B67 verbs 动词：relating to excrement 排泄

excrete /ik'skri:t/ [T1] to discharge (waste matter） from the body 排泄：Animals excrete sweat[B62]through the skin and faeces[■B66] from the anus［B33］．动物由皮肤排汗，肛门排粪.excretion［U］the act of excreting 排泄

defecate /'defi,keit/ [IØ] med to empty the bowels 大便：The patient is defecating regu-larly now.病人现在大便正常了.defecation［U］ the act of defecating 排便

shit ／jit／ taboo 1［IØ］ to defecate 拉屎：Hey， someone has shit in the corner of the room! 嘿，有人在房间的墙角拉了屎！2［T1］to defecatein or on 拉屎拉在···上／里：He shit his trousers （with fright）.他（吓得）把屎拉在裤裆里了.

crap ／kræp／［IØ］ taboo to defecate 拉屎：He crapped all over his trousers.他拉了一裤子的屎.

Bodily states and associated activities

身体状态与相关的活动

B80 adjectives 形容词：not sleeping 醒着的

waking／＇weiki／［Wa5；A］ not sleeping 醒着的： In a waking state he is very calm, but in his sleep he twists and turns all night.醒着时，他很安静，可是睡着的时候，却整夜的翻来覆去.

awake /ə'weik/ [F] not being asleep; having woken and knowing what is happening 醒着的： I was still awake at 3 a．m．last night．昨夜直到凌晨三点我还没睡着呢.He＇s awake now；youcan talk to him.他现在醒了，你可以和他谈.wideawake［B］ not at all sleepy 完全清醒的；毫无睡意的

wakeful／＇weikfəl／ ［B］ 1 awake and watchful 醒着的；警觉地戒备的：The guards were wakefulall night in case of attack.卫兵们通宵都警惕地戒备着，以防遭到袭击．2 not sleeping or able tosleep；sleepless 不能入睡的；不眠的：She spent a wakeful night worrying about him.她一夜未曾合眼，一直在为他担忧.-ness［U］

aware /ə'weə/ [F (of), F5, 6a] knowing (what is happening）意识到的；觉察到的：The animals are fully aware of what is happening to them. 动物对发生在它们身上的事情都能充分觉察到.Hewas suddenly aware of a movement in the darkness under the trees.他突然觉察到黑暗中树下有动静.I am aware of the need for secrecy， believe me.我知道有必要保密，相信我吧.Shewas aware that he had changed his mind.她意识到他已经改变了主意.-ness［U］un-［neg］

conscious /'konfəs/ [F (of); F5] often tech &

B81 BODILY STATES 身体状态

fml awake and aware 清醒的；明白的；觉察的；知道的：The patient is （fully） conscious now， doctor.医生，病人现在（完全）清醒了.Is he con-scious enough to answer questions？他是否已清醒到能够回答问题了？She was very consciousof his interest in everything she did.她很清楚他对她所做的每件事都感兴趣.un-［neg］-ness［U］semi-conscious ［B］ only partly conscious 半清醒的

alert /ə'l3:t/ [B] fully alive or awake;very watchful 警惕的；机警的；警觉的：What an alertchild he is！他是个多么机警的孩子啊！Theguards were （fully） alert in case of danger.警卫人员十分警惕以防发生危险.-ness［U］

mindful /'maindfəl/ [F of] esp emot & fml aware，conscious 注意到···的；关心到···的；留心到···的：Please be mindful of what might happen.请留心可能发生的事.We are fullymindful of your difficulties and will try to help.我们充分注意到你们的困难，并会设法帮忙.un-[neg]-ness[U]

B81 adjectives 形容词：sleeping and wanting to sleep 睡着的与要睡的

sleeping／＇sli：pm／［Wa5；B］ not awake 睡着的： He was careful not to disturb the sleeping children.他很小心，不想惊醒睡着的孩子们.

asleep ／ə＇sli：p／ ［Wa5； F］ 1 sleeping 睡着的：He was（fast）asleep when I come home.我回到家时，他睡着了（睡得很熟）.Wake up！ You lookhalf asleep.醒醒吧！你看你的样子快要睡着似的.2（fig）not thinking 发呆的：Come on；are you asleep？ You must solve this problem！来呀！你发什么呆啊？你一定作好这道习题！3（of an armor leg that has been in one position too long) unable to feel；numb（指四肢）发麻的；麻木的：When he stood up he found that his right leg was asleep.他站起来时，发觉右腿发麻.

sleepy/'sli:pi/ [Wal;B] 1 ready or inclined to fall asleep 睏的；想睡的2（fig）not thinking 发呆的；思想不集中的：Come on；are you sleepy？You must solve this problem！来呀！你发什么愣呀？你一定得作好这道习题！3 giving the appear-ance of peaceful inactivity 寂静的；没有动静的； 不活跃的：What a sleepy little town this is！这座小镇多宁静呀！-iness［U］-ily［adv］

drowsy /'drauzi/ [Wal; B] 1 pleasantly ready to fall asleep 睏的；想睡的：I feel drowsy after taking that medicine.吃了那药，我觉得昏昏欲睡.2 making one pleasantly sleepy 催眠的；使人昏昏欲睡的：It was a pleasant warm drowsy summer afternoon.那是一个暖和、使人恹恹欲睡的夏日下午．3 giving the appearance of pleasantly peaceful inactivity 宁谧的；寂静的；平静的：She lives in a drowsy little village on the river.她住在河边一个宁静的小村子里.-iness[U]-ily [adv]

somnolent/'spmnələnt/ [B] fml sleepy; about to fall asleep 睏倦的；要睡的：He looks somno-lent half the time.有一半时间他看来就像快睡着了的样子.-nce［U］

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B82 BODILY STATES 身体状态

dozy／＇dəuzi／［Wal； B］ infml 1 sleepy 睏的；想睡的2 a little slow in thinking 有点发呆的：Healways looks dozy, but he's more alert than you think.他老是有点迷糊的样子，可是他比你想象的要机警得多：-iness［U］-ily［adv］

B82 verbs 动词：sleeping and waking 睡与醒

sleep /sli:p/[IØ] (of humans and animals) to enter or be in a state of natural unconscious-ness ［B80］（指人与动物）睡；睡觉：Henormally sleeps for 7 or 8 hours every night. 他通常每夜睡七、八个小时.She was really tired，and slept soundly till he woke her.她真是疲乏极了，睡得很熟，一直睡到他把她唤醒.

go／get to sleep to enter the state of sleep 入睡： I went to sleep about 11 last night．我昨晚大约是在十一点睡着的.He got to sleep at midnight.他在午夜睡着了.

fall asleep [Iø] to go or pass into the sleeping state 睡着：The child fell asleep in her mother＇s arms.孩子在母亲的怀抱里睡着了.

doze／dəuz／［IØ］ to sleep lightly 打瞌睡；打盹： The old man sat dozing by the fire.老人坐在火炉边打瞌睡.

doze off ［v adv IØ］ to fall into a light sleep 打瞌睡：He was tired and dozed off by the fire.他很疲倦，便在火炉边打瞌睡.

drowse /drauz/ [IØ] to doze or be only half-awake 打瞌睡；假寐：He drowsed through the warm afternoon.整个暖洋洋的下午他都在打瞌睡.

nod/npd/[IØ] (to start) to fall asleep, esp when sitting, when the head drops down towards the chest 打瞌睡；打盹（尤指坐着、低着头）：Theold man sat nodding beside the fire.老人坐在火炉边耷拉着脑袋打瞌睡.

nod off ［v adv IØ］ to fall asleep in this way 打盹睡着了：Oh，what time is it？-I must have just nodded off.噢，现在几点了？-我刚才打盹准是睡着了.

drop off ［v adv IØ］ infml to fall asleep 睡着： Drink this and you'll soon drop off(to sleep). 把这个喝下去，你很快就会睡着的.He dropped offquite naturally； he was pretty tired.他很自然地睡着了；他累得很.

dream /dri:m/ [T1, 5a; IØ (of, about)] to imagine （events， pictures， etc） while asleep 做梦：Last night I dreamt （that） I was in China. 昨夜我梦见自己到了中国.Do you dream a lot？你常做梦吗？I dreamt about you last night.昨晚我梦见你了.

wake /werk/ [IØ, T1] to stop or make someone stop sleeping 醒来；唤醒；弄醒：He woke at 7 o＇clock. 他是七点钟醒的.She woke several times during the night.她夜间醒了几次.Please don＇t wake me till about 8．请在八点左右才叫醒我． The child woke about 3 a．m． and woke her parents too.那孩子大约半夜三点就醒了，把她的父母也弄醒了.

wake up [v adv IØ; T1] to stop or make some-one stop sleeping 醒来；唤醒；弄醒：Come on，

everybody-wake up！快！快！大家都醒醒！He woke up suddenly in the middle of the night. 他半夜里突然醒来.Please don＇t wake up thebaby.请不要把孩子弄醒.

waken/'weikən/[IØ; T1] fml to (cause to) wake 醒来；弄醒；唤醒：He wakened at 7 o＇clock．他是七点醒的．Waken me about 7，please．请在七点左右把我叫醒.That noise is enough to waken the dead！那闹声把死人都能吵醒！Somethingwakened me， but I don＇t know what.有些东西把我弄醒了，可我不知道是什么.

waken up [v adv IØ; T1] fml to become awake or cause to wake 醒来；唤醒；弄醒：He wakened everyone up at 6 a．m．他在清晨六点把大家都叫醒了.

awake／ə＇weik／［IØ；T1］ fml to wake 醒；唤醒： Awake the men！把人们都叫醒！He awoke at 6a.m.，wondering what was happening.他早晨六点醒来，不知道发生了什么事.

awaken /ə'weikən/[T1;IØ] fml & old use to wake 醒；唤醒：Please don＇t awaken the chil-dren yet.请先别把孩子们唤醒.

yawn /jo:n/[IØ] to open the mouth wide,esp when tired or not very interested 打哈欠；打呵欠：She yawned widely.她打了个大哈欠.Stop yawning and go to bed if you＇re tired.别打哈欠了，你要是累了，就去睡吧.（fig）The hole yawnedopen in front of them.洞口在他们面前裂开了.

retire/rr'tarə/[IØ] fml, esp formerly to go to bed 就寝：Mr and Mrs Browne have retired for the night，＇said the servant.仆人说：“布朗先生和太太都已就寝.”

B83 nouns 名词：the state of sleep 睡眠状态

sleep／sli：p／1［U］ the state of being asleep 睡眠： Sleep is a necessity for all animals.睡眠对所有的动物都是必不可少的.People can＇t go on forlong without sleep.人要是不睡觉，就难以持久生活下去．2［S］the time when sleeping 睡眠时间： Did you have a good sleep？ 你睡得好吗？A good night's sleep makes you feel great in the morning.睡一夜好觉会使你明天早晨感到心情愉快.

doze／dəuz／［S］ a light sleep 打盹；瞌睡：He fell into a doze by the fire.他在火炉旁边打瞌睡.

stupor /'stju:pə/ [S; U/ a state of being nearly unconscious because of illness, tiredness, drugs，or shock［■F127］昏迷；不省人事：He lay on the ground in a stupor.他躺在地上，不省人事.

nap /næp/[C] a short, usu light sleep during the daytime 午睡；（白天的）小睡；稍睡：I＇ll justhave a nap， then I＇ll get the work done.我要小睡一会，然后再把那件工作做完.She enjoys anafternoon nap.她喜欢在午后小睡一会.

catnap /'kæt,næp/ [C] a very short light sleep 小睡：He managed to have some catnaps although he was kept busy for most of the night.虽然工作多得使他忙了大半夜，可他还有法子打几次盹.

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forty winks /,forti 'wujks/ [P] infml a short sleep in the daytime（在白天）小睡：He said he wanted to have forty winks before going back to work.他说他要小睡片刻再工作.

yawn／jo：n／［C］an act of yawning 打哈欠；打呵欠： His yawns suggested he was either tired or bored.他连连的打哈欠，表明他要么是睏了，要么是感到厌烦.

B84 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：relaxing 休息

[→B89 ADJECTIVES]

relax/rI'læks/ [IØ] to become less anxious and tense［→B88］休息；放松；松弛：Relax；have a drink and enjoy yourself.歇一会儿，来一杯，好舒服、舒服.He＇s very tense；I wish he would relax.他很紧张，我希望他能放松一下.I want tosit back， relax， and do nothing.我要舒舒服服地坐一会，完全放松，什么也不干.relaxation［U］the process of relaxing; an activity which helps people relax 休息；松弛；娱乐；消遣

rest/rest/1 [IØ] to be still and/or quiet; not to be active 休息：Let＇s rest； I＇m a bit tired after all that work.我们休息一下吧；干完那些活我有点累了.They rested under a tree before continu-ing the journey.他们在树下休息之后又继续赶路.2 ［U］ the condition of resting 休息：Rest is good for you.休息对你有好处.The doctor said that the patient needed rest.医生说病人需要休息．3［C］ an occasion of resting 休息时间：I need a short rest；I＇m tired.我需要休息一会；我累了．They took rests from work every 3 hours． 他们每隔三小时就停下工作休息一会.

unwind /An'waind/ [IØ] infml to stop being tense；relax 放松；松口气；轻松一下：It＇s nice tounwind at the end of a busy day.忙碌了一天之后，去轻松一下，真是舒服.A glass of sherrybefore dinner helps him （to） unwind.晚饭前喝一杯雪利酒使他感到轻松愉快.

let oneself go infml to relax completely 完全放松；尽情地欢乐：At the party she just let（herself）go and had a great time.晚会上，她尽情欢乐，玩得很痛快.

B85 nouns，etc 名词等：dreaming and hallucinating 梦与幻觉

dream/dri:m/ [C] 1 something seen or experi-enced while sleeping 梦： Dreams often seem very real.梦往往就像真的一样.I can neverremember my dreams.我从来记不住所做的梦.He says he can see the future in his dreams. 他说他在梦中可以看到未来.She seems to live ina dream world．她看来好像生活在梦幻世界里．2(fig) a hope or ambition which is like a dream 梦想；空想；幻想：He had dreams of building a house here.他曾梦想在这里盖一所房子.[■B82as verb]

nightmare /'nait,meə/ [C] 1 a frightening

B86 BODILY STATES 身体状态

dream 噩梦：The child often has nightmares. 这孩子常做噩梦．2（fig）a terrible experience， like a nightmare 噩梦般的可怕经历：That timewas a nightmare and I hope never to live through such an experience again.那个时期就像一场噩梦，我希望再也不要有那样可怕的经历了.They live in nightmare conditions.他们生活在极可怕的环境中.

daydream /'dei,dri:m/1 [C] a dreamlike state while awake 白日梦；幻想：She is an imagina-tive child and gets lost in daydreams some-times.她是个富有想象力的孩子，有时会沉醉在白日梦里．2［IØ］to have daydreams 做白日梦：Oh， stop daydreaming, and concentrate on your work！嘿，不要白日做梦了，把精力集中在工作上！

reverie/'revəri/[U; C] thoughts and daydreams 幻梦；白日梦：She seemed to be in a state of reverie.她似乎是沉醉于梦幻之中.I interruptedhis reverie by asking for his help.我请求他帮助， 从而打断了他的遐想.

trance/tra:ns/ [C] (esp in the phr in a trance 精神恍惚）a state of mind like a dream， when a person does not notice things around him 昏迷；恍惚：He stepped off the pavement in front of a bus as ifhe was in a trance.他似乎精神恍惚，竟在一辆公共汽车迎面开来时，走下了人行道.The medical hypnotist put his patient in a trance.医生给病人施行催眠术，使他进入昏睡状态.

daze／deiz／ ［C］ （esp in the phr in a daze 恍惚； 眼花缭乱）a confused state of mind 茫然；晕眩：He was in a daze after hitting his head against the low ceiling.他的头撞上了低低的天花板，使他感到一阵晕眩.Her mind was in a dazebecause of her excitement.兴奋使她头脑昏昏然的.dazed ［B］ mentally confused 头昏眼花的；迷乱的：He felt dazed after the bad news.听到那不幸的消息，他感到一阵晕眩.

hallucination /hə,lu:sı'neıfən/ [C] an occasion of seeing something which is not there 幻觉： He says he saw a ghost.-Well, people do have hallucinations sometimes. 他说他看见鬼了.-咳，人们有时是会产生幻觉的.hallucinate［IØ］tech to have hallucinations 有幻觉

mirage /mr'ra:g/ [C] something which looks real but is not, esp trees in a desert or “water”on a hot dry road 海市蜃楼；幻景：The deserttravellers thought they saw a pool of water, but it was only a mirage.那些在沙漠中旅行的人以为他们看到了一个水潭，其实那只是个幻景.（fig）That political party's hopes of gaining power are just a mirage.那政党想获取政权的希望只不过是想入非非罢了.

