A127 PARTS OF ANIMALS 动物的各部分

wool/wul/[U;C] the soft hair of sheep and similar animals 羊毛 woolly ［Wal；B］ like or covered with wool 似羊毛的；长满羊毛的

feather /'feðə/[C] one of the many parts of the covering which grows on a bird's body, each of which has a stiff rod-like piece in the middle, with soft hair-like material growing from it on each side（见 195页彩图）羽毛fea-thered [Wa5; B] covered with or having feathers 覆以羽毛的：Most birds are feathered creatures．大多数鸟都有羽毛．feathery［Wa5；B］ like feathers 羽毛状的；似羽毛的：Ferns［→A139］ are feathery plants.羊齿植物是羽毛状植物.

plumage/'plu:mid3/ [U] the mass of a bird's feathers（一只鸟的全身）羽毛：Some birds have beautiful plumage.有些鸟长着美丽的羽毛.

shell/fel/ 1 [C] the hard outer covering of, or on the back of， some animals 甲壳；贝壳：Shell-fish are so named because of their shells.贝壳类动物是因其外壳而得名的.A tortoise has ashell covering its back．乌龟背上有壳．2［U］the material a shell is made of 贝壳或甲壳所含的物质

scale/skeil/[C] one of the small thin, usu hard plates of material which cover the bodies of many fish and reptiles 鳞；鳞片 scaly［Wal；B］ like or covered with scales 鳞状的；覆有鳞片的：Crocodiles are scaly animals.鳄鱼是身上有鳞的动物.

spine／spain／also 又作 prickle ／＇prikəl／ ［C］ one of the many sharp needle-like parts of some animals（动物身上的）刺：Hedgehogs are covered with a mass of spines／prickles.刺猬浑身长着刺.

quill ／kwil／ ［C］ 1 a long sharp stiff spine 长刺： Porcupines have a mass of quills on their backs．豪猪背上长着无数的长刺．2 also 又作quill feather a large wing or tail feather 鸟类翅膀或尾部的大羽毛；翎：People wrote withquills before metal pen nibs were invented. 在发明金属笔尖之前，人们用羽毛笔管写字.

A127 nouns 名词：marks on animals ［C］ 动物身上的特征

spot /sppt/ one of any number of small, usu round marks on the skin of an animal, usu darker than the rest of the skin 小点；（通常是圆形的）斑点：Leopards have spots.豹身上有斑点.spotted ［B］ covered with spots 身上有斑点的： The jaguaris a large spotted cat.美洲虎是身上有斑点的大型猫科动物.

stripe /straip/ a long narrow band, usu of a darker colour than the rest of the skin 条纹；斑纹：Tigers have stripes.老虎身上有斑纹.striped ［B］ covered with stripes 身上有条纹的：The tiger is a large striped cat.老虎是身上有斑纹的大型猫科动物.

A128 nouns 名词：parts of a female animal where milk can be got by the young［C］雌性动物的哺乳器官

[ALSO→ B31 BREAST]

udder/'Adə/ the round bag on a cow, goat,or similar animal from which the milk comes（见30页彩图）牛羊等的乳房：The cow＇s udder waspainfully full.那头母牛的乳房奶胀得发疼了.

teat /ti:t/ a nipple [→B31] or the part which serves the same purpose on a female animal （雌性动物的）乳头；奶头：He squeezed milkfrom the sheep＇s teats.他从羊的奶头挤奶.

dug/dag/ the udder or teat of a female animal （雌性动物的）乳房或奶头

Kinds and parts of plants

植物的种类及其各部分

A130 nouns 名词：parts of plants（见 328 页彩图）植物的各部分

stem/stem/[C] 1 the part of a plant coming up from the roots（植物的）茎；干2 the part of a leaf, flower, or fruit that joins it to a main stalk or twig 叶柄；花梗；果柄-stemmed ［comb form］ having a stem of a certain kind 有···茎（梗）的：long-stemmed 有长茎（梗）的，thick-stemmed，etc有粗茎（梗）的等

stalk／sto：k／［C］1 a stem， esp if large or long 茎； 干（尤指长而粗的）2 a part of any plant whichsupports a flower or flowers but is not woody （见A131插图）花梗

bulb/balb/ [C] a thick almost round base of a plant below the ground that sends roots downwards and leaves， etc， upwards 球茎： Onions and lilies grow from bulbs.洋葱和百合是从球茎长起来的.bulbous ［B］ shaped like，having，or growing from such a bulb 像球茎的； 有球茎的；从球茎长起来的：He has a bulbousnose.他长了个又圆又大的鼻子.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

root/ru:t/[C] the part of a plant which is nor-mally under the soil and which draws water and minerals from it 根：He pulled the plant up by its roots.他把那棵植物连根拔了起来.

leaf /li:f/ [C] a part of a plant, usu green and flat,which grows from the stem or branches of a plant 叶： In autumn the leaves fall from most trees.在秋季，多数树的叶子都会脱落.comeinto leaf to grow leaves 长（树）叶：In spring the trees will come into leafagain.到了春季，树上又会长出叶子来.

blade/bleid/ [C] a flat long narrow leaf, esp of grass and similar plants（尤指草的细长的）叶片needle /'ni:dl/ [C]a very thin pointed leaf,esp of the pine tree［→A156］（尤指松树的）针叶：

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The ground was covered in pine needles.地面盖满了松针.

spine／spain／also 又作 prickle／＇prikəl／［C］ one of the many sharp needle-like parts of some plants（某些植物的）刺：Most cactuses［→A139］ have spines on them.大多数仙人掌都有刺.

trunk／trank／［C］ the main stem of a tree 树干

bark/ba:k/1[U] the tough outer covering of a tree 树皮 2［T1］ a to take the bark off 剥下树皮：The boys barked several trees badly.孩子们把好几棵树的皮都剥光了.b（fig）to take the skinoff 刮破···的皮肤：She barked her shins［→B43］ on the sharp metal.锋利的金属刮破了她小腿前面的皮肤.

branch/bra:ntf/ [C] a large long growth from the trunk of a tree, which divides into further growths 树枝：The great branches of the tree spread out over his head.那棵树粗大的树枝在他的头顶上展开.

limb/lm/[C] esp lit & fml a (large) branch of a tree（大）树枝

twig／twig／［C］a small branch 小树枝

twiglet／＇twiglit／ ［C］ a small twig 嫩枝

stump/stamp/[C]1 the short part of a tree left above the ground after it has been cut down, fallen over，etc（树被砍断或倒下后残留地上的）树桩；残株；树墩 2 any short remaining part of something which used to be long（长条物品的） 残根；剩余部分：the stump of a pencil 铅笔头；the stump of an arm 残臂

A131 nouns，etc 名词等：the flower on plants植物的花

petals（corolla）花瓣（花冠）

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flower/'flavə/[C]1 that part of a plant,often beautiful，which produces seeds 花2（fig） the best part； the most perfect 精华；精英；最佳部分：She was in the flower of her youth.她正值豆蔻年华.The flower of the nation＇s young men died in that battle.国家的优秀青年在那次战役中牺牲了.in flower having the flowers open 开着花：The trees are in flower.树正开着花.

petal /'petl/ [C] one of the leaf-like divisions of a flower 花瓣：The petals fell off one by one. 花瓣一片片地落下来了.

bud/bad/1 [C]a leaf, flower,or branch when it is just beginning to grow（叶、花或枝初生时的）芽2［C］a partly opened flower（见328页彩图）花蕾；花苞；蓓蕾 3［IØ］ to begin to havebuds 发芽；长芽：The trees are budding； spring is here.树在发芽；春天到了.in bud having or

A133 PARTS OF PLANTS 植物的各部分

sending out buds 在发芽或含苞状态中：The treesare all in bud.树都在发芽.

bloom/blu:m/1[C]a flower, esp a large one;a flower grown esp to be looked at 花（尤指大的、供观赏的）：What beautiful blooms！多美的花呀！ 2 ［IØ］ to be in flower or bear flowers 开花：The flowers are blooming．鲜花盛开．3［IØ］（fig）to look well and beautiful 容光焕发；神采奕奕：Mary was blooming after her week in the country.玛丽在郊外住了一周后，容光焕发.inbloom flowering 开着花：The gardens are now in（full）bloom.花园里现在鲜花盛开.

