let＇s stretch the rules and leave work early.今天我们越轨一次，早点下班吧.He stretched the lessonfor five minutes．这堂课他延长了五分钟．6［L9］

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N270 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

to last 延续：His visits stretched over three months．他的访问延续了三个月．7［T1；IØ（out）］to straighten (thelimbs or body) to full length 把（四肢或身体）伸直；舒展；伸懒腰：She got outof bed and stretched.她下了床，伸了个懒腰.Hestretched his arms above his head.他把双臂伸过头顶.The cat stretched out in front of the fire．猫在炉火前伸开四肢躺着．8［C usu sing］ anact of stretching 拉长；拉直；伸展：He gave the rubber a good stretch (= he stretched it well). 他把橡皮筋拉得很长.stretch one＇s legs to havea walk， esp after sitting for a while（尤指坐一段时间后）散散步；松松腿 stretch a point，also又作 infml stretch it a bit to make a rule， remark， etc mean what one wants it to（对规则、言论等）作适合自己需要的解释；破例；夸大：We'll stretch a point and let the baby travel free,though you should have bought him a ticket.你本来应该为这孩子买一张车票的，不过现在我们破例，让他免费乘车吧.Is that true？Aren＇tyou stretching it a bit？这是真的吗？你是不是有点言过其实？

yield/ji:ld/[IØ] to bend, break, etc, because of a strong force（在重压下）弯曲；倒塌；陷下；垮下：The table is beginning to yield under that heavy weight.桌子在那重物的压力下开始歪斜了.give／giv／［IØ］ infml to yield（在重压下）弯曲；塌下；陷下；垮下：The table began to give under his weight.桌子在他身体的重压下开始歪斜.

spring /spri/ 1 [L9; T1] to move or work suddenly,esp as if moving under force, jump-ing hard，etc 弹；跳跃：The cat sprang on the bird.那猫纵身向鸟儿扑去.He sprang out of bedwhen he saw what time it was.他一看时间，便一下从床上跳起来.He sprang the trap andcaught the animal.他突然启动捕捉器，逮住了那只动物.（fig） They are always springing sur-prises on us.他们总是给我们带来一些令人吃惊的消息．2［C］an act of springing 弹起；跳起；跳跃：The cat's sudden spring caught the bird by surprise．那猫突然跃起，出其不意地逮住了鸟儿．3[C] something, esp a piece of metal, that springs back into position after being pushed, pulled，bent，etc 弹簧：The car has good springs.这部汽车装有良好的弹簧.The bed hassprings．这床有弹簧．4［U］the power to spring back 弹力；弹性：That piece of wood has little spring in it. 那块木板弹性很差.（fig）He wasunhappy, and lost the spring in his step(=in the way he walked）.他心情不愉快，走起路也不像原来那样轻快了.

flex/fleks/[T1] to bend repeatedly before use so as to make smooth and loose in movement; to bend and move (one of one's limbs, muscles, etc), so as to stretch and loosen esp in preparation for work 反复折弯（以便使用灵活）；屈伸（四肢等）；活动（肌肉等）：The gardenersflexed their muscles and began to dig.园丁们活动了一下筋骨以后，便开始掘土了.

slope /sləup/1 [Wv4; T1: (up, down)] to (cause to） be at an angle from lower to higher（使）倾斜；（使）成斜坡：The road sloped steeply down. 路陡斜而下.He sloped the roof steeply so that rain water would run off.他把屋顶盖得很陡，以

便于雨水流掉.The house had a sloping roof.房子的屋顶呈斜坡形．2［C］ a surface， line，etc that slopes 斜坡；斜面；斜线：They walked up the slope.他们沿斜坡往上走.He stood on theslopes of the mountains and looked down.他站在山坡上往下看.The surface was at a slope；it wasn＇t flat．那表面有坡度，不是水平的．3［U］the amount by which a surface, line, etc slopes 斜势；坡度：The roof should have plenty of slope，so that rain water can run off.屋顶应该有足够的坡度，使雨水容易流掉.

slant/sla:nt/1 [Wa4, 5; IØ; T1] to (cause to) be at an angle from straight up and down or across；（cause to） slope（使）倾斜；（使）歪斜； （使）斜向：a slanting roof 斜屋顶；The roof line slants upwards from left to right.屋顶线自左向右往上斜．2［Tl usu pass］（fig） to express (facts,a report, etc) in a way favourable to a particular opinion 从有利于某种观点的角度报道；使带倾向性：The news of the meeting was slanted to make it seem that an agreement was reached.关于这次会议的新闻报道带有倾向性，使人觉得似乎已达成了协议．3［S］ a slantingposition 倾斜；歪斜：The wall seemed to be built at a slant.这堵墙砌得好像带点倾斜度.

incline /mn'klain/ fml 1 [IØ; T1] esp tech to （cause to） slope（使）倾斜；（使）成斜坡：The road inclines at a steep angle.这条路很陡.In-cline the mirror at a better angle.把镜子斜成一个更合适的角度．2［T1］to move downward 向下倾斜；低下：He inclined his head in greeting.他颔首致意.incline［C］ a slope 斜坡；斜面：Thevehicle began to roll down the incline.车子开始滚下坡去．inclination 1［U］ the act of inclin-ing or state of being inclined 倾斜：The incli-nation of the mirror was 15°（＝ 15 degrees）．镜子倾斜了十五度．2［C］an act or degree of in-clining 点头；鞠躬；斜度；倾度：She greeted us with a slight inclination of the head.她向我们微微点头致意.The mirror was at an inclination of 15°．镜子的倾斜度为十五度．

crook／kruk／1 ［T1； IØ］ to （cause to） bend（使） 弯曲：She crooked her arm to make carrying the parcel easier.她弯起手臂以便于拿那个包裹.The river crooks to the right just below the bridge．这条河正好在桥下向右边流去．2［C］abend or curve 弯曲；弯曲部分；弯曲处：a crookin the river 河的拐弯处；She carried the parcel in the crook of her arm.她把包裹挎在胳膊弯里.crooked［B］ not straight；twisted；bent 歪的；弯的；扭曲的：You＇ve hung that picture on the wall crooked；try to straighten it.你把墙上那幅画挂歪了，把它挂正吧.His fingers are crookedbecause he hurt his hand in an accident.他的手指伸不直了，因为他那只手在事故中受过伤.

N270 adjectives 形容词：tight［Wa1；B］紧的

tight/tait/1 fitting closely and not easy to put on，take off， move，loosen，open，etc 紧的；不松动的；牢固的：These trousers are too tight；I can

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hardly get them on.这条裤子太紧了，我简直穿不进去.The top of the bottle was tight； he couldn＇t get it off．这个瓶盖很紧，他打不开．2stretched 拉紧的；绷紧的：Is the rope tight？-Yes；it＇s tight enough. 绳子拉紧了吗？-够紧了.-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］

taut/to:t/ tightly drawn; stretched as tight as possible 拉紧的；绷紧的：Pull the string taut！把绳子拉紧！The rope was taut.绳子绷得很紧.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

N271 adjectives 形容词：not tight ［Wa1；B］ 松弛的

slack/slæk/1(of a rope, wire, etc) not pulled tight（指绳索、电线等）松弛的；不紧的2not firm；weak；loose 不坚决的；软弱的；松懈的：slacklaws／control 松懈的法律／控制 3 not properly careful or quick 马虎的；懒散的；懈怠的：be slackin doing one＇s duty 对自己的工作马马虎虎4 notbusy or active 萧条的；呆滞的：Winter is the slack season at most hotels.对大多数旅店来说冬季是淡季.Business is slack just now.现时市面不景气.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

loose /lu:s/ 1 not firmly fixed; not tight;not strong 松的；松动的；不牢固的：This pole iscoming loose and will soon fall over.这根杆子松动了，很快就会倒下来的．2（of clothes） notfitting tightly，esp because too big（指衣服）宽松的；肥大的3 made of parts that are not tight together 松的；不紧密的：a loose weave／soil 稀疏的织物／松土 4 not bound together， as with string or in a box 散装的；散放的；未装订的：Ibought these sweets loose.我买的这些糖果是散装的．5 not fastened， tied up， shut up， etc；free from control 未加束缚的；松开的；自由的：Theanimals broke loose and left the field.那些牲口挣脱缰绳，从田野上跑掉了.The dog is toodangerous to be left loose.这条狗太危险，切不可放它出来.I have one loose hand but the other is tied．我的一只手没被绑，但另一只却给绑着．6not exact 不确切的；不明确的；不严密的：Thatword has many loose meanings.那个词有很多模糊的含义.He is a loose thinker，他是个思想不严密的人．7 deprec having many sexual adven-tures 放荡的；荒淫的：She is a loose woman.她是个荡妇．8 deprec not well controlled 无拘束的：She has a loose tongue and will tellevery-body．她的嘴不严，对谁都会讲．9 careless，awk-ward，or inexact 马虎的；随随便便的；笨拙的；不准确的：Loose play lost them the match.他们比赛时松松垮垮，结果输了．10（of the bowels）notable to control the waste matter inside 要泻（肚子）的11 not given a fixed purpose 暂时不用的；未被占用的：loose money 闲放着的钱 at aloose end having nothing to do 无事可做的；无所事事的 cut loose to break away from a group of condition 脱离（约束等）；摆脱；逃脱：After the quarrel he cut loose from his family and went abroad.吵架以后，他便离家到国外去了.

N274 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

N272 verbs 动词：relating to hardness， tightness，etc ［lø；T1：（up）］与硬、紧等有关的动词

harden /'ha:dən/ to (cause to) become hard （使）变硬：The snow hardened into ice.雪结成了冰.（fig）His face hardened with anger when he heard the bad news.他听到这个坏消息后，气得脸一下子沉了下来.

stiffen／＇stifən／ to （cause to） become stiff（使） 变僵硬；（使）变坚挺：He stiffened when some-one came up behind him.有人突然从他背后走上来，他吓得身子一下僵直了.

firm／f3：m／to（cause to） become firm（使）变坚实：The ground was soft after the rain but now it has firmed up.雨后地面是软的，但现在已变硬了.

soften／＇spfən／to（cause to） become soft（使）变软：They softened the substance by heating it. 他们把这种物质加热使之软化.

tighten／＇taitən／ to （cause to） become tight 拉紧； （使）绷紧：He tightened the ropes.他把绳子拉紧.（fig） Her face tightened with fear.她因害怕而绷紧了脸.

tauten／＇toxtən／ to （cause to） become taut（使） 拉紧；（使）绷紧：The rope tautened.绳子绷紧了.

clench／klentf／ to close tightly 握紧；咬紧；抓牢： She clenched her teeth.她咬紧牙关.Her teeth clenched.她牙齿咬得紧紧的.

N273 verbs 动词： relating to slackness 与松弛有关的动词

slacken/'slækən/ [IØ; T1: (off, up)] to (cause to） become slack（使）放松；（使）松弛；（使）缓慢：They slackened（off）the ropes.他们放松了绳子.（fig）The rain slackened off （＝ grew less）.雨渐渐小了.（fig）You should slacken up； you＇re working too hard.你应该松弛一下，你工作得太紧张了.

loosen /'lu:sən/ [IØ; T1: (off, up)] to(cause to) become loose（使）放松；（使）松开：The rope slowly loosened itself as the boat moved back and forward.小船漂来荡去，缆绳渐渐松开了.Hetried to loosen up (his body) by doing ex-ercises.他想通过运动使身体松弛下来.

loose /lu:s/ [T1] rare 1 to let loose; untie; make free 放松；放开；释放2 to free from control 放纵；不加约束：The wine loosed his tongue.喝酒使他话匣大开.

N274 adjectives 形容词：even，smooth， and steady［B］均匀、光滑与平稳的

even/'i:vən/ [Wa2] 1 (of surfaces) having no point or part higher or lower than any other （指表面）平的；平坦的；平滑的：The wood is niceand even．这木头很光滑．2（of qualities，etc） being thesame everywhere（指性质等）均匀的； 一致的：The temperature of all the rooms is even／an even 20°．所有房间的温度都一样／都是二

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N275 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 満和重

十度.un-［neg］-ly ［adv］：All the rooms are

heated evenly.所有的房间都供暖均匀.-ness［U］smooth /smu:ð/ [Wa1] 1 having an even surface without sharply raised or lowered places, points， lumps， etc； not rough（表面）光滑的； 平滑的；平坦的：The sea looked calm and smooth.海面显得风平浪静.It＇s a smooth road. 这是一条平坦的路.The car＇s tyres were wornsmooth.汽车轮胎都磨平了.She has a lovelysmooth skin.她的皮肤美丽光滑.（fig）They tried to make the way smooth to reaching an agree-ment．他们试图为达成一项协议铺平道路．2 evenin movement without sudden changes or breaks（行动）平稳的；没有剧烈动作的：Hebrought the car to a smooth stop.他使汽车平稳地停了下来.It＇s a calm day； we should have a smooth crossing to France.今天没有风，我们可望安稳地渡过海峡到法国.They are very smoothdancers．这些舞蹈演员的舞姿柔美优雅．3（of aliquid mixture) without lumps; evenly thick （指混合液体）调匀的；无结块的：Beat untilsmooth．把它搅至均匀．4（of a taste） not bitter or sour；pleasant in the mouth（指味道）平和的； 醇和的：a smooth pipe tobacco醇和的烟斗丝5(fig) often deprec very or too pleasant,polite, or untroubled in manner; avoiding or not showing difficulties 圆滑的；迎合讨好的；油腔滑调的；不流露困难的：What smooth manners hehas！瞧他那副圆滑的样子！Distrust a verysmooth salesman.不要相信油腔滑调的推销员.Itwas a smooth argument, but he didn't accept it.那论调很动听，但他不同意.-ly［adv］-ness［U］consistent /kən'sıstənt/ always acting, behav-ing,thinking, etc in the same way; not chang-ing easily（言行、思想等）一致的；连贯的；始终如一的：He is a very consistent person； he doesn＇t change his opinions much.他是个始终

如一的人，不大改变自己的意见.Try to be moreconsistent in what you do.做什么事都要有始有终.in- ［neg］ -ly ［adv］ consistence， consis-tency [U]

steady /'stedi/ [Wal] 1 firm; sure in position or movement； not shaking 稳的；不摇晃的；不颤抖的：Hold that candle steady.把那支蜡烛拿稳了.It was a delicate job needing a steady hand/ steady nerves. 这是一件精细的活儿，要求手不能抖／镇定沉着.It isn＇t the steadiest of tables，so don＇t sit on it！这张桌子不太稳当，别坐在上面！2moving or developing evenly; not wildly varying 有规则的；从容的；稳步的；不激变的：Hekept up a steady speed.他保持着稳定的速度.Weneed steady growth in industry.我们的工业要稳步发展.A steady east wind blew.东风徐徐吹来.3 not changing 不变的；稳定的：He has a steady incomeljob.他有稳定的收入／工作.Share prices closed steady (= at the same prices as yester-day）．收盘时的股票价格与昨日的一样．4 depen-dable； of good habits； not silly；serious 可靠的； 认真踏实的；稳健的：She needs to marry some-one steady.她应该嫁给一个踏实可靠的人.un-[neg]-ily[adv]-iness[U]

stable /'sterbəl/ [Wa2] firmly fixed;not easily moved or changed；very steady 稳定的；稳固的； 不易改变的；坚定的：That country doesn＇t have

a stable government.那个国家缺少一个稳定的政府.Their marriage is stable.他们的婚姻是牢固的.un-［neg］ stability ［U］ the state of being stable 稳定（性）：The stability of their govern-ment/marriage is not as certain as it once was.他们的政府／婚姻的稳定性不像以前那样有把握了.in-［neg］

stolid /'stolid/ (of persons) steady; showing no excitement when strong feelings might be expected（指人）稳定的；不易激动的；不动声色的-ly [adv]-ness [U]