B86 verbs 动词：hypnotizing people 给人施行催眠

hypnotize,-ise/'hipnə,taiz/ [T1] to produce (in someone) a state like sleep in which they may be persuaded to do or think as the person in control suggests 对···施催眠术：The doctor hypnotized his patient in an attempt to find out his deeper problems.医生给病人施行催眠术，

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B87 BODILY STATES 身体状态

以便进一步查明病情.hypnotist ［C］ a personwho can hypnotize others 施催眠术的人hypnotism [U] the technique(s) of hyp-notizing 催眠术 hypnosis ［U］ the state of a hypnotized person 催眠状态 hypnotic ［B］ 1 ［Wa5］ relating to hypnosis and hypnotism 催眠的；催眠术的2（fig）very compelling 引人注目的；迷人的：That man has a hypnotic manner. 那个男子有迷人的风度．-ally［adv Wa4］

mesmerize /'mezmə,raız/ [T1] 1 esp old use to hypnotize 对···施催眠术 2 to influence or surprise (someone) very much, esp to make speechless and unable to move 使目瞪口呆；迷住：The country girl stood by the roadside， mesmerized by the cars racing past.那个农村姑娘站在路旁，对那些疾驰而过的小汽车目瞪口呆.mesmerisin ［U］ the ability to mesmerize 催眠的能力；迷人的魅力

B87 nouns 名词：tension and suspense 紧张与悬念

[→F90 WORRY AND ANXIETY]

tension/'tenfən/[U;C] (a feeling of) nervous anxiety 紧张：There was a terrible tension as they waited to hear who had been killed in the plane crash.当他们等着听这次飞机失事的遇难者名单时，气氛非常紧张.She suffers a lot fromphysical tension.她浑身肌肉由于过度劳累而绷紧，这使她感到十分痛苦.The tensions in the city arevery noticeable and could lead to violence.城里的紧张局势已很明显，有可能导致暴力行动.

strain／strein／1 ［U］ a state of tension 紧张状态： The doctor said that the woman was suffering from great mental and physical strain.医生说那妇人患的是一种身心都极度紧张的病．2［C；U］afact or state which tests the power, esp of mind and body 劳累；负担；压力：The additional work put a great strain on him.额外的工作使他感到很大的压力.He has been working under alot of strain for some months.他几个月来一直在极其紧张地工作着.These strains can causetension.这种过度劳累会造成紧张.

overwork /,əuvə'w3:k/ [U] the result or effects of working too hard for too long工作过度；过度辛劳：He collapsed due to overwork.由于过度辛劳，他病倒了.

suspense /sə'spens/ [(in) U] uncertainty and anxiety which cause tension 焦虑；忧虑：They waited in (great) suspense for the results of the election／test.他们以（极其）焦虑的心情等待着选举／实验的结果.Please don＇t keep us insuspense-tell us what happened！请别让我们老是干焦急-告诉我们发生了什么事吧！

B88 adjectives 形容词：tense 紧张的

[→F92 ANXIOUS]

tense /tens/ [Wa2; B] having or showing nervous anxiety 紧张的：I was so tense the night before the examination that I couldn't

understand what I was reading.考试前的那个夜晚，我紧张得简直不知道自己正在读的是什么.She had a tense expression on her face,as though she was expecting trouble. 她脸上表情紧张，好像她知道有什么事情要发生.

tensed-up／，tenst＇Ap／［B］ infml very tense 紧张的：He＇s all tensed-up； he badly needs to relax. 他过于紧张了，很需要松弛一下.

uneasy /An'i:zi/ [Wal; B] unpleasantly tense and uncertain 不安的；忧虑的：I feel uneasy；I think something is going to happen soon.我感到心神不定，总觉得不久就会出点什么事.Thepeople in the city were anxious and uneasy, expecting trouble.城里的人们焦虑不安，他们预料会发生骚乱.-iness ［U］-ily ［adv］ unease ［U］ fml uneasiness 不安；忧虑

strained／streind／［B］ very tense and uneasy 紧张的：The soldiers had strained looks on their faces.这些士兵脸上神色紧张.Relations between the two families are now rather strained.这两家之间的关系现在相当紧张.

ill at ease [F] not comfortable or able to relax 拘束的；不自在的：The poor boy looked very ill at ease among all those strange adults.和那些陌生的成年人在一起，那个可怜的男孩显得非常不自在.

nervous /'n3:vəs/ [B] uncomfortably tense and uneasy 紧张不安的；神经质的；易激动的：Don＇t benervous； nothing is going to go wrong.别紧张， 不会出毛病的.He was nervous before the concert，but he sang very well indeed.音乐会开始前他很紧张，但他确实唱得很好.She was sonervous when the doorbell rang that she nearly jumped right out of her skin.门铃响的时候她紧张得几乎难以自制.-ness［U］-ly［adv］

nervy /'n3:vi/ [Wal; B] infml suffering from nervous strain 紧张不安的：Don＇t be so nervy； I won＇t hurt you.不要这么紧张，我不会伤害你的.

jumpy/'d3Ampi/[Wal;B] infml nervous and tense 神经质的；心惊肉跳的：Don＇t be so jumpy！-Nothing is going to happen to you.不要这样神经过敏！你不会出什么事的.

restless /'restləs/ [B] never still;uneasy and tense 坐立不安的；焦虑不安的：He has been rest-less and unhappy ever since he lost his job. 自从失业以来，他一直焦躁不安，闷闷不乐.What arestless fellow he is-always travelling,never settling down.他总是四处奔波，从未安顿下来过，真是个好动的家伙！-ness ［U］-ly ［adv］

unsettled /,an'setld/[B] (fig) generally restless and uncertain 不安定的；不确定的：He＇s beenvery unsettled since he came back from his Army service.他退伍回来以后，生活一直很不安定.The future looks a bit unsettled but we can hope for the best.看来前途未卜，但我们仍可抱乐观的态度.

highly-strung /,haili 'stran/[B] very nervous by nature 神经紧张的；易激动的；十分敏感的：He＇s ahighly-strung child; don't shout at him or he'll start crying.他是个极其敏感的孩子，别骂他，不然他就会哭起来.

overwrought /,əuvə'ro:t/ [B] tired, nervous, and tense because of too much work or excitement 过度劳累的；过分紧张而劳累的：She＇s

54

overwrought because of all the work and diffi-culties since her mother died.自从她母亲去世后，所有的工作和困难使她劳累过度了.I＇m feelinga bit overwrought.我感到有点过度疲劳.

uptight／，Ap＇tait／［B］ sl very tense 紧张的；不安的： Oh，don＇t get so uptight about things！哦，不要对各种事情都那样紧张不安！

B89 adjectives 形容词：not tense［B］不紧张的

relaxed／rr＇lækst／not tense 不紧张的；轻松的；随便的：He has a friendly，relaxed manner.他的态度友好而随便.This club has a nice relaxedatmosphere.这个俱乐部洋溢着一片轻松的气氛.

restful／＇restfəl／causing rest 宁静的；悠闲的；予人平静感的：She thought that the place was very pleasant and restful.他认为这地方既舒服又宁静.Those delicate colours are. very restful to/on the eye.那些柔和的色彩很悦目.-ness ［U］ -ly[Ape]

easy /'i:zi/ [Wa1] pleasantly relaxed.and friendly大方的；自在的；从容的；安适的：He has anice easy manner at parties.他在聚会上的举止落落大方.take it easy infml to relax 别着急；别紧张：I told him to take it easy and not work so hard.我告诉他别着急，不要干得那么猛.takethings easy infml to relax generally 别着急；不要紧张：The doctor told him to take things easy for a while.医生要他暂时对事情看开一点.

calm／ka：m／［Wal］ not upset 平静的；心平气和的： She is calm now； she has stopped crying.她现在平静了下来，不再哭了.The older man wascalm，but the younger man was angry.那个年长的人心平气和，可那个年轻人却在发怒.-ly［adv］

peaceful /'pi:sfəl/ quiet; untroubled; not vio-lent; showing little or no (sudden or strong) movement 安宁的；安静的；平静的；和平的；太平的： This is a nice peaceful place， full of peace-ful people.这真是个安定宁静的好地方，人们都很和睦.-ly［adv］

pacific /pə'sıfik/ fml peaceful; very calm and still.平静的；和平的；太平的：The Pacific Ocean is so called because it was so calm and pacific when it was first seen by Europeans. 欧洲人第一次见到太平洋时，它是如此风平浪静，因而称之为太平洋.

soothing/'su:ðin/ causing a person to be calm or to feel less pain or less tension 令人平静的； 使人安慰的：This music is very soothing after a busy. day.忙了一天以后，听听这种音乐倒能使人感到心情舒畅.-ly［adv］

B90 verbs 动词：relating to tension and doing too much 紧张与过劳

tense /tens/ [IØ; T1] to become or make （oneself）tense（使）变紧张：His muscles tensed as he tried to turn the wheel.他试图去转动轮子时，肌肉都绷紧了.He tensed（himself）to jump

B91 BODILY STATES 身体状态

across the water.他使了大劲要跳过水洼去.

strain/strein/1 [IØ, 3] to try too hard (to do something）使劲：He strained to turn the wheel，but he couldn＇t.他使劲转动那个轮子，但转不动.Don＇t strain so hard； you＇ll hurt your-self．别使这么大劲儿，你会弄伤你自己的．2［T1］ todamage by straining or over-using 因过劳而受损伤：He strained his heart lifting heavy weights.他因举重物而伤了心脏.You＇ll strainyour eyes working in that poor light.在那样微弱的灯光下工作会伤害你的眼睛.

overdo /,əuvə'du:/ [T1] to do too much, and harm oneself 把···做得过度：He overdid it at work and damaged his heart.他工作时劳累过度，使心脏受了损伤.The doctor told him not tooverdo things.医生告诉他不要过于劳累.

B91 adjectives 形容词：strong［B］强壮的

[ALSO→N233-8]

strong/strpg/\_[Wal] 1 having great power of body or mind 强壮有力的；（思想）坚强的：He＇s avery strong man; he can tear a telephone book in two.他力气很大，能把一本电话簿撕成两半.I＇mnot strong enough to lift that weight.我的力气不够大，举不起那样重的东西．2 powerful；effec-tive 坚强的；坚定的：She has a very strong character/mind; she does what she wants to do， not what people tell her to do.她性格很坚强／很有主见；只做自己愿意做的事，不受别人摆布.-ly [adv]

powerful /'pavəfəl/ full of physical (or mental or social） power；strong 强健的；强而有力的；有影响力的：He has a powerful physique ［→B1］． 他有强健的体格.She has a powerful position in local politics.她在当地政界中具有举足轻重的地位.-ly［adv］

tough/tf/[Wal] strong; not easily weakened 坚韧的；健壮的：He＇s a very tough man and hehas survived two similar accidents.他是条硬汉子，虽然遇到两次类似的意外，都能幸免于难.-ness[U]

stalwart /'sto:lwət/ apprec (esp of a fighter) large and strong in body（尤指战士）高大健壮的；魁梧的：These soldiers are stalwart men.这些士兵都是彪形大汉.

sturdy /'st3:di/ [Wa1] strong and firm in body 强健的；结实的：He＇s a sturdy child and very healthy.这男孩长得很结实，非常健康.-iness[U]-ily [adv]

robust /rəu'bast/ having or showing good health 强壮的；健康的：The whole family are pretty robust; they have very few colds and ailments.这一家人都很健壮，很少有人患感冒或生病的.-ness［U］-ly［adv］

resilient/rI'ziliənt/(of people and living things) strong enough to recover from difficulty, disease，etc（指人和生物）能恢复活力的；能恢复精力的：She＇s a resilient kind of person and will soon get over the shock／illness.她是个能迅速复原的人，会很快从休克／疾病中恢复过来.-nce［U］-ly [adv]

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B92 BODILY STATES 身体状态

B92 nouns 名词：strength［U］力量；力气

strength／strenθ／the quality of being strong 力量；力气：He can lift heavy weights；this shows his great strength.他能举起重物，这表明他力气很大.She has the strength to survive the illness. 她体质很好，能战胜疾病，死不了.

stamina /'stæmənə/ the quality of having strength which lasts; power to do tiring things and to keep on doing them 体力；耐力；精力；持久力：He won＇t be able to swim so far； he hasn＇t the stamina.他不能游这么远，他没有那种耐力.His stamina is remarkable；the work he has done would kill a lesser man.他的精力是惊人的，他所做的工作会把一个精力较差的人累死.

staying power infml stamina 耐力；精力；持久力： He doesn't have the staying power to finish the work. 他没有这样的耐力做完这项工作.Hefailed-the trouble with him is, he has no staying power.他失败了-毛病就在于他缺乏耐力.

endurance /m'djuərəns/ the state or power of enduring ［→F9］；continuing strength 耐力；持久力；容忍力；忍耐力：The endurance of thesoldiers was remarkable;they kept fighting for three weeks.士兵们的持久力十分惊人，他们连续战斗了三个星期之久.

B93 adjectives 形容词：not strong［B］弱的

[ALSO→B134 OLD AGE]

weak /wi:k/ [Wal] not strong;having little power 虚弱的；薄弱的；脆弱的；软弱的：He is stillweak after his illness.他病后身体仍很虚弱.Children are much weaker than adults.儿童比成年人体力弱多了.

feeble／＇fi：bəl／very weak 衰弱的；无力的；微弱的： He was strong once, but now he is old and feeble.他当年身壮体健，但是现在衰老了.

frail／freil／weak and easily harmed 脆弱的；虚弱的；易损坏的：She＇s such a frail old lady； she can hardly walk.她是个身体虚弱的老太太，颤颤巍巍的几乎连路都走不动了.

B94 nouns 名词：relating to strength and life［U］力气与生命

energy /'enəd3i/ the power to do things or to be active 精力；活力：He＇s full of energy and works very hard.他精力充沛，非常努力工作.Ijust don't seem to have the energy to keep going，Doctor.医生，我似乎没有精力再坚持下去了. This food will give you plenty of fresh energy.这种食物将使你获得充沛的精力.

life／laif／ infml the energy needed for life 生命力；活力：That child is full of life-always running about.那孩子充满了活力-总是到处跑.She hasn＇t got much life in her， has she？

她这个人没有多大活力，是吧？Put some life intoyour work，please！请把你的工作做得有生气些！

vitality/var'tæləti/1 the ability to stay alive or working in an effective way 生命力；活力；生气： The fever has reduced her vitality.那次发烧减弱了她的体力.（fig） Some people doubt the vitality of the Ünited Nations Organization.有些人对联合国的实际能力表示怀疑．2 apprec gayforcefulness of character or manner 朝气： What vitality those children have！那些孩子们多么有朝气呀！

B95 adjectives 形容词：showing energy and life［B］有精力与活力的

energetic /,enə'd3etik/ full of energy;done with or needing plenty of energy 精力旺盛的； 精力饱满的：He is a very energetic boy，always playing active games.他是个精力非常旺盛的孩子，总是参加激烈的运动.This is energetic work-I＇m sweating already！这是很费劲的工作-我已经满头大汗了！-ally［adv Wa4］

active /'æktiv/ energetic and always doing things or prepared to do them 活跃的；精力充沛的：He is 70 years old and still very active （for his age）.他已经七十岁了，但（在这个年纪）精力还是很充沛.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

lively /'laivli/ [Wal] full of life, in a gay and cheerful way 充满生气的；活泼的；轻快的：Shehas a very pleasant lively manner.她举止活泼， 非常讨人喜欢.He was listening to some very lively dance music.他正在听非常轻快的舞曲.-liness [U]

B96 adjectives 形容词：not showing energy缺乏精力的

lazy/'leizi/ [Wal; B] unwilling to be active or to work 懒惰的；懒散的：He＇s a lazy fellow；he doesn＇t like games or hard work. 他是个懒鬼， 不喜欢运动或费力气的工作.I feel lazy today；I＇mjust going to take things easy.我今天有点懒洋洋的，我打算少操一点心.-iness［U］-ily［adv］

tired out ［B］ very tired 累极的；非常疲倦的：I＇mtired out；I should sleep well tonight.我累极了， 今天晚上准能睡个好觉.

exhausted /ig'zo:stid/ [B] completely tired; having no strength left 筋疲力尽的；疲劳不堪的：The exhausted men fell in the road and slept where they lay.那些筋疲力尽的人躺倒在路上，就地睡着了.Ífeel really exhausted；I must rest.我真感到疲惫不堪，必须休息一下.-ly［adv］

weary/'wəri/ [Wal; B] emot tired, usu from something lasting a period of time 疲倦的，困乏的：He was weary after his long journey.在长途旅行之后，他疲惫不堪.Come on，sit down andrest your weary legs.来吧，坐下来让你疲乏的双腿歇一歇吧.-iness［U］-ily［adv］

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B97 adjectives 形容词：not showing energy infml缺乏精力的

done in ［F］ infml exhausted 精疲力竭的：What a hard day it＇s been；I feel quite done in.这一天可真辛苦，我感到筋疲力尽了.

worn out ［F］ infml ＆ emot exhausted 疲惫不堪的；筋疲力尽的：She＇s quite worn out from years of working too hard.由于多年艰苦地工作，她已筋疲力尽了.I feel really worn out and yet I haven't been doing much; I think I'll go and see my doctor.我感到身子真的很疲乏，可是我并没有做很多事；我想我得去看看医生了.

played out ［F］ sl exhausted 筋疲力尽的：After the game I was really played out.比赛完了以后我真是筋疲力尽了.

shattered/'fætəd/[F] esp BrE infml exhausted 筋疲力尽的；疲劳不堪的：I always feel shatteredafter children＇s birthday parties.孩子们的生日庆祝会过完以后，我总是感到疲惫不堪.Let me sitdown；I＇m shattered.让我坐下歇歇吧，我的骨架子简直散了.