blossom /'blpsəm/1 [C].a flower, esp of a fruit tree（尤指果树的）花：The blossoms don＇t last long．花不长开．2［U］ the mass of blossoms on a tree 一棵树上的花朵：The apple blossom isbeautiful this year．今年这棵苹果树上的花很美．3［IØ］ to come into flower 开花：The trees have blossomed.树上的花已经开了.（fig） His plans are blossoming beautifully.他的计划正在顺利地进行.in blossom blossoming 开着花：The trees are all in blossom.所有的树都开着花.

ovary /'əuvəri/ [C] the part of a female plant that produces seeds 子房

A132 nouns 名词： new growth in plants ［C］植物体内的新长出物

shoot/Ju:t/a new growth from (a part of) a plant, esp a young stem and leaves, but also a branch on a tree 芽；苗；嫩枝：Shoots started coming out on the rose bushes.玫瑰树丛开始抽出嫩枝.There＇s a new shoot coming up； the plant isn＇t dead.一个新芽长出来了；那棵植物没死.

seedling /'si:dli/ a young plant recently grown from seed 秧苗：He bought several seedlings； he doesn't like growing plants from seed him-self.他买了儿棵秧苗；他不喜欢自己播种育苗.

sapling／＇sæplin／ a young tree 树苗：He planted saplings at the bottom of his garden.他把树苗种在花园的尽头.

sprout/spraut/a new growth from a plant,such as a bud or shoot 芽；苗；苞

sucker /'sakə/ a shoot growng out through the ground from the root or lower stem of a plant 根出条（植物的根部或近根处长出的芽）

A133 nouns 名词：liquids in plants ［U］植物体内的液体

sap /sæp/ the liquid in a plant which carries its food to all parts（将养料输送至植物各部分的）树液；汁液

juice/d3u:s/ the liquid part of fruit and vege-tables（水果和蔬菜的）汁：The oranges are full of juice this year． 今年的橙子汁儿很多．［→E61DRINKS]juicy [Wal;B]1 having a lot of juice 多汁的：a juicy orange 多汁的橙子2（fig）in-teresting 有趣的：some juicy information一些有趣的消息-iness［U］

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A134 PARTS OF PLANTS 植物的各部分

A134 nouns，etc 名词等：fruit and seed 果实与种子

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| larger 大 | fruit 水果 |
| smaller 小 | berry 浆果 |
| harder硬 | nut坚果 |
| small＆ hard 小而硬 | seed种子 |

fruit/fru:t/[U;C] 1 the part of a plant in which the seed is developed（见328页彩图）（植物的）果实：Grapes are the fruit of the vine.葡萄是葡萄树结的果实．2 the part of certain treesand bushes with the seed(s) surrounded by a fleshy substance， which can be eaten（树和灌木上结的）果子：Apples are the fruit of the apple tree．苹果是苹果树结的果．3 the eatable produceof such plants generally（见425 页彩图）水果（总称）：She went to the shop and bought some fruit：apples，pears. and bananas.她去商店买了些水果：苹果、梨和香蕉.Various fruits cangrow in this climate.这种气候适合多种果树的生长． ［→A150］4 ［usu pl］（fig） good results 成果： It＇s time to enjoy the fruits of your success.该是你享受胜利成果的时候了.fruity［Wal；B］usuapprec（tasting or smelling） like fruit（尝着、嗅着）有水果味的：The medicine had a fruity taste.这种药有水果味道.

berry /'beri/ [C] 1 a small soft fruit, esp one that can be eaten（见459页彩图）（尤指可吃的）浆果：The birds ate the berries on the bushes．那些鸟把矮树上的浆果吃了．［→A154］2also 又作 bean the dry seed of some plants， such as coffee 豆；豆形果实（如咖啡豆）

nut/nAt/[C] 1 a dry fruit with one or more seeds inside a hard covering（见 459 页彩图） 坚果；硬壳果：He picked some nuts and berries off the trees．他从树上摘了些坚果和浆果．2 theseed inside， which is eaten 坚果的果仁：The chocolate had nuts in it.这种巧克力里面有些果仁．［■A153］

seed/si:d/[C] the part of a plant which is able to develop into a new plant （见 426页彩图） 种子；籽：He planted the seeds.他把种子种下了.The birds were eating all the seeds.鸟正在吃掉所有的种子.He chewed the fruit，seeds and all. 他把那水果连核带皮全都嚼吃了.She likes eatingmelon seeds.她喜欢吃瓜子.

grain/grein/[C] a seed of any cereal [→A152] plant，esp as food（见459页彩图）（谷物）粒： He gave the beggar some grains of rice.他给了那个乞丐一点大米.

cone/kəun/ [C] the fruit of a pine [■>A156],fir [→A156], or other coniferous tree [→A135 CONIFERs] which has several partly separate pieces laid over each other, each containing a seed（见460页彩图）（松树、枞树等的）球果：Fir cones open out in dry weather,letting the seeds out.枞树的球果在天气干燥时裂开，让种子掉

出去.

pod/ppd/1[C] a long narrow seed container of various plants， esp beans and peas（见426页彩图）豆荚：a peapod 豌豆荚2［IØ （up）］（ofbean plants， peas， etc） to produce pods（豌豆等豆类植物）结荚：The beans are beginning to pod（up）.豆子正开始结荚.

stone /stəun/ [C] a single hard seed inside some fruits（见425页彩图）果核；硬核：Cher-ries［→A150］have stones in them．樱桃有硬核．

kernel /'k3inl/ [C] 1 the softer inside, usu eatable, part of a nut; the inside part of a fruit stone（见459 页彩图）（坚果或果核内的）仁2(fig) the important or main part of some-thing, often surrounded by unimportant or untrue matter 核心；要点：He told a number of lies, but there was a kernel of truth in his story.他撒了许多谎，但他所讲那件事的主要部分却是真实的.

cob／kpb／［C］ 1 also 又作 corncob the large hard central part of an ear of corn（见459页彩图）玉蜀黍的穗轴；玉米轴2 a type of largenut，esp one from the hazel tree 一种大坚果； （尤指）大榛子

shell/fel/[C] the hard covering of a nut, egg, or some seeds（见459页彩图）（坚果、蛋等的）壳：He cracked the shell of the nut with his teeth. 他用牙齿把坚果的壳咬开了.

husk/hask/ [C] 1 the dry outer covering of some fruits and seeds， esp of grain（尤指谷类的）外皮；外壳2（fig）the useless outside part of anything 没有用处的外表部分

rind/raind/[C] the thick, usu rough, sometimes hard outer covering of certain fruits, esp of the melon and lemon［■A150］（尤指瓜类、柠檬等水果厚而粗糙的）外皮

peel/pi:l/ [U;C] the outer covering of those fruits and vegetables which people usu pull off before eating（见 425 页彩图）（水果、蔬菜的）皮：She removed the peel from the the oranges.她把橙子皮剥掉了.Put the orange and apple peel in the dustbin.把橙子皮和苹果皮扔在垃圾箱里.

peelings /'pi:linz/ [P] thin lengths of skin peeled from fruit and vegetables（剥下或削下的水果或蔬菜的）皮：The sink was full of potatopeelings.洗涤槽里满是马铃薯皮.

skin /skin/ [U;C] the outer covering of such fruits as the banana;the peel, rind,husk, etc, generally 香蕉等的外皮；皮（通称）

A135 nouns，etc 名词等：larger plants 大型植物

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| larger 较大 | tree树 |
| smaller 较小 | bush 灌木 |

tree/tri:/[C] a plant which lives for many years, grows high, and has a trunk of wood and

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A50：man and the monkey 人与猴子

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（亚洲产） 长臂巨猿（亚洲产）

A51：the horse and similar animals 马与同类动物

horse

马

poll

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similar animals 同类动物

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donkey or ass

驴

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mule

骡

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zebra

斑马

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A52： the cow and similar animals 牛与同类动物