N275 adjectives 形容词：not smooth and steady［B］不平滑的与不稳定的

rough/rAf/ [Wal] 1 having an uneven surface;

not smooth 表面粗糙不平的；不光滑的：The cathad a rough tongue.猫的舌头很粗糙.It was adog with a rough coat.这只狗的皮毛很粗糙.The rough road made the cart shake.道路崎岖不平，使得大车摇摇晃晃．2（of weather，the seaor a sea journey) stormy and violent; not calm （指天气、大海或海上旅行）暴风雨的；狂暴的；不平静的：There were rough winds and it was a very rough crossing to France.天上狂风阵阵，这次渡海去法国风浪很大．3 not always derog（ofpeople or behaviour) not gentle, tender,or polite; using force; (typical of someone) strong and simple（指人或行为）粗暴的；粗鲁的；粗野的；野蛮的；粗犷的：He has a certain roughhumour.他有着某种粗鲁的幽默感.This car hashad a lot of rough treatment.这辆车长期没有得到好好的保养维修.They play rough games.他们玩粗野的游戏.It＇s a rough school.这是一所粗野的学校.Play nicely and don＇t be rough！乖乖地玩，不要粗野！4（of food and living conditions） not delicate; simple; suitable only for strong people（指食物和居住条件）不精美的；简陋的；只适合强悍的人的：It was a rough but plentifuldinner with a rough country wine.这顿晚饭虽然饭菜粗陋，喝的是乡下人酿的土酒，但却很丰盛.Life was rough out in the Wild West when I was a boy.我小的时候，荒凉原始的西部生活是很艰苦的．5（of plans，calculations，etc） not（yet） in detail; unpolished; not in the finished form （指计划、计算等）不详尽的；粗略的；未经加工的；非完工的：It＇s just a rough drawing／a first rough attempt／a very rough translation.这仅仅是一个粗略的草图／粗略的初步打算／非常粗糙的译稿．6[Wa5; A] (of paper) for making the first at-tempts at drawing or writing something （指纸张）绘制初稿用的；起草用的：Try it on a bit ofrough paper．先在草稿纸上试一下．7（of sounds）not gentle or tuneful（指声音）不温和的；不动听的：He has a rough voice．他的声音粗哑刺耳．8infml unfortunate and hard to bear 不幸的；难以忍受的：She has had a very rough time.她经历过艰苦的生活.What rough luck！真倒运！-ly[adv] -ness [U] rough on infml unfortunate for （someone）对某人来说很不幸：It＇s a bitrough on him，losing his toe！他失去了一只脚趾， 真是不幸！rough and ready，also 又作 rough-and-ready simple and without comfort; rough

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简陋且不舒适的；粗糙的；差强人意的：The livingconditions were a bit rough and ready, as there were no beds.居住条件相当简陋，连床铺也没有.

coarse/ko:s/ [Wal] 1(esp of cloth,substances, etc） very rough esp to touch（尤指布料、物质等）手感粗糙的；不光滑的：Jute is a strong coarsecloth．黄麻布是一种结实的粗布．2 having largepieces 有较大颗粒的：This sugar is pretty coarse.这种砂糖很粗.Some kinds of sand are coarser than others．有些沙的沙粒特别大．3（fig） usu deprec not polite， esp in speech（尤指言谈）不礼貌的；粗鲁的：What coarse mannershe has！他的举止多不礼貌！-ly ［adv］-ness［U］

crude/kru:d/ [Wa1] 1 in a raw or natural state; unprepared；untreated 原始或天然状态的；未经加工处理的：He sells crude oil／crude rubber.；他出售原油／生橡胶.We must examine the crude facts closely before we can understand their meaning.我们在弄清他们的意思之前，必须仔细查核事实真相．2 showing or lacking grace， educa-tion，or delicacy of feeling 粗野的；不文雅的；缺乏教养的；无细腻情感的：What crude behav-iour／people！多么粗野的行为／人！3 not skilfully made，done or finished 粗糙的；粗制滥造的；笨拙的；不成熟的：It was just a crude shelter in the forest.这只是林中一个简陋的栖身处.Don＇tuse such crude methods.不要采用这种粗鲁的方法.They made a crude attempt to kill the King.他们策划了一个谋杀国王的不成熟的行动.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

bumpy ／＇bampi／ ［Wal］ 1 with many lumps 崎岖不平的；颠簸的：It was a bumpy road and wehad a bumpy ride.那是一条崎岖不平的道路，我们乘车走了一段颠簸的旅程．2 infml with partsthat are high (or good) and parts that are low （or bad）时好时坏的；高低不平的：We＇ve hadrather a bumpy time （ofit）since the war.战争以来，我们的日子时好时坏．3（of music，poetry，etc） with uneven time（指音乐、诗等）节奏跳动的：bumpy dance music 节奏跳动的舞曲-ily[adv]-iness [U]

rugged/'ragid/[Wa2]1 rough and uneven; not regular in form 崎岖不平的；形态不一的：Thecountryside was rugged and mountainous.该处农村山峦叠起，地形崎岖不平.The man had arugged face．这个人脸部满布皱纹．2 strong；able to accept difficulties 坚强的；能经受磨难的：Heis a pretty rugged person.他是个坚强的人.

jagged ／＇d3ægid／ rough and sharp 粗糙不平的； 参差不齐的；锐利的：He cut his hand on a jag-ged piece of glass.他的手被锋利的玻璃划破了.Itwas a land of jagged mountains.那是一片崎岖的山地.

serrated /'sireitid/ jagged, like the teeth of a saw［→H142］参差不齐的；锯齿状的：The pieceof metal had a serrated edge.这块金属的边缘不平整.

N276 verbs 动词：smoothing and steadying，etc 使光滑与使稳定等

steady /'stedi/[T1; IØ] to make or become

N277 FULLNESS ＆ HEAVINESS 满和重

steady， settled， regular or less changing 使稳定；变得稳定；（使）稳固：He started to fall，then steadied himself.起先他要倒下来，后来稳住了自已.He needs a wife to steady him.他需要一位贤妻来把他稳定下来.A cup of tea will steadyyour nerves.喝一杯茶会使你镇定下来的.Shareprices steadied in weak trading.在交易疲软的情况下，股票价值保持稳定.

stabilize,-ise /'steıbəlaiz/ [T1; IØ] esp tech to (cause to) become firm, steady or unchanging 稳定；使稳固；使稳定不变：The ship stabilized soas to move more smoothly on the water.轮船稳定下来，以便在水上更加平稳地航行.After thisrise，prices may begin to stabilize.经过这次提价，物价开始趋向稳定.-ization，-isation ［U］

even out [v adv: IØ; T1] to (cause to) become level or equal（使）平坦；（使）相等；（使）平稳：Prices should even out.价格应稳定.We must even things out.我们必须把这些事情公正处理.Even out the differences between the parties. 消除党派之间的分歧.

even up [v adv; T1] to make (something,or two things）equal 使（某事或某两事物）相等：If youtwo sit at the other table, that will even up the groups.如果你们两位坐到另一桌去，那么各组的人数就相等了.I＇ll pay for the taxi， to even things up.我来付计程车费，这样大家的支出就相等了.

smooth /smu:ð/ [T1] 1 [(out, down)] to make smooth（er）使（更）光滑；使（更）平坦：She smoothed out a tablecloth.她把桌布弄平整.He smoothed down the boards before painting. 在绘画之前，他先把画板弄光滑.They triedtosmooth the way for an agreement.他们努力为达成协议铺平道路．2［（away）］ to remove（roughness） from a surface 去除（表面的粗糙不平）；弄平：Ít＇s a face cream that claims to smooth away wrinkles in the skin.据称这种面霜能够去除皮肤的皱纹.

roughen /'rAfən/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become rough（使）变得粗糙不平：Thè cold wind rough-ened her skin.寒风使她的皮肤变得粗糙了.

coarsen /'ko:sən/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become coarse（使）变得粗糙

N277 adjectives 形容词：comfortable and convenient［B］舒适与方便

comfortable/'kamfətəbəl/ pleasant to be,live, sit, move, etc in or on; taking away pain, worry，etc 舒适的；安乐的；令人安慰的：She has avery comfortable home.她有一个非常舒适的家.He sat in the most comfortable chair.他坐在最舒服的椅子上.This is a nice comfortablecar to travel in.乘坐这辆车旅行非常舒适.Hewas still in pain but had quite a comfortable night.他仍感到疼痛，但这一夜过得相当安乐.un-[Ape]Aq-[8au]

convenient /kən'vi:nənt/ that is not difficult to do；not causing difficulty 不难做到的；方便的；便利的：Come at the time that is most conveni-ent to you.请在你感到最方便的时候来.I find itconvenient to live just outside the town.我感

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N290 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

到住在近郊很方便.in-［neg］-ly［adv］-nce［U； C]:I don't want to be an inconvenience to anyone.我不想麻烦任何人.

Actions and positions

行动与位置

N290 verbs 动词：standing and sitting 站与坐

stand/stænd/1 [IØ] to be upright on the feet without moving 直立；站立：He stood near the door.他靠门口站着.Who is that person stand-ing over there？ 站在那儿的人是谁？2［T1］tocause to be upright 使直立：Stand the wood in that corner.把木头立在那个角落里.He stoodthe child on a chair．他让孩子站在椅子上．3［L9］to be是；达到： Every man there stood over six feet tall.那里的人个个身高超过六英尺.（fig）As things stand， we can＇t win the war.看情况， 我们无法打赢这场战争.Their profit for the yearstands at £100000．他们的年盈利达十万英镑．4［L9］to be in or have a position位于；坐落：The house stood near the river.房子坐落在河边. Where do these books go?-They stand on that shelf．这些书放哪里？-放在那个书架上．5［IØ］（fig） not to change 不变；有效：Can I go？ -No;I said you couldn't go, and my deci-sion still stands.我能去吗？-不；我说过你不能去，我的决定仍然算数．6［L9］ to go in a stateddirection and stand 按所说方向站好：He stood back in order to see better.他靠后站了站，以便看得更清楚.Stand out of my way！ Stand aside！ 不要挡我的路！靠边站！He stood by，waiting tohelp if needed.他站在一旁，等着在需要时上前帮忙.They were sitting， but when he came in they stood up (= got out of their chairs;rose to their feet）.他们坐着；但当他进来时，他们都站起来了.

sit /sit/ 1 [L9] to rest in a position with the upper body upright and supported at the bottom of the back, as on a chair or other seat 坐：They all sat keeping warm by the fire.他们都坐在火旁取暖.If you can＇t find a seat you＇llhave to sit on the floor.如果你找不到座位，就只好坐在地板上.He sat at his desk working.他坐在书桌前工作．2［L9；X9：esp down］ to（cause to) go into this position; (cause to) take a seat （使）坐；（使）入座：Sit down，please；sit in that chair there.请坐；请坐在那张椅子里.She sat thebaby （down） on the grass.她让孩子坐在草地上.3[[Ø] (of an animal) to be on or go into a position with the tail end of the body resting on a surface（指动物）坐立4［L9］to have a position in an official body 在官方机构中任职：He sits on several committees.他在好几个委员会里任职．5 ［IØ］ （of a body） to have one or more meetings（指机构）开一次或多次会：The

court sat until all the arguments for both sides had been heard.法院直到听取了双方所有的论点以后才宣布退庭．6［IØ］to lie；rest； have a place （and not move）位于；处于；坐落：He left the papers sitting on the desk.他把文件留在书桌上.The books were sitting unread on the shelf.那些书放在书架上，没人读过.The village sat on theside of a hill.村庄坐落在山坡上.The coatdoesn＇t sit well（＝fits badly）on you.这外衣你穿不合身．7［IØ（for）］ to have one＇s picture painted or photographed；pose（被画像或被拍照时）摆好姿势：Please sit for a photograph／sit for your portrait． 请摆好姿势拍照／画像．8［T1］BrE to take （a written examination）参加书面考试：She will sit her A-levels next year.她明年将参加高级程度考试．9［T1］ to keep one＇s seaton（a horse）骑在（马上）10［IØ］（of a hen） to cover eggs to bring young birds to life（母鸡） 伏窝；孵蛋：Don＇t go near the hens while they＇re sitting.母鸡孵蛋时，不要靠近它们.

squat/skwpt/[IØ] to sit on a surface with legs drawn fully up or under the body, esp balanc-ing on the front of the feet 蹲下；蹲坐

kneel/ni:l/ [IØ (on, down)] to go down or re-main on the knee（s）跪下；跪着：She went into the church, knelt (down) and began to pray. 她走进教堂，跪下并开始祈祷.I saw her kneelingon thefloor of the church.我看见她跪在教堂的地板上.

N291 verbs，etc 动词等：rising and getting up 上升与起身

rise ／raiz／1 ［IØ］ to go up； get higher 上升；升高： The river is rising after the rain.雨后河水在上涨.Smoke rose from the factory chimneys.烟从工厂的烟囱里冒出来.Her voice rose higherand higher with excitement.她激动得声音越来越高.New factories have risen on the edge of the town．新工厂在城边拔地而起．2［IØ］fml toget out of bed； get up 起床： She rises before it is light．她天未亮就起床．3［IØ（up）］ to stand up from lying，kneeling， or sitting从躺、跪或坐的状态站立起来；起身：He rose from his knees.他从跪着的姿态站了起来.She rose to greet herguests.她站起来迎接客人.I cannot rise because of my broken leg．我腿断了，站不起来．4［IØ］fml （of a group of people） to end a meeting（指一群人）结束会议：We／The court will now rise for dinner．我们／法庭现在休会用餐．5［IØ］（fig）（of price, amount, temperature, etc) to increase, get higher（指价格、数量、温度等）增长；上升：Tea/The price of tea has risen by 5 pence/has risen to 30 pence．茶的价格上涨了五个便士／上涨到三十便士．6［Wv4；IØ］（fig）（of land） to slope upward（指土地）向上倾斜：The road rises steeply from the village.公路一出村便陡然上坡.7 ［Wv6； L9］ （fig） （esp of a river） to begin（尤指河流）开始；发源：The River Rhine rises in Switzerland.莱茵河发源于瑞士.The quarrel rose fromlout of a misunderstanding.误会引起了争吵．8［Wv6；L9］ to show above the sr-

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roundings 高耸；高出；耸起：Trees rose over the roof-tops.大树高高耸立，盖过了屋顶.A highmountain rises between the two valleys.一座高山耸立在两个峡谷之间．9［IØ］to come up to thesurface of a liquid 浮起：The fish are rising； perhaps we＇ll catch one.鱼儿浮到水面上来了，也许我们会抓到一条．10［L9 esp from，to］（fig）to move up in rank 级别上升；晋升：I hope torise in my profession.我希望在职业上能得到晋升.Herose from the rank of captain to the rank of general．他从上尉升为上将．11［IØ］（of uncooked bread） to swell（未烤的面包）发酵；胀大：Thebread won＇t rise properly．这面包发不好．12［IØ］ (fig) (of feelings) to become more cheerful （指感情）变得快活：My spirits rose when I sawthe result．我看见结果后，精神振奋起来了．13［IØ］（fig）（of wind or storms） to get stronger（指风或暴风雨）增强；变猛烈 14 ［C usu sing ＆ oftenin comb] an act, occasion or result of rising, becoming more 上升；升起；上涨；提高；增加：There has been a sharp rise in the tempera-ture today.今天的气温急剧上升.The rise in thenumber of road accidents worries us.交通事故次数增多使我们很担忧.What a beautiful sun-rise！多么美丽的日出！

get up [v advT1; IØ] not fml 1 to (cause to) rise from bed in the morning （使）起床 2 to （cause to） leave one＇s bed after illness（使）病愈后不再卧床3 to rise from a seat，floor，etc 从座位上、地上等站起来：She got up from her seat.她从座位上站起来.The child fell down and thengot up again.这孩子摔倒了，然后又爬了起来.

arise /ə'raiz/ [IØ] 1 fml, old use & poet to get up， as from sitting or lying； stand up 从坐着或躺着的状态起来；站起：I will arise and gonow，and go to Innisfree.＇（W.B.Yeats）“吾即登程，赴因尼斯佛利岛．”（叶芝诗句）2 rare tomove or go upwards 上升：We watched the smoke arise from the houses.我们看着炊烟从屋顶升起．3（fig） to come into being or into notice； happen；appear 形成；产生；兴起；发生； 出现：Problems will arise as we do the work.随着我们开展这项工作，各种问题将出现.A strongwind arose and blew our boat on to the rocks. 一阵强风突起，把我们的小船吹到岩石上.

pick oneself up infml to get up, esp after fall-ing（尤指跌倒后）爬起；站起：After he fell off hishorse, he picked himself up and said that he wasn＇t hurt.他跌下马，随后站了起来并说他没有受伤.

rear /rıə/ [Iø](esp of an animal like a horse) to rise up on the back legs（尤指马等动物）用后腿站立：His horse reared.他的马用后腿站了起来.