B98 verbs 动词：losing energy 丧失精力

tire／tarə／1［IØ］to become tired 感到疲劳：She tires easily nowadays; she isn't as strong as she was.她近来很容易感到疲劳，不像以前身体那么好了．2［Wv4；T1（out）］to make tired 使感到疲劳；使累：This work is pretty tiring； it tires me ·out.这工作相当累，它把我累坏了.Don＇t tire thehorses； we＇ll need them later.别把这些马累坏了，我们一会儿还需要它们呢.

exhaust/ig'zo:st/ [T1] to tire completely; take all the energy from 使筋疲力尽；使体力耗尽：That game has exhausted me-I must have a rest now！那场比赛可把我累坏了-我现在一定要休息一下.She is physically exhausted from having too many children.由于生孩子太多，她的体力都耗尽了.

weary/'wiəri/[T1] emot to tire very much, usu over a period of time 使厌倦；使感到疲倦；使累：This work wearies me; I sometimes think I'll never finish it.这项工作使我厌烦，有时我想，我也许永远也不会把它做完.His long speech weariedhis audience.他那长篇大论的演说使听众感到厌倦.

fatigue/fə'ti:g/ [T1] emph to tire very much; take the strength from 使疲劳；使劳累：What fatiguing work this is！ 这工作真累人！The exercises fatigued her.运动使她很疲乏.

B99 nouns 名词：states of being tired ［U］ 疲劳的状态

tiredness／＇tarədnəs／ the state of being tired 疲劳；劳累：Tiredness after work is perfectly normal.工作之后感到疲劳是很正常的现象.

exhaustion /rg'zo:stfən/ the state of being exhausted；great tiredness 筋疲力尽；疲劳不堪：

B100 BODILY STATES 身体状态

He was in a state of exhaustion after his long climb.在长时间爬山之后他已筋疲力尽了.

weariness／＇wiərinis／emot tiredness 厌倦；疲劳： A great weariness settled over him when he considered what must be done.当他想到必须要做的那些事时，他心里感到极为厌倦.

fatigue/fə'ti:g/ emph great tiredness,esp over a long period （尤指长时间）过度疲劳：She issuffering from fatigue; she has been working too hard for too long.她拚命地工作得太久；现在因过度劳累而病了.

B100 adjectives 形容词：having much fat ［B］脂肪多的

fat /fæt/[Wal] (of people and their bodies) having too much fat；not thin（指人体）肥胖的： There were two men there, one fat and the other thin.那儿有两个人，一个胖，一个瘦.She＇stoo fat； she should start slimming ［→＞B103］．她太胖了，应该开始减肥.-ness［U］

stout／staut／［Wal］ rather fat and heavy 胖大的： The stout man had difficulty climbing the steep street; he stopped regularly to get his breath back.那条街很陡；大胖子往上爬时步履维艰，不时停下来喘口气.-ness［U］

plump ／plAmp／［Wal］ 1 pleasantly fat 丰满的；胖得好看的：She isn＇t fat； she is just plump and I find her very attractive.她并不胖；她只是很丰满，我觉得她很有魅力.The baby has nice plumpcheeks．这婴儿的脸蛋胖乎乎的．2 euph fat 肥胖的：Well，he is rather plump，isn＇t he？啊，他相当丰满，不是吗？-ness［U］

tubby /'tabi/ [Wal] rather fat, esp in the stomach 胖的；胖圆的（尤指腹部）：Do you knowthe man I mean?-He's the tubby chap who drinks a lot of beer.你认识我指的那个人吗？-他就是那个大喝啤酒，肚子鼓得圆圆的胖家伙.-iness [U]

chubby/'tfabi/ [Wal] (of people or animals) having a full round, usu pleasing form; slightly fat（指人或动物）浑圆而丰满的：He＇s a finechubby healthy baby.他是个很好玩的婴孩，圆圆的脸蛋儿，很健康.She has lovely round chubby cheeks.她脸蛋圆圆胖胖的，很可爱.-iness［U］

flabby /'flæbi/ [Wal] having flesh that is too soft（肌肉）松软的；松弛的：He isn＇t just fat，he＇s flabby! Maybe he should take more exercise. 他不光是胖，肌肉也不结实了！也许他应该多做一些运动.-iness［U］

corpulent／＇ko：pjulənt／ derog fat 肥胖的：What a great corpulent fellow he is; he needs to slim down.他可真是胖得利害，很需要减肥.-nce［U］

obese ／əu＇bi：s／ very fat 过度肥胖的：That old man is really obese；it can＇t be healthy.那位老人确实过于肥胖了，那是不健康的.-sity［U］medbeing very fat 肥胖症；脂肪过多

overweight /,əuvə'weit/ too heavy physically; too fat 身体过重的；超重的：He was overweightso he went on a diet, and got his weight down quite a bit.他超重了，因此就节食，结果体重减轻了不少.

57

B101 BODILY STATES 身体状态

rotund /rəu'tand/ often euph round (because fat）圆胖的：He＇s a pleasant， rotund little man； he always looks very well-fed.他是个讨人喜欢的矮胖子；看起来总是营养很好的样子.-ity［U］

B101 adjectives 形容词：having little fat

［B］脂肪少的

thin／θmn／［Wal］ having little fat on the body 瘦的：There were two girls there， a thin one and a fat one.那边有两个女孩，一个瘦，一个胖.He＇smuch thinner nowadays than he used to be;I think he＇s been ill.如今他比以往瘦多了，我想他是得了病.-ness［U］

lean /li:n/ [Wal] 1 usu apprec (of people, usu men, and of animals) thin, usu in a healthy way（常指健康男人和动物）瘦的：He has a leanhandsome face.他的脸庞瘦削而英俊.His bodywas lean and hard，like a leopard＇s.他的身子瘦而结实，像只豹似的．2（fig）producing little or having little value 贫瘠的；收益差的：1975 was alean year for profits．1975年是收益不多的一年．-ness[U]

slim /slim/ [Wal] 1 (of people) pleasantly thin; not fat（指人）细长的；苗条的：She won＇t eatbecause she wants to be／stay slim.她因要保持苗条的身材而不愿吃东西.He has a fine slimmuscular build．他身材修长，肌肉健美．2（fig） infml small 微小的；少量的：He hopes to win the race but his chances are slim.他期望能在这次赛跑中取胜，但他的机会不大.-ness ［U］

slender /'slendə/ [Wa2] 1 (esp of women and children） very thin in a pleasant way（尤指女人与儿童的身材）细长的；苗条的：She has a beauti-ful slender body.她的身材苗条秀美.What lovely long slender fingers you have.你的手指纤细修长，真好看．2（fig）infml small 微薄的；微少的：He hopes to win the race but his chances are slender.他期望能在这次赛跑中取胜，但他的机会不大.-ness ［U］

slight /slait/ [Wa1] 1 (of people) thin in build and also usu small（指人）瘦小的；苗条的：Thewind nearly lifted her slight body off the ground.大风几乎把她那纤小的身体从地面上吹起来了．2（fig）small 微小的；少量的：His chances of winning the race are slight.他在这次赛跑中取胜的机会是微乎其微的.-ness ［U］

underweight /Andə'weit/ not heavy enough physically（指人）体重不足的；标准体重以下的：She's underweight; I don't think she has been eating properly for some months.她体重不足， 我看她有几个月没有好好吃饭了.

skinny ／＇skıni／［Wa1］ usu derog very thin 皮包骨的；极瘦的：Who is that tall skinny fellow？那个瘦高个儿是谁？He has a good build except for rather skinny arms.他的体格很不错，只是双臂骨瘦如柴.-iness［U］

skin and bone [F] infml very thin, so that the shape of the bones shows under the skin 瘦得皮包骨的：The prisoners were just skin and bone， no more than walking skeletons.囚犯们瘦得皮包骨头，就像是一具具活骷髅.

emaciated /I'meifi,eitid/ fml so thin that the shape of the bones shows under the skin 憔悴的；瘦得皮包骨的：His long period in prison left him emaciated.长期的监狱生活使他瘦得皮包骨似的.During the worst of the famine we saw many emaciated people.在饥馑最严重的时期我们看到许多骨瘦如柴的人.emaciation［U］

B102 verbs 动词：becoming fatter 发胖； 长肥

put on weight to become physically heavier; to put on more flesh and fat 体重增加；发胖：She has put on (a lot of) weight since I last saw her，I think she likes her food.自从我上次见到她以来，她已发胖（已胖了不少），我想她胃口不错.He＇s trying to avoid putting on weight.他在想方设法避免增加体重.

fatten／＇fætən／1［IØ］ to become fat 发胖；长肥： He has fattened a lot, especially in the face, since I saw him last.我上次见到他以来，他已经胖多了，尤其是脸上．2［T1］to make fat 使肥；养肥：The farmer has fattened the cattle for market.农民把牛养肥，供应市场.

fatten up ［v adv T1］ to make much fatter 饲养使肥：His wife has really fattened him up； he was quite skinny before he got married.她妻子果真把他养胖了；他结婚前骨瘦如柴.

fill out ［v adv IØ］ infml to become fatter 发胖；长胖，He has filled out a lot since he got married；it must be his wife＇s cooking.他婚后胖了许多，一定是他的妻子很会烹调.

B103 verbs 动词：becoming thinner 变瘦

lose weight to become physically lighter;lose flesh and fat 减轻体重；变瘦：He has lost （a lot of）weight since his illness.他得病以来消瘦（瘦得多）了.She wishes she could lose weight as easily as her sister.她希望像她姐姐那样能很容易的把体重减轻.

diet /'darət/ [IØ] to limit oneself to certain foods in smaller than usual amounts, usu in order to slim（通常为减轻体重）节食；按限制饮食：She＇sdieting in order to get her weight down.她正为减轻体重而节食. You are overweight； you＇d better diet for a few weeks.你超重了，最好节食几周．［→E1 DIET AS A NOUN］

slim /slım/ [Wv4; IØ] to reduce one's weight, usu by taking exercise and/or eating less (of certain kinds）of food（通常指通过运动、节食等）减轻体重；减肥：I＇m slimming； I＇ve got to get my weight down.我正在减肥，我必须使我的体重降下来. You should slim； there are plenty of slimming exercises you could do.你应该减轻体重，有很多减肥运动你可以做.

slim down [v adv IØ; T1] to (cause to) slim a great deal；lose a lot of weight 使（身材）纤瘦； 减少（体重）：She has slimmed down a lot；she used to be very fat.她苗条多了，她本来是很胖的.Working here will soon slim you down; it's

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hard work.在这里干活很快就能使你消瘦下来，因为这工作很艰苦.

waste away [v adv Iø] to become slowly thin-ner and thinner 渐渐消瘦：She has just wasted away （to nothing） since her husband died. 她丈夫去世以后她就渐渐地消瘦（得不像样子）了.

B104 adjectives 形容词：having a lot of flesh［B］肥胖的

full-bodied /'ful'bodid/ (esp of women) having plenty of flesh on the breasts, hips, and thighs （尤指女人）胸部、臀部、腿部丰满的：She＇scertainly a full-bodied young woman.她确实是位体态丰满的年轻女郎.

buxom /'baksəm/ (of women) healthy-looking, attractive，and full-bodied（指女人）丰满的；有健康美的：She＇s a fine buxom girl！她是个身材健美的女郎！

bosomy／＇buzəmi／also 又作busty／＇basti／［Wal］ infml (of women) having a large bosom[■B31］（指女人）胸部丰满的：He likes big bosomygirls.他喜欢胸部丰满的女孩子.She＇s a bit busty，isn＇t she？她的胸部很丰满，是不是？

fleshy /'flefi/ [Wal] deprec having too much flesh；fat 肥胖的；多肉的：He＇s rather a fleshy fellow，isn＇t he！他身上长满肥肉，对不对！-iness [U]

B105 adjectives 形容词：heavily built［B］ 身体壮实的

stocky /'stpki/ [Wal] (of people and animals) thick，short，and strong in body（指人和动物） 粗短而结实的；矮而壮的：He＇s a stocky fellow.他身形矮小粗壮.The cattle in these parts are stocky little animals.这一带的牛只都是矮小的牲口.-iness ［U］

hefty／＇hefti／［Wal］ infml big and strong 高大健壮的；魁梧有力的：He has several hefty fellows working for him.他有几个魁梧的大汉替他做事.-iness[U]

thickset／＇Oik＇set／short and broad in body 体形矮胖的；矮而壮的：The boxer was a thicksetstrong-looking man.这位拳击手是个体形又粗又壮的人.

dumpy/'dampi/ [Wa1] usu deprec short and fat 矮胖的；短而粗大的：Several of the girls were，in his opinion，rather plain and dumpy.依他看， 有几个女孩长得很一般而且又矮又胖.

squat /skwpt/ [Wal] often deprec short and thick in body 矮胖的：He is tall and he thinks that the local people are all squat and dumpy. 他是个高个子，所以他认为当地人都是又矮又胖.

B106 adjectives 形容词：lightly built ［Wa1； B］体格单薄的

lanky/'lænki/ (esp of a person) very thin and ungracefully tall or long（尤指人）过分瘦长的；

B110 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

瘦长得难看的：Who is that lanky youth with the untidy hair？那个头发凌乱、又高又瘦的年轻人是谁？

leggy/'legi/ infml having noticeably long thin legs 腿细长的；长腿的：He＇s interested in a leggy blonde at the moment.他此时正看上了一个长腿的金发女郎.Young horses always look very leggy.小马驹的腿看上去总是细而长.

bony /'bəuni/ having the shapes of bones show-ing under the skin 骨瘦如柴的：He had a thin bony face and long bony fingers.他有一张瘦得皮包骨似的脸和瘦长的手指.