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Guernsey cow 根西乳牛

Spanish bull 西班牙公牛

African cow 非洲母牛

Other varieties of cows and similar animals 牛的其它品种与同类动物

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buffalo 水牛

（Africa）（非洲产）

water buffalo 水牛

（Asia）（亚洲产）

North American bison

北美野牛

A53： the cat and similar animals 猫与同类动物

head

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cat

猫

Varieties of large nondomestic cats 大型野生猫科动物的品种

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branches, with leaves, growing out from the top of the trunk 树： Tall trees grew beside the house.那所房子旁边长着几棵大树.Trees are oftwo kinds-deciduous and coniferous.树分两种：落叶树和针叶树.Deciduous trees lose their leavés in autumn, but conifers are generally evergreen.落叶树到秋季就落叶，而针叶树一般说来是四季常青的．［→A155-6］

conifer /'kəunifə/ [C] any of various types of trees which bear cones［→A134］针叶树［→A156]

evergreen /'evə,gri:n/1 [C] a tree whose leaves or needles remain on the tree and stay green all the year round 常绿树 2 ［Wa5；B］（of conifers etc） always having leaves（指针叶树等） 常绿的；常青的

deciduous tree /dr'sid3uəs,tri:/ [C] any of vari-ous types of trees which lose their leaves in autumn and grow new leaves in spring（见460页彩图）落叶树［→A155］

bush /buf/ [C often in comb] a plant smaller than a tree, with no trunk but a number of thinner woody stems growing up from near the ground 灌木；丛枝灌木：The ground near the river was covered with thick bushes.河边的地面上到处是茂密的矮树丛.There were thornbushes on the hillside.山坡上长着带刺的灌木丛.[→A157]

shrub/frab/ [C] a low bush with a number of woody stems 灌木：He planted a number of flowering shrubs in the garden.他在花园里栽了许多开花的灌木.

A136 nouns， etc 名词等：general words for plants 用于植物的一般词语

flower /'flavə/ [C] a plant grown for the beauty of its flowers（见328 页彩图）花；花卉：Theflowers in his garden are always lovely at this time of year.每年这个时候他花园里的花总是很好看．［→A158］ flowery ［Wa2； B］ 1 infml of， concerning， or like flowers（关于）花的；似花的： She wore a flowery dress．她穿了一件花衣裳．2（fig） often deprec using too many words（辞藻）过于华丽的：His speeches are too flowery. 他的演说辞藻过于华丽．floral［Wa5；B］tech of，with，concerning，or like flowers（有）花的；似花的：What a beautiful floral arrangement！这些花插得美极了！

weed/wi:d/1[C] a wild plant growing where someone does not want it 杂草；野草：The garden was full of weeds．园子里长满了杂草．2[T1] to take the weeds out of (a garden,the ground，etc） 除草；She was busy weeding the garden.她在花园里忙着除草.weed out ［v advT1] (esp fig) to remove as if by taking out weeds 除掉；清除：They tried to weed out from the group everyone who disagreed with them. 他们想把每一个持异议的人都从团体中清除出去.

herb/h3:b/ [C] any one of several kinds of low plant which die down at the end of the grow-ing season, esp one whose leaves or seeds are used in medicine or in adding to the taste of

A137 PARTS OF PLANTS 植物的各部分

food 药草；香草（食物调料）herbal［Wa5；B］ of or concerning herbs （and also medicinal）药草的 -ly ［adv］ herbaceous ［Wa5；B］ tech （of plants） having stems that are not woody（指植物）草本的

vegetable/'ved3ətəbal/1 [C] a plant that is grown for food, usu to be eaten with or as the main part of a meal and usu of a type which grows in or near the ground （见426页彩图） 蔬菜：Get some vegetables from the garden-some potatoes，cabbages，and beans.从菜园里弄点蔬菜来-弄点马铃薯、包心菜和豆．［■A151］2 ［U］ plant life 植物：Is the object animal， vegetable，or mineral？那东西是动物、植物还是矿物？veg［Wn3；C；U］ esp BrE infml abbrev vegetables 蔬菜：meat and two veg 肉和两种蔬菜

greens /gri:nz/ [P] 1 esp BrE green leafy vege-tables 绿叶菜：Cabbages and lettuces ［■A151］ are greens．包心菜和生菜都是绿叶菜．2 AmEleaves and branches used for ornament, esp at Christmas（尤指在圣诞节）用作装饰的绿叶和青枝pulse /pals/1 [U] the seeds of such plants as beans, peas, and lentils [→A151] used as a food（用作食物的）豆2［C usu pl］ any plant from which these are obtained 豆类植物

A137 nouns 名词：collective words for many plants together 用于多种植物的集合名词

vegetation /,ved3ə'teifən/ [U] 1 plant life in general，usu when growing 植物（通称）：The hillsidewas covered in thick vegetation.山坡上长着茂密的植物．2 all the plants in a particu-lar place（某一地区的）植物：The vegetation of central Africa is mainly tropical.中非的植物主要是热带植物.

foliage /'fəulnd3/ [U] leaves in general, esp when growing 叶子（总称）：That tree has thick foliage.那棵树的叶子很茂密.

greenery /'gri:nəri/ [U] green foliage; green plants， esp when used as ornaments 绿叶；绿色植物（尤指作装饰用的）

shrubbery／＇frabəri／1 ［U］ shrubs collectively 灌木（总称）：It＇s difficult to get into that part of the garden becauseof all that shrubbery.由于有那一大片灌木丛，要想进入花园的那一部分是很难的．2［C］ a（part of a） garden planted with shrubs or bushes 灌木园；灌木圃：He was sitting on a seat in the shrubbery.他坐在灌木园里的一把椅子上.

undergrowth /'Andə,grəoθ/ [U] bushes, tall plants, etc, smaller than the trees around them大树下的灌木丛、深草丛等：It was difficltto travel fast through the undergrowth.要想很快地走过树下的那片灌木丛是很难的.

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A138 PARTS OF PLANTS 植物的各部分

A138 nouns， etc 名词等：kinds of grasses and similar plants 各种草与同类植物

A139 nouns 名词：ferns，heather，and other special plants（见328页彩图）羊齿植物、石南属植物与其它特殊植物

grass

草

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

fern/f3:n/[C] a type of green plant with leaves shaped like feathers 羊齿植物；蕨类植物

bracken/'brækən/ [U] a kind of fern which grows in forests, on waste land, and on the slopes of hills, and becomes a rich red-brown colour in autumn 蕨；羊齿

heath /hi:θ/ [C; U] any one of several kinds of low evergreen [→A135] shrubs[■A135]with small flowers 石南树丛；石南属常青灌木

heather /'heðə/ [U; C] a plant which grows on hills and has many small purple, pink,or white flowers 石南：The hillsides of Scotland are covered in heather.苏格兰的山坡上长满了石

grass/gra:s/ 1 [U] various kinds of common low-growing green plants whose blades and stems are eaten by sheep, cows, etc, on hills and in fields 草；青草 2［U］ land covered by grass 草地：Don＇t walk on the grass.禁止践踏草地．［→D52 LAWN］ 3 ［C］ any of various green plants with tall straight stems and flat blades 禾本科植物：The children hid behind some tall grasses．孩子们藏在一些高草后面．4［T1］to cover（land） with grass 覆以草皮；使长草：They grassed the whole area.他们把那片地全植上了草皮.

turf /t3:f/1 [U](pieces of) earth thickly covered with（esp short）grass 草皮（尤指短草的）；草根土2［T1］to lay turf on；cover with turf 覆以草皮

cereal /'sıə,rıəl/ [C usu pl] any kind of culti-vated grass used for food; plants which are grown to produce grain（见 459页彩图）谷物： They grow cereals on that farm.他们在那个农场里种植谷物.Maize and barley are cereal crops．玉米和大麦都是谷类作物．［→A152］

straw／stro：／1［C］a dry cut stalk of corn 一根稻草；一根麦秸2 ［C］a tube like this for drinking with（喝饮料用的）吸管：The child drank his milk through a straw．那个小孩用吸管喝牛奶．3［U］ dry cut stalks of corn，etc 稻草；麦秸：Straw is used as bedding for animals like horses.稻草用来为马这类家畜作垫草.They made a roof ofstraw for the house.他们给那房子盖了个茅草屋顶.