N292 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：falling，

etc 降下等

fall/fo:l/1[IØ] to descend or go down freely,as by weight or loss of balance（由于太重或失去平衡而）落下；跌落；坠落：The clock fell off theshelf.时钟从架子上掉了下来.It fell three feet.它下降了三英尺.He fell into the lake.他掉进了湖

N292 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

里．2［IØ（over，down）］ to come down from a standing position，esp suddenly 倒下；摔倒；跌倒：He fell to his knees and begged forgive-ness.他双膝下跪，恳求宽恕.Five trees fell overin the storm.有五棵树在暴风雨中倒下来了.Sheslipped and fell（down）．她滑了一跤．3［IØ（on）］ (fig) to come or happen, as if by descending 降临；适逢发生：Night fell quickly.黑夜很快降临了.A silence fell on the room.屋内一片寂静.His eyes fell on the body.他的目光落在那尸体上.A light fell on the wall.一束光线照到墙上.Christmas falls on a Friday this year.今年的圣诞节是星期五．4［IØ］to become lower in level， degree or quality（水平、程度、质量等）下降：The temperature fell 4° (= became 4 degrees lower）.温度下降了四度.Their voices fell toa whisper．他们的声音变成低声耳语．5［L7,9］（fig）to pass into a new state or condition; be-come 陷于（某种状态）；变为；成为：He fellasleep／fell in love.他睡着了／恋爱了.The book was old and soon fell apart.这本书很旧，书页很快就散落了．6［L9］to hang loosely 披散；垂下：Her hair falls over her shoulders/down her back．她的长发披在肩／背上．7［IØ］（fig）a to bedefeated or captured 被打败；陷落：The cityfell （to the enemy）.那个城市沦陷（到敌人手中）了.bto lose office or a high position 垮台；下野；降职：The government has fallen.这届政府倒台了. 8［L9］to slope in a downward direction 向下倾斜：The land falls towards the riverlaway from the farm.地势朝河的方向倾斜下去／农场向外逐渐低下去．9 ［L9］ to drop down wounded or dead， esp to die in battle 负伤；战死；阵亡：A prayer was said in memory of those who fell in the war／the fallen.为纪念战争中阵亡的人而祈祷.Sixtigers fell to the hunter＇s gun.有六只老虎死在这个猎人的枪下．10［IØ］（of the face） to take on a look of sadness, disappointment, shame, etc esp suddenly（指脸色）变得阴沉；表情突然变得悲伤、失望、羞愧等：Her face fell when I told her the news.当我告诉她这个消息时，她的脸色变得阴沉了．11［C］an act， occasion or result of falling 下降；落下；跌倒；降低；下垂；陷落；倒台：He hurthimself in a fall from his horse.他从马上摔下来时受伤了.There was a fall of snow last night.昨晚下了一场雪.（fig）There has been.a fall in sales／in the price of oil.销售额下降了／石油价格下跌了.fall flat to fail to produce the desired effect or result 失败；达不到预想效果：His jokes fell flat and amused nobody.他的笑话一败涂地，竟没有一个人感到好笑.fall short tofail to rach a desired result，standard，etc 没有达到预期的结果或标准：We hoped to build 100houses this year but we have fallen short (of our aim）.我们原来希望今年能建造一百幢房子；但是我们没有达到预期的目标.

trip /trip/ 1 [IØ; T1 (over, up)] to (cause to) catch one＇s foot and lose one＇s balance （使）绊脚；（使）失去平衡：The child ran， tripped and fell down.这孩子在跑的时候，绊了一跤跌倒了.The fisherman tripped over a root and fell into the river.这渔夫被树根绊倒，跌进河里.Themat tripped me up and I fell flat on my face. 这个垫子绊了我一跤，我一下子趴在地上.The boy

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N293 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

put his leg out to trip the girl.这个男孩伸腿去绊那个女孩．2［IØ；T1；（up）］to（cause to） make a mistake as in a statement or behaviour（使）说错话；（使）做错事：If you hadn＇t tripped over the spelling of 'their' and 'they're' you'd have got full marks.如果你没有混淆“their”和“they＇re”的拼法，你本可得到满分的.This lawyeralways tries to trip witnesses up by asking confusing questions.这位律师总是设法提些迷惑人的问题来使证人出差错．3［T1（up）］to catch ortrip in a mistake 找到···的差错；使犯错误：Thelawyer tripped the witness with a clever ques-tion.律师提出一个巧妙的问题，抓住了证人的把柄.4 [L9] to move or dance with quick light steps 轻快地走；轻轻跳跃：The little girl tripped down the path.这个小女孩以轻快的步子沿着小路往下走．5［T1］to start or set free （a switch，spring， etc）打开（开关）；松开（弹簧等）：A thief climbing in through the window tripped the wire and set the bells ringing.从窗户爬进来的小偷触动了电线，弄响了警铃.

collapse /kə'læps/1 [IØ; (T1)] to (cause to) fall down or inwards suddenly（使）突然塌下；（使） 倒塌：The roof collapsed during the storm.屋顶在暴风雨中塌了下来.The weight of snowcollapsed the roof．积雪压塌了屋顶．2［IØ；T1］a (of an object) to fold into a shape that takes up less space（指物体）可以折叠；可以压扁；可以套缩：This table collapses， so I can store it easily when I＇m not using it.这张桌子可以折叠，不用时，我可以很容易地把它收存起来.b to cause(an object) to fold into a shape that takes up less space 使（物体）折叠；使压扁；使套缩：Collapse the table and put it away，please.请把桌子折起来放好．3［IØ；T1］med a（of a lungor blood vesse1) to fall into a flattened mass （指肺或血管）萎陷：We must take him to hospi-tal at once; his right lung seems to have collapsed and he can＇t breathe！我们必须马上送他进医院，他的右肺好像已经萎陷，不能呼吸了！bto cause (a lung or blood vessel) to fall intoa flattened mass 使（肺或血管）萎陷：The doctors had to collapse her right lung to save her life. 医生不得不使她的右肺萎陷以挽救她的生命．4［IØ］to fall helpless or unconscious 倒下；失去知觉： This man has collapsed; call for the doctor! 这个人昏倒了，赶快叫医生！5［IØ］（fig） to failsuddenly and completely 崩溃；垮台；瓦解；突然失败：All opposition to the government has collapsed.反政府势力全部瓦解了.The empirecollapsed．in 1918．帝国在1918年崩溃了．6［U］ the state of collapsing or having collapsed 倒塌；崩溃：The collapse of the new building surprised everyone.这座新楼的倒塌使大家感到震惊.（fig） I have just heard about the collapse of his business／all his plans.我刚刚听到有关他的生意／他所有的计划失败的消息.He was in astate of collapse after he heard the bad news. 他听到坏消息后，就处于精神崩溃的状态．7［S］anact or occasion of collapsing 崩溃；塌下；倒下： He suffered a collapse and died.他身体突然虚脱，随后就死了.

N293 verbs， etc 动词等：raising and lowering 提高与降低

raise／reiz／［T1］1 to push or move upward 向上举；提起来；举起：Raise the window.托起（开）窗户.Raise the lid of the box. 打开盒盖.He raised his hat. 他举起帽子致敬.They tried to raise the wrecked ship from the bottom of the sea．他们试图把沉船从海底打捞上来．2 to move（a part of the body） upward， often as a sign 拾（举）起（身体的某一部分）以示意：She raised herfinger to her lips as a sign for silence.她把手指举到嘴唇边，示意要保持安静.The boy raised hishand to show that he could answer the teacher＇s question.这男孩举起手表示他能回答老师的提问．3 to set in an upright position 使直立；竖起；扶直：He raised the fallen child to its feet. 他把跌倒的孩子扶起来．4 to cause to rise 使上升：The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground．风把落叶从地上吹起来．5［（to）］to makehigher in amount，degree，size，etc使（数量、程度、大小等）增加；提高：They want to raise therent／your pay／the standard of English.他们想提高房租／你的工资／英语的水准．6 to collecttogether 收集起来；征集；召集；筹集：They hopeto raise an army/raise enough money for a holiday.他们希望招募一支军队／为度假筹集一笔费用．7 esp AmE to produce， cause to grow or increase and look after （living things）生产；种植；饲养；养育；照顾：Let＇s raise a family／raise horses／raise wheat.让我们来养育儿女／养马／种麦子吧． 8 to bring up and talk about （a subject） 提出（议题）：There＇s an important point I want to raise．有一个重要问题我想提出来．9 fml tobuild （something high and noticeable）建造（高大、引人注目的建筑物）：He raised a monu-ment to his dear father.他为自己敬爱的父亲建造了一座纪念碑．10 to make（a noise）发出（声响）：The men raised a cheerla shout.人们发出欢呼声／大叫一声．11 to cause people to make （anoise）使人发出（声响）：He told a funny story so as to raise a laugh.他讲了一个有趣的故事，引来哄堂大笑．12 to cause people to have （feel-ings）使人产生（感觉）：His long absence raised doubts／fears about his safety.他长时间缺席引起了人们的怀疑／使大家为他的安全担心．13 to causeto end (an official rule forbidding something) 解除（禁令）：Raise the embargo (= order forbidding movement of ships or trade）.解除禁运（令）．14 to bring back to life （a dead person）使（死人）起死回生：Jesus was said to raise people from the dead.据说耶稣能够使死人复活．15 to make a higher bid （＝ statement of what one expects to win) than (a player in a game of cards）（在纸牌游戏中）提高赌注：P＇llraise you！我要在你的赌注上加码！

lift/lift/1 [T1] less fml to raise, esp of heavier things or separate objects 举起；抬起（尤指重物或单个物体）：I can＇t lift it； it＇s too heavy to lift. 这个物件太重，我提不起来.He lifted the childup.他把孩子抱起来.Lift it onto the table.把它拾到桌子上．2［IØ］to rise up 消散：After theclouds lifted we could see the mountains.云雾

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消散后，我们可以看见群山.When the mist liftedI could see for miles.雾散去后，我可以看到好几英里远的地方．3［T1；IØ］esp BrE infml to steal 偷：He was caught lifting（things）.他偷东西被人抓住了．4［T1］ not fml to take （something from some other place） and use as one＇s own 剽窃； 抄袭：Did you lift this bit （of your story） from a book， or is it your own work？ 你（故事里的）这个情节是取自别的书，还是自己创作的？lifter［Cin comb］ a person who lifts 提（或抬、举等）的人；偷东西的人：He is a weight-lifter（＝he lifts heavy objects for sport）.他是个举重运动员.She is a shoplifter (= she steals things from shops). 她是个专偷店铺里东西的小偷.

hoist/hoist/[T1] to raise up by force, esp when using ropes on board ship 用力升起；举起；（尤指在船上用绳索）吊起：He hoisted it over hisshoulder.他把东西举上肩头.The sailors hoisted the flag.水手们把旗升起来了.They hoisted sail. 他们扬起风帆.The goods were hoisted aboard. 货物被吊到船上.

lower /'ləuə/ 1 [T1; IØ] to move or let down in height 放下；降下：He lowered the box into the big hole．他把箱子放进大洞里．2［T1；IØ］to makeor become smaller in amount, price, degree, strength，etc 降低（数量、价格、程度、力量等）；降下：Lower the price／your voice.降低价钱／你的声音．3［T1；V3］ to bring （someone， esp one-self) down in rank, worth, or opinion, as by doing something unworthy 降低（某人，尤指本人的）级别、身份或名誉；贬低：By stealing fromhis father he has lowered himself for ever.由于偷了父亲的东西，他已永远使自己的名誉扫地.Iwouldn＇t lower myself to speak to him.我不会降低身份去跟他说话.

let down ［v adv；T1］ infml to lower （def 1）放下； 降下：They let him slowly down into the water／ hole.他们把他缓缓地降到水中／洞里.

N294 verbs，etc 动词等：dropping 落下

drop /drpp/1 [IØ (down)] to fall, esp suddenly or straight 落下；掉下；滴下：The shot bird dropped like a stone.被打中的鸟像石头一样坠落下来.The bomb dropped on their house.炸弹落在他们房子上．2［T1］to allow to fall 让···落下；投下：She dropped the book on the floor.她把书掉在地板上.They dropped bombs·on the city. 他们向这个城市投炸弹．3［IØ］（of wind， tempera-ture，etc） to fall；become less（指风等）减弱；变小；（温度等）下降；降低：The temperature has dropped 2 degrees．温度下降了两度．The wind is dropping now． 风势正在减弱．4［T1］（fig）esp emph to stop doing, meeting, etc, esp sud-denly（尤指突然地）不再做（某事）；中止（会议）；断绝（来往等）：He has dropped smoking.他已经戒烟了.She wants to drop history from her course.她想退修历史课程.He dropped all his old friends when he became famous.他成名后断绝了与所有老朋友的来往．5［C usu sing］ a dis-tance or movement straight down 垂直而下的距离或运动；落下；掉下；下降：It＇s a long dropfrom the top of the building to the street.从楼

N295 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

顶落至街上是一段很长的距离.It was a drop of100 feet．下降的距离有一百英尺．There was asudden drop in the temperature.温度急剧下降.

let...fall not fml to drop, esp by not doing anything else 任···落下：He let the cup fall on the floor; I don't know why; he could have caught it all right.他任杯子掉在地上，我不明白为什么；他完全可以把它抓住的.（fig）She let it fall(= told us informally) that he was coming soon.她不经意地把他不久就要来的消息说出来.

let go not fml to stop holding and therefore to drop 放开；松手（以致物件掉下）：He let go thecup and it got broken.他一松手，杯子就掉下来打碎了.

dip /dip/1[IØ; T1] to (cause to) drop slightly, perhaps just for a moment（使）稍降：Grain prices dipped yeserday.昨天粮价稍跌.The sun dipped below the western sea.太阳在西面的海上开始沉落下去.You should dip the car＇sheadlights(= lights at the front) when you meet another car at night.夜间车辆相遇时，应减弱前灯的亮度.The soldier dipped the flag as he passed the Queen.士兵从女王前面走过时，行点旗礼．2［T1（in， into）］ to put （something） in/into a liquid for a moment and then take out 把某物浸入液体然后取出；蘸：dip one＇s handinto the water 用手蘸水 3 ［T1］ to put （ananimal) quickly into a chemical liquid that kills insects（把动物迅速放入杀虫液里）浸泡：dipthe sheep 把羊放在杀虫液中浸洗4［T1］to put（agarment) into a liquid (dye) to change the colour 浸染（衣服）5［C］ an act or occasion of dipping 下跌；浸一浸：There was a dip in grain prices yesterday．昨天粮价稍跌．6［C often in comb] the liquid into which animals or gar-ments are dipped 浸泡动物的杀虫液或染衣服的染料：sheepdip 洗羊药水；blue dip 蓝色染料