Bodily conditions relating to health, sickness, and disability

身体状况：关于健康、生病和残废

B110 adjectives 形容词：showing good bodily condition 表示身体状况良好的

healthy/'hel0i/[Wal;B] 1 fit and well in body and mind（身心）健康的；健壮的：Their children are well-fed，active and healthy.他们的孩子吃得好，活泼而且健康.She＇s much healthier now that she is living in the country.自从她住在乡间后，她的身体健康多了．2 likely to give goodhealth 会使人健康的；卫生的：This place has afine dry healthy climate.这地方气候干爽，有益健康．3 good for the body or mind；natural 有益于身心健康的；正常的：That book is not healthyreading for a child.这本书的内容不健康，不宜给孩子阅读.He has a healthy interest in girls.他对女孩子感兴趣是正常的.-ily［adv］-iness［U］

fit／frt／ ［Wal； B］ 1 strong and healthy in body 强健的；健壮的：He runs three miles every morn-ing；that＇s why he＇s so fit.他每天早晨跑三英里，所以他这么健壮．2 in good health； free fromillness 健康的；无病的：He＇s a lot fitter now than he used to be.他现在比过去健康得多.Sheisn't a fit woman; she has some kind of stomach trouble.她不是一个健康的女人，她患有某种胃病.

well／wel／［F］ in good or returned health 健康的； 复原的：She was ill for a month but she＇s look-ing well again.她病了一个月，但是她看来快要恢复健康了.How well the children look after their holiday！假期过后孩子们看来多么健康！

better ／＇betə／ 1 ［Wa5； F］ no longer ill 痊愈的；健康恢复的：Now that he＇s better he can play football again．他已经康复，能再踢足球了．2［F9］less ill than before（指健康）有所好转的；情况较佳的：Are you feeling any better？你觉得好些了吗？

sound /saund/ [Wal; B] (esp of parts of the body） healthy and strong（指身体）健康的；强健的：Well，I＇ve checked him and he＇s perfectly

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B111 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

sound；he should live for years yet.好啦，我已检查过他的身体，他非常健康，应该还能活好多年.Your lungs are sound; they are in a very sound condition.你的肺部正常，情况十分良好.sound in wind and limb very fit, esp of horses（尤指马）非常强壮的：That horse issound in wind and limb; he will serve you well.那匹马体壮力健，你一定会对它很满意.

fine／fain／［Wal；F］infml very good or well 很好的；健康的：How are you feeling now？-Oh， I＇m feeling fine，just fine.现在你觉得怎样？-噢，我很好，非常好.

all right ［Wa5； F］ infml quite good or well（健康状况）不错的；良好的：How are you feelingnow？-All right，thank you.现在你（身体）觉得怎么样？-不错；谢谢你.His heart＇s all right；it＇s his lungs I＇m worried about. 他的心脏还好， 我担心的是他的肺.

okay,OK /'əu'ker/[Wa5;F] infml all right; satisfactory（健康情况）不错的；还好的；可接受的：How is she feeling after the accident?-Oh, she was a bit shocked， but she＇s okay now.意外发生以后她觉得怎样？-噢，她受了点惊，但现在她还不错.

bracing /'breisny/ [B] emot giving health and strength 令人精神爽快的；振奋精神的：This seaair is very bracing，isn＇t it？海上的空气是很令人精神爽快的，是吗？This is a fine bracing climate to live in.这气候很清爽宜人，正适合居住.

healthful /'helθfəl/ [B] fml likely to give good health 增进健康的；有益健康的：This is a health-ful place-fresh air and plenty of sunshine! 这是个有益健康的地方-空气清新，阳光充足！

salubrious /sə'lu:brıəs/ [B] fml & euph health-ful（气候、空气等）有益健康的：This climate isindeed salubrious， is it not？ 这气候确是有益健康的，不是吗？

B111 adjectives 形容词：showing poor bodily condition 表示身体状况不好的

ill／il／［F； （B）］ not in good health；not well 不健康的；有病的：She＇s ill，so she can＇t come.她病了，所以不能来.Oh，I＇m not ill enough to need a doctor.噢，我的病还没有严重到要请医生.Oh，God，I feel ill！哎老天，我觉得很不舒服！

unhealthy /An'hel0i/[Wal; B]1 not generally in good physical and mental condition; often ill; not strong 不健康的；病弱的；经常病的：They＇reunhealthy children, because they don't get good food and fresh air.这些孩子健康不好，因为他们吃不到好的食物，又缺乏新鲜空气．2 not likelyto give good health 对健康不好的：This place has a hot wet unhealthy climate.这地方的气候炎热潮湿，对健康不好．3 not good for the bodyor mind 对身心有害的：He has an unhealthy interest in murder and similar crimes. 他对谋杀或类似的犯罪行为有着不健康的兴趣．4 showingillness or poor health 呈现病态的；显示出不健康的：Her skin is an unhealthy greenish colour. 她的皮肤呈现出病态，略带绿色.

unwell／An＇wel／［F］ill，esp for a short time（尤指

短期）有病的；病的：He was unwell yesterday， but he＇s fine again today.昨天他病了，但是今天他又好了.

unfit／An＇fit／［Wa2；B］ in bad health 健康不佳的： He's pretty unfit; he needs'medical treatment and a lot more exercise.他身体不好，需要医药治疗和多做运动.

sick/sik/[Wal; B]1 esp AmE, ScotE not well; ill 不健康的；病的：She was sick for three months.她病了三个月.He was off sick for a week and missed a lot of work.他因病休息了一个星期，耽误了许多工作．2 about to vomit ［→B119］恶心的；作呕的：I feel sick， it must besomething I ate.我感到恶心，一定是我吃的东西有问题.

sickly／＇sıkli／ ［Wal； B］ always or often ill 多病的： What a sickly child she is;she's constantly catching colds.她真是一个多病的孩子，经常得感冒.

diseased /di'zi:zd/ [B] showing signs of, or damaged by，disease or infection 害了病的；（指植物）有病害的：The plant is diseased and will soon die.这棵植物得了病害，很快就会死掉.

upset ／Ap＇set／ ［Wa5； B］ slightly ill（身体）不舒服的：The child has an upset stomach.这孩子肚子不舒服.

bad／bæd／ infml 1［F］ unwell 生病的；不舒服的： Oh God， I feel bad！天啊，我很不舒服！He＇sbeen bad for a week; it's his back, you know. 他病了一星期，他背部有毛病呢！2［B］weak orunsound 虚弱的；不健康的：He＇s been ill with a bad back for months.他因背痛病了好几个月.She's got a bad heart and can't climb stairs. 她心脏衰弱，不能上楼梯.

poorly /'puəli/[F] esp BrE infml not (very)well 健康不太好的；身体不舒服的：Oh，I am feelingpoorly. 噢，我感到不大舒服.He＇s been verypoorly lately；he might die.近来他健康十分差， 也许命不久矣.

ailing/'eilm/ [Wa5; B] infml unwell, esp over a period of time and not seriously 不舒服的；害病的（指一段时间，但不厉害）：The doctor wascalled out to attend to an ailing child.医生被请去看一个生病的孩子.He＇s an old man nowand has been ailing for a long time.现在他已上了年纪，身体不舒服已有好长时间了.

run down [B] not fml not in good health; not well（健康）衰弱的；健康不佳的：She＇s pretty rundown；she needs a rest.她的身体相当衰弱，需要休息.

morbid/'mo:bid/[Wa5;B] med concerned with disease；showing disease 与病有关的；病态的；有病征的：The doctor detected a morbid lung condition.医生发现肺上有病症.

dizzy /'dızi/ [Wal; B] feeling as if everything is turning round 头晕目眩的；眩晕的：Gosh，I feel dizzy！天哪，我觉得头晕！She felt dizzy and fainted.她感到头晕，跟着就昏了过去.-iness[U]-ily [adv]

funny／＇fAni／［B］ infml 1 slightly unwell（身体）不舒服的；稍有不适的：She always feels a bit funnyif she looks down from a height.每当她从高处向下看，总觉得有点晕乎乎的．2 slightly mad 轻度精神不正常的：He went rather funny（in the

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head） after the death of his only son.他的独生子死了之后，他精神有点反常.

B112 nouns 名词： relating to good bodily condition［U］良好的身体状况

health/hel0/the condition of being healthy;a good natural condition of the body (and mind）健康；健康状况：His physical and mental health are excellent.他的身心都十分健康.She has been in poor health for some years.她几年来身体一直不好.His health is a matter ofimportance to me，Doctor.医生，他的健康对我来说是至为重要的.Badly-kept food can be adanger to public health. 保管得不好的食品会危害公众健康.

fitness／＇fitnəs／ the condition of being fit 健康： Physical fitness is a necessity of life.健康的身体是生命之本.The doctor checked his general fitness.医生检查了他全身的健康状况.

well-being /'wel'bi:i/ the condition of general health and contentment 健康；幸福；生活愉快： Most doctors are interested in the health and the general well-being of their patients.大多数医生都关心他们病人的健康和幸福.After the mealhe had a warm feeling of (bodily) well-being. 饭后他（身体上）有一种舒服的愉快感.

welfare/'wel,feə/ the condition of having good health and a satisfactory life 健康；幸福；福利： He has worked for the welfare of his people for 30 years．三十年来，他为了造福人民而努力工作.She cares about the welfare of all the men and women who work for her.她关心每一个为她工作的人的福利，无论是男是女.

B113 nouns 名词：relating to poor bodily condition 不佳的身体状况

illness／＇ilnis／1 ［U］ the state of being ill 生病： There has been a lot of illness in the family recently.这个家庭最近很多人生病.Illness makesone weak.生病会使人虚弱.The degree ofillness of patients in hospitals is not always obvious to the eye.医院里病人病情的轻重并不总是一眼就能看出来的．2［C］ kind of illness；occasion of illness；disease 某种疾病；生病：He is recovering from a serious illness, some kind of liver trouble.他正从重病-某种肝病中恢复过来.Coughs，colds， and minor illnesses happen in every family.每个家庭都会发生咳嗽、感冒和各种小毛病.This hospital deals withinfectious illnesses.这家医院专治传染病.

ill health [U] emot the condition of being unhealthy；a general state of illness 生病；不健康：She has suffered from ill health for most of her life.她大半生都给病魔缠身.

disorder /dis'o:də/ [C] 1 state of the body or mind when something is not working properly （身心、机能的）失调；失常：Mental disorders(=disorders of the mind) are common in big

B113 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

crowded cities.在拥挤的大城市里精神病是很普遍的．2 a small or short illness 小病；轻病：The doctor says it's just a stomach disorder-nothing serious.医生说那不过是胃有些毛病，不要紧.

disease /dr'zi:z/ 1 [C] a more or less serious disorder of the body in animals or plants 疾病； 动、植物的病害：He is suffering from a rare tropical disease.他得了一种少见的热带病.Thishospital deals particularly with infectious diseases．这家医院专门治疗传染病．2［U］disorders of this kind generally 病；疾病的总称： There is a lot of unnecessary disease in this town because of bad sanitation.由于卫生条件差，这个城镇有着许多不该有的疾病.

sickness /'siknis/ emot & genl 1 [U] illness; i11-health 患病；不健康：Is there a lot of sickness in that family？那一家有许多人生病吗？Hisabsence was caused by sickness, not laziess. 他因病缺席，并不是懒惰．2［C］ esp emot anillness；disease 病；疾病：She died of some strange tropical sickness.她死于某种奇怪的热带病.（fig）He suffers from a sickness of the spirit，not the body.他是精神上有病而不是身体有病.

upset /'Ap,set/ [C] an illness of a short or minor nature 病（时间短而轻微的）；不舒服：The childhad a tummy upset.孩子肚子不舒服.

ailment/'eilmənt/ [C] an illness, esp one that is not serious（尤指较轻微的）病；微恙：She wascomplaining yesterday of some ailment or other.昨天她诉说自己得了什么病.Colds andother ailments are common in winter.感冒之类的病是冬天常见的病.

indisposition /,ındıspə'zıfən/ [C] fml a slight illness 病（指较微的病疼）；不舒服：The primeminister retired to bed early because of a slight indisposition； it is nothing serious. 首相早早就睡了，他有点不舒服，不是什么大毛病.

disability /,dısə'biləti/ [C] a state of the body when a part cannot be used normally, esp in the limbs and sense organs 残疾（尤指四肢和感觉器官的缺陷）：He walks with a limp； that is his only disability.他走起路来一瘸一拐的，那是他唯一的残疾.Poor eyesight and flat feet are disabilities; you can't usually get into the police or army if you have them.弱视和平足都是残疾，假如你有这些缺陷，通常都不能当警察或军人.

breakdown ／＇breik，daun／ also 又作 nervous breakdown [C] a loss of esp mental health through having too many troubles, too much to do，etc（指过度工作、烦恼等而造成的）体力或脑力不支；神经衰弱：She had suffered acomplete breakdown.她的身心完全垮了.

handicap /'hændi,kæp/ [C] 1 esp emot a disability 残疾：Blindness is a great handicap. 失明是严重的残疾．2 a quality or event whichgives one a disadvantage 不利的事；缺陷：Being small is a handicap in a crowd like this.个子矮小在这样的人群中是很不利的.handicapped［B］having a handicap 有残疾的；有缺陷的：He ishandicapped by deafness.他有耳聋的缺陷.She is physically handicapped (=has a disability).

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B114 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

她的身体有残疾.What can we do to help thehandicapped？我们能为伤残人士做些什么呢？

trouble /'trabəl/ [U] a disorder of a certain kind， usu over a period of time 疾病（通常指较长时间的）：She has a lot of trouble with her stomach.她的胃有不少毛病.He has hearttrouble.他心脏有毛病.

problem /'probləm/ [C] genl an illness or disorder 毛病；疾病：Doctors deal with all sorts of physical and psychological problems.医生治疗身体上和心理上的各种疾病.He has somekind of kidney problem that the doctors don't quite understand. 他患有某种医生还不完全了解的肾脏病.

condition／kən＇dıfən／1［S］ state of health 健康状况：The patient is in a very grave condition； he may well die.病人的境况危殆，他很可能会死掉.Well, her condition is satisfactory; the oper-ation was a success and she is out of danger. 噢，她的情况是令人满意的，手术很成功，她已脱离危险．2 ［C］ med a specific usu unsatisfactory state of an organ 特指某一器官的情况不太好：The patient has a serious heart condition.这病人的心脏情况很严重.

B114 verbs 动词：showing poor bodily condition 表示身体不佳的状况

suffer from [v prep T1] to experience (an illness）， esp over a long period of time 患病（尤指较长时间）：He has suffered from heart disease for years.他患心脏病已有多年了.

fall ill to become ill; to begin to suffer from an illness 生病；开始患病：She fell ill last week and was taken to hospital；it＇s quite serious.她上周病倒了，进了医院，病情很严重.He doesn＇t oftenfall ill and hasn＇t been off work for years.他不常生病，已几年没有请病假了.

be taken ill to become ill suddenly 突然生病：He was taken ill last night and we called the doctor immediately.昨晚他突然生病了，我们立刻去请医生来.

take ill old use to become ill 生病：He took ill of a fever and died shortly afterwards.他生了寒热病，不久就去世了.

sicken／＇sıkən／［IØ］ old use to fall ill 生病：The child sickened and died.这孩子生病死了.

sicken for [v prep T1] infml to begin to show signs of（a disease）出现（患病的）征候；有初步病征：He seems to bé sickening for something.他似乎是患了什么病.

B115 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：losing consciousness 失去知觉

[→B80 CONSCIOUS]

faint/feint/1 [IØ (away)] to lose consciousness 昏厥；昏过去：He fainted from loss of blood.他因失血而昏过去了.The great pain made himfaint.剧烈的疼痛使他昏了过去.When she heard

the bad news，she fainted （clean away）.当她听到这坏消息时（立即）昏过去了．2［S］the act orcondition of fainting 昏倒（指动作或状况）：She fell down in a faint．她昏倒在地．3［F］inclined to faint 快要昏倒的；几乎昏倒的：She suddenlyfelt faint.她突然感到要昏过去.

pass out [v adv IØ] not fml to become uncon-scious suddenly 昏厥；昏过去：It was so hot that she passed out.天气太热，她昏了过去.

flake out ［v adv IØ］ infml to faint 昏过去：He flaked out because of the pain.他因为疼痛而昏过去了.

B116 nouns 名词：becoming ill suddenly

［C］突然生病

attack /ə'tæk/ the sudden coming on of a disease or illness（疾病）突然发作；突然发病：She＇s in bed with an attack of flu.她突然患了流行性感冒而躺倒在床上.He＇s had several heartattacks，none of them severe.他已经几次心脏病发作了，但没有一次是严重的.While he waseating he had an attack of coughing.他正在吃东西时突然咳嗽起来.

fit／fit／1 a very sudden and usu short attack 病的突然发作（通常是短暂的）：He burst into a fit ofcoughing.他忽然发出一阵咳嗽.She often hasfainting fits．她经常昏倒．2 a sudden attack of apoplexy [→B144],epilepsy [→B146],hysteria ［B149］，etc（指中风、癫痫、癔病等）突然发作：An apoplectic fit can be very severe.突然中风可以是非常严重的.He has epileptic fits and lieson the floor， his limbs moving violently.他癫痫突然发作，躺在地上，四肢抽搐.

turn／t3：n／1 infml an attack 疾病突发：She has heart trouble, and had a bad turn on the way. upstairs last night.她有心脏病，昨晚上楼梯时病突然发作．2infml a nervous shock（神经方面的）震惊：The bad news gave her quite a turn.这坏消息使她大为震惊．3 a development（病情的）发展；变化：His condition took a turn for the worse yesterday；he may not recover.昨天他的病情恶化，他也许不会康复了.

stroke /strəuk/ a sudden attack of illness inthe brain（脑部疾病）突然发作；中风：If someone hasa stroke he usually loses feeling or the ability to move in parts of his body.人要是中风了，他身体的某些部位通常会失去感觉或活动的能力.Hesuffered a severe stroke and was paralysed [→B146］ down one side of his body．他突然严重中风，半边身子都瘫痪了.