bamboo/bæm'bu:/ [C; U] a tall plant of the grass family, found esp in tropical areas with hard hollow pointed stems, of which some parts can be eaten when young 竹［→H72］

cane /kein/ 1 [C;U] the hard smooth hollow stem of certain plants （such as tall grasses）（高大禾本科植物等的坚硬光滑而中空的）茎2［C］thestem of certain fruit-producing plants that grow straight from the root（某些结果植物的） CLH个］

reed/ri:d/ [C] a tall grass-like plant that grows in wet places 芦苇

thistle /'Orsəl/ [C; U] a type of plant with many sharp prickles or spines［→A130］蓟

nettle /'netl/ [C] a type of plant that stings when touched 荨麻

thorn /0o:n/ 1 [C;U] any kind of plant with sharp spines or prickles [→A130] growing from it 荆棘；有刺的植物：Be careful of thatthom bush．当心那有荆棘的灌木丛．2［C］such asharp spine or prickle 刺： He got a thorn in his finger when he touched the plant.他摸那棵植物时手指上扎进一根刺.

cactus /'kæktəs/ [C] any of a number of desert plants protected by sharp prickles [■A130] with thick fleshy stems and leaves 仙人掌

palm/pa:m/[C] one of several kinds of trees growing in hot countries and having the branches and leaves growing at the top 棕榈（树）：Some palm trees produce dates， while others produce coconuts.有些棕榈树产海枣而另一些产椰子.

A140 nouns 名词：lichens，fungi，and similar plants 地衣、真菌类与同类植物

lichen /'laikm/ [U;C] a dry-looking greyish, greenish, or yellowish flat spreading plant that covers the surface of stones and trees 地衣

moss/mps/ [U; C] any of several kinds of small green or yellow plants growing in thick masses on wet surfaces 苔；藓；青苔：There were differ-ent mosses on the stones.那些石头上长着不同种类的苔.

fungus /'fangəs/ [U; C] a type of plant with no leaves,flower,or green colouring, which feeds on other plants or dead matter 真菌类；蕈类

mushroom/'mafru:m/ [C] any one of several kinds of fast-growing fungus, some of which can be eaten（见425页彩图）蕈；菌；蘑菇

toadstool /'təud,stu:l/ [C] any one of several kinds of fungus, some of which are poisonous （见425页彩图）蕈；毒蕈

mould BrE, mold AmE /məuld/ [C; U] any of several kinds of woolly or furry fungus which grow on slightly wet surfaces such as leather,

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cheese， or objects left in warm wet places 霉； 霉菌 mouldy［Wa1］ 发霉的；霉臭的：Bread goesmouldy if you leave it in the larder too long. 如果你把面包放在食品贮藏室里，时间长了它就会发霉.

mildew /'mil,dju:/ [U] a usu destructive growth of tiny fungi which forms on plants,leather, food，etc，in warm wet conditions（植物、皮革、食物等在温暖潮湿的环境中长的）破坏性的霉、霉花

plankton /'plænktən/ [U] the forms of very small plant and animal life that live in the sea or in lakes, etc, just below the surface of the water 浮游生物

seaweed/'si:,wi:d/ [U; C] any of various plants growing in or near the sea, usu dark green with long stems（见425页彩图）海藻

A141 nouns 名词：climbing plants 攀缘植物

creeper /'kri:pə/ [C; U] any of various plants which climb up surfaces (esp walls) or along the ground（攀爬在墙上或蔓延在地上的）匍匐植物；蔓草：My foot got caught in a creeper and I fell.我的一只脚被一棵蔓草绊住，我跌倒了.Virginia creeper grew on the wall.墙上长着美国藤.

climber /'klaımə/ [C] a plant which climbs usu up and around other plants or sticks 攀缘植物

liana ／lr＇a：nə／ also 又作 liane ／lr＇a：n／ ［C］ a woody plant that climbs round trees,up walls, etc， in tropical countries（热带）葛藤；藤本植物

vine /vain/ [C] 1 a climbing plant whose fruit is the grape 葡萄藤；葡萄树 2 any plant with longthin stems that spreads along the ground, like the melon，or climbs，like peas 蔓生植物（如甜瓜）；攀缘植物（如豌豆）；藤；蔓

ivy /'aivi/ [U] an evergreen [→A135] climbing plant with dark green shiny leaves 常春藤

Plants generally

植物（总称）

A150 nouns 名词：kinds of fruits ［C］各种水果

[→A134 DEFINITION]

Citrus fruits（见425页彩图）柑橘属水果

tangerine /'tænd3ə,ri:n/ a small sweet orange

with a loose skin that comes off easily 红橘；柑grapefruit /'greip,fru:t/ [Wn2] a large round yellow fruit, with a thick skin like an orange but a more acid taste 葡萄柚；西柚

（其余见彩图）

A152 PLANTS 植物

Other fruits（见425页彩图）其它种类水果

apricot /'eıprı,kpt/a round soft pleasant-tasting but slightly sour fruit with a furry outside like a peach and a single large stone. It is orange or yellow and red 杏

greengage/'griin,geid3/ a soft juicy greenish-yellow kind of plum 青梅

prune/pru:n/ a type of dried fruit,esp a plum, usu gently boiled until soft and swollen before eating 梅脯；梅干；李脯

currant /'karənt/ a small dried grape, used esp in cooking 无核小葡萄干

sultana /sAl'tænə/ a dried grape, larger and lighter in colour than a currant, used esp in cooking 淡黄色无核小葡萄干

raisin /'reızən/ a large dark dried grape, usu with seeds in（较大而通常有核的）葡萄干：Shebaked a cake with sultanas, raisins, and currants in it.她烤了一个里面有多种葡萄干的蛋糕.

olive/'plrv/ the fruit of the olive tree, used for its oil and as a food 橄榄：We cooked the vegetables in olive oil.我们用橄榄油烧菜.

（其余见彩图）

A151 nouns 名词： kinds of vegetables

（见426页彩图）各种蔬菜 [→A136 DEFINITION]

A152 nouns 名词：kinds of cereal（见459 页彩图）各种谷物

[→A138 DEFINITION]

grain/grem/ [U] small hard seed of the cereal plants， esp as used for food 谷类：We＇ve harvested all our grain.我们把全部谷类作物都收割了.They export a lot of grain every year.他们每年出口大量谷物.

corn／ko：n／ ［U］ 1 precise grain 谷类 2 loose cereal plants such as wheat and barley while growing 谷类作物：The corn is nearly ready for harvesting． 谷物很快就可以收割了．3 Indiancorn；maize 玉蜀黍；玉米

bean /bi:n/ [C] 1 a seed of any of various upright climbing plants, esp one that can be used as food 豆 2 a plant bearing these seeds 豆科植物 3 a long container of these seeds (pod),itself used as food when not yet fully grown（见426页彩图）豆荚

sugar beet/'fugə ,bi:t/ [C] a root vegetable from which beet sugar is obtained 甜菜（可制甜菜糖）

beet／bi：t／［C］1 a sugar beet 制糖用的甜菜 2 AmE a beetroot 甜菜根

（其余见彩图）

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A153 PLANTS 植物

A153 nouns 名词：kinds of nuts ［C］

（见459页彩图）各种坚果 [→A134 DEFINITION]

A154 nouns 名词：kinds of berries ［C］

（见459页彩图）各种浆果 [→A134 DEFINITION]

bilberry /'bil,beri/ (the fruit of) a low North European bush growing on hillsides and in high woods 覆盆子；覆盆子树

blueberry/'blu:,beri/ (the fruit of) any of sev-eral types of small North American bush like the bilberry 越橘属浆果；越橘属浆果的树

loganberry/'ləugən,bəri/ a type of red berry from a plant which is half blackberry and half raspberry大杨莓；洛干杨莓