N295 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：bending and leaning 弯曲与倾斜

[ALSO→N269]

bend/bend/1[L9; (T1)] to (cause to) move or slope (all or part of one's body, a body, etc) away from an upright position（使）弯曲；屈身： She bent over to look at the stones.她弯腰去看那些石块.He was bent（down）with age.他老得背都驼了．2［C］an act of bending，esp part of the body 弯曲（尤指身体某部）

bow/bau/ [IØ]1 to bend the upper part of the body forward, esp as a sign of greeting, re-spect or worship 点头；鞠躬（表示致意、尊敬或崇拜）：He bowed and asked us to enter the house．他鞠躬并邀请我们进屋．2［C］an act ofbowing 点头；弯身；鞠躬：He gave／made a low bow and asked us to enter the house.他深深鞠了一躬并邀请我们进屋.bowed［F（with）］esp litbent 弯曲的：He was bowed with agelillness／ troubles.他因年迈／疾病／烦恼而折弯了腰.Hisback was bowed（with hard work）.（由于辛劳过度）他驼背了.

buckle/'bakal/ 1 [IØ] (esp of metal) to bend under a weight（尤指金属）压弯：This steel

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won＇t buckle；it＇s too strong.这种钢是压不弯的； 它太坚硬了：2［C usu sing］ a result of buckling 弯曲：That piece of metal has a bad buckle in it.这块金属弯得很厉害.

warp/wo:p/1 [T1; IØ] (esp of wood) to (cause to) become bent or twisted out of the natural shape（尤指木材）（使）弯曲；（使）扭曲；（使）翘曲；（使）变形：The sun warped the wood.太阳把木头晒弯了.The wood warped in the sun.木头被太阳晒弯了.（fig）His evil life has warped his character；he has a warped mind.邪恶的生活使他的性格变了；他心术不正．2［C usu sing］ atwist or bend 扭曲；弯曲；翘曲：This wood has a bad warp in it.这块木料弯得很厉害.

lean /li:n/1 [IØ] to be in a position that is not upright；slope 倾斜：The wall was leaning slightly．那墙壁微微倾斜．2［L9］to bend（from the waist）上身倾斜：He leaned forward／down／ over to hear what she said.他倾身向前／俯身／斜过身去听她在说什么．3［L9］（against，on） tosupport or rest oneself in a bent or sloping position 斜靠；倚：He leaned against the table. 他靠在桌子上.Lean on me till you feel better. 靠在我身上，直到你感到好些．4 ［X9］ to rest（something）somewhere 把（某物）靠在（某处）： Lean it on／against the wall.把它靠在墙上.lean over backwards (to) to make every possible effort（to）尽一切努力（去做）：He leaned over backwards to help them.他竭尽全力帮助他们.

tilt /tilt/1 [Wv4; TÍ; IØ] to(cause to) slope as by raising one end（使）倾斜；（使）翘起；（使）倾侧：Tilt the barrel to make sure it＇s empty！把桶翘起，看它是否真是空的！With each wave the sink-ing ship tilted over further.下沉的船随着浪头的冲击越来越倾斜了.The table tilted and all theplates slid on to the floor.桌子向一边倾斜，桌上的盘子全都滑落到地上．2［U；S］ angle of tilting倾斜的角度：The house seemed to be built at a tilt.这房子盖得似乎有一定的倾斜度.The tilt ofhis hat made him look funny.他把帽子歪戴，使他看上去十分可笑.

duck /d^k/[IØ; T1] to bend, esp down, quickly to avoid being hit by something, seen by someone，etc 急忙弯腰或急忙低头（以便不被击中或不被别人看见）： He ducked his head／ducked behind a low wall.他低下头／弯下身躲在矮墙后面.

bank/bænk/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) bend, turn or incline sideways while turning（使）转弯时向一侧倾斜：The plane banked sharply before land-ing／to avoid hitting the building.飞机在降落前突然急剧倾斜拐弯／飞机急剧倾斜着拐弯，以免撞到建筑物上.We thought he was going to hit the building, but he banked the plane at the last moment.我们以为他的飞机会撞到建筑物上，但他在最后一刹那把飞机侧过去了.

N296 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：shaking and swinging 抖动与旋转

shake /Jeik/1 [IØ; T1; X7] to (cause to) move quickly up and down and to and fro （使）摇动；

（使）抖动；（使）摇晃：She was shaking with laughter／anger／fear.她由于大笑／愤怒／恐惧而颤抖.The wet dog shook himself.那湿淋淋的狗抖动着身子.He shook his hands free from the rope around them.他把缠在手上的绳子抖掉.The medicine is to be shaken before use.这药水在服用前必须先摇匀.The angry crowd shooktheir fists （＝ closed hands） at the police.愤怒的人群向警察挥舞拳头．2［X9］ to put or removeby this kind of motion 摇落；抖出：He shook salt on his food.他抖动盐瓶子，把盐撒在食物上.She shook the sand out of her shoes.她把鞋里的沙子抖出来．3［IØ；T1］ to take and hold(someone's right hand) in one's own for a moment, sometimes moving it up and down, as a sign of greeting, goodbye, agreement, or pleasure 握（手）（表示欢迎、再见、同意或高兴）(esp in the phr shake hands (with someone) （与某人）握手）：The two men shook hands (with each other)/shook each other's hands/ shook each other by the hand.这两个人互相握手.（infml）If you agree， let＇s shake（on it）.如果你同意，让我们握手（成交）．4［T1（off）］notfml to get rid of; free oneself from,escape from 摆脱；脱身；避开：If you can shake your friend （off）I＇d like to speak to you alone. 若你能支开你的朋友，我想与你单独谈谈.The thiefran fast and shook off the policeman running after him．小偷跑得很快，摆脱了追他的警察．5［T1(up) often pass] to trouble the mind or feel-ings of； upset 扰乱心绪或感情；打扰：She wasbadly shaken (up) by the accident/by the bad news．她因事故／坏消息而大大受惊．6［T1］tomake less certain；weaken 变得不肯定；减弱；动摇：He has a faith in God which he says nothing can shake.他坚信上帝，他说这一信念是任何东西也动摇不了的．7［C］ an act of shaking摇动；抖动；握手：Give it a shake.摇它一下.shake one's head to move one's head from side to side to answer 'no' or show disap-proval 摇头表示否定或不赞成

swing /swin/ 1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) move backwards and forwards or round and round, from a fixed point once or regularly（使）摇摆； 摆动；回旋：The mirror swung round.镜子转了一下.They were swinging their arms.他们摆动着手臂．2［IØ］to ride on a swing （＝ a seat with ropes，hanging from a support）打秋千3［T1］ to wave (something) around in the air, esp as a weapon 挥舞（某物）（尤指用作武器）：He swunghis stick, hitting his enemy a crushing blow. 他挥舞棍子给敌人狠狠的一棒．4［IØ（for）］infmlto be hanged to death， as a punishment 被处绞刑；吊死：He＇ll swing（for that／it／his crime）.他将（因那件事／因那事／因其罪行）被处以绞刑．5［L9］to turn quickly 迅速转身；快速转动：Heswung away from the rest and went home alone.他迅速转身离开大伙儿，独自一人回家去了.6 ［L9］ to change greatly， once or regularly（一次性的或经常性）转变：She swung from happi-ness to tears.她转喜为悲.The value of the pound swung downwards.英镑的比价急剧下跌.7 [X9; L9] a to move (oneself) while hanging from a fixed point 摆动：They were swinging

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on the gate. 他们攀在栏栅门上摇来摆去.b tomove (oneself) forward from one fixed point to another， by a movement through the air（以物为支点）跳过；翻过：They swung over the wall.他们翻过墙去.They swung themselves down from the top of the car．他们从车顶上跳下来．8［C］ an act of swinging 摆动；摇摆；挥动；荡秋千in full swing fully active 活跃；全力进行：The work was in full swing when we arrived.我们到达时，工作正在全力进行.

sway/swer/1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) swing from side to side（使）来回摆动；（使）摇摆：Sheswayed the baby's cradle (= bed) with her foot until the baby went to sleep.她用脚摇动摇篮，直到孩子睡着为止：The dancers swayed to themusic，跳舞者随着音乐摆动着．2［X9；L9］to（cause to） swing to one side（使）向一边摆动： The weight of the passengers swayed the car to the right.乘客的重量使汽车向右边倾斜.Theship was swaying over．船正在倾斜过去．3［T1］ （fig） to influence 影响：When choosing a job don't be swayed by false promises of future high earnings.选择职业时，不要被将来会拿高薪的虚假诺言所动.Don＇t let him sway you（from your decision）.不要让他影响你（而改变自己的决定）．4［S］a swaying movement 摆动

rock /rok/1 [IØ; TÌ] to (cause to) move regu-larly backwards and forwards or from side to side（使）（有规则地）来回摆动；（使）摇摆；摇动：The boat rocked （to and fro） on the water.小船在水上（前后）摇晃.She rocked the child inher arms．她把孩子抱在怀里轻摇．2［T1］to causegreat shock and surprise to 使震动；使震惊：The news of the President's murder rocked the nation.总统遇刺的消息震动了全国.

reel／ri：l／1 ［L9］ to walk unsteadily as if drunk 摇摇晃晃地走：He came reeling up the street.他在街上摇摇晃晃地走．2［IØ（back）］ to step awaysuddenly and unsteadily, as after a blow or shock（受到打击时）站立不稳；打趔趄；摇晃：When she hit him he reeled (back) and almost fell．她把他打得往后一晃几乎摔倒了．3［IØ］ to be shaken in the mind 眩晕：Numbers always make my head reel.数字总是弄得我晕头转向．4［IØ］ to seem to go round and round 仿佛在不停地旋转：The room reeled before myeyes.房子仿佛在我眼前旋转.

N297 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：turning and twisting 转动与扭曲

turn /t3:n/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) move round a fixed point（使）旋转：The wheel turned slowly. 轮子缓缓地转动着.Turn the hands of the clockuntil they point to 9 o＇clock．把钟拨到九点正．2 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) move round or partly round（使）转圈；（使）转半圈：He turned the key in the lock.他转动插在锁孔中的钥匙.The handleturned and the door began to open.门把手转动了，门慢慢打开来．3［T1］ to do or perform bymoving round a fixed point 表演转动动作：She turned a neat circle on the ice.她在冰上灵巧地

N297 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

转了个圈．4［IØ（over）］ to roll from side to side or backwards and forwards 左右或前后滚动：My husband turned in bed all night; he couldn't sleep because of the heat.我丈夫整夜在床上翻来覆去，热得不能入睡.The ship pitched andturned in the rough sea.船在汹涌的海浪中颠簸摇晃．5［IØ；T1］to（cause to） change direction （使）改变方向；转向：He turned the car ito anarrow street.他把汽车拐进一条狭窄的街道.Thecar turned intp the hotel entrance.汽车拐进旅馆的入口处.The ball turned sharply when it hit the ground．球打到地上，猛地弹开了．6［T1］to goround 转弯：The car turned the corner.汽车拐过街角．7［L9］to direct oneself in a particular direction 转向特定的方向：Turn right here and left at the end of the street.在这儿向右拐，在街的尽头再向左拐.The little girl turned round and ran to her father.小女孩转身朝父亲奔去.She turned away and wept.她转过脸去哭了起来．8［IØ （round）］ to bend round； look round 转身；回头看：He turned and waved.他转过身来挥了挥手．9［X9］ to point， set or direct in a particular direction 指向或面向某个特定的方向：The police turned their guns on the marching workers．警察把枪口对着游行的工人．10［X9；L9］a to cause (one's attention, interest, mind, etc) to be directed towards or away from something 使（注意力、兴趣、思想等）转向或脱离某东西：He turned his thoughts to home.他想起家来.b（of one＇s attention，interest，mind， etc) to be directed towards or away from something（指注意力、兴趣、思想等）转向或脱离某东西：His attention turned to the pretty young girl.他的注意力转到了那个漂亮的少女身上.11 [T1] to hurt (one's ankle [→B43])by twist-ing 扭伤（脚踝）：She turned her ankle falling downstairs．她从楼梯上摔下来时，脚踝扭伤了．12［T1；IØ］ to （cause to） feel uneasy，sick，etc（使） 感到不舒服；使恶心：Fatty food turns mystomach.油腻的食物使我倒胃口.My stomachturns at the sight of blood.看见血，我就感到恶心．13［Wv5,6； T1］ to become； reach； pass（a certain age， time， amoünt，etc）（指年龄、时间、数量等）到达；超过：a man turned 40年龄到达四十岁的人；It＇s just turned 3 o＇clock （＝ is just after 3 o＇clock）．时间刚过三点．14［T1］ to get by buying or selling；gain 在买卖中得到（利）；获利：He turned a small profit.他获得了一小笔利润.15［T1］to plough （the soil，field，etc）翻（土）； 耕（地）；犁（田）：Has this field been turned this year？ 今年这块田耕过没有？16［Wv5；T1］：toform or express gracefully 表达得像样；措词文雅：That＇s a nicely-turned phrase.那是一个措词文雅的短语．17［X9 esp away，out］ to causeto go；send；drive 使离开；支开；撵走；赶走：Sheturned him out from her door.她把他赶出门外. Her father would turn her out if he knew she took drugs.如果她父亲知道她吸毒，一定会把她赶出家门．18 ［X9］ to throw into disorder or confusion 造成混乱；使一团糟：The robbers had turned the room upside down.强盗把房间搞得天翻地覆．19［T1；IØ］ to （cause to） change position so that the bottom becomes the top, the hidden side uncovered, the inner side the

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N297 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

outer，etc（使）上下、里外翻转：He turned the page.他翻过这一页.The page won＇t turn；it seems to be stuck.这一页翻不过来，似乎粘住了.He turned the meat over in the pan.他把锅里的肉翻了翻．20［C］ an act of turning；single movement completely round a fixed point 转动；旋转：One turn of the key and the door should open．钥匙转动一下，门就应该打开的．21［C］ a change of direction 转向：a turn in the road／river 马路转弯／河流变向22 ［the R（of）］apoint of change in time 时间的转折点；交替时期：at the turn of the century 两个世纪之间的几年；世纪末；世纪初 23［S］a movement or develop-ment in direction 变动；变化：The conversation took an interesting turn.谈话转向一个有趣的话题.The sick man took a turn for the worse last night.昨晚，病人的病情恶化了.That＇s anunusual turn of events （＝ thing to happen）.那是一个不平常的变化．24［S］a particular style，habit，tendency 特殊的风格、习惯或倾向：He＇sgot an artistic turn so he's going to art college. 他有艺术才华，所以打算上艺术学院．25［C9］adeed or action with the stated effect 行为：He did me a good turn but she has done me several bad turns.他为我做了一件好事，但是她却对我干了几件坏事.

rotate /'rəuteit/1 [IØ] to move round a centre （围绕一个中心）旋转：The earth rotates on itsaxis (= a supposed line through the centreon which it turns）． 地球绕着地轴旋转．2［T1］tochange from one state to another in regular order 使轮流；轮换：He rotates his men from one place to another.他定期把手下的人从一个地方轮换到另一个地方.rotation［U］ the act ofrotating movement round a centre; regular change 旋转；轮流；轮换 in rotation one thing or person regularly after another 循环；轮流rotary ［Wa5；B］ turning like a wheel 旋转的： rotary action 旋转行动

twirl/tw3:l/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) turn round and round quickly （使）快速旋转；（使）急转：The secretary twirled the pencil round in her fingers．这个秘书用手指转动着铅笔．2［IØ；T1］to（cause to） curl（使）卷曲：His hair twirled right round his ears. 他的头发在他耳边卷起.Shetwirled his hair round her fingers.她用手指卷他的头发．3［C］an act of twirling 旋转；挥转：He gave the stick a twirl.他把手杖挥转了一圈.

whirl /w3:l/ 1 [X9; Iø] to (cause to) move round and round very fast（使）快速旋转：The dancers whirled.跳舞者快速旋转着.It was picked up by the wind and whirled into the air．它被风吹起，在空中团团打转．2［X9；L9］to（cause to） move away in a hurry（使）飞奔；急行：The car whirled them off to the wedding. 汽车飞快驶离，载着他们去参加婚礼.The dayswhirled past．时光飞速流逝．3［IØ］（fig）to give the feeling of turning very fast 眼花；眩晕：His senses were whirling. 他感到头晕目眩.Her thoughts whirled in her terror.在恐惧中她的思绪一片混乱．4［S］The act or sensation of whirl-ing 昏眩；混乱（esp in the phr in a whirl在旋转中；在混乱中）：My head＇s in a whirl： I must sit down and think.我晕头转向，必须坐下来想一想.