B117 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：noises relating to bodily conditions 有关身体疾病的声息

[→B37 BREATHING]

gasp/ga:sp/1[IØ(for)] to breathe quickly,esp with difficulty， making a sudden noise 喘气；喘息：I came out of the water and gasped for

62

A54：the dog and similar animals 狗与同类动物

bulldog

牛头犬

Common varieties and breeds of the domestic dog 家犬的常见品种

獚；一种长毛垂耳狗

Similar wild animals 同类野生动物

fox 狐

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A55：the pig 猪

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pig

猪

boar

公猪

tusk

獠牙

A56：the sheep and the goat 绵羊与山羊

小绵羊和母绵羊 公绵羊

A57： deer and similar animals 鹿与同类动物

Kinds of Deer 鹿的种类

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goat

山羊

Similar animals 同类动物

lamb and ewe ram

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red deer [Wn3]

赤鹿

elk[Wnl]

麋

antelope

(Africa,Asia)

羚羊（非洲、亚洲产）

A58： sea and amphibious mammals 海洋与两栖哺乳动物

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breath．我从水里钻出来大口喘气．2［T1（out）］tosay while breathing in this way 喘着气说：He gasped out the message.他喘着气说出了这个口讯．3［C］an act or sound of gasping 喘气；喘气声：When the news was announced there were gasps of surprise in the audience.这个消息宣布时，听众发出了惊异的喘气声.

pant /pænt/1 [IØ] to take short, quick breaths 喘气；急促地呼吸：He was panting because he had run so fast.他因为跑得太快而气喘吁吁.Shecould hear the sound of someone panting hard．她能听见有人在急促地喘气．2［T1（out）］tosay while panting 气喘吁吁地说：He panted （out） his message.他一边喘着气，一边说出他要传达的口信．3 ［C］an act or sound of panting 喘气；喘气声：His breath came in painful pants and gasps.他的呼吸变成费力而急促的喘气.

puff/paf/ 1[IØ] to breathe quickly, esp after running or exercise 喘气（尤指跑步或运动之后）：He was puffing and gasping after the run.跑步之后他急促地喘气．2［C］ an act or sound ofpuffing 喘气；喘气声：He was breathing in puffs and pants.他这时气喘吁吁.

snort/sno:t/1[IØto force air violently through the nose 发哼声；哼鼻子：He snorted to show his anger at the whole idea.他鼻子里哼了一声，对整个主张表示愤怒．2［C］an act or sound ofsnorting 哼鼻子；鼻息声：He gave an impatient snort when he heard the plan.听到这个计划时， 他不耐烦地哼了一声.

cough/kpf/1[IØ (up)] to send out air from the lungs violently and noisily 咳；咳嗽；咳出：He coughed in order to clear his throat (of phlegm［→B60］）．他咳了一声，清了清他（那有痰）的嗓子.A sore throat can make you cough， and coughing makes the throat worse.咽喉发炎会使你咳嗽，而咳嗽又使炎症更加严重.He wascoughing（up） blood．他咳出血了．2［C］an act or sound of coughing 咳嗽；咳嗽声：He heard a quiet cough and tumned to see her standing there.他听到一声轻轻的咳嗽声，回过头去看见她站puo sy8noo fo nnf so sneezes；everyone had a cold.空气中充满了咳嗽声和打喷嚏声，大家都感冒了.

sneeze/sni:z/1 [IØ] to have air burst uncon-trollably through the nose and mouth 打喷嚏： He began to sneeze into his handkerchief. 他一开始打喷嚏便用手帕捂着嘴.She＇s sneezing allover the place; she has a bad cold and she's giving us all her germs ［→A37］．她得了重感冒， 到处打喷嚏，把细菌传给我们了．2［C］an act orsound of sneezing 打喷嚏；喷嚏声：He heard a loud sneeze coming from the bathroom.他听到从浴室里传出一声响亮的喷嚏声.

sniff/snif/1 [IØ] to draw in air through the nose with a slight sound（轻声地）以鼻吸气；抽鼻子：She sniffed to show her disapproval.她吸了一下鼻子表示她不赞成.They all had colds andwere sniffing and sneezing.他们都得了感冒，都在抽鼻子和打喷嚏．2［T1］to draw in through thenose 用鼻子吸入；用鼻子闻：She sniffed theperfume [→F278] of the flowers apprecia-tively．她甚为欣赏地闻着花朵的香味．3 ［T1；IØ(at)] to get the smell of (something) by snif-

B117 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

fing 嗅出：The dog was sniffing （at） the cloth-ing．那狗正在闻这些衣服．4［C］ the act or soundof sniffing 以鼻吸气；以鼻吸气声：She gave asniff to show her disapproval.她吸了一下鼻子表示她不赞同.The air was full of sniffs and sneezes.空气中充满了抽鼻子声和打喷嚏声.Hetook a sniff of the medicine and made an unhappy face.他用鼻子闻了一闻药的气味，然后作出一个苦相.Get a sniff of that wonderful sea air！吸一口这海边清新的空气吧！

sniffle /'snifəl/ [IØ] to sniff, esp noisily and continuously, to clear liquid from the nose, esp when crying or because of a cold in the head（一再）以鼻吸气作声；（尤指不断发声地）抽鼻子：Stop sniffling like that；it＇s irritating！别老是那样抽鼻子，真叫人讨厌！

hiccup also 又作 hiccough／＇hikap／1 ［IØ］to have a stopping of the breath with a sharp sound like a cough， usu in a series 打嗝；（连声） 打呃：He began to hiccup after drinking too much．他喝得太多了，开始打起嗝儿来．2［C］anact or sound of hiccuping 打嗝；打嗝声：His hiccups could be heard across the room.在房间的另一边都能听到他的打嗝声.She had asudden attack of（the）hiccups.她突然开始打起嗝来.I had the hiccups at a party once and couldn＇t stop.在一次宴会上，我突然打嗝打得停不下来.

burp/b3:p/1 [IØ; T1] to send, or cause to send, wind from the stomach and through.the throat（使）打嗝：He burped gently after eating. 他吃东西以后轻声地打起嗝来了.She was busyburping the baby after its feed.喂奶后她忙着轻拍婴儿使他打嗝．2［C］ an act or sound ofburping 打嗝；打嗝声：The baby gave quite a loud burp.这婴儿很响地打了一个嗝.

belch /beltf/1 [IØ] to send wind forcefully from the stomach and through the throat 打嗝：In some societies it is considered polite to belch after an enjoyable meal, but in others belching at any time is rude.在某些社交场合，吃了一顿美餐之后打嗝被认为是礼貌的，但在另一些场合，任何时候打嗝都是不礼貌的．2［T1；IØ（out）］(fig)to throw or come out with force or in large quantities 大量喷出：The factory chimneys were belching （out） smoke.工厂的烟囱正喷出大量的烟.Smoke belched out from thevolcano．烟雾从火山喷出来．3［C］ an act orsound of belching 打嗝； 打嗝声：He gave a loud belch after the meal.他饭后打了一声响嗝.（fig）A belch of smoke rose from the chimney.烟囱里喷出一股烟.

whistle/'wisəl/ 1 [IØ; T1] to make a high clear noise by forcing air through a small opening, such as the rounded lips 吹口哨；用口哨吹奏；鸣笛；发啸声：He whistled （a tune） as he walked along.他一边走一边吹口哨（用口哨吹出一支曲调）.The air came whistling out of the hole.空气从洞口嘘嘘地往外喷.Wheezing produces awhistling sound from the lungs.喘息时从肺部发出嘘嘘声．2［C］an act or sound of whistling 吹口哨；吹口哨声；鸣笛；鸣笛声；呼啸：He gave a lowwhistle to warn them he was coming.他轻轻地吹了一声口哨，提醒他们他来了.

65

B118 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

wheeze/wi:z/1[IØ] to breathe, usu with some difficulty, with a rough whistling sound coming from the lungs 喘气；喘息：People with asthma [→B141] often wheeze when they speak.有气喘病的人往往说话时呼呼地喘气.Hewas wheezing and panting as he climbed the hill．他爬山时呼哧呼哧地喘着气．2［C］an act orsound of wheezing 喘息；喘息声：He has bron-chitis [→B141] and his coughs and wheezes sound terrible.他有支气管炎，他的咳嗽和喘息声听起来很可怕.

sigh/sai/1[IØ] to take a deep breath that can be heard 叹气；叹息：She sighed and looked sad.她叹着气，看样子很悲伤.He sighed，shookhis head，and refused to sign the paper.他叹了口气，摇了摇头，拒绝在那份文件上签字.Shesighed with relief when she heard the good news．当听到这个好消息时她宽慰地叹了口气．2［C］an act or sound of sighing 叹息；叹息声：He gave a (great) sigh (of relief) when he heard the good news.听到这个好消息时他（宽慰地）叹了一（大）口气.Her sighs made it clear she was unhappy.她的叹息声清楚地表明了她并不快乐.

snore/sno:/1[IØ] to breathe roughly and nois-ily while sleeping 打鼾；打呼噜：I＇m afraid he snores.我想，他是打呼噜的.The sound ofsnoring came from the next room.打呼噜的声音从隔壁房间传来．2［C］ an act or sound ofsnoring 打鼾；鼾声：His snores were loud and regular.他的鼾声响亮而规律.

fart /fa:t/ taboo 1 [IØ] to send out wind from bowel 放屁：He farted in public．他当众放屁．2 ［C］ an act or sound of farting 放屁；放屁声：He let out a loud fart.他放了一个响屁.

B118 verbs 动词：making breathing difficult 使呼吸困难

[→B37 BREATHING]

choke/tfəuk/1 [IØ] to be unable to breathe because of something in the windpipe [→B26] or strong emotion（因某物阻塞气管或情绪激动而）不能呼吸；噎住；哽住：He choked while hewas eating. 他吃饭时噎住了.He choked todeath on a fishbone.他被一根鱼骨鲠死了.Shenearly choked with anger at the news.她听到这消息气得几乎说不出话来．2［T1］ to stop(someone's) breathing by pressing or blocking the windpipe 扼住（某人）的气管使不能呼吸；梗塞···的咽喉：He choked the girl（to death）.他扼住那女孩子的脖子（把她掐死了）.He threatenedto choke the life out of the man.他威胁说要掐死这个人.Her voice was choked with sobs.她泣不成声．3［T1］ to stop （someone＇s） breathing 使窒息：The smoke almost choked him.这烟几乎使他窒息.Choking fumes filled the house.屋子里弥漫着令人窒息的浓烟.

stifle /'starfəl/ [Wv4; T1] to give (someone) the feeling that it is difficult to breathe 使有窒息之感；使感到呼吸困难：This room is stuffy；I feelstifled in here.这个房间很闷，在这里我感到窒息.The heat was stifling so I went out for a

breath of cool air.我热得透不过气来，所以到外面呼吸清凉的空气.The smoke in the burningbuilding almost stifled the firemen.失火大楼里的浓烟几乎使消防队员们窒息.

suffocate /'safə,keit/ 1 [IØ] to suffer or die because it is difficult or impossible to breathe 窒息而死；闷得难受：He suffocated because there was no air left in the room.他因房间里没有空气而窒息死了．2［T1］ to kil by makingbreathing impossible 把···闷死；使窒息：He suffocated her with a cushion (over her mouth）.他用垫子（捂住她的嘴）把她闷死了.Thehorses were suffocated by the smoke.马匹被烟闷死了.suffocation ［U］ the process of suffo-cating or being suffocated 窒息；闷死

asphyxiate/æs'fiksi,eit/ [T1 usu pass] tech to make ill or kill through lack of enough (clean) air to breathe 闷死；使窒息：The miners were asphyxiated by lack of oxygen/by poisonous gases.矿工们因缺氧／吸入有毒气体而窒息.asphyxia [U] a physical condition caused by lack of air in the lungs 窒息状态 asphyxiation [U] the process of asphyxiating or being asphyxiated 窒息；闷死

strangle /'strængəl/ [T1] to kill (someone) by squeezing the throat; to prevent (someone's) breathing 扼杀；掐死：He strangled his wife when he found she had a lover.他发现他的妻子另有情人，就把她掐死了.（fig）This tight collaris strangling me. 这领子紧得使我呼吸困难.strangulation [U] the action or process of strangling or being strangled 扼死；勒死；被扼杀； 窒息 strangler ［C］ a person who strangles or has strangled other people 扼杀者

B119 verbs 动词：having food come back up from the stomach 呕吐；反胃

be sick [IØ] to have food come back up from the stomach and out of the mouth 呕吐；反胃： He was (violently) sick last night; it must have been something he ate.昨晚他呕吐（得很厉害），一定是他吃的东西不合适了.

feel sick [IØ] feel the need to be, or possibility of being，sick 觉得要呕吐；作呕；恶心：Ügh，I feelsick.啊，我觉得恶心.She felt really sick last night but seems to be okay now.昨晚她真的要呕吐，但现在似乎没事了.

vomit／＇vpmit／fml ＆ tech 1［IØ］ to be sick 呕吐： He has been vomiting all night.他吐了一个晚上．2［T1］ to have （food） come back up from the stomach and out of the mouth 呕吐；吐出： He vomited all his food.他把所吃的食物都吐出来了．3 ［U］ food which has been partly changed by acids in the stomach, but passed back through the mouth because of illness instead of continuing through the body 呕吐物： His bed was covered with vomit.他床上都是他吐的东西.

bring up ［v adv T1； （IØ）］esp BrE to be sick 呕吐；呕出： Ugh， I feel sick； I think I＇m going to bring up（my food）.哎呀，我觉得恶心，我想我快要吐了.

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puke／pju：k／［IØ］ infml to be sick 呕吐；呕出：He had too much to drink and puked all over his clothes.他喝得太多了，吐了自己一身.Hell，thisnews is enough to make you puke！见鬼，这消息真够叫人作呕的！

spew/spju:/[IØ;T1 (up)] to be violently sick, sending food matter far out of the mouth 呕吐狼藉；呕出：The drunk man spewed all over the bar.这醉汉在酒吧间吐得满地都是脏东西.Hespewed up all his food.他把吃的东西全都吐出来了.

sick up ［v adv T1］ BrE infml to vomit（food）呕出（食物）：He sicked up his dinner； I think he has caught a chill.他把晚餐吃的都吐了，我想他一定是着凉了.

throw up ［v adv IØ］ infml to vomit（food）吐出（食物）：He threw up after drinking too much. 他酒喝得太多，吐了.

retch /retf/ [IØ] to make the sound and movements of vomiting but without bringing anything up from the stomach 干呕（作出呕吐的声音及动作，但没有吐出胃中的食物）；恶心：He＇sstill retching, but there's nothing left in his stomach.他还在恶心，但胃里已没有什么东西了.

gag/gæg/[IØ] to retch or choke without being sick 干呕；恶心；窒息：That horrible smell made me gag.那难闻的气味使我恶心.