（其余见彩图）

A155 nouns 名词：common kinds of

deciduous trees［C］（见460页彩图）常

见的落叶树 [→A135 DEFINITION]

beech/bi:tf/ a type of tree with a smooth grey trunk, spreading branches, and dark green or copper-coloured leaves 山毛榉树；椈

birch/b3:tf/ any of several kinds of tree, com-mon in northern countries, with smooth wood and thin branches 桦树；赤杨

elm /elm/ any of several types of large tall broad-leaved tree 榆树

poplar /'ppplə/ any of several types of very tall straight thin tree 白杨；杨树（其余见彩图）

A156 nouns 名词： kinds of coniferous

trees［C］（见460页彩图）各种针叶树

[→A135 DEFINITION]

spruce /spru:s/ any of about 40 kinds oforna-mental and wood-producing trees found in colder northern countries and having short needle-shaped leaves that grow singly around the branches 针枞树；云杉

redwood/'red,wud/ any of several types of tall coniferous trees that grow in California 红杉树（其余见彩图）

A157 nouns 名词： some common kinds of smaller trees and bushes一些常见的小树和灌木

[→A135 DEFINITION]

holly /'hpli/[U;C] a type of small tree with dark green shiny prickly leaves and red berries 冬青

hawthorn／＇ho：，0o：n／also 又作 may／mei／［C；U］ a type of small tree with white or red flowers which often grows beside country roads,and has red berries in autumn 山楂；山楂树

broom/bru:m/ [U] a type of large bushy plant with yellow flowers that grows on sandy or waste land 金雀花

gorse/go:s/ [U] a type of bush with prickles and bright yelow flowers，which grows wild 荆豆

laurel /'lprəl/ [C; U] a type of small tree with smooth shiny leaves that do not fall in winter 月桂树

bay /bei/ [C;U] any of several trees like the laurel, whose leaves are sweet-smelling when crushed， and may be used in cooking 欧洲月桂树（叶捣烂后发清香，可用作香料调味）

A158 nouns 名词：some common kinds of flowers［C］（见460页彩图）一些常见的花

[→A136 DEFINITION]

chrysanthemum/krr'sænθəməm/ any of vari-ous types of garden plant with large showy brightly-coloured flowers in autumn and early winter 菊花

snowdrop /'snəu,drpp/ a type of European small white flower which appears in the early spring, often when snow is still on the ground 雪花莲

carnation /ka:'neifən/ a type of small garden plant with sweet-smelling white, pink,or red flowers 荷兰石竹；康乃馨；红茂草

（其余见彩图）

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B

The body: its functions and welfare

身体及其机能与健康

The body generally

身体（总称）

B1 nouns 名词：the body itself 身体本身

body /'bpdi/ [C] 1 the whole of a person or animal, esp as opposed to the soul[→C324] or mind［→G1］身体（尤指与灵魂或精神相对而言）；肉体：The body is the physical structure ［H116］of any living thing．身躯是一切生物的形体结构.We know that the body exists but we cannot prove that the soul exists.我们知道肉体的存在，但我们不能证明灵魂是否存在．2 this with-out the head or limbs 除头和四肢以外的躯干：He was wounded in the leg，not the body.是他的腿而不是身体受了伤．3（fig）a large numberor amount 许多；大量：a body of men／water／ information 一大群人／一大片水／大量情报4（fig）an object 物体：The sun and moon are heavenly bodies［→L2］．太阳和月亮都属于天体．physique/fr'zi:k/[C] the form and character of a human body 体格： That man has a powerful physique； look at his muscles.那个人体格健壮， 瞧他的肌肉多发达.Her physique is excellent for her age.就她的年龄而言，她的体格非常好.build /bıld/ [C;U] the way in which a body, esp

of a man, is built; the shape and size, esp of the human body 体格；体形（尤指人）：Thatyoung man has a very good build.那位年轻人体魄强健.We are both of the same build.我们两人的体格相同.

constitution/ konstə'tju:fən/ [C] the general condition of the body, esp a person's ability to keep off disease or tiredness 体质：He has a healthy constitution; he should live for many years yet.他体质很健康，应该还能活很多年.

figure /'figə/ [C] the human form, esp in its general appearance and what it suggests 身材； 体形；人形：That girl has a beautiful figure.那女孩的身材很美.He is a fine figure of a man.他的体态优美.They saw some dark figures among the trees.他们看到树丛中有几个黑影.Shesays she has lost her figure since having her second child (=lost the shape which she liked best）.她说她生了第二个孩子以后，体形就不如原先的好看了.

person /'p3:sən/ [C; of U] a living human body or its outward appearance 人身：He put his person between the little girl and the mad dog.

他置身于那小女孩和疯狗之间.The dead manhad no money on his person.死者身上没有钱..She was small and neat of person.她的身材长得小巧玲珑.in person bodily，physically 亲身； 亲自：I can＇t attend the meeting in person (=myself, personally), but I am sending some-one to speak for me.我不能亲自出席这次会议，但我将派人代我发言.

B2 adjectives 形容词：the body itself ［Wa5］身体本身

bodily /'bpdili/1 [A] of or in the(human)body （人类）身体的；肉体的：They supply all ourbodily needs.他们供应我们一切生活上的必需品.He was the victim of violent bodily assault.他是人身暴力袭击的受害者．2［adv］in a body；as awhole 整个地；全体：He lifted her bodily out of the car.他从汽车里把她整个儿地抱了出来.

physical /'fizikəl/ [B] of or concerning the body 身体的：He is a man of great physical strength. 他是个体力过人的人.Food is one of our physi-cal needs.食物是我们身体所必需.non-［neg］-ly[adv]

constitutional /konstətju:fənəl/ [B] of or concerning the human constitution 体质的；体格的-ly［adv］

organic/o:'gænik/ [B] 1 of an organ or organs ［B4］ of the body 器官的：The wound is in the flesh only； there is no organic damage.只是肌肉组织受伤，器官没有任何损伤．2 havingbodily organs 有机体的：All organic creatures need oxygen in order to live.为了生存，一切有机体的生物都需要氧气．3 of，concerning，orobtained from living creatures 有机的：Organic chemistry deals with the nature and products of animal and plant bodies.有机化学研究动植物体的性质和产物.in-［neg］-ally［adv］

B3 nouns 名词：kinds of dead bodies 各种尸体

body／＇bpdi／ ［C］ a dead person 死人；尸体：There was a body lying in the hall, the body of a middle-aged man.门厅里躺着一具尸体，那是一具中年男子的尸体.Bodies lay all over thebattlefield.战场上尸横遍野.

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B4 THE BODY 身体

corpse/ko:ps/ [C] the dead body of a human being， usu stiff or dead for some time 死尸；尸体（常指死了有一段时间的僵硬尸体）：A corpselay uncovered on the hospital table.一具没有布盖着的尸体躺在医院的手术台上.The corpse ofa child was found on the beach this morning. 今天早晨在海滩上发现一具小孩的尸体.

cadaver /kə'deıvə/ [C] a corpse, esp as used in medical experiments 尸体（尤指解剖用的）cadaverous ［B］ like a cadaver 尸体似的；死灰色的：He had a thin，cadaverous face.他的脸瘦削而苍白.

carcass,carcase /'ka:kəs/ [C] 1 the dead body of an animal, esp one prepared for cutting up as meat（供食用的）家畜屠宰后的躯体：Severalsheep carcasses hung up in the butcher's shop．肉店里挂着几只宰好了的羊．2 deprec oftenhumor a human body 人的身体：Come on， move your carcass，you lazy devil！快点，动动你的身子吧，懒鬼！

remains/rr'meinz/[P] often fml the decaying corpse or bones of a human being or animal 遗体；残骸；（腐烂的）尸体：His remains lie in alocal churchyard.他的遗体安葬在当地一个教堂的墓地里.They found the remains of a man and some animals in that cave.他们在那洞穴里发现了一个人和一些动物的残骸.

carrion /'kærən/ [U] dead and decaying flesh 腐肉：Birds such as crows eat carrion.像乌鸦一类的鸟吃腐肉.