5［S］（fig） a very fast movement 接连发生的行动：What a whirl of activity！活动一个接一个，真快啊！

revolve/r'vplv/1 [IØ]fml & tech to turn, esp in a circle 绕转；旋转：The wheel slowly revolved on its axis（＝centre point）.轮子绕着轴心缓慢地旋转.The earth revolves round the sun.地球围绕太阳公转．2［T1］（fig）to think about 思考：He revolved the matter in his head／mind.他在脑子里反复思考此事．revolution 1［U］movement in a circle 圆周运动：He described the revolu-tion of the earth round the sun.他对地球围绕太阳公转的情景作了描述．2［C］also 又作infml revan example of this 旋转：（tech） The wheel described a full revolution (= turned once on its axis）.轮子转了整整一圈.The wheel wasturning at 50 revolutions a minutelper minute. 轮子以每分钟五十圈的速度转动着.

spin/spin/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) revolve very quickly（使）快速旋转：The dancer spun on his toes.舞蹈演员踮着脚尖旋转.He spun the wheel（hard）．他（用力）转动轮子．2［L9］to move in this way 旋转；打滚：The ball spun along the ground．球在地上打转．3［U；S］the turning movement 旋转运动：Spin can cause round or pointed objects to move as they turn.旋转能使圆形或尖形物体在转动时移动.He gave the ball aspin.他使球旋转.

gyrate /'d3arəreit/ [IØ] fml to swing round and round on a fixed point, either in one direction or with changes of direction 旋转；回旋：The dancers gyrated wildly to the strong beat of the music.舞蹈者随着乐曲的有力节拍迅速旋转.

round /raund/ [T1] to go all the way along （something that has a turn or bend in it）转弯； 拐过（弯角）：The car rounded the corner smoothly.汽车平稳地拐过街角.

wind /waind/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) move by turning here and there（使）弯曲前进；蜿蜒向前：The river wound through the valley.这条河蜿蜒流过峡谷.They wound their way through the forest；there was no straight road to follow.他们在森林中迂回前进，那儿没有直路可走．2［X9］ato put (something, esp a string, etc) round something. else 把某物（如线等）绕在别的物体上；缠绕：She wound the thread round the stick／the cloth round her finger.她把线缠在棒子上／把布缠在自己的手指上.b to move in thisway 缠绕：He wound the rope onto the pole.他把绳子绕在柱子上.She wound the thread offthe reel (= special short stick for holding wound thread）． 她把线从卷轴上绕下来．3［T1(up)] (of springs in clocks, etc) to turn tighter and tighter 上紧钟表的发条；上弦：He wound（up） his watch. 他给手表上发条.This clock needs winding/needs to be wound only once a week.这个钟需要上发条／每周只需上一次发条.twist/twist/1 [T1 (together)] to wind (a number

of threads，stems，etc） together（把一束线、茎枝等）拧起来；搓合起来；编织：He made a ropeby twisting threads together.他把几股线搓成一根绳子.The girls twisted the stems of the flowers together to make a crown for the winner of the games.女孩子们把几枝花编织在

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一起，做成一个花冠，献给比赛的优胜者．2［T1］ tomake（something） by doing this 拧成；搓成：He tried to twist a rope out of threads.他设法用一些线来搓成一根绳子．3［T1］to wind，（rope，hair， etc）around something 把（绳子、头发等）绕在别的物体上：She twisted her hair round her fingers to make it curl.她把头发绕在手指上，使头发卷曲．4［IØ］to move in a winding course 蜿蜒运动；迂回：There was a stream twisting across the fields．一条小溪蜿蜒流过田野．5［T1］to turn，esp forcefully 用力拧；扭；转动：Twist the handle to the right and the box will open. 把手柄向右边拧，盒子就会打开．6［L9］to movewith a bending，turning movement 弯弯曲曲地移动；扭动：The dancer twisted sexily to the music.跳舞者随着音乐性感地扭动着.The snaketwisted across the grass． 蛇蜿蜒爬过草地．7 [Wv5; T1] to hurt by pulling and turning sharply as in an accident 扭伤；拧伤：I twisted my ankle when I fell downstairs.我从楼梯上摔下来时，扭伤了脚踝．8［IØ；T1］to（cause to） change shape by bending, curling, turning,etc （使）弯曲变形；扭弯；扭歪：His mouth twisteddown at the corners as though he was going to cry.他的嘴角向下弯着，仿佛快要哭了.The childtwisted the wire into the shape of a star.那孩子把铁丝弯成星形.This wire twists too easily.这种铁丝太易于弯曲．9［X9，esp off］ to pull orbreak off by turning and bending forcefully 拧下；摘下：He twisted an apple off the tree.他从树上摘下一个苹果.The farmer twisted off apiece of bread to eat with his cheese.这位农夫掰了一块面包，和干酪一起吃．10［T1］to changethe true or intended meaning of (a statement, words，etc）歪曲；曲解：The police twisted my words to make me look guilty.警察歪曲了我的话，使我看起来好像有罪似的.They always twistthe facts to suit their purpose.他们一贯为了达到自己的目的而歪曲事实．11［C］ an act oftwisting 扭曲；拧：I＇ll give your arm a twist if you don＇t behave.如果你不规规矩矩，我就拧你的手臂．12［C；（U）］ anything such as thread， rope, etc made by twisting two or more lengths together 由多股东西搓成的线、绳子等：Ittakes a lot of skill to make bread into twists. 把面包做成绞花面包需要多方面的技巧.In hishand he held a twist of wool.他手中拿着一捆羊毛.a twist of tobacco （＝ a roll of tobacco leaves twisted together）一捆烟草13［C9］（fig） a particular tendency of mind or character 癖性：a criminal twist 犯罪癖14［C］a turn 曲折：a road with a lot of twists in it 弯弯曲曲的道路15［C］ an unexpected change or development 突变；转折：a peculiar twist of history 历史的奇怪转折twiddle /'twidl/ [T1] to turn without special

purpose or in small ways continuously 无目的地或不停地捻弄；拨弄：Stop twiddling the knobs［→H115］ of the radio！不要拨弄收音机的旋钮！twiddle one's thumbs (esp fig) to do nothing (except move one thumb round the other when the hands are together）玩弄大拇指；（尤指）无所事事

coil/korl/1[T1;IØ: (up)] to wind or twist (some-

N297 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

thing like a rope) into a spiral (= a number of circles one above the other); to curl round and round 盘绕；卷；把···盘成一卷：He coiled（up） the rope. 他把绳子盘绕起来.The snakecoiled up and then began to uncoil.这条蛇先盘绕起来，随后又伸展开来．2［C］anything likethis, esp a length of rope or wire wound in a spiral盘绕的物体（尤指绳或线等）

curl/k3:l/1 [IØ; T1: (up)] to twist, wind,grow, etc in small tight coils; to bend more or less out of straight 卷；卷曲；盘旋；盘绕：Her hair curls naturally.她的头发自然地卷曲.The smoke curled up from the fire.烟从火中袅袅升起.Theburnt paper had curled （up） at the edges.烧焦的纸边卷曲起来了.The cat curled （itself） up ina warm place.猫在温暖的地方蜷伏着.（fig）Hecurled his lip with dislike．他厌烦地撅起了嘴．2 ［C］ something which curls， esp hair 呈卷曲状物；（尤指）鬈发：She has natural curls.她有自然的鬈发.A curl of smoke rose from the fire.一缕烟从火中缭绕升起.curly ［Wal； B］ havingcurls 卷曲的：Her hair is naturally curly.她的头发自然卷曲.

loop/lu:p/1 [T1]to form, bend,twist or tie into a loop； to put loops in 打环；打成圈：He looped the rope into coils．他把绳子盘起来．2［T1］to move by means of loops 用环箍住；用圈环系住：The curtains were looped back so that we could look out of the window.窗帘卷起来用带环系住，以便我们能看出窗外．3［IØ］ to make aloop while moving 作环状运动；翻筋斗：Theplane looped several times.飞机翻了几个筋斗. divert/dar'v3:t/[T1] 1 to cause to turn aside or

from one use or direction to another 使改道； 使转向；转移：They diverted the river to supply water somewhere else.他们改变河道，为其它地方提供用水.The police diverted traffic from one street to another.警察指挥车辆从一条街改道行走另一条街．2［（from）］ to turn （a person or a person's attention) away from something;with good or bad result 转移（注意力）：A pleasant walk diverted him (from his work) and he returned to it with a clear mind.一次愉快的散步使他（从工作中）转移了注意力，他回来时便以清醒的头脑重新开始工作.A loud noise divertedmy attention (from cooking) and everything was burnt.一声巨响转移了我（烧饭）的注意力，结果饭都烧焦了．diversion 1［U］ a turning aside from a course， activity or use 转向；改道；转移： the diversion of a river to supply water some-where else 河流改道，为其它地方供水；the diver-sion of someone＇s attention 某人注意力的转移2 [C] something that turns someone's atten-tion away from something else that one does not wish to be noticed 分心之物；转移注意力的东西：I claim that your last argument was a diversion to make us forget the main point.我认为你最后的论点旨在转移我们的注意力，使我们忘记重点.That attack was really a diversion to draw the enemy＇s fire from our main army.那次进攻实际是为了引开敌人的火力，以掩护我们的主力部队.We created a diversion.我们成功地转移了别人的注意力.

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N298 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

N298 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：shaking and vibrating 摇动与震动

shake/ferk/1 [IØ; T1; X7] to (cause to) move quickly up and down and to and fro（使）抖动； （使）摇动；（使）颤抖：The house shook when the bomb exploded.炸弹爆炸时，屋子都震动了.The explosion shook the house.爆炸震动了房子．2 ［X9］ to put or remove by this kind of motion 撒上；抖出：He shook salt on his food. 他抖动盐瓶子，把盐撒在食物上.She shook thesand out of her shoes.她把沙子从鞋子里抖出来.

tremble /'trembal/ 1 [Wv3, 4; IØ] to shake uncontrollably as from fear, cold, excitement, etc（因害怕、寒冷、兴奋等而）颤抖；战栗：Thechildren trembled with fear when they saw the policeman.孩子们看到警察吓得直发抖.As hespoke about the dead king his voice began to tremble and tears came to his eyes.他谈到已故国王时，声音开始发抖，泪水溢满眼眶．2［Wv3,4；L9 (for); I3] to feel fear or anxiety;be worried 害怕；担忧：The fishermen＇s wives trembled for their husbands＇safety.渔民的妻子为她们丈夫的安全担惊受怕.I tremble to thinkwhat＇s going to happen.想到即将发生的事，我不寒而栗．3［C］ an act of trembling 颤抖；抖动：There was a tremble in his voice as he told us the bad news.他告诉我们这个坏消息时，声音都发抖了.in fear and trembling very much afraid 非常害怕；担惊受怕：The criminals waited infear and trembling for the judge＇s decision.罪犯们胆战心惊地等待着法官的判决.

shiver/'fivə/ 1 [IØ] to shake, esp (of people) from cold or fear；tremble（尤指人因寒冷、害怕而）发抖；颤抖；打哆嗦：I stood shivering in thewind.我站在风中浑身打哆嗦.Our enemies mustbe shivering in their shoes（＝very afraid）.我们的敌人一定害怕得发抖．2［C］an act of shivering发抖，颤抖；抖动：He gave a shiver of fear.他害怕得发出一阵颤抖.

quiver/'kwivə/1 [Wv4;IØ (with, at)] to tremble a little（轻微地）发抖；震颤；颤抖：I quivered（with pleasure／fear） at the sound.听到这声音， 我（高兴得／害怕得）发抖．2［T1］（of an animal）to move a delicate part of the body（指动物） 抖动敏感的部位：The rabbit quivered its nose. 兔子颤动着它的鼻子.The insect quivered itswings．昆虫抖动它的翅膀．3［C usu sing］ an actof quivering 发抖；颤抖；抖动

quake/kwerk/[IØ (at, with )] to shake; tremble esp forcefully 剧烈地抖动；颤抖：I quake with fear at the thought！一想到这个，我就吓得发抖！

shudder /'Sadə/ 1 [IØ (at); I3] to shake uncon-trollably for a moment, as from fear, cold,or strong dislike；tremble（因害怕、寒冷、反感而） 发抖；战栗：She shuddered at the sight of the dead body.一看到尸体，她就吓得发抖.I shudderto think what would happen if you slipped and fell.一想到你如果滑倒会有什么后果，我就不寒而栗．2［C］an act of shuddering 发抖；抖动： She turned aside from the sight with a shud-der.她哆嗦了一下，转身避开了那情景.

beat /bi:t/ 1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) move regu-

larly， esp up and down（规则地）拍动；使拍动；（使）跳动：The bird＇s wings began to beat.那鸟的双翅开始拍动.The bird beat its wings.鸟儿拍动双翅.His heart stopped beating and he died. 他的心脏停止跳动，随即便死去了．2［（the）S（of）］the act，noise，etc of beating 拍动；跳动；拍动声； 跳动声：He could hear the beat of birds＇wings. 他能听到鸟儿拍击翅膀的声音．［ALSO→B36］

throb /θrpb/1[Iø] emph (of the heart) to beat （指心）跳动；搏动：His heart throbbed with ex-citement．他的心因激动而剧烈地跳动．2［IØ］tobeat strongly; work regularly, esp like the heart 剧烈跳动；（有规律地像心脏似的）震动：Theship＇s engines began to throb.轮船的发动机开始运转起来.Her head was throbbing with pain. 她感到头痛欲裂．3［（the） S（of）］ the act ofthrobbing 跳动；搏动；有规律的震动：They heardthe throb of a ship's engine/of distant drums. 他们听到轮船发动机的隆隆声／远处阵阵鼓声.

vibrate /'vaibreit/ [IØ] 1 to move from side to side or up and down very quickly and continu-ously 振荡；震动；颤动：The ship＇s engines caused the whole ship to vibrate.船的发动机使整艘船都震动．2 to make a throbbing sound 发出震动声：His words vibrated with anger.他愤怒得声音发颤.vibration ［U；C］ the action or state of vibrating 振荡；震动 vibrant ［B］1 less common vibrating, esp so as to produce sound 震动的；震颤的（故可发出声音）2 more common(fig) full of life and therefore interesting, exciting，etc 蓬勃的；活泼的；有趣的；充满激情的：vibrant music 令人振奋的音乐

pulse/pAls/[IØ] to beat or move regularly like a pulse［→B36］；poet to throb 像脉搏般跳动；（心的）跳动：His blood was pulsing strongly.他的血管在剧烈地跳动.

pulsate/'palseit/[IØ] tech to beat strongly;to become larger then smaller regularly 有规律地跳动；搏动；有节奏地舒张及收缩：The mass ofjelly seemed to pulsate with life.这块胶状物好像具有生命似地跳动着.pulsation［U］ the act ofpulsating 跳动；搏动；舒张及收缩：the pulsation of the heart 心脏的搏动

N299 verbs 动词：shaking one＇s head and nodding 摇头与点头

shake one's head to move the head from side to side to answer ＇no＇ or show disapproval 摇头（表示否定或不同意）：He shook his headangrily when I asked him ifhe was coming. 我问他来不来，他生气地摇了摇头.

shake of the head an act of shaking one's head 头部的摇动：He answered with a shake of the head.他以摇头作答.

nod /npd/1 [IØ; T1] to bend (one's head) for-ward and down, esp to show agreement or give a greeting or sign 点头（表示同意或打招呼）：She nodded (her head) when she passed me in the street.她在街上遇到我时，向我点头致意.The president nodded and everyone sat down around the table.校长点了点头，大家便围着桌子

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坐了下来.He nodded as if to say yes.他点点头，似乎是表示同意．2［T1］to show in this way 点头表示：They nodded their agreement.他们点头表示赞同这项协议．3［IØ］ to bend downward orforward 低头；弯下：The flowers were nodding in the wind．花朵在风中频频点头．4［C］an act ofnodding 点头：When I asked him if he would do it，he gave a friendly nod.我问他是否愿意做那件事，他友好地对我点点头.