B120 nouns 名词：states of being sick ［U］ 恶心；作呕

[ALSO→B150]

sickness/'siknis/ the feeling or condition of being sick or vomiting 作呕；呕吐：A feeling of sickness crept over him.一种恶心的感觉渐渐向他袭来.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| seasickness晕船 | sickness caused bythe movement ofa（n）由···的晃动而引起的不适 | boat船 |
| carsickness晕车 | car车 |
| airsickness晕飞机 | aeroplane飞机 |

sick feeling infml a feeling of being about to vomit 感到要呕吐：He had a sudden sick feel-ing in his stomach.他突然感到反胃.

nausea /'no:ziə/ emot & med the condition of needing to or feeling likely to vomit 作呕；恶心： Waves of nausea passed over her.她感到一阵一阵的恶心.The patient is suffering slight nausea but is otherwise fine.病人除有轻微恶心外，其他都没问题．nauseate［Wv4；T1］to cause to feel sick 使恶心；使作呕：What a nauseating meal／idea／smell！多令人恶心的膳食／主意／气味！That person really nauseates me; he's so dirty. 那个人脏得真使我感到恶心.nauseous ［B］caus-

B121 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病ing nausea 令人恶心的；令人作呕的

B121 nouns 名词：feelings of pain 疼痛的感觉

pain /pein/ 1 [U] suffering or great discomfort of the body or mind（身体上）疼痛；（精神上）痛苦：It＇s a serious wound and is causing （him） a great deal of pain.伤势很严重，（使他）痛得厉害.The boy was in pain after he broke his arm.这孩子断了胳臂之后疼痛不止.His unkindbehaviour caused his parents a great deal of pain.他冷酷无情的行为使他的父母感到非常痛苦.2 [C] a feeling of suffering or discomfort in a particular part of the body（尤指身上某一部分） 疼痛：What could cause such severe stomach pains？是什么原因会引起这样剧烈的胃痛？3［S］ sla a feeling of annoyance or displeasure 烦恼； 厌烦之感：You give me a pain！你真使我讨厌！ba person, thing or happening who or which makes one angry and tired, but is difficult to avoid；a nuisance 讨厌的人（事物）；麻烦的人（事物）：She＇s a real pain.她真是个令人头疼的人.Itreally is a pain (in the neck) to have to go to that party.没法子不去参加那个晚会，这可真是一件讨厌的事.

agony/'ægəni/ [U; C] very great pain or suffer-ing of mind and body（身体或精神上的）极度痛苦：He lay in agony until the doctor arrived.他十分痛苦地躺着直到医生到来.The driver was inan agony of sorrow because he had knocked the girl down.那司机悲痛不已，因为他把那个女孩撞倒了.He suffered agonies from his broken arm.他因断了手臂而受到很大痛苦.She was inagonies of doubt over what to do.她不知怎么办才好，感到极大痛苦.pile／put／turn on theagony infml to say that one's sufferings, feelings, etc are stronger or greater than they are，esp for effect 过分渲染实际的痛苦

suffering /'sAfərig/ [U; C usu pl] pain over a period of time（指较长一段时间的）痛苦；苦恼：His wound caused him great suffering.他的伤使他十分痛苦.She caused him great mental suffering by leaving him.她离他而去使他十分苦恼. She doesn＇t want to hear about the sufferings of others; her own suffering is bad enough.她自己的痛苦已够受的了，不想再听到别人的痛苦了.

ache/erk/ [C] a continuous dull pain, esp in the body（指身体上持续的）疼痛：She suffers fromvarious aches and pains.她感到身上有各种疼痛.The ache in her head was terrific and she couldn＇t think straight.她的头痛得厉害，不能多想.twinge／twind3／ ［C］ a sudden sharp pain 刺痛； 一阵一阵的痛：He sometimes experiences a twinge or two （of pain）；nothing serious.他只是有时感到有一两阵刺痛，情况并不严重.Do youget any pains in your stomach?-Oh, just the odd／occasional twinge， nothing more.你的胃还痛吗？-噢，只不过偶尔痛一下，没有什么.

stab／stæb／［C of］ a short，very sharp pain（短时间的）剧痛；刺痛：He felt a sudden stab of pain in his chest.他突然感到胸口像刀刺般的疼痛.

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B122 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

pang /pæn/ [C (of)] a sudden, sharp feeling which hurts in some way（肉体上的）一阵剧痛；（精神上的）一阵极度悲痛；苦恼：He felt the pangsof hunger.他感到饿得难受.She felt a pang ofremorse for having left him.她因离开了他而深感悔恨.

sting /strr/ [C] 1 a sharp organ used as a weapon by some animals， often poisonous（某些动物用作武器的尖锐器官，通常有毒的）刺；螫针：That insect has a sting in its tail.那昆虫的尾部有螫针.Does a bee die when it loses its sting？ 一只蜜蜂失去了螫针会死掉吗？2 a pain-producing substance contained in hairs on a plant＇s surface（植物表面一种刺痛人的）刺毛；刺：Some plants such as nettles have a sting.像荨麻一类的植物长有刺毛．3 a sharp pain，woundor mark caused by a plant or animal（由动植物所引起的）刺痛 4 a strong pain， usu on theouter skin（指表皮的）剧痛 5 an ability to cause pain or hurt feelings 刺痛；讽刺：the sting of her tongue (=her sharp,hurtful way of speaking) 她尖酸刻薄的说话方式

B122 verbs 动词：feelings of pain 疼痛的感觉

hurt/h3:t/1 [IØ; T1] to cause (a person or crea-ture） to feel pain of any kind 使（人或动物）感到疼痛；弄痛：Does your arm still hurt （you）？-Yes,it hurts quite a lot.-No, it doesn't hurt at all now.你的手臂还痛吗？-是的，很痛.-不，现在一点也不痛了.Hey，don＇t hit me again-it hurt！喂，别再打我了，很痛啊！2［T1；IØ］tocause (someone) to suffer in the mind or feel offended 伤···的感情；使（感情）受到创伤；使···伤心：What he said hurt （her） very much.他说的话十分伤（她的）感情.Be careful what you sayto him； he＇s easily hurt.注意你对他说的话，他的感情很容易受伤害.

ache/eik/1 [IØ] to have or suffer a continuous pain，esp in the body（指身体上持续的）疼痛：Iache all over.我浑身疼痛.My head aches.我头痛．2［IØ（for），I3］ to have a strong feeling of desire 渴望：He aches to see her again.他渴望能再见到她.

pain/pein/ usu fml or old use 1[T1] to cause to feel pain 使（疼）痛；使感痛苦：My foot isn＇t paining me now.现在我的脚不痛了.It pains meto have to disobey you，but I must.不得不违抗你令我深感痛苦，但是我必须这样做．2［IØ］to giveor have a sensation of pain 作痛；觉得痛：My foot isn＇t paining now.现在我的脚不痛了.

sting／str／1［T1］ to cause sharp pain to 刺痛；使感觉痛：The whip stung him.鞭子的抽打使他感到火辣辣般痛.The rain is stinging my eyes.雨水刺痛我的眼睛.（fig）Her words stung him into anger．她的话激起了他的愤怒．2［T1］ to prickwith a sting 用刺螫痛：An insect stung me.一只昆虫螫了我．3［IØ］to have a sting 长刺；长螫；有刺：Some insects sting.有些昆虫有螫.This is a stinging plant and it＇s called a nettle.这是一种长着刺毛的植物，叫做荨麻．4［IØ］to feel a sharppain 感到刺痛：My eyes are stinging from the

rain.雨水使我的眼睛感到刺痛.

B123 adjectives 形容词：feelings of pain 有疼痛感的

painful／＇peinfəl／［B］ causing pain 疼痛的；痛苦的：The wound was deep and painful.伤口又深又痛.This news is painful to us all； I am very sorry to bring it to you.我很遗憾给你们带来了这个消息，它对我们大家来说都是痛苦的.-ness［U］-ly[adv]

painless／＇peinləs／［B］ causing no pain 无痛的； 不引起疼痛的：The dentist＇s treatment was （quite）painless.这位牙科医生的治疗是不（太）痛的.-ness［U］-ly［adv］

tender /'tendə/ [Wa2; B]1 hurting a little when touched；slightly painful 一触即有点痛的；微痛的：Her skin was red and tender where he had beaten her.她给他打过的地方皮肤又红又有点痛.My throat is still tender after singing so much. 歌唱得太多了，我的喉咙现在还有点儿痛．2 easilyhurt or damaged； quickly feeling pain 娇嫩的； 纤弱的；敏感的：Her skin is ver tender，like a baby＇s.她的皮肤像婴儿的一样，十分娇嫩.（fig）You touched me on a tender spot;that is a subject I don＇t enjoy discussing. 你触到了我的痛处，那是我不喜欢谈论的问题.-ness［U］-ly[adv]

sore/so:/[Wal; B] 1 painful when touched or used 一碰就痛的；用到就痛的；酸痛的；疼痛的：Myleg feels sore.我的腿酸痛.She has a sore throat and a cough.她喉咙痛，而且咳嗽.How isyour sore foot today？今天你的脚还觉得疼吗？2（fig）very sad 伤心的；悲伤的：She has a sore heart over what he did to her.她因他对她所做的事而伤心．3（fig）painful 痛心的；痛苦的：Thisis a sore subject with me; let's not discuss it. 这件事说起来使我难过，我们别谈它了.-ness［U］agonizing／＇ægə，naızı／ ［B］ very painful 使人极

度痛苦的：His toothache was agonizing and nearly drove him mad.牙痛使他感到十分痛苦，他几乎要发狂了.This is an agonizing decision to make； I don＇t know what to do.这是一个非常痛苦的决定，我不知道该怎样办.-ly［adv］

severe /sr'vıə/ [Wa2; B] (of something bad, esp pain and illness， etc） strong in effect（指痛苦） 厉害的；（指疾病等）严重的：The pain of thewound was severe.伤口痛得很厉害.She has suffered a very severe shock.她得了一次非常严重的休克.He was weakened by a severe illness as a child.他小时候生了一场严重的病把身体弄得很虚弱.-ly［adv］severity ［U］

acute／ə＇kju：t／［B］ 1 very severe and strong 剧烈的；严重的：She was in acute pain.她感到剧烈的疼痛．2（of a disease） coming quickly to a dangerous condition（指疾病）急性的：He has acute appendicitis and must have an opera-tion immediately.他得了急性阑尾炎，必须马上动手术.Acute diseases are short and severe， while chronic diseases are less severe and last a long time.急性病都来得很突然、很厉害，而慢性病则较和缓而且拖延的时间很长.-ness ［U］-ly[Ape]

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sharp／Ja：p／［Wal；B］ sudden or severe 突然的； 剧烈的：He felt a sharp pain in his arm.他感到手臂上有剧烈的疼痛.-ness［U］-ly［adv］

piercing／＇prəsu／ ［B］ very sharp 尖锐的；刺骨的： She felt a piercing pain in her side.她感到肋部强烈地刺痛.-ly［adv］

stabbing /'stæbin/ [Wa5; A] coming like a series of stabs from a knife 像刀刺那样痛的；刺痛的：He felt terrible stabbing pains in his chest.他感到胸口像刀刺般的疼痛.

aching/'eikin/ [Wa5; B] giving continuous pain 持续疼痛的：His aching knee is giving him a lot of discomfort.他膝部的疼痛使他很难受.（fig）His aching heart longed for her.他的心苦苦思念着她.achingly ［adv］（fig） affecting very strongly 感人肺腑地：That picture is achingly beautiful.那幅画有种很感人的美.

dull／dal／［Wal；B］ not sharply or clearly felt 感觉不明显的；隐约感到的：The pain in his armwas a continual dull ache.他的手臂不断地隐隐作痛.I have a dull sort of headache； I＇ve taken two aspirins［B173］for it．我的头在隐隐作痛，我已经吃了两片阿司匹林.-ness［U］ dully[Ape]

throbbing /'θrpbig/ [Wa5; A] coming again and again like a pulse［→B36］（像脉搏那样）一阵阵的；间歇的：He felt a dull throbbing pain in his head.他感到脑袋隐隐地抽痛.

chronic /'krpnik/ [Wa5; B] 1 (of a disease or condition） lasting a long time（指疾病）慢性的； （指情况）长期的；持续很久的：Chronic diseasesare not necessarily fatal or especially painful. 慢性病不一定是致命的或者是特别痛苦的.He hasa chronic chest condition.他胸部得了一种慢性疾病．2 habitual 习惯（性）的；习以为常的：I＇mafraid he＇s a chronic smoker.我看他是一个有烟瘾的人.She＇s a chronic invalid now.现在她成了终身残废的人．3 BrE sl severe；intense 剧烈的；厉害的：Oh，the pain was something chronic，I tell you！咳，一点儿不假！这痛可真厉害！-ally［adv Wa4］

B124 verbs 动词：showing bodily

disorders 表示身体上的失调

swell/swel/[IØ] to become larger than normal 肿大；肿胀：His face swelled when he had mumps.他得腮腺炎时，脸都肿了.The toothachemade one side of his mouth swell.牙痛使他半边脸都肿了.Her leg has swollen badly.她的腿肿得厉害.swollen ［B］ of an increased size， often because of water or air within, which is not usually present 肿起的；膨胀的：His swollen arm is very painful.他那条肿胀的手臂很痛.

inflame/m'fleim/[T1] cause to become red and swollen 使红肿；使发炎：If you do that you will inflame the wound.如果你那样做，你会使你的伤口发炎.inflamed ［B］ （of a part of the body） red and swollen （after being hurt）（身体一部分受伤后）红肿的；发炎的：The cut looks badlyinflamed.切口看上去已严重发炎.Inflamedtissue can be very painful.发炎的组织可以是非

B126 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

常疼痛的.

fester /'festə/ [Wv4; IØ] (of a cut or wound) to become infected and diseased（指伤口）因感染而溃烂；化脓：His wounds were not treated and began to fester.他的伤口没有得到治疗，开始溃烂了.These festering sores[→B127]must be treated immediately.这些化了脓的疮伤必须立即治疗.

blister /'blistə/1 [T1] to have blisters [■B126] form on 使···起水泡：His hand is badly blistered because of the heat.他的手被高温严重地烫伤而起了水泡．2［IØ］ to form one or moreblisters 起水泡：He wasn＇t used to hard physi-cal work and his hands blistered easily.他不习惯干重体力工作，所以他的手很容易起水泡.

B125 general nouns 普通名词：showing bodily disorders 表示身体上的失调

swelling／＇sweln／ ［U］ the process of swelling 肿胀：In this disease swelling occurs in all the limbs.这种病会使四肢都肿胀起来.

inflammation /,ınflə'meıfən/ [U] swelling and soreness, which is often red and hot to the touch 红肿；发炎：He is suffering from acute inflammation of the bowel.他患上急性肠炎.

-itis ／-＇aitis／ ［suffix］ med inflammation of···的发炎：Arthritis is inflammation of the joints.关节炎就是关节发炎.Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver.肝炎就是肝脏发炎.

B126 particular nouns 特殊名词： showing minor bodily disorders ［C］表示身体上的一些小毛病

spot/spot/ a small inflamed place on the skin 斑点；红斑：This disease causes spots to appear on the face and arms.这种病会使脸上和手臂上出现小斑点.

swelling/'swelig/ a part of the body which has increased in size and usu stands out from the rest 身上的肿胀处；肿块：He has several unusual swellings on his arms and legs.他手臂上和腿上有几处不寻常的肿胀.

pimple /'pimpəl/ a small inflamed swelling on the skin 丘疹；小脓疱；粉刺；面疱；暗疮：The boyhad a lot of pimples on his face.这男孩的脸上有许多粉刺.He gets a lot of pimples and boils. 他长了许多小疱和疖子．pimply［Wal，3；B］tending to get or covered with pimples 常常长粉刺的；尽是粉刺的；有丘疹的［→B148ACNE］

boil /boil/ a painful swelling, larger than a pimple，under the skin 疖子；疔疮：The boy had a lot of boils on his face.这男孩脸上有许多小疖子.She has a tendency to get boils on her neck.她脖子上容易长疖子.

pock /ppk/ a spot on the skin caused by small-pox［→B143］痘疱；痘疮

wart/wo:t/1 a small hard ugly swelling on the

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B127 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

skin，esp on the face and hands（尤指长在脸上和手上的）疣；瘊子：He has warts all over hishands．他手上长满了瘊子．2 a swelling of thesame kind，esp on a tree 疣状物；（尤指长在树上的）树瘿

blister/'blistə/ a thin watery swelling under the skin caused by rubbing，burning，etc（摩擦、火烫等引起的）水泡：His heavy shoes raised blisters on his feet.他那双笨重的鞋把他的脚磨起了泡.

chilblain /'tfil;blein/ a painful swelling, esp on the hand or foot，caused by cold（手脚上的）冻疮：She gets chilblains （on her feet） every winter.她每年冬天（脚上）都要生冻疮.

bunion /'banjən/ an inflamed swelling,esp on the large joint of the big toe 趾囊炎肿（坶趾关节上之粘液囊发炎）：If you wear tight shoes，you may get bunions.如果你穿过紧的鞋，你可能得踇趾囊炎肿.

corn /koin/ an area of hard skin on or under the foot， which is painful when pressed in（脚上或脚底的）鸡眼：He has a lot of corns on hisfeet.他双脚长了许多鸡眼.

bump /bamp/ a swelling on the body made by knocking it against something, or something hitting it（身体因碰撞而引起的）肿块：He got anasty bump on his head when he fell.他跌倒时撞到头部，长出了很痛的肿块.