B4 nouns 名词： substances of the body 构成身体的物质

flesh/flef/ [U] 1 the soft material which covers the bones of human beings and animals, including fat and muscle 肉；肌肉：The lion had eaten the flesh off the dead animal's leg. 狮子把那只死动物腿上的肉吃光了.He had aflesh wound； no organs were damaged.他的肌肉受了伤；器官倒没有受损．2 any similarmaterial in parts of fruit，nuts，etc（见 425 页彩图）（水果或坚果的）果肉

meat ／mi：t／ ［U］ infml often humor flesh 肉： Poor man, he's very thin; there's hardly any meat on his bones.可怜的家伙，他太瘦了，简直是皮包骨头．［→E31 MEAT AS FOOD］

membrane /'membrein/ [C] a thin covering or connection inside an animal， plant， etc 动植物体内的膜；薄膜：There is a fine elastic membrane inside the shell of an egg.在蛋壳里有一层富有弹性的薄膜.

tissue /'tisju:/ [U;C] cells of the body in a mass， esp of one kind and soft（体内的）组织： The body is made up of various tissues such as muscle tissue and nerve tissue.身体是由各种组织构成的，如肌肉组织和神经组织.

bone/bəun/1 [C] one of the hard parts of the body, which protect the organs within,and round which are the flesh and skin 骨；骨头： He broke a bone in his leg. 他折断了一根腿骨.2 [U] the material from which these parts are

made 构成骨的材料：Some ornaments are made of bone.有些装饰品是骨制的.

cartilage /'ka:təlid3/ [U;C] a strong white tissue attached to the joints［■B11］（连于关节上的）软骨；软骨组织：He damaged a cartilagein his knee.他膝盖的一块软骨受了伤.

gristle ／＇grisəl／ ［U］ not tech cartilage 软骨

organ /'o:gən/ [C] a part of a living creature, esp an animal， that has a special purpose 器官： The heart is one of the body's most important organs.心脏是人体最重要的器官之一.

gland /glænd/ [C] one of the organs of the body which produce a liquid, either to be poured out of the body or into the blood stream 腺：sex glands 性腺 glandular ［Wa5；B］ of or concerning glands 腺的；有腺的

muscle/'masəl/ [C; U] (any of the pieces of) material in the body which can tighten to produce movement, esp bending of the joints 肌肉：He has well-developed muscles and can lift heavy weights.他肌肉发达，能举起很重的份量.The muscles in her right arm were badly damaged in a car crash, and she can't move it properly.在一次车祸中，她右臂的肌肉严重受伤，因此不能正常活动.He has a pain in the muscleof his upper arm.他上臂的肌肉疼痛.muscular ［B］1 ［Wa5］ of or concerning muscles 肌肉的： muscular tissue 肌肉组织2 having big muscles 肌肉发达的；健壮的：a muscular man 强壮的男子sinew／＇sinju：／1 also 又作 tendon／＇tendən／［C； U] a strong cord in the body connecting a muscle to a bone 腱（连接肌肉与骨的强韧索状组织）2 ［C usu pl； U］（fig） means of strength； part of a powerful framework 主力；支柱：the strong sinew（s） of our national defence 我国国防的强大主力 sinewy ［B］ of，concerning， or like a sinew 腱的；腱质的；强壮有力的；坚韧的

nerve/n3:v/ [C] one of the threadlike pieces of material or bands of these in the body which carry messages to and from the brain so that sensations can be felt and movement made in each part of the body 神经：The brain is the nerve centre of the body.大脑是人体的神经中枢.nervous [Wa5; A] tech of or connected with the nerves 神经的：the nervous system 神经系统

fat/fæt/[C; U] (a kind of) oily white or yellow substance found in animal bodies 脂肪；肥肉： He has too much fat on him; he needs to go on a diet［→E1］．他身上脂肪太多；他需要节食．This meat has a lot of fat on it; I want leaner meat.这块肉太肥，我要瘦点儿的.Fat tissue helpsto keep animals warm in cold climates.脂肪组织有助于动物在寒冷的气候中保持温暖.fatty［B］of，concerning，or like fat 脂肪的；似脂肪的；油腻的

marrow/'mærəu/ [U] the soft fatty substance inside bones 骨髓

limb/lm/[C]esp lit & fml a leg or arm of a human being or animal 臂或腿；肢：He lost a limb in the war.他在那次战争中失去了一条肢体.

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B10 THE BODY 身体

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B10 THE BODY 身体

2 the figure or outline of this framework 骷髅的图形：A skull was painted on the wall.墙上画着一个骷髅．3 the bone which covers the brain at the top and back of the head 头盖骨；脑壳：He was struck a severe blow on the skull.他的脑壳被狠狠地打了一下.

death＇s head ［C］ skull （def 2）骷髅的图形：The bottle was marked poison with a death's head on the label.瓶子的标签上用骷髅的图形标明有毒.spine /sparn/[C] the set of bones down the

centre of the back, through the middle of which runs a large nerve 脊柱；脊椎骨：He injured his spine in a car crash.他在一次车祸中伤了脊椎骨.

backbone /'bæk,bəun/1 [C] not fml the spine 脊柱；脊椎骨 2［the R（of）］（fig） the main support of a group， plan，etc 骨干；主力；中坚：I tell you, the small farmer is the backbone of this country！我可以肯定地说，小农是这个国家的支柱！3［U］（fig） firmness of mind； strength of character 刚毅；骨气：No backbone-that＇s the trouble with young people today！没有坚强意志-这就是现在年轻人的毛病！

vertebra /'v3:tibrə/ [C] any one of the parts into which the spine is divided 脊骨的一节；（一节）脊椎骨 vertebrate［C］ a creature with a spine 脊椎动物 in-［neg］：Frogs are vertebrates； worms are invertebrates.青蛙是脊椎动物；蠕虫是无脊椎动物.

spinal column ／＇spainəl，kpləm／ also 又作vertebral column /'v3:tibrəl,kpləm/ [C] tech the spine 脊柱；脊椎骨

rib /rib/ [C] one of the twelve pairs of bones running round the chest of a human being or animal from the backbone to where they join at the front 肋骨 rib cage ［C］ the framework of the ribs 肋骨架

thigh bone (femur) joint/d3oint/ [C] a place where bones join,usu

capable of movement 关节：His joints are stiff； he＇s getting old.他的关节不灵活了；他衰老了.

The body: overall

人体：整体

B10 nouns 名词： male and female

bodies（见前页插图）男女躯体

B11 nouns 名词：bone structures 骨骼组织

骨骼

skeleton/'skelitən/ [C] 1 the framework of all the bones in a human or animal body; the bones of a human or animal in the position which they had in life（人或动物整副的）骨骼；骨架；（整副）骷髅 2 a set of these bones， usu kept for medical purposes, forming a fleshless figure held together in the normal position they would take when inside the body 骨骼标本（医用）skeletal［Wa5；B］of，concerning， or like a skeleton 骨骼的；似骨骼的

skull /skAl/[C] 1 the bony framework of a human or animal head 头颅骨：They dug up the skull and some bones of a prehistoric man.他们掘出了一个史前人的头颅骨和几块骨头.

The head and the face

头部与脸部

B20 nouns 名词：the head［C］（见B10插图）头部

head/hed/1 the part of the body which con-tains the eyes， ears， nose， mouth， and brain 头： He was injured in the head, not the body/ arm／leg，etc.他的头部受了伤，而不是身体／手臂／腿等受伤．2 the part of the head above and behind the eyes 头部（眼以上部位）：My headaches．我头痛．3 infml the mind ［→G1］or brain 头脑：Can＇t you get it into your head that we lost the game？你难道就没想到我们会输掉这场球赛？

crown/kraun/ the rounded top of the human head（人的）头顶

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scalp /skælp/ the skin (and hair) of the top of the head，excluding the face（带头发的）头皮： Rub your scalp hard when you are .washing your hair.你洗头时要使劲摩擦头皮.

brain /brein/ the organ of the body in the upper part of the head which controls thought and feeling 脑：The brain is the centre of higher nervous activity.脑是高级神经活动的中枢.