N300 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：waving and wielding 挥动与舞动

wave /weiv/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) move from side to side or up and down（使）摆动；（使）挥动；（使）晃动：The flags waved in the wind.旗帜迎风飘扬.The soldiers waved their flags.士兵们挥动他们的旗帜．2［IØ］ to move the hand inthis way， as a signal，greeting，etc 挥手；招手： Wave to your father．向你父亲招手吧．3［T1；D1 （to）］ to express in this way 挥手表示：They waved us goodbye(= waved goodbye to us). 他们向我们挥手告别．4［X9］to signal or directin this way 挥手指示；表示；示意：The policemanwaved the cars on／waved the people back. 警察挥手示意车辆继续行驶／人们退回去．5［C］an actof waving the hand 挥手：She greeted us with a friendly wave.她友好地挥手向我们打招呼.

wield／wi：ld／［T1］ to control the action of．支配； 掌握；挥（剑）：He wields a lot of power.他握有很大权力.（old use ＆ lit） He wielded his sword well.他剑舞得很好.

brandish /'brændrf [T1] to wave (esp a weap-on）about 挥动（尤指武器）：The soldier bran-dished his sword. 这士兵挥动着他的剑.（fig）She brandished a newspaper at me and said, ＇Have you read this？＇她朝我挥动着报纸说：“你看过这个吗？”

wag/wæg/ 1 [T1; IØ] a (of people and other living creatures) to shake (esp a movable body part） quickly from side to side（指人或动物）摇动（身体的某个部分）：The dog wagged itstail with pleasure.狗高兴地摇着尾巴.She wagged her finger at me and said,'Don't come home so late again.＇她摇着手指对我说：“不要再那么晚回家.”b（of such a body part） to·shake from side to side（指身体的某部分）摆动：The dog＇s tail wagged． 狗的尾巴摆动着．2［Cusu sing］ 摇动；摆动： The dog greeted him with a wag of its tail.狗摇着尾巴欢迎他.

waggle /'wægal/ not fml 1 [T1; IØ] to wag fre-quently from side to side 来回摆动：The dog waggled its tail.这狗摆动着尾巴.The dog＇s tail waggled.狗的尾巴摆动着.He waggled a piece of paper in his hands.他来回地摆动着手中的纸.2 ［C］ an act of waggling 来回摆动：The dog gave a waggle of its tail.狗摆了摆尾巴.

N301 verbs 动词：hanging，etc 悬挂等

hang /hæn/ 1 [T1]to fix (something) at the top

N302 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

so that the lower part is free 悬挂：Let＇s hang the curtains.我们把窗帘挂起来吧.Hang yourcoat （up） on the hook.把你的外套挂在钩子上.She＇s hanging the washing out.她把洗好的衣服晾在外面．2［L9］ to be in such a position 垂挂：The curtains hang well.这窗帘挂着很好看.Her hair hangs down to her knees.她的长发披到了膝盖处．3 ［T1 usu pass］ to show （a set of paintings） publicly（一系列图画）挂出展览：His pictures were hung at an important gallery.他的画在一个重要的美术馆展出．4［T1］a to fix（wallpaper） on a wall 把（壁纸）固定在墙上；贴壁纸bto fix （a door） in position on hinges ［→H132］用铰链把（门）装好

suspend /sə'spend/1[X9 (from)] to hang from above 悬挂；吊起：He suspended the rope from a tree.他把绳子悬挂在树上.He was caught on abranch as he fell and was suspended above the ground．他掉下来时被树枝挂住，悬在半空中．2［T1 pass］ to hold still in liquid or air（在液体或气体中）悬浮：The sun broke over the trees and dust could be seen suspended in the beam of light.阳光射进树林里，在光线中可以看到悬浮的尘埃.suspension［U； A］ the act of suspending 悬；吊：The bridge is built on the principle of suspension；it is a suspension bridge. 这座大桥是依据悬吊的原理建造的；这是一座吊桥.

dangle／＇dængl／1［IØ］to hang loosely 悬着；悬吊：His keys were dangling from a chain.他的钥匙悬吊在匙链上．2［T1；I0］to（cause to） swing loosely（使）悬垂着并摇晃摆动：He dangled thekeys on his chain.他摇晃着悬挂在链子上的钥匙.3 [X9, esp in front of or before] (fig) to try to attract someone by promising or describing 通过许诺或描绘来吸引别人；迷惑：He dangled thepleasures of Paris in front ofher to get her to work for him.他用巴黎的享受引诱她替他工作.keep someone dangling (fig) infml to keep someone waiting and not knowing what the result will be 使人焦急地等待结果：She likes tokeep her lovers dangling.她喜欢让自己的情人焦急地盼望着.Don＇t keep me dangling； tell me if I passed the test.别让我的心老是悬着，快告诉我，我考试及格了没有.

N302 adjectives 形容词：upright，etc ［B］

直立的等 [ALSO→J42]

upright／＇Ap，rait／1 standing straight up＿直立的： She stood upright． 她笔直地站立着．2（fig） honest，fair，responsible，etc 正直的；公正的；负责的：He is an upright citizen.他是一个正直的公民.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

vertical /'v3:tikəl/ [Wa5] 1 (of an object) stand-ing upright（指物）直立的：Telegraph poles must be set in the ground so that they are vertical．电线杆必须埋在土里直立着．2（of a lineor surface) forming an angle of 90 degrees with the level ground, or with a straight line in a figure（指一条线或一个平面）与平面或另一条线垂直的；成九十度角的：For a car that went over

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N303 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

the edge of the road, there was a vertical fall to the sea below.越出公路的汽车会垂直地跌落到下面的海中．3 pointing or moving directly up-wards or downwards 垂直上下运动的：A vertical takeoff aircraft is one that can rise straight from the ground, without first running along for some distance.垂直起飞的飞机能直接地从地面升起，而不需要先滑行一段距离．-ly［adv Wa4］

erect /r'rekt/ upright; standing straight up on end， not leaning over or lying down直立的；挺立的：Hold your head erect. 把头挺直.-ly [adv]-ness [U]

N303 adjectives 形容词：slanting，etc［B］ 倾斜的等

[ALSO→J42,N269]

slanting /'sla:ntng/, slanted/'sla:ntid/[Wa5] being at an angle from straight up and down or across； sloping 倾斜的：The house had a slanting／slanted roof.这房子的屋顶是斜的.

oblique /ə'bli:k/ [Wa5] 1 in a sideways direc-tion；sloping 倾斜的：an oblique line 一条斜线2 （fig）indirect 间接的；不直截了当的：an oblique suggestion 间接的建议-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N304 adjectives 形容词：flat，etc［B］平的等

[ALSO→J42]

flat/flæt/[Wal] 1(of surfaces) having no raised or higher parts（指表面）平的；平坦的：The sur-face of most tables is flat.大多数桌面是平整的.The land is flatter near the sea; it is hilly here. 海边的土地比较平坦；这里是丘陵地带．2（ofcertain drinks） old and having no gas（指某些饮料）陈旧而走气的：The beer was flat.这啤酒跑气了.-ness［U］

level／＇leval／esp tech flat 水平的；平整的：Foot-ball fields should be level.足球场地应该平整. Football should be played on level ground.应当在平坦的场地上踢足球.-ness［U］

prone /prəun/ [Wa5] (esp of persons) lying flat and face down（尤指人）俯伏的；平伏的：He layprone on the ground.他趴在地上.He lay in a prone position.他俯卧着.

prostrate /'prostreit/ 1 [Wa5] lying in a flat position or stretched out flat, with the face to the ground（脸向下）俯伏的；趴在地上的：Shefell forward and lay in a prostrate position until she was helped up.她朝前趴倒，俯卧在地上，直到别人扶她站起来．2（of a nation，country，etc） conquered and powerless（指国家、民族等）被征服的；降伏的3 in a state of such bodilyweakness that one can hardly move 精疲力竭的；不能动弹的：They were all prostrate from the terrible heat．他们一个个热得不能动了．4[(with)] having lost all strength, courage, and ability to act,as a result of some experience （因某种经历而）浑身无力、失去勇气和能力的；沮丧

的：She was prostrate with grief.她因悲伤而极度沮丧.-tion［U］

N305 adjectives 形容词：high，tall，etc ［Wa1］高的等

high/hai/[B] 1 (not usu of people) reaching some distance above ground, esp a large distance（通常不指人）高的：That＇s a very high wall／building.那是很高的墙／楼.How high is it？ 它有多高？Is it higher than that one？这个比那个高吗？2 at a point above the ground，esp a long way above 高处的：How high is he on the mountain now？现在他在山上爬得有多高了？These books are too high (up) for me; I can't reach them.这些书放得太高，我拿不到.Theplane was high in the sky.飞机在天空高高地飞翔．3（fig）important 重要的；高位的：He has a high office in the government.他在政府部门中担任高级职务．4（fig）showing greatness 伟大的： He is a man ofhigh principles.他是个道德高尚的人.-ly［adv］：She praised him highly （＝ greatly）.她高度赞扬了他.

tall /to:l/ [B] (esp of people) having a greater than average height（尤指人）高的；高于平均高度的：He＇s the tallest man I＇ve ever seen.他是我见到过的最高的一个人.That＇s a tall building／a tall tree！那是一座高楼／一棵高大的树！-ness[U]

deep／di：p／1［B］going far downward（从上至下） 深的：It was a very deep well．这是一口深井．2[B] going well inward from an outer surface （从外至内）深的：The wound is deep； it＇s a deep wound．这个伤口很深；这是一个很深的伤口．3［B］not near the surface of the body 深处的；内部的：deep organs of the body 身体的内部器官4［B］ going well back from a front surface 有深度的：That＇s a deep cupboard！那是个很深的碗橱！5 ［B］ going far from the side towards the centre（从边缘到中心）宽阔的：The cloth haddeep borders of bright red.这块布有一条很宽的鲜红色的边．6［B］（in cricket） near the outer limits of the playing area（板球）接近场地外线的：It was a hit to deep right field.球打到了场地右方边线处．7 ［E］ going a stated amount in an understood direction, usu downward or back-ward 向后或向下的深度的：The shelf was 30inches deep.书架的深度有三十英寸.The carswere parked three deep． 每纵排停三辆汽车．8［B］ difficult to understand 深奥的；难懂的：He understands the deep scientific principles of the thing．他懂得这事的深奥科学原理．9［B］BrE（of people） difficult to get to know well（指人） 难于了解的：She is rather a deep person.她是个莫测高深的人．10［A］ mysterious and strange 神秘的；奇怪的：It was a deep dark secret.这是一个神秘而要绝对严守的秘密．11［F］ towards thecentre and far from the entrances 靠近中心的； 远离入口的；深处的：They lived in a house deepin the forest．他们住在森林深处的一间屋子里．12［F］distant in time or space（指时间或空间）遥

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远的：They lived deep in the Middle Ages.他们生活在遥远的中世纪．13［B］well below the levelof the conscious mind 深奥的；意识不到的：Shehas a deep disorder of the character.她有一种莫名其妙的怪性格．14［B esp in comb］ covered，enclosed or filled to a stated degree 覆盖、围住、装填到一定的深度的：He was ankle-deep inmud．他站在没及脚踝的泥浆中．15［B］seriouslybad or damaging 严重的；极为有害的：He is indeep debt．他债台高筑．16［B］apprec having or showing a fine ability to understand things thoroughly 理解事物深刻透彻的；有深刻洞察力的：She has a deep mind and is a deep thinker.她见解深刻，是一位深刻的思想家．17［B］ strong；difficult to change 强烈的；难以改变的：She was in a deep sleep.她正酣睡.He has a deep influ-ence over her．他对她有很深的影响．18［B］（of asound or of breath) low; coming from far down in the chest（指声音或呼吸）从胸腔深处发出的；低沉的19［adv］ to a deep position 到达深入的部位：He drove the knife in deep／deep into her body.他把刀深深地扎进去／扎进她的身体.-ly［adv］：She loved him deeply.她深深地爱着他.

N306 adjectives ＆ adverbs 形容词和副词：not high，tall，etc［Wa1］不高的等

short /fo:t/ [B] not tall; less than the usual height 矮的；短的：He is tall but his brother is much shorter.他长得很高，但是他的弟弟却矮得多.The grass is very short.-Yes； it has just been cut short.这些草很矮.-是的，刚刚修剪过.-ness［U］

low /ləu/ 1 [B] not measuring much from the base to the top； not high 低的；矮的：a low wall 一堵矮墙2［B］being not far above the ground， floor，base or bottom 离地面或底部很近的：alow shelf 一个底下的架子；That comes low onthe list of jobs to be done.在应做事项的清单上，那项工作排在后面．3［B］ being or lying belowthe general level of height 低于一般高度的：a low bridge 一座矮桥；low ground 一块低地；Theriver is getting low and will soon dry up. 这条河的水位在下降，不久就将干涸．4［B］being nearor at the bottom or lowest point 接近底部或最低点的：His money was at a low point.他的钱就要花光了．5［F］ on the ground， as after a blow，or dead 打倒在地的；死的：I laid him lowwith my gun．我用枪把他撂倒了．6［F］lacking in strength or energy； weak 无气力的；虚弱的：He is low with an illness．他因病很虚弱．7［F］also 又作 low-spirited lacking spirit；unhappy 无精打采的；消沉的：He felt low and unable tolaugh．他感到无精打采，笑不出来．8［B］small insize；degree， amount，worth，etc（尺寸、数量、程度、价格等）很小的；低的：a low figure 一个小数字 9［A］ having only＇a small amount of a particular substance， quality，etc 含量很少的： low-fat milk 低脂牛奶 10［A］ regarding some-thing as of little worth； unfavourable 无价值的； 贬低的；不利的：I have a low opinion of thatbook．我对那本书的评价很低．11 ［B］ near the

N307 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

bottom in position or rank 低等的；级别低下的：He was a man of low birth．他出身卑微．12［B］ not worthy，respectable，good，etc 下贱的；卑劣的：low behaviour 卑劣的行为；low language 庸俗的语言13［B］cheap 价格低的；便宜的：a lowprice 价格低廉 14 ［B］ for a slow or slowest speed（最）慢速的；缓慢的：Use a low gear when driving slowly．开慢车时使用低速档．15［F］hidden；unnoticed 躲藏的；不被注意的（esp in the phr lie low 伏卧；隐藏；不露声色）：We laylow until the police had gone.我们一直躲藏着， 直到警察走掉．16［B］ not greatly developed； simple 非高等的；简单的：low plant life一种低等植物生命17［B］（of a musical note）deep（指音符）调子低的18［B］not loud；soft 不响亮的；柔声的：a low voice 低声 19 ［adv］ in or to a lowposition，point，degree，manner，etc 低；程度低地；向下地：shoot low 射得很低 20［adv］ nearthe ground，floor，base，etc； not high 近地面地； 矮21［adv］（in music） in or with deep notes （音乐）低调地22［adv］quietly；softly轻声地；柔声地：speak low 轻轻地说话

shallow /'fæləu/ [B] 1 not deep; not far from top to bottom 不深的；浅的：It was a shallow river／dish.这是一条很浅的河／这个盘子很浅.Theywere playing at the shallow end of a swim-ming pool． 他们在游泳池的浅水区嬉戏．2（fig）lacking deep or serious thinking 不是深思熟虑的；肤浅的：He is a shallow thinker whose opinions aren＇t worth much.他是一个思想肤浅的人，他的想法没有什么价值．3（of breathing）not taking much air into the lungs（指呼吸）浅呼吸的；轻轻地呼吸的-ly［adv］-ness［U］

N307 adjectives 形容词：wide，etc［Wa1；

B］宽的等 [ALSO→J63,64]

wide/waid/1 large from side to side or edge to edge 宽的；阔的：This skirt is too wide.这条裙子太宽了：The river is much wider here than further north.河的这一段比北边的那一段宽多了.2 covering a large space or range of things 范围广泛的：People came from over a wide area. 人们来自四面八方.He has wide interests.他的兴趣广泛.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

broad：／bro：d／ esp emot， lit，poet 1 wide 宽阔的： That man has broad shoulders.那个人的肩膀很宽．2 stretching out far and wide 宽广的；辽阔的：The countryside has many broad fields.农村有许多宽广的田地．3（fig）not limited；gen-erous in thoughts 无限制的；宽容的：He has abroad mind in these matters; he is broad-minded.在这些事情上，他心胸开阔；他是个气量大的人.-ly ［adv］：Broadly speaking， I agree with you.从广义上来说，我同意你的意见.

long /lpr/ covering a great distance in space or time（指时空）长的；长远的：It is a long wayfrom here to that place, longer than you think.从这里到那个地方的路程很远，比你想象的还要远.He has been waiting here a long time， longer than he expected.他在这儿已等了很长时间了，比他预想的还要长.