B127 particular nouns， etc 特殊名词等：

showing major bodily disorders 表示身体上的一些大毛病

sore/so:/[C] a place on or in the body where the skin or flesh is damaged and which (usu) does not get better quickly 疮；溃疡：His body is covered in terrible sores.他身上长满了可怕的疮. She has bedsores from lying in one position too long.她因长时间以同一姿势躺着而得了褥疮.

ulcer /'Alsə/ [C] an open sore on the inside or on the surface of the body which may bleed or produce poisonous matter 溃疡：He has a stomach ulcer.他有胃溃疡.She suffers a lot from mouth ulcers.口腔溃疡给她带来许多痛苦.ulcerous [B]

growth/grəu0/[C] med a lump produced by an unnatural and unhealthy increase in the number of cells in a part of the body 肿瘤

cancer /'kænsə/ [C; Û] (a) diseased growth in the body 癌；恶性肿瘤：He＇s got a cancer in his throat.他咽喉里生了癌.He＇s got cancer of the throat．他得了喉头癌．cancerous［Wa5；B］like or producing cancer 癌的；像癌的；患癌的：Hehad a cancerous growth on his face.他脸上长了一个癌性肿瘤.

tumour BrE,. tumor AmE/'tju:mə/ [C] med a group of cells in the body which have divided and increased too quickly, causing swelling and illness 肿块；肿瘤：He died of a brain tumour.他死于脑瘤.

cyst/sist/[C] a swollen place under the skin or

inside the body， containing liquid（身体内或皮肤下含有液体物质的）囊肿：The surgeonremoved the cyst from her womb.外科医生从她的子宫里切除了囊肿.

pus /pAs/ [U] a thick yellowish-white liquid produced in an infected wound or poisoned part of the body 脓；脓液

abscess/'æb,ses/ [C] a swelling on or in the body where pus has gathered 脓肿；脓疮：The dentist found an abscess in her tooth.牙科医生发现她的一只牙里有脓肿.

gangrene /'gængri:n/1 [U] (a disease which is) the decay of the flesh of part of the body because blood has stopped flowing there, usu after a wound 坏疽：The surgeon removedthe soldier's leg because gangrene had set in （＝had started）.外科医生把这士兵的腿锯掉了，因为已经发现了坏疽．2［IØ］ to get gangrene 生坏疽：The soldier＇s wound gangrened， and he died.这兵士的伤口生了坏疽，他死了.

B128 particular nouns，etc 特殊名词等： marks on the body after certain disorders［C］某些疾病之后身体上留下的痕迹

scab/skæb/ apiece of rough material which forms over a cut or wound and drops off when the skin has healed （伤口处结的）痂： Don＇t pick at your scabs； let them heal.不要剥掉那些痂，让它们自己痊愈.

pockmark /'ppk,ma:k/ the mark left by a pock ［→B126］痘痕；麻子；麻点：Her face has very few pockmarks, which is unusual for a smallpox ［B143］victim．她脸上没有什么麻点，对一个得过天花的人来说是少有的.pockmarked［B］covered with pockmarks 有痘痕的；有麻点的

blemish /'blemıf a mark spoiling someone's beauty（有损美观的）瑕疵；（小）疤：The onlyblemish on the baby's skin was a red mark on its neck.这婴儿皮肤上的唯一瑕疵就是在脖子上有一块红痣.（fig）The court declared him not guilty, and he was freed without a blemish on his character.法院宣判他无罪释放了，他的名誉一点也没有受损.

birthmark /'b3:θ,ma:k/ a mark on the body from the time of birth 胎记；胎痣：You can identify him by a small heart-shaped birth-mark on his right arm.你可以从他右手臂上的一块心形胎记来确认他.

scar /ska:/1 a mark left on a part of the body, usu the skin, after damage from disease, wounding or a burn has been put right 疤；伤疤；伤痕：He will have a scar on his cheek for the rest of his life from that cut.那一道刀伤将永远在他的面颊上留下一条疤痕.The soldier wasproud of his（battle）scars.这兵士为他（在战斗中留下）的伤疤而感到自豪．2［T1］ to mark insuch a way as to produce scars 使有伤疤：A sword cut scarred his face when he was a young man.他年轻时一次剑伤使他脸上留下了伤疤.His scarred hands showed that he had

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been burned.他那一双有伤疤的手显示他曾被火烧伤过.

B129 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：harming the body generally 身体的一般伤残

wound/wu:nd/1 [Wv5; T1] to damage the body of（someone）使···受伤；伤害（某人身体）：He wounded his opponent in the arm with his knife.他用刀子刺伤了他的对手的手臂.Woundedmen lay on the carts.一些受了伤的人躺在马车上．2 ［C］ a damaged place in the body， usu a hole or tear through the skin, esp done on purpose by a weapon， such as a gun 创伤；伤口： He died of his wounds.他因伤而死.The soldier had a terrible wound in his belly.这士兵腹部受了重伤.（fig）His words to her caused a wound which took many years to heal.他的话伤了她的感情，多年以后才能平复.

maim/maim/ [T1] to wound so that some part of the body becomes useless 使残废；使伤残：He was badly maimed in the war.他在战争中伤重致残.

maul/mo:l/[T1]1(esp of animals) to wound by tearing the flesh（尤指被动物）抓伤；伤害：Thehunter was mauled by a lion and badly hurt. 猎人被狮子抓了，伤得很重.He got a maulingfrom a bear．他被熊抓伤．2 to handle roughly or in an unpleasant way 粗暴地对待：She said she wouldn't go out with him again because he kept mauling her while they were watching the film.她说她再也不和他外出了，因为他们看电影时他不断地对她动手动脚.

injure /'ind3ə/ [T1] to damage (esp aliving creature) so that something does not function properly 伤害（尤指生物）；使···受伤：He wasinjured in a train crash.他在一次火车对撞的事故中受了伤.Dead and injured people lay every-where after the bomb went off.炸弹爆炸之后到处都躺着死伤的人.（fig）You can injure people by unkind words.恶言可以伤人.injury［C；U］ act or occasion of being injured 受伤；伤害：His injuries in the car crash were terrible.他在撞车时受了重伤.She had injuries to her face and legs.她的脸部和双腿都受了伤.Will he recoverfrom his injuries？ 他受的伤能好吗？Wearing these clothes will protect you from possible injury.穿上这些衣服可以保护你免受意外的伤.

disfigure /dis'figə/ [T1] to spoil the appearance of （someone＇s） person and esp face 损毁（某人的）外形（尤指脸部）；使···破相；使变丑：Thewound has permanently disfigured her face. 这伤痕已经永久地毁了她的脸容.His featureswere badly disfigured in a car crash.在一次车祸中他的脸受到严重损毁．disfigurement 1［U］disfiguring or being disfigured（容貌）毁损或被毁损；破相：The injury caused permanent disfigurement．这次受伤造成了永久性的破相．2［C］ something that disfigures（有损于外形的） 缺陷：Her broken nose is unfortunately a disfigurement；it spoils her beauty.不幸，她的鼻子受了伤，破了相，影响了她的美貌.

B130 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

cripple /'kripəl/ 1 [Wv3; T1] to damage the legs or nerves (of a person) so that moving or walking is difficult or impossible 使（双腿受伤或神经受损而致）残废；使跛：The accidentcrippled him for life.这次事故使他终生跛了腿.She was crippled by／with arthritis ［→B145］．她因关节炎而成了瘸子．2［C］ a person who iscrippled 跛子；瘸子；残废的人：She has been acripple since a childhood accident.自从童年时代的一次事故之后她就成了一个瘸子.Some of thebeggars were cripples. 有些乞丐是瘸子.crip-pling ［B］ severe enough to cripple 可致跛的； 可使残废的：He felt a crippling pain in the left leg.他左腿感到剧痛，好像要残废一样.-ly［adv］

disable /dis'eibəl/ [T1 usu pass] to cause to be unable to use all or any one of the limbs 使残废（四肢全部或其中一肢丧失能力）：The disabledsoldiers were sent home.那些残废的军人被遣送回家.He was disabled by wounds in his legs. 他因两腿受伤而残废.disablement ［U］ the factor state of being unable to use some or all of the limbs 残废：Since his disablement in the war he has had to use a wheelchair.他自从在战争中成了残废后，不得不使用轮椅.

B130 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：harming the body by cutting（砍、割、切）伤身体

cut/kat/1 [T1] to make an opening or mark in the flesh with a sharp object 割破；切伤；砍伤： He cut himself／his finger with a knife.他用小刀割伤了自己／把手指割破了.She cut her handon a piece of glass．她在一块玻璃上割破了手．2［C］ the result of cutting or being cut 划伤；切口；伤口：He had a deep cut in his hand and blood was dripping from it.他的手割了一道深深的口子，血从伤口流出来.Did you hurt yourself？-No，it＇s nothing；just a slight cut.你受伤了吗？-不，没有什么，只不过轻轻划了一下.

bite ／bait／1 ［T1］ to cut into with the teeth 咬： The dog bit him. 这狗咬了他.The lion bit a large piece of flesh out of the dead antelope. 狮子从死羚羊身上咬下一大块肉.He bit her play-fully on the ear．他开玩笑地咬她的耳朵．2［C］anact of biting 咬；咬伤：That＇s a bad bite-Was it a dog？那一口咬得很厉害-是狗咬的吗？Dogbites can be dangerous.被狗咬伤可能很危险.［个］

nick／nik／1［C］a small cut like a V“V”形的小划伤：It＇s not a bad cut，just a nick. 伤口不严重， 仅仅是割破了一点．2［T1］ to make a cut or nickin 划破；划伤：He nicked himself／his face shav-ing.他刮胡子时把脸刮破了.

gash／gæf／1 ［C］ a long deep cut or wound 长而深的切口（或伤口）：Blood poured from the gash in his face.血从他的脸上那一道深深的伤口里涌了出来．2［T1］to make a gash or gashes in 深深划伤：The drunk man gashed his face with a razor while trying to shave.这醉汉想刮胡子，被剃刀划破了自己的脸.

slash／slæf1 ［C］ a long thin cut or gash 细长的砍痕：His body was covered with knife slashes.

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B131 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

他浑身都是刀砍的伤痕．2［T1］to make a slash orslashes in 深深砍入；深深划开：The man slashedher face with a knife.这人用小刀划破了她的脸.

scratch /skrætf 1 [T1] to make lines or small cuts and holes in the skin of 抓；抓伤：The cat scratched his arm with its claws.猫用爪子抓破了他的手臂.She scratched his face with her fingernails．她用手指甲抓伤了他的脸．2［C］theresult of scratching or being scratched 擦伤；抓伤；抓伤之处：Are you hurt？-No，it＇s nothing； just a scratch.你受伤了吗？-不，没什么，只是擦破了皮.There was a scratch （mark） on his face.他脸上有条抓破的伤痕.

claw/klo:/[IØ (at); T1 (out)] to cut, scratch, pull，etc with claws，nails，fingers，etc（用指甲、爪子、手指等）抓；撕；刮；攫；挖：The cat clawedat the door to get in.猫用爪子抓门想进去.Hewas badly clawed by a lion.他被狮子严重地抓伤了.＇T＇ll claw his eyes out！＇ she said angrily. 她愤怒地说：“我要把他的两眼挖出来！”

stab /stæb/ 1 [T1] to cut deep into with the point of a knife，etc（用刀等）刺入；刺伤；戳；扎：The robber stabbed his victim in the back. 这强盗在被害者的背上刺了一刀.Help！-I＇ve beenstabbed！救命啊！我被刺伤了！2［C］the result or action of stabbing or being stabbed 刺；戳； 刺痛；刺戳的伤：He received several stabs in the chest.他的胸口被刺了好几下.This stab woundmust be treated immediately.这个刀刺的伤口必须立刻治疗.

incision /in'sı3ən/ [C; U] tech, esp med a cut into something, done with a special tool for a special reason， esp a medical one（尤指医疗手术的）切开；切口：He made an incision intothe leather.他把皮革割开了一个口子.An incisionwas made into the diseased organ.在病变的器官处开了一个切口.incisive ［B］（only fig）cutting deep into the heart of the matter 深刻的；尖锐的；透彻的：an incisive argument 尖锐的论点；incisive statements 透彻的陈述-ly［adv］

B131 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：harming the body by beating 打伤（坏）身体

beat/bi:t/ [T1] to strike the body of (someone) severely again and again（接连地）打（某人身体）；（连续地）揍：The men beat him unmercifully.那些人狠狠地揍他.He was beaten unconscious.他被打得不省人事：They broke several of his ribs and one arm when they beat him.他们打断了他好几根肋骨和一条手臂.

batter /'bætə/ [T1] to beat very severely, often with something heavy（用重物）猛击；痛打：He battered his wife almost to death. 他将妻子毒打，几乎把她打死.Battered babies often suffer damage for life.被毒打的婴孩往往一辈子都无法康复.He battered the man＇s head in with a metal rob.他用一根金属棒把那人的脑袋打坏了.

blow /bləu/[C] a hard stroke which hurts, makes unconscious，etc 打击；重击；殴打：The blow to his head must have been made from behind. 他头部受到的那一击一定是从后面来的.He triedto escape the blows which the men rained on

him.他设法躲开那些人对他雨点般的殴打.

bruise /bru:z/ 1 [C] a damaged place on the skin （and flesh） from a blow or knock（因打、撞等）皮（肉）上的青肿；挫伤；淤伤：That＇s a badbruise on his face-how did he get it？ 他脸上有一处很厉害的淤伤-怎么搞的？That child isalways covered in bruises.那孩子身上总是青一块紫一块的.He escaped from the accident with only minor cuts and bruises.这次事故中他幸免于难，只受到了些轻微的划伤与擦伤．2［T1］tocause a bruise or bruises to 使（皮肉）青肿；使受淤伤；碰伤：He bruised his hand while boxing. 他的手因拳击而打得青肿了.Be careful not tobruise yourself climbing that wall.爬墙时小心， 不要撞伤自己.

brain/brein/ [T1] to kill or knock (someone) unconscious by striking on the head 猛击脑袋以致打死或打昏：She brained him with a heavystick.她用一根粗棍猛打他的脑袋，把他打死（昏）了.

B132 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：breaking and straining parts of the body 折断或扭伤身体的某些部分

break/breik/1 [T1; IØ] to separate into two or more pieces 折断；破碎；破裂：Be careful you don＇t break your leg jumping across there.从那里跳过去时小心别折断你的腿.His leg brokelike a piece of dry wood.他的腿像一根干木头似的折断了．2［C］ the place where breaking has happened 折断处：His leg will be all right-it＇s a clean break.他的腿会愈合的，骨折处很整齐.

fracture／＇fræktfə／ med 1 ［IØ；T1］to break 破裂； 折断；破碎：His leg fractured in three places when he fell．他跌倒在地，腿上有三处折了骨．2［C］a break 折断；破裂：He has multiple［→J10］ fractures of the pelvis ［■B11］．他的骨盆有多处骨折.

sprain /sprein/ 1 [T1] to weaken (the muscle of) a part of the body, esp by violent activity 扭；扭伤：She fell and sprained her ankle.她跌倒了，扭伤了脚踝．2［C］the result of spraining 扭伤：She twisted her ankle and got a bad sprain.她的脚踝扭了，伤得很厉害.

strain/stremn/ 1 [T1] to damage or weaken by pulling or twisting （a muscle， etc） too much 用力过度而损伤；（用力过猛而）拉（扭）伤：He hasstrained his heart doing all that heavy work. 干那样重的工作损伤了他的心脏．2［U］the resultof straining 过劳；劳损；扭伤：He is suffering from heart strain.他患了心力劳损.

pull ／pul／［T1］ infml to strain（过分用力而）拉（弄）伤：He pulled a muscle exercising too hard.他运动得太猛烈，把肌肉拉伤了.