B21 nouns 名词：the face generally ［C］ （见B10插图）面部（总称）

face/feis/the front part of the head,with the eyes， nose， and mouth 脸；面部：He had a surprised expression on his face. 他脸上露出了惊讶的表情.

expression/ik'sprefən/the way a person's face looks，esp at a particular time 表情：There was an expression of anger on his face.他面有愠色. I knew by their expressions that they didn't believe his story.从表情来看，我知道他们并不相信他说的那件事.

look／luk／1 infml expression 表情：There was a look of anger on her face．她满脸怒容．2 a way of looking 神色；态度：She gave him an angry look.她怒气冲冲地看了他一眼.

jaw/d3o:/1 one of the two bony parts ofthe face (upper and lower jaws) in which the teeth are set（上、下）颚；颔：The boxer＇s jaw was hurt in the fight.那位拳击手的颚骨在拳赛时受了伤．2 the appearance of the lower jaw 下巴的外观：He said that a strong square jaw was a sign of firm character.他说结实的方下巴象征着刚毅的性格.

chin/tfin/ the front part of the face below the mouth 下巴；下颔

cheek/tfi:k/the fleshy part on each side of the face below the eye， esp in human beings 面颊： He kissed her on the cheek.他吻了一下她的脸蛋.Her cheeks went red with embarrassment. 她窘得脸都红了.

cheekbone/'tfi:k,bəun/1 the bone which lies under the cheek 颧骨 2 the line of this bone as seen shaping the cheek 颧： That girl has a lovely face with very high cheekbones.那女孩颧骨高高的，面形很美.

forehead/'forid/ the part of the face above the eyes and below the hair 前额

brow／brau／1 the forehead 前额2 ［usu pl］ an eyebrow［→B24］眉毛：His brows went up in surprise．他惊异得双眉倒竖．3 ［usu sing］（fig） the upper part of a slope on a hill; the edge of a steep place 坡顶；陡坡；悬崖：He went over the brow of the hill.他越过了陡坡.

temple /'tempəl/ [usu pl] one of the two rather flat places on each side of the forehead 太阳穴；额角；颞颥；鬓角：He is going grey at thetemples.他的两鬓越来越花白.

throat／θrəut／the front of the neck 咽喉；喉头：A beautiful necklace hung round her throat.她脖子上戴着一串美丽的项链.

Adam's apple the part that sticks forward in

B24 THE HEAD ＆ FACE 头部与脸部

the throat, esp in men, which moves up and down when a person speaks 喉结；喉核

nape/neip/ the back of the neck near the head 颈背；后颈

scruff/skraf/[the S of the neck] infml the nape 颈背；后颈：He took the boy by the scruff of the neck and dragged him out of the room.他抓住那男孩的后颈，把他从房间里拖了出去.

B22 nouns 名词： the face from the side 脸的侧面

profile/'prəufail/1 [C; U] a side view of some-one＇s head or face 侧面：She prefers to have her left profile photographed; she says that's her better side.她喜欢照左侧面的相片，她说她的左侧比较好看．2 a drawing of a profile 侧面画像：He does profiles better than full face.他画侧面像比画正面像画得好些.

side view ／＇said ，vju：／［C］ infml a profile 侧面

B23 nouns 名词： the organs of the face ［C］（见B10插图）面部器官

eye /ai/ the organ of sight, of which there are two at the front of the human head 眼；眼睛： He hurt one of his eyes in a car crash.他在车祸中伤了一只眼.

ear/rə/1 the organ of hearing, of which there are two, one on each side of the human head 耳；耳朵：The ear has two parts，the inner and outer ear.耳朵分两部分：内耳与外耳.Youneedn't shout into my ear like that; I can hear you perfectly well.你用不着那样对着我耳朵喊，我听得很清楚．2 the outer part of that organ 外耳朵3［S9］（fig） sympathetic attention or notice （意见、看法）得到人听取、接受：John willarrange everything; he has the ear of the President.一切由约翰来安排；他跟总统说得上话.

nose /nəuz/ that part of the face above the mouth, which in human beings stands out from the face, through which air is drawn in to be breathed, and which is the organ of smell 鼻子

nostril /'npstril/ either of the two openings at the end of the nose, through which air is drawn 鼻孔

bridge/brid3/ the upper bony part of the nose 鼻梁

mouth/mauθ/the opening on the face through which a human being may take food into the body, and by which he or she makes sounds and may breathe 口；嘴

B24 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：the eye indetail 眼睛各部位

eyebrow /'aı,brau/ [C] the line of hairs above each of the two human eyes 眉毛；眼眉：He has very thick dark eyebrows; they make him look fierce.他有两道浓浓的黑眉毛，使他看起来很凶.

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B25 THE HEAD ＆ FACE 头部与脸部

blink /bligk/1 [T1; IØ] to shut and open (the eyes) quickly, usu because of strong light, surprise，tears，etc 眨眼（由于强光、惊讶、哭泣等）：She blinked （her eyes） in surprise.她惊讶地眨了眨眼．2［IØ］（fig）（of distant lights）seem to be unsteady; seem to go rapidly on and off （指远处的灯）闪烁；闪光：The ship＇s lightsblinked at us across the water.轮船上的灯光越过水面向我们闪烁．3［T1；IØ］AmE to wink 眨（一只）眼4［C］an act of blinking 眨眼（动作）： the blink of an eye一只眼睛眨了一下

wink /wik/1 [T1; IØ] to shut and open (one eye) quickly, sometimes with quick slight movement of the head, to show friendliness, amusement， a shared secret，etc 眨（一只）眼（以表示友好、喜悦、双方都知道的秘密等）：Hewinked his left eye.他眨了眨左眼.She winked at him and smiled．她朝他眨了眨眼并且笑了．2［C］ an act of doing this 眨眼：He gave a friendly wink.他友好地眨了眨眼.

B25 nouns 名词： kinds of noses［C］

各种鼻子

眼睛

eyelid /'ar,hd/[C] one of the pieces of covering skin which can move down to close each eye 眼皮；眼睑：Fish do not have eyelids and some creatures have more than one on each eye.鱼没有眼睑；而有些动物则每只眼上不止有一个眼睑.He blinked his eyelids to clear his eyes.他眨了眨眼以便看得更清楚些.

eyelash /'ar,læf/ [C] one of the small hairs of which a number grow from the edge of each eyelid in humans and most hairy animals 睫； 睫毛：The eyelashes keep dust from the eyes.眼睫毛可防止灰尘进入眼睛.I have an eyelash inmy eye；it＇s hurting my eye.我眼睛里有根睫毛；它刺得我眼睛直发痛.

eyeball /'ar,bo:l/ [C] the whole of the eye, including the part inside the head, which forms a more or less round ball 眼球

pupil /'pju:pəl/ [C] the small black round open-ing which can grow larger or smaller in the middle of the coloured part of the eye, through which light passes 瞳孔

iris /'aiəris/ [C] the round coloured part of the eye which surrounds the pupil 虹膜；（眼球的） 虹彩

white /wait/ [C] the white part of the eye around the iris, which shows all the time in the human eye, but is usually hidden in animals 眼白：The whites of his eyes were bloodshot from lack of sleep.由于睡眠不足，他两眼的眼白都布满血丝.The frightened horseshowed the whites of its eyes.那匹受了惊的马直翻白眼.