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thick/0rk/1 (esp of materials) being large from one side to the other（尤指物质）粗大的；厚的：This piece of wood is thicker than that piece. 这根木头比那根粗．2（of liquids） moving slowly； not easy to pour（指液体）浓稠的；粘厚的；流动慢的；不易倾倒的：The soup is thick today； it was thinner yesterday.今天的汤很浓，昨天的要稀薄得多.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

N308 adjectives 形容词：not wide， etc ［Wa1；B］不宽的等等

narrow /'nærəu/ 1 small from one side to the other, esp in comparison with length or with what is usual 窄的；狭窄的：It is a narrow river. 这是一条狭窄的河.String is narrower than rope. 线比绳子细.The gate is toonarrow for a car； we＇ll have to walk through.这扇门太窄了，汽车开不进去；我们只好走进去了．2 limited；small 有限的；小的；狭隘的：The price went up and downwithin narrow limits.价格在小的范围内上下浮动. The secret is known only to a narrow group of people.这个秘密只有一小部分人知道.in the narrow meaning of the word 在这个词的狭义上；His way of looking at the world is very narrow and misses a lot of life's variety and colour.他观察世界的方法很狭隘，因而他往往看不到生活的多样性及其绚丽的色彩．3（fig）almostnot enough or not successful 几乎不够的；勉强成功的：He won by a narrow majority.他以微弱的多数取胜.She had a narrow escape.她勉强脱身．4 fml careful and thorough 仔细的；彻底的：He made a narrow examination of the facts. 他对事实作了仔细的调查.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

thin /θin/ (of a round object) narrow in relation to length（指圆形物体）细的：She used a very thin thread.她使用一根很细的线.-ly［adv］-ness [U]

fine／famn／1 very thin， small，etc 细小的；微小的： This is very fine thread; I must be careful not to break it.这是一根很细的线；我必须小心不要把它弄断.A fine rain began to fall.开始下起了毛毛细雨.He cut the pencil to a fine point.他把铅笔芯削得尖尖的．2［adv］ to become fine 变得很细：He cut the pencil very fine.他把铅笔芯削得很尖.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］ cut it fine （fig） infml to leave very little time to do something （时间上）几乎不留余地：He cut it very fine andnearly missed his train.他把时间扣得太紧了，几乎误了火车.

N309 verbs 动词：relating to height，

width，etc与高度、宽度等有关的

flatten /'flætən/ [IØ; T1 (out, down)] to (cause to） become flat（使）变平：He flattened （out） the rounded piece of clay.他把那团泥弄得扁平.The storm flattened（down）the corn.暴风雨使谷物都倒伏了.The land is hilly here， but it flattens out nearer the sea.这儿多山，但越靠海

的地方地势越平坦.

level /'levəl/ [IØ; T1; (out, off)] to (cause to) become level（使）平整；（使）平坦：They levelled the buildings (= knocked them down and so made the area level）.他们把楼房夷为平地.Level out this field; we want to play game on it.平整这场地，我们想在这儿进行比赛.Theamount of work is levelling off now (= becoming more normal）.现在工作量趋于平衡.

prostrate ／＇prostreit／ ［T1］ 1 ［also 又作IØ］to put (someone,esp\_ oneself, or something) in a prostrate［→N304］position 使（人，特别是自己， 或东西）俯伏；（使）趴在地上：The worshippersprostrated (themselves) before the image of their god．朝圣者俯伏在他们的神像面前．2［Wv4；usu pass］ to cause to be prostrate 使衰竭；使虚弱；使沮丧：It was a prostrating illness.这是一种使人衰竭的病.She was prostrated by the death of her husband.她丈夫的死使她极为沮丧.pros-tration [U]

heighten/'haitən/ [T1; IØ] (esp fig) to (cause to） become high or higher or greater（使）变高；（使）变大；（使）变伟大：Adding red to thepicture heightened its warlike effect.在画上增加些红色能增强其战争的效果.

deepen /'di:pən/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) become deep or deeper（使）变深；加深：The mystery deepens, my friends,' said Sherlock Holmes. 福尔摩斯说：“我的朋友，事情变得愈来愈扑朔迷离了.”We＇ll have to deepen the well if we want more water.如果我们需要更多的水，就必须加深这口井.

shorten /'fo:tən/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) become short or shorter（使）变短；缩短：The days shorten in Britain as the winter comes on.随着冬季的到来，英国的白昼变得短了.Can youshorten this dress for me？你能为我把这件连衣裙改短一些吗？

lower/'ləuə/ 1[T1; IØ] to make or become smaller in amount, price, degree, strength, etc 使（数量、价格、程度、力量等）变小；降低：Lowerthe price／your voice．降低价格／你的声音．2［T1； IØ］ to move or let down in height 降低高度；降低：Lower your aim before you shoot.射击前， 把枪瞄低一些．3［T1］（fig）to bring（someone， esp oneself) down in rank, worth or opinion, as by doing something unworthy（因卑劣的行为等）降低（某人，尤指本人的）级别、身份或名誉；贬低：By stealing from his father he has lowered himself for ever.由于他偷了父亲的东西，他已永远使自己的名誉扫地.

widen /'waidən/ [T1; IØ] (to cause to) become wide or wider（使）变宽阔：The road widened. 马路加宽了.They.widened the road near the village.他们加宽了靠近村庄的道路.

broaden /'bro:dən/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to)become broad or broader （使）变宽阔：His smile broadened.他笑得更开心了.Can you broaden the bands of colour？你能把彩带加宽些吗？

lengthen /'lenθən/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) become long or longer（使）变长：He length-ened the ropeby tying another piece to it.他把绳子加接一节，使它变长了.

narrow/'nærəu/1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) decrease

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in width（使）变狭窄：The river narrows（down） at this point. 河在这一段变窄了.In the brightsunlight she had to narrow her eyes (= partly close them）．在强烈的阳光下，她只得眯上眼睛．2［T1（down）］ to reduce in size；limit 减少尺寸； 限制：Let＇s narrow （down） what we mean by justice＇.让我们把“正义”的意思作狭义的解释.The new law will narrow his power.新的法律将缩小他的权力.

take in [v adv; T1] to make the width of (a dress，etc）less 把（衣服的）宽度缩小；改窄：Shetook the dress in （by）several centimetres.她把衣服缩窄了好几厘米.This dress needs takingin／to be taken in a bit.这件衣服需要改窄一点.

pare/peə/1 [T1 (down)] to cut away the thin outer covering, edge or skin of (something) usu with a sharp knife（用刀）削皮；削边：to pare one＇s fingerails 修指甲；to pare an apple before eating it 苹果削了皮再吃；to pare a stick down to make it fit into a hole 把木棍削细一点，使它能插进洞里2［X9，esp away，off］ to cutaway (the thin outer covering, edge or skin of something） usu with a sharp knife 用刀削皮：It isn't necessary to pare the peel off before you eat that fruit.吃那种水果没有必要先削皮.

N310 verbs，etc 动词等：lying 躺

lie /lai/1 [L9, esp down] (ofa person) to be in a flat resting position, as on the ground or a bed （指人）躺；平卧2［Wv6；L9，esp down］ to put the body into such a position 使躺着；躺下3 [L7,9]to be or remain in a flat position on a surface 平放：the book that is lying on the table 放在桌子上的书4［L9］ to be in a de-scribed place，position or direction 位于；坐落： The town lies to the east of us.城镇坐落在我们的东面.Our home lies north.我们的家在北面.(fig) The truth lies somewhere between the statements of the two men.这两个人各说了一部分实情，真相就介于这两种说法之间．5［L9］ to be，remain, or be kept in a described condition or positon 处于；被存放于；在（所说的处境和地方）：The man lay in prison for seven years.这个人坐了七年牢．6［L9］to have an unpleasant effect on； cause continual anxiety， discomfort，etc 发生不好影响；使不愉快；使一直烦恼：The problemlay heavily on his mind.这个问题一直使他心情沉重.A curse has always lain over that family. 那家人一直遭到诅咒．7［L9］to be the responsi-bility；be 取决于；在于：The decision lies with you.决定由你来作出.It lies in the judge＇s power to punish criminals.惩治罪犯是法官的职权．8［L7,9］to remain unused， unwanted， unknown，etc 没有使用；不需要；不为人知9［L7，9］ （of a dead body） to be buried（指尸体）被埋葬10 ［IØ］ （of a point or claim in a law court） to be successfully arguable or proved（法律诉讼中的论点或要求）成立；被证实 11 ［L9］old useto stay，as with friends or at a hotel 停留；住宿sprawl /spro:l/1 [X9 usu pass; L9, (out)] to

stretch out (oneself or limbs) awkwardly in lying or sitting 懒散地伸开（四肢）；伸开手足躺或

N312 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

坐：He found her sprawled out in a comfort-able chair asleep.他发现她四肢伸展着躺在舒适的椅子里睡着了．2［Wv4；L9（out）］ to spread ungracefully 难看地伸展；散乱地延伸：The citysprawls for miles in each direction.城市乱七八糟地向各个方向延伸出去好几英里.It was a greatsprawling city.那是一座大而杂乱无章地向四面扩展的城市．3［S］a sprawling position 伸展的状态4 ［S］ an irregular spreading mass or group 不规则蔓延的东西；大片杂乱的地区：a sprawl ofbuildings 一片分布凌乱的建筑物

lounge /aund3/1 [Iø] to stand or sit in a lean-ing lazy manner 懒洋洋地斜靠着或斜坐着：Shewas lounging in a large chair.她懒洋洋地斜坐在大椅子里.He lounged against the wall.他懒洋洋地靠着墙．2［（around，about）；X9，esp away] to pass (time) in a lazy manner, doing nothing 闲荡；闲混；游手好闲：He enjoys loung-ing about／lounging his time away.他喜欢到处闲逛／把时间闲混过去.

N311 verbs 动词：tending and inclining

倾向与意向

tend/tend/ 1 [L9] to move or develop one's course in a certain direction 趋向：Our course tended to the north.我们的路线朝北去.Interest rates are tending upwards．利率有上升的趋势．2 [T3; L9, esp towards] to do or go as a natural likelihood 倾向于：Janet tends to get very angry if you annoy her.如果你惹怒珍妮特，她会大发雷霆的.Joan always tended towards politics at school so no one was surprised when she said she wanted to be a politician.琼在学校里就关注政治，所以当她说她想成为政治家时，谁也不感到惊奇.

incline/m'klain/1 [V3] to encourage (to feel, think，etc）使有意（做某事）；使感到：The news inclines me to change my mind.这个消息使我有意改变自己的想法.I feel inclined to changemy mind．我想改变自己的主意．2［I3；L9，esp to］to feel drawn 倾向于：I incline to take the opposite point of view.我倾向于采取相反的观点.I incline to theopposite point of view.我倾向于相反的观点．3［L9，esp to］ fml to tend； belikely to show （a quality） 趋向于；易于：I incline to（wards） tiredness in winter.我在冬天容易疲劳.

N312 adjectives 形容词：prone，liable， and inclined 易于、倾向于与趋向于

[ALSO → N30 LIKELY]

prone /prəun/ 1 [F to; F3] having the prob-ability of （usu something undesirable）易于··· 的（常指不好的事）：One is more prone to makemistakes when one is tired.人疲劳时容易出差错.Old people are prone to loss of memorylto losing their memorylto lose their memory.老年人容易丧失记忆力.He is prone to colds，

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N313 ACTIONS ＆ POSITIONS 行动与位置

especially in winter.他很容易患感冒，特别是在冬天．2 ［in comb］ having a tendency to have （usu something undesirable）倾向于···的（常指不好的事）；容易受到：Mary is always falling over； she＇s accident-prone.玛丽老是跌跤，她容易出事故.He is trouble-prone； he＇s always getting into trouble.他容易闯祸；他老是出乱子.

liable／＇larəbəl／1 ［F to］ often getting 易于得···的： She is liable to bad colds．她容易患重感冒．2[F3]by nature likely to, esp from habit or ten-dency 倾向于；惯于：He＇s liable to shout when angry.一发怒，他就习惯于大喊大叫.

inclined /mn'klaind/[F3]1 encouraged; feeling a wish to 想要···的；有···倾向的：I＇m inclined to help.我有意帮忙.The news makes me inclined to change my mind.这个消息使我有意改变主意.（polite）I＇m inclined to disagree.我倾向于不同意．2 likely；leading to 可能会···的；易于···的： He's inclined to help anybody who asks him. 他会帮助任何求助于他的人.I＇m inclined to gettired easily.我很容易疲劳.