B133 adjectives，etc 形容词等：being unable to do certain things（身体的）某些缺陷

blind／blaind／1［Wal；B］ unable to see 看不见的；

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瞎的；盲的；失明的：She has been blind frombirth.她一生下来就双目失明.Cats are bornblind but soon begin to see.猫刚生下时眼睛是瞎的，但是很快就能看见了.He is blind in oneeye．他一只眼睛失明．-ness［U］-ly［adv］2［Wal； F（to）］（fig）of poor judgement 视而不见的；判断力差的：She is blind to the results of her stupid behaviour.她觉察不到自己的愚蠢行为所产生的后果．3［the P］ blind people 盲人；瞎子：He wants to help the blind enjoy as full a life as possible.他希望帮助盲人尽可能地充分享受生活．4 ［T1］ to make blind 弄瞎；使看不见：He wasblinded in the war.他在战争中双目失明了.Thebright headlights of the approaching car （temporarily）blinded their driver.正开过来的汽车耀眼的前灯使他们的司机（一时）什么也看不见.

shortsighted /'fo:t'saitid/ esp BrE, near-sighted /'nir'saitid/ esp AmÉ [B] unable to see clearly things that are some distance away 近视（眼）的：I＇m afraid I＇m rather short-sighted； come a little closer，please.恐怕我的近视已经很深了，请你稍为走近点.（fig）He is beinga bit shortsighted about this plan; he can't see how successful it will be.他对这个计划有点眼光短浅，看不到它将会取得多么大的成功.-ness［U］-ly [adv]

longsighted /'lon'saitid/ esp BrE, farsighted /'fa:'saitid/ esp AmE [B] unable to see clearly things that are near 远视（眼）的：He＇s very longsighted and needs glasses for close work. 他有远视眼，工作时需要戴眼镜.-ness［U］-ly[adv]

deaf/def/1[Wal; B] unable to hear well or at all 耳聋的；听力差的：He＇s totally deaf； he can＇t hear a thing.他完全失聪，一点也听不见.She＇spartially deaf in her right ear.她右耳半聋了. -ness ［U］2 ［the P］ deaf people 耳聋的人；聋子： The deaf find social life difficult.耳聋的人感到难以参与社交生活．3［F（to）］（fig） unwilling to listen 不愿听···的；对···充耳不闻的：He was deafto her request. 他对她的要求充耳不闻.stonedeaf ［B］ infml completely deaf 完全耳聋deafen ［T1］ to make unable to hear 使聋；使听不见：The loud sounds deafened us.巨大的响声震得我们耳朵发聋.

hard of hearing ［F］ euph（rather） deaf（人）耳朵有点聋的；听觉不灵的：She＇s hard of hearing；speak a little louder.她耳朵有点聋，你说话要高声一点.

dumb/dam/1[Wa5; B] unable to speak clearly

or at all 哑的；不能说话的：The child seemed

dumb because he was in fact deaf.这孩子似乎

是哑巴，但实际上他是个聋子.People often talk

about dogs and cats and so on as 'dumb

animals＇ because theycan＇t speak.人们在谈到

猫和狗一类动物时，总说它们是“哑动物”，因为它们

不会讲话．2［F］ silent；not speaking 不说话的；沉

默寡言的：He remained dumb when asked the

questions again.再一次被问及这些问题时，他仍

然保持沉默. fig) She was struck dumb with

)

horror at what she had seen.她被看到的情景吓

得说不出话来.-ness［U］-ly［adv］

mute／mju：t／1 ［Wa1；B］ not speaking； silent 不

B135 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

说话的；沉默的：He stood looking at her in mute astonishment.他站着惊异地望着她说不出话来．2［Wa5；B］ old use dumb 哑的：He has been mute since infancy．他从小就是哑的．3［C］ a person who is or has been made dumb 哑子； 哑巴：The queen was served by mutes， men whose tongues had been removed.侍候皇后的都是割掉舌头的哑巴男子.He＇s a deaf mute andcannot tell anyone their secrets.他是个又聋又哑的人，不可能把他们的秘密告诉任何人.

lame/lerm/ [Wal; B] not able to walk properly 跛的；瘸的：He has been lame in one leg since the accident.自那次事故之后，他的一条腿就跛了.The horse went lame because of an injury to the right foreleg.这匹马因为右前腿受了伤所以跛了.-ness［U］

B134 adjectives 形容词：relating to

inability through age［B］有关年老而力衰的

[ALSO → B93 NOT STRONG]

decrepit/dr'krepit/ made weak by old age or hard use 老弱的；衰老的；破旧的：He＇s prettydecrepit now；of course．he＇s 82．现在他相当衰老了，当然啦，他已经八十二岁了.That decrepitold horse won＇t get you very far.那匹衰老的马你骑不了多远啦.-ude［U］

infirm /mn'f3:m/ physically weak, esp through age 体弱的（尤指由于年老）：He walked overwith very infirm steps.他步履艰难地走了过来.-ity,-ness [U]

senile /'si:narl/med showing the weaknesses of old age 衰老的；年老体弱的：He＇s senile；hesometimes forgets his own name.他老糊涂了， 有时候连自己的名字也记不得了.senility［U］

B135 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

communicating disease 传染疾病

infect/mn'fekt/[T1 (with)] 1 [often pass] to put disease into a body 传染；感染；传播病菌于：Theydeliberately infected the animals with a disease in order to study the effects.为了研究这种病的效应，他们故意把这种病传播到动物身上.She became infected with a rare disease.她感染了一种罕见的病.The spreading diseaseinfected her eyes and she became blind.传染病感染了她的眼睛，使她失明了．2 to spread intoand make impure 扩散；散布；污染：Waste gases infected the air and made it difficult to breathe．废气扩散到空气中使人们呼吸因难．3(fig) to make (someone else) have feelings of the same type 影响；感染：His courage infected his friends, who had been discouraged before. 他的勇气感染了他那些已失去信心的朋友.Sheinfected the whole class with her enthusiasm. 她以她的热诚感染了全班.

infection/mn'fekfən/1 [U] the process or result of being infected 感染；传染；污染：If you don＇t

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B136 HEALTH ＆ SICKNESS 健康与生病

clean this place there will be a great risk of infection spreading among the patients.假如你不把这地方打扫干净，在病人之间将会有扩散传染的危险．2［C］an infectious disease 传染病：There is a chance at this time of year of catching various infections，none serious.每年这个时候都有染上各种传染病的机会，这没什么大不了的.

pass on [v adv T1] to give (esp an infection) to someone else（尤指传染病）传播；传染：People pass infections on to each other in crowded buses and offices.在拥挤的公共汽车或办公室里人们会互相传染疾病.

contagion/kən'teıd3ən/ med 1 [U] the act of passing on disease by touching（接触）传染；触染：People get these diseases by simple contagion．人们是通过接触而染上这些病的．2［C］such a disease 接触传染病（经接触而传播的疾病）：I＇m afraid the contagion is spreading and we are powerless to stop it.恐怕这种传染病已在蔓延，我们已无法制止了.

contaminate /kən'tæmə,neit/ [T1] to make impure by the addition of poisonous matter 污染；使有毒：Don＇t eat this food； it may have been contaminated by that dirty water.不要吃这食物，它可能被脏水污染了.

contamination /kən,tæmə'nerfən/ [U] the process or result of contaminating or being contaminated 污染；毒害：Contamination can result from dirty drinking water.污染可以是由于不洁的饮用水而造成.

contaminant /kən'tæmənənt/ [C] anything which serves to contaminate 沾染物；污染物

pollute／pə＇lu：t／ ［T1］ to make dirty or impure 弄脏；污染：The river has been polluted by all kinds of industrial waste.这条河已被各种各样的工业废料污染了.（fig）These magazines can pollute a young person＇s mind！这些杂志能毒害年轻人的心灵！［■D181-2］

pollution /pə'lu:fən/ [U; C] the process or result of polluting or being polluted 污染：River pollution is now contributing to the pollution of the seas. 河流的污染现正导致海洋的污染.These various pollutions can cause human disease.这些各种各样的污染都能引起人类的疾病.pollutant /pə'lu:tənt/ [C] anything which

pollutes 污染物

B136 adjectives 形容词：communicating disease［Wa2］传染疾病的

infectious /In'fekfəs/ [B] spread by or likely to cause infection 传染的；易传染的；传染性的：These diseases are highly infectious.这些疾病是非常容易传染的.That child is infectious and must be isolated immediately.那孩子的病是传染性的，必须立即隔离.Burn these infectiousclothes.烧掉这些传染疾病的衣服.（fig）Herenthusiasm was highly infectious.她的热情有很大的感染力.-ness［U］

catching ／＇kætfin／ ［F； （B）］ infml infectious 传染性的：Many childhood illnesses are catching. 许多儿童疾病是传染性的.（fig）She is very

enthusiastic and I hope the others will find it catching.她十分热情，我希望其他人也会被这种热情所感染.

contagious /kən'teıd3əs/ [B] which can spread by touching 由接触而传染的；触染性的：If aperson has a contagious disease, he should be kept away from other people till he recovers. 如果一个人得了传染病，就应该把他和别人隔离，直到他恢复健康.

immune /I'mju:n/ [Wa5; B (to)] unable to be harmed because of special powers in the person or animal（人或动物）免疫的；有免疫力的；不受传染的：These people are immune to TB.这些人对肺结核有免疫性.immunity［U；C］the state or condition of being immune 免疫； 免疫性：He has immunity from that disease.他对那种疾病有免疫力.[■B174]

B137 nouns 名词： occurrences of disease 发病

outbreak /'aut,breik/ [C] a sudden appearance or beginning of a dangerous disease（危险疾病）突发；突然流行：The doctors there have just reported an outbreak of cholerala cholera outbreak.医生们刚报告说他们那里突然发生了霍乱.

epidemic/,epə'demik/ [C] esp med many cases of the same disease spreading rapidly among many people in an area for a time 流行病；时疫：We had an epidemic of influenza last winter.去年冬天我们这里发生流行性感冒.The fluepidemic was terrible last winter.去年冬天流行性感冒非常可怕.The outbreak of flu became an epidemic.突然发生的流行性感冒蔓延开了.(fig) We have had an epidemic of engage-ments and marriages in the firm this year.今年我们公司里许多人忽然订婚和结婚.

plague /pleig/ 1 [U;C] a terrible infectious disease which spreads over large areas, attacking and killing many people 瘟疫： Bubonic plague [→B143] or the Black Death was once a terrible disease in Asia and Europe.淋巴腺鼠疫即黑死病曾是蔓延于欧亚两洲的一种可怕疾病．Plague victims［→B167］were dying like flies.得了瘟疫的病人大批死亡.Plagues were once very common because people lived in unhealthy conditions.过去瘟疫十分普遍，因为人们的生活环境很不卫生．2［C］anyterrible disaster with the same kind of effects 灾害；祸患：The farms were attacked by a plague of insects．这些农场遭了虫灾．3［S］（fig） a person who makes life difficult for others 麻烦／讨厌的人：What a plague that child is！那小孩多么讨厌！be plagued with to suffer from 遭受···之苦；受···折磨：They have been plagued with bad luck in that family.那家人一直摆脱不了恶运.

pestilence /'pestiləns/ [C; U] fml any kind of epidemic or terrible event 瘟疫；时疫；可怕的事： The Black Death was one of the worst pestilences in human history.黑死病是人类历史

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上最可怕的一种瘟疫.These insects are a pesti-lence；they must be destroyed.这些昆虫是祸害， 必须把它们消灭掉．pestilential［B］1 of or likea pestilence； highly infectious 瘟疫的；似瘟疫的； 易于传染的2（fig）very annoying 非常恼人的

Diseases and ailments

疾病与身体不适

B140 nouns 名词：colds and fevers 着凉与发烧

cold/kəuld/[C] an illness common in winter in which the nose and/or throat become(s) pain-ful，blocked by mucus［→＞B60］，etc 感冒；着凉； 伤风：I＇ve got a cold coming on.我快要得感冒了.The children have all got colds.孩子们都感冒了.She has a slight cold.她有点轻微感冒.Hehas a bad cold in the head.他患了严重的头伤风.

influenza /,Influ'enzə/ [U] a disease like a bad cold but more serious 流行性感冒：There is likely to be an influenza epidemic this winter. 今年冬天很可能会有流行性感冒蔓延.People usedto die of influenza,but that is much less likely nowadays.人们过去经常因流行性感冒而死亡，但这种事现在不大可能发生了.

flu／flu：／［（the）U］ infml influenza 流行性感冒；流感：He＇s got（the）flu.他得了流感.

catarrh /kə'ta:/ [U] inflammation of the nose and throat， causing a flow of liquid［医］卡他； 黏膜炎（尤指鼻和咽喉的黏膜发炎，流鼻涕）：Can Ihave another handkerchief-this catarrh is terrible.能不能再给我一块手帕-这黏膜炎真讨厌.His nose is blocked up with catarrh.他的鼻子因黏膜发炎而堵住了.

cough/kpf/ [C] the (medical) condition of coughing often 咳嗽（病）：Poor fellow，what a bad cough he＇s got.真可怜，他得了这么厉害的咳嗽！Winter is a timeof coughs and colds.冬天是咳嗽和感冒流行的季节．［■B117］

chill/tfil/[C] an illness marked by coldness and a shaking of the body 风寒（病）；受寒：Put on warm clothes so that you don't catch a chill. 穿上暖和点的衣服，你就不致于受寒.

fever /'fi:və/[C;U] a (medical) condition associated with many illnesses in which the sufferer develops a high temperature 发烧；发热：She has a slight fever； she should go to bed immediately.她有点发烧，应该立即卧床休息.Some fevers can be very dangerous.某些发烧可能是很危险的.

B141 nouns 名词：disorders of the lungs and breathing［U］肺与呼吸系统的疾病

pneumonia /nju:'məunıə/ a serious illness with inflammation［→B125］of one or both lungs 肺

B143 DISEASES ＆ AILMENTS 疾病与身体不适

炎：His chill developed into pneumonia and he died three days later.他受的风寒转成了肺炎，三天之后就死了.Pneumonia causes difficulty in breathing.肺炎会引起呼吸困难.

bronchitis /bron'kaitis/ inflammation of the tubes between the windpipe and the lungs 支气管炎 bronchitic ［Wa5；B］ suffering from or concerning bronchitis 患支气管炎的；支气管炎的

tuberculosis /tju:,b3:kju'ləusis/ a serious dis-ease affecting many parts of the body but chiefly the lungs 结核病；（尤指）肺结核：People living in cold damp places often get tubercu-losis.住在阴冷潮湿地方的人往往会得肺结核.TBabbrev tubercular, -ous of, suffering from,or causing tuberculosis 结核病的；患结核病的；引起结核病的

consumption/kən'sampfən/ (the old name for) tuberculosis 肺病（旧名）

asthma/'æsmə/ a disease or condition which at times makes breathing very difficult 气喘病；气喘 asthmatic 1 ［B］ suffering from or concern-ing asthma 气喘的；患气喘病的；气喘病的-ally［adv Wa4］ 2 ［C］ an asthmatic person气喘病人

B142 adjectives 形容词：relating to fevers ［B］有关发烧的

feverish /'fi:vərif 1 having or showing a (usu slight）fever 发烧的（通常轻微的）；发热的：Herskin felt feverish； in a feverish condition.在发烧时她的皮肤摸上去有点热．2［Wa5］caused by afever 由发烧引起的：a feverish dream 发烧引起的梦3（fig）unnaturally fast 狂热的；兴奋的： feverish work 狂热的工作-ly［adv］

fevered／＇fi：vəd／ having a fever 发烧的；发热的： He looked fevered and ill.他看起来像发烧生病了.

febrile／＇fi：brail／ med of or caused by fever 发烧的；发烧引起的

flushed／flAft／ hot and pink with blood（脸、皮肤）发红的；（人）脸红的：Her face looks flushed； she may have a slight fever.她脸色发红，可能有轻度发烧.

hot /hpt/ [Wal] having a higher temperature than normal 比正常体温高的；热的：Hisforehead is hot; he may be developing a fever. 他的前额发烫，可能要发烧了.He had a hot，flushed look.他的脸看上去又红又烫.

B143 nouns 名词：infectious diseases 传染病

measles /'mi:zəlz/ [(the) U] an infectious disease in which the sufferer has a fever and small red spots on his face and body 麻疹；痧子；疹子：The child caught （the） measles at school.这孩子在学校里感染了麻疹.

German measles [U] an infectious disease in which red spots appear on the body, not serious in children but serious in pregnant [■

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