N313 nouns 名词：tendencies and habits 倾向与习惯

tendency /'tendənsi/1 [C, C3] a natural lieli-hood of developing, acting, or moving in a particular way 自然倾向；趋势：She＇s always had a tendency to be fat.她一直都存在发胖的趋势.Recently, business has shown a tendency to improve．生意近来出现好转的趋势．2［C（to-wards）］ a special natural skill or cleverness 偏好；天赋才能：He has artistic tendencies.他有艺术天赋.Her tendency had always been towards history so we were surprised when she failed her examination in it.她一直偏爱历史，因此当她历史考试不及格时，我们都感到奇怪.

inclination / ınklə'neıfən/1 [U; C (to, towards, 3） often pl］ what one likes， liking；wish for 爱好；愿望：You always follow your own inclina-tions instead of thinking of our feelings.你总是按你的爱好行事，从不考虑我们的感受.I＇ve noinclination towards life as a doctor/no incli-nation to be a doctor.我并无行医为生的愿望.Inlife you follow necessity，not inclinations.人们在生活中要按需要行事，不是按爱好．2［C3］fml atendency 倾向；趋向：She has an inclination to get fat.她有发胖的趋势.

bias /'baiəs/ [C;U] tendency or inclination, often of an undesirable kind 倾向；癖好：He has a strong bias towards telling lies.他有爱说谎的坏癖好．［ALSO■F12,13］

leaning/'li:ni/[C often pl with same meaning] esp lit tendency，bias 倾向性；爱好：He has leanings towards crime.他有犯罪的倾向.

propensity/prə'pensəti/[C (for, to), C3]fml a natural tendency of the mind or character towards a particular (usu undesirable) kind of behaviour（心理上、性格上的）倾向；脾性；（通常指不好的）习性；嗜好：That dog has bitingpropensities.这狗有咬人的脾性.She has a propensity for complainingla propensity to sudden anger.她生来好抱怨／发脾气.A propen-

sity to spend money as soon as you get it won＇t help you to become rich.一有钱就爱花掉， 这样的习性不会使你富有起来.

proclivity /prə'klivəti/ [C (to, towards), C3] fml ＆ pomp inclination 倾向；癖性

bent/bent/[S(for)] a natural liking or ten-dency towards 天生的爱好；倾向：He has a bentfor working with engines.他生性爱好摆弄发动机.

habit/'hæbit/[U; C (of)] (an example of) cus-tomary behaviour 习惯：He smokes out of habit／by habit，not for pleasure.他吸烟是出于习惯，并不是为了享受.I have the habit of smok-ing.我有吸烟的习惯.She has many bad habits. 她有许多坏习惯.

N314 modals 情态动词：tendencies and habits 倾向与习惯

can be to have a habit of being 习惯会：He can be annoying at times, if you let him, but usually he＇s very helpful.如果你纵容他，他有时会很讨厌的，但通常他是乐于助人的.

could be （past t of can be） （can be的过去式）： He could be annoying at times, if you let him, but usually he was very helpful.那时，如果你纵容他，他有时会很讨厌的，但他通常都是乐于助人的.

will／wil／ to be inclined to 想要；愿：He will sit there for hours sometimes, doing nothing at all.有时，他会一连坐在那里好几小时，什么事也不做.

would／wud／（past t of will）（will的过去式）：He would sit there for hours sometimes, doing nothing at all.那时，他往往会在那里一连坐好几小时，什么事也不干.

Cutting, joining, breaking,and destroying

切割、连接、打碎与毁坏

N320 verbs 动词：cutting and carving 切割与雕刻

[ALSO→B130]

cut/kAt/1 [T1;IØ] to make a narrow opening in (something) with a sharp edge or instrument, accidentally or on purpose 切（开）；剪；割；截； 砍；割破：Don＇t cut your fingers on the broken glass.别让碎玻璃割破你的手指.This knife won＇tcut； perhaps it needs sharpening.这把刀切不动， 也许得磨一磨了.You＇ll need a strong pair ofscissors to cut through that thick cloth.你需要一把大剪刀才能剪得动那块厚布.I cut my faceshaving this morning. 今天早上我刮胡须时把脸刮破了．2［T1（up）］to divide（something） by separating with a sharp edge or instrument 切开；剪开；割开：The boys cut the cake in two

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and ate half each.男孩子们把蛋糕切成两半，每人吃一半.After they＇d killed the woman the murderers cut up her body and burned it.凶手们杀害那名女子后，把她分尸然后烧掉.Cut theropes and set me free．割断绳索，把我释放．3[T1] to make (something) by using a sharp instrument（用锐利工具）开出；剪成；凿出；挖出：The hunters cut their way through the forest with axes.猎人用斧头开路穿过森林.Did youfollow the pattern exactly when cutting (out) the pieces of cloth for a suit？ 你裁布做衣服时是否完全按纸样？To prepare the ground for plant-ing, cut a deep trench and fill with fine soil. 为了整地栽种，要挖出一条深沟，再填进细土.Hecut a hole in the piece of wood.他在这块木头上凿了一个孔．4［IØ］to be able to be separated， divided or marked as with a sharp instrument 能被切开（割开、剪开、凿开、刻下痕迹）：A freshlybaked cake doesn＇t cut easily.刚烤好的蛋糕不容易切开.This material seems to have cut very nicely．这种物料好像很好切．5［X9，esp away，off, out] to separate (something) from the main part of something with a sharp instru-ment；remove with a sharp instrument 剪下；割掉；砍去：The murderer＇s head was cut off with an axe.凶手的头被人用斧头砍掉了.She cut theadvertisement out of the newspaper so that she wouldn＇t forget it.她把报上那个广告剪了下来，以使自己不忘记.Cut the dead wood awayfrom the trees．把这些树上的枯枝砍掉．6［D1(for); (T1)] to separate (a part of something) for（someone）给（某人）切（一块）：The old lady cut the priest a piece of cake.老太太给牧师切了一块蛋糕．7 ［T1］ to shorten or im-prove with a sharp instrument 修剪（note the phrs cut short／long 剪短／长）：Your finger nails need cutting.你的手指甲得剪了.Are you going to have your hair cut short？你是不是要把头发剪短？It＇s time the grass was cut； it＇s getting very long.该把草修剪一下，草长得很高了.Withhis tail cut short and his ears cut long, Oh where can my little dog be？＇（old song）.“尾巴割得短短的，耳朵割得长长的，哦，我的小狗啊，你在哪里？”（旧歌谣）8［T1］to grow（a tooth）长（牙齿）：Our baby＇s just cutting her first teeth so she needs some medicine to reduce the pain. 我们的孩子刚长头几颗牙，因此需要服些止痛药．9[T1 (off)] to interrupt (a supply of gas, elec-tricity，etc）切断（煤气、电等的供应）：The water was cut (off) for two hours yesterday while the road was being repaired.昨天修路时，停了两个小时水.Our electricity was cut off because we didn＇t pay the bill.我们没有付电费，所以电给切断了．10［T1（out）］to remove（parts（of））删掉；剪去：All the scenes showing sex or violence were cut from the film before it was shown on television.这影片在电视上播映之前，所有的色情或凶杀镜头都给删掉了．11［Wv4；T1；L9］ to hurtthe feelings of （someone）伤害（某人的）感情： His cruel remark cut me deeply.他无情的话深深地刺痛了我.It was a cutting remark.那是一句伤感情的话．12［T1］ infml to be absent on purpose from （a class，school，etc）有意缺席、旷课等：I felt tired this morning so I stayed in

N320 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

bed and cut school.今天早晨我感到很累，所以躺在床上没去上学．13［X9，esp down］to cause（a tree) to fall; bring down (a tree) with an axe, saw，etc 使（树木）倒下；砍伐：Lots of trees.are cut for wood every year.每年许多树都被砍伐作木材使用.We must not let them cut down such fine trees just to build a road！我们不能让他们只是为了修一条路就把这么好的树砍掉！14［T1］ togather in（corn，wheat，etc）收割（谷物、小麦等） 15 ［L9］ to change direction suddenly 急转方向： The player ran for the ball but suddenly cut to the left to get a better position.这个队员跑去抢球，可是忽然向左一闪，以便占个更有利的位置．16[Iø; T1] to divide (a pile of playing cards) in two before dealing 切牌（指发牌之前把洗好的一叠牌分成两部分）17［T1］to cross 相交：The lineAC is cut by line PQ at point Z. AC线与PQ 线相交于Z点．18［T1］to make（a ball） spin by striking 削（球）：The player confused his opponent by cutting the ball to the right.这个球员朝右削球，以弄乱他对手的阵脚．19［IØ］tostop photographing a scene when making a film（拍摄电影时）停拍：＇Cut！＇shouted the director．“停拍！”导演喊道．20［T1（back）］ to make (esp a public service) smaller, less frequent，etc 减少（尤指公共服务）：Where I live they're cutting (back) rail services, postal deliveries and school meals.在我居住的地区，火车班次、邮件派递以及学校伙食都在缩减．21［T1］to walk across rather than round (a corner) （不绕着走而直接）穿过：A path had been wornin the grass where people had cut the corner. 人们为了不绕街角而从草地上穿行，竟在上面走出了一条小路．22［T1］to make（a record）灌制（唱片）：When did this singer cut his first record？ 这个歌手什么时候灌制了他的第一张唱片？23［X9］to set (someone or something) free or loose by cutting a rope，metal，etc（切断绳索、金属等） 使（某人）解脱出来：I was trapped under thetwisted wreck of the crushed car for an hour before the firemen cut me free.消防队员把我解救出来之前，我被困在撞得七扭八歪的车下面达一小时之久.I cut myself loose with my knife.我用小刀割断绳子解脱自己．24［T1］to make less 削减；缩短：Your story is too long； it needs cutting.你的故事太长，需要删减.If we cutprices， perhaps we can increase sales.如果我们把价格降低，也许能够增加销售额．25［C］an actor result of cutting 切；割；剪；砍；切口；伤口；裂口；刀口：Broken glass can cause cuts.碎玻璃会造成割伤.There＇s a knife cut cut caused by a knife） in this piece of cloth.这块布上有一个刀口．26［S］ the way in which something has been cut（裁剪的）式样：I like the cut of that dress．我喜欢那件衣服的式样．27［C esp incomb] an act of stopping esp the flow of gas, electricity，etc 停止供应（尤指煤气、电等）：Wehave had several power cuts lately; one cut lasted 10 hours．近来我们停了几次电，有一次停了十个小时．cutting ［C］1 a piece cut off a plant to be planted in another place （用来插种植物的）插条；插枝：Can I have some cuttings from these plants for my garden？可以给我几根这些植物的插条，让我种在我的花园里吗？2 a piece cut

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N320 CUTTING ＆ JOINING 切割和连接

out of a newspaper 剪报：He has a book full of newspaper cuttings about his films.他有一本书，上面贴满了关于他的影片的剪报.

hew/hju:/1 [X9; L9] to cut (into) by striking blows with an axe or weapon（用斧或武器）砍； 劈：They hewed the door to pieces.他们把门劈成好几块.They hewed at the door／hewed away. 他们朝门猛劈／不断地砍下去．2［T1（down）］tocut down by blows 砍倒：to hew （down）trees 砍树 3［T1］ to cut （something） from a large mass and shape by blows 砍成；劈出；开辟：Miners hew coal.矿工掘煤.They hew it out of the rock.他们把这东西从岩石中凿出来.Theyhewed their way through the forest.他们在森林中砍出一条路来．4［T1（out）］（fig） to cause to exist or develop by the use of one＇s efforts 靠自己努力而创造出···：He hewed out an impor-tant position for himself in the company.他通过努力为自己在公司里赢得一个重要的职位.

hack/hæk/1 [X9; L9] to cut (up), esp roughly or in uneven pieces 劈（开）；砍（掉）；（尤指）乱劈；乱砍：He hacked the tree down.他把树砍倒了.He hacked away all night.他连续地砍了一整夜.They hacked their way through the trees. 他们在树林中劈路前进．2［Č usu sing］ a roughcutting movement or blow（乱）劈；（乱）砍：He made a hack at the log.他朝这块圆木砍了一下.3 [C] a cut from a kick or blow esp in a game 砍痕；伤痕；（球赛中的）踢伤

slice /slais/1 [Wv5; T1 (up)] to cut (up) into thin wide flat pieces 把···切成薄片：He sliced the bread.他把面包切成薄片：She sliced up themeat．她把肉切成片．2［D1（for）；T1；（off）］to cut off in slices 切下；切片：Slice me off a piece of meat.给我切一片肉.Slice off a piece of meat for me．切一片肉给我．3［C］such a thin wide flat piece 薄片：Have another slice of meat.再吃一片肉吧.

chop/tfop/1 [T1 (off,up, down)] to cut esp into pieces by striking again and again with a knife， axe，etc 砍；劈；切细；剁；剁碎：She chopped （up） the vegetables to make soup.她把蔬菜切细来做汤.He was in the garden chop-ping wood for the fire.他在庭园里劈柴.They chopped the branches off（the tree）.他们把树枝（从树上）砍下来.Chop that tree down.把那棵树砍掉.They chopped their way through the thick bushes.他们在茂密的树丛中砍伐出前进的道路．2［C］an act of chopping 砍伐：He cut the piece of wood in two with one chop of the axe．他一斧子就把这木头劈成两半．3［C］a down-ward movement of the open or closed hand 用手掌或拳头向下猛劈／击：He killed the man witha chop across the neck.他用手猛劈／击那人的颈部，把他打死了.

carve /ka:v/ 1 [D1 (for); T1; IØ: (in from, out of/into)] to cut (usu wood or stone) in order to make (a special shape) for (someone or something） 雕刻：He carved the stone into the figure of a man.他把石头雕刻成人形.The artistcarved her an interesting ornament from the piece of wood.这位艺术家用一块木头给她雕刻了一件有趣的装饰品.She carved the wood.她在那木头上雕刻.What did she carve for you？她给你

雕刻了什么东西？Does she carve？她雕刻吗？This artist carves in gold.这位艺术家用金雕刻.2 [T1 (on, in)] to cut (a shape) into something 刻：The lovers carved their names on the tree. 情人们把自己的名字刻在树上．3［IØ；T1］to cut（meat） into pieces or slices 把（肉）切成片：It＇s your turn to carve the meat.现在轮到你来切肉了．Who＇s going to carve？ 谁来切肉？4［D1 （for）；T1：（out）］ to make by hard work 经过努力创造出；创造：He carved out a name forhimself.他为自己闯出了名望.He carved himself a nice position in the business.他在公司里为自已奋斗到一个好职位.Our father carved out ourposition in society，not you！是父亲为我们在社会上争得了地位，不是你！

whittle/'witl/ [T1 (down, away)] to cut (wood) to a smaller size by taking off small thin pieces 削（木）；削切：He was whittling a piece of wood／whittling down a piece of wood.他在削一块木头.（fig）Lack of sleep whittled his strength away.睡眠不足使他的体力减退.

chisel /'tfizəl/ [T1 (out)] to cut or shape with the tool called a chisel［→H140］用凿子凿；镌； 刻：He chiselled the piece of wood into the shape ofa head.他把这块木头镌刻成头的形状.

segment /'segment/ [T1] usu tech to cut or divide into parts or segments［■H32，J46］分割；切割；使分成若干部分：Where should wesegment these words？我们应该在哪里把这些词断开？segmentation［U］

prune/pru:n/1 [T1 (back)] to cut off or shorten some of the branches of (a tree or bush) in order to improve the shape, growth, flower-ing，etc 整枝；修剪（花、草、树、木）：The trees need to be pruned.这些树需要修剪.She waspruning back the roses (= cutting off the rosebushes' branches to a point near the main stem）．她在给玫瑰花整枝．2［T1（away，back； from, of, off)] to remove (branches, stems, etc） in this way 剪掉（枝、茎等）：We should prune away these weak diseased stems from the bush.我们应该把灌木中这些病弱的枝干剪掉.3 [T1 (away, down; from, of, off)] to take out anything useless from (something);lessen in amount by careful choice 删节；删除；削减：You should prune the speech down; it's too long. 你应该删减你的演讲稿，太长了.We can＇t affordto spend so much on this building; we must prune the costs.我们拿不出这么多钱来建造这座楼，必须削减费用.

trim /trim/ [T1] to cut little pieces off(some-thing) here and there to make it look beter, neater，etc 修剪：She trimmed his hair／beard. 她修剪他的头发／胡子.The bushes need trim-ming.灌木需要修剪.

clip /klip/[T1] to cut with scissors or another sharp instrument, esp to cut small parts off something 剪；剪短；修剪： I＇m going to clip this picture out of the paper.我准备把这张照片从报纸上剪下来．We clipped 50 sheep today． off the wool）今天我们为五十头羊剪了羊毛.Theguard on the train clipped our tickets to show we＇d used them.列车员把我们的票剪了个口，表示已用过.

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