Roman nose

鼻梁高的鼻子

Roman nose /'rəumən nəuz/ a nose that curves out near the top at the bridge鼻梁高的鼻子

retroussé nose

向上翘起的鼻子

retroussé nose / rətru:'seı nəuz/ a nosethat is

turned back at the lower end 向上翘起的鼻子

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snub nose

狮子鼻；塌鼻子

snub nose /,snab 'nəuz/ a nose that is short and flat with the end turned back 狮子鼻；塌鼻子

button nose

扁鼻

button nose /,batən 'nəuz/ a nose that is flat like a button 扁鼻

aquiline nose

鹰钩鼻

aquiline nose /'ækwi,lain nəuz/ a nose that is thin and curves gradually like the beak of an eagle［→A78］鹰钩鼻

Grecian nose

鼻梁直的鼻子

Grecian nose /'gri:fən nəuz/a nose that comes down almost straight from the forehead 鼻梁直的鼻子

B26 THE HEAD ＆ FACE 头部与脸部

B26 nouns 名词： the mouth in detail ［C］ （见B10插图）口腔各部位

lip /lp/1 one of the two edges of the mouth where the skin is delicate and reddish 唇；嘴唇： He kissed her on the lips.他吻了一下她的双唇.2 this area with the ordinary skin around it 唇部：Hair grows on the top lip of many men.许多男人在上唇长有胡髭.

tooth /tu:0/ one of the small hard bony objects growing in the upper and lower mouth, which are used for biting and tearing food 牙齿：One of my teeth hurts; I must go to the dentist soon.我的一颗牙隐隐作痛，我得赶紧去看牙医.

gum/gam/either of the two areas of firm pink flesh in which the teeth are fixed,at the top and bottom of the mouth 齿龈；牙肉：The dentist said that the child had healthy gums. 牙医说那孩子的齿龈没问题.

tongue/tan/ the movable organ of taste,which moves food about in the mouth and onto the teeth and which human beings use in speech 舌；舌头

palate /'pælit/the top part of the inside of the mouth 上腭 cleft palate an unnatural crack or separation in the palate with which persons are sometimes born, and which makes their speech difficult to understand 裂腭 hard／soft palate the front／back of the palate 硬／软腭

roof of the mouth infml the palate 上腭

uvula /'ju:vjulə/ a small soft piece of fesh which hangs down from the top of the mouth at the back 悬雍垂；小舌 uvular［Wa5；B］1 of， concerning， or like the uvula 悬雍垂的；似悬雍垂的2（of sounds） produced by a movement of the uvula（指音）由小舌发的：The ／r／sound in French is a uvular r.法语中的／r／音为小舌音/r/.

throat/Orəut/the passage from the back of the mouth down inside the neck, which divides to form other passages to the lungs and stomach 咽喉；喉咙；嗓子：The hot tea burnt his throat. 热茶烫了他的咽喉.She had a cold and a sorethroat．她感冒了，而且喉咙痛．［→B21］

gullet ／＇galit／ also 又作 oesophagus esp BrE， esophagus AmE /i:'spfəgəs/tech the passage for food from the mouth to the stomach（见621页彩图）食道

windpipe／＇wind，paip／ also 又作 trachea／trə-'kiə/ med the passage for air from the nose and mouth to the lungs（见621页彩图）气管

larynx/'lærinks/ the hollow boxlike part at the upper end of the windpipe（见 621页彩图）喉vocal cords ／＇vəukəl ko：dz／ also 又作 vocal

chords [P] either of the two pairs of folds in the larynx which produce the sound of the voice（见621页彩图）声带

pharynx/'færiks/ the tube at the back of the mouth that leads from the back of the nose to the point where the gullet and the windpipe divide（见621页彩图）咽

tonsil /'tpnsil/ [usu pl] one of the two small organs at the back of the throat which some-

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B30 THE TRUNK， ARMS ＆LEGS 躯干、臂与腿

times become diseased and have to be removed（见 621 页彩图）扁桃腺；扁桃体tonsillitis ［U］ disease of the tonsils 扁桃腺炎； 扁桃体炎

The trunk,arms,and legs

躯干、双臂与双腿

B30 nouns 名词：the main body ［C］躯干

[ALSO→B1]

body /'bpdi/ the main part of a person or animal， without the head， arms， and legs（见B10插图）（头及四肢以外的）身体；躯干：He hasspots on his body but not his face.他身上有斑点，但脸上没有.

trunk /trank/ the main part of the body,apart from the head and limbs（见B10 插图）躯干： She has spots on her trunk but not her arms. 她身体上有斑点，但手臂上没有.

torso/'to:səu/ the trunk, esp on a statue[→I50] 躯干（尤指雕像的）

chest /tfest/ the upper front part of the body which encloses the heart（见B10 插图）胸部： What a hairy chest he has！他胸部的毛多浓密呀！He hurt his chest muscles.他伤了胸部的肌肉.

B31 nouns 名词：the breast［C］乳房

[ALSO→A128]

breast/brest/1 either of the two parts of a woman's body that produce milk, or the smaller parts on a man＇s body（见B10 插图） 乳房：The baby was at its mother＇s breast.婴儿在吃母亲的奶．2 lit the upper front part of thebody between the neck and the stomach 胸；胸部：The sleeper＇s breast was rising and falling. 那个睡着的人胸部一起一伏.

bosom ／＇buzəm／1 genl a woman＇s breasts 妇女的胸；怀：That girl＇s got a big bosom.那女孩的胸部丰满.She held the child to her bosom.她把孩子搂到怀里.（esp lit） Her bosom heaved with violent emotion.她情绪激动，胸脯一起一伏.2 rarer a breast（def 1）乳房：Her bosoms were full of milk.她的乳房充满了奶水.

bust /bAst/1 euph a woman's breasts and their general appearance 妇女的胸部：She has a beautiful bust．她的胸部很美．2a measurement round a woman＇s breasts and back 妇女胸围（的尺寸）：Her bust measurement is 36 inches． 她胸围36英寸．She＇s 36 round the bust．她是36英寸的胸围．3 the human head，shoulders，and chest，esp as shown in sculpture ［→I48］半身雕（塑）像：He collects busts of famous poets.他收集著名诗人的半身像.

tit／tit／， titty ／＇titi／sl a breast 乳房

boobs／bu：bz／ ［P］ sl breasts 乳房

nipple/'nipal/ one of two small areas of deli-

cate skin which are reddish or brown and stand out from the breasts, through which a baby may suck milk from a woman（见 B10 插图）乳头；奶头

B32 nouns 名词：the back and

shoulders（见B10插图）背与肩

back/bæk/[C] the part of the body of a human or animal, down the middle of which the backbone runs 背；背部

small of the back [the R] the base of the back, where it curves in 腰背部；后腰（背部最窄之处）

shoulder /'fəuldə/ [C] 1 the joit at the top of the arm 肩膀关节 2 the part of the body fromthe top of the arm to the neck or the top of the back 肩；肩膀：The little boy sat onhis father＇s shoulders.那小男孩骑在他父亲的肩膀上.He carried the boys on／over his shoulders.他把孩子们驮在自己的肩上.His shoulders werebent by／with the weight of the boys.孩子们骑在他的肩上，把他弄得肩也弯了.

B33 nouns 名词：the buttocks［C］（见B10 插图）臀部

buttock/'batək/ 1 usu pl, used for simple description the part of the body on which a person sits 臀部 2 either side of this part of the body 臀（屁股的一边）：The doctor gave him an injection in the left buttock.医生在他左边的臀上打了一针.

bottom ／＇bptəm／ infml the buttocks 屁股：He told the child to be quiet orshe would get a smack on her bottom.他叫那孩子安静点，不然就要打她屁股.Riding on a horse makes your bottom sore.骑马使人屁股发痛.

behind ／br＇haid／ infml the buttocks 屁股：Get off your （lazy） behind and do some work！别老坐着，起来干点活吧！

backside /'bæk,said/ infml & often humor the buttocks 屁股：Be careful or you＇ll fall on your backside.小心点，不然你会仰天摔一跤.

bum /bam/ esp BrE infml, often humor & with children the buttocks（对小孩说的）屁股：Don＇t just sit on your bum doing nothing;come on! 不要光坐着不做事，来吧！She has a nice littlebum，hasn＇t she？她的小屁股挺可爱，不是吗？

butt／bAt／AmE sl the buttocks 屁股

arse /a:s/ BrE, ass /æs/ AmE not polite the buttocks 屁股：He sits on his arse all day doing nothing.他整天光坐着，什么也不干.

rump /ramp/ esp of an animal or humor of a fat person the buttocks（尤指动物或胖人的）屁股：He struck the horse on the rump.他在马屁股上抽打了一下.

seat／si：t／ also 又作 rear ／riə／ polite euph the buttocks 臀部：He hurt his seat／rear when he fell.他跌倒时，摔伤了臀部.

hindquarters /'haind,kwo:təz/ [P] of animals & humor， euph of people the buttocks 屁股： There was blood on the dog＇s hindquarters.那

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狗的屁股上有血.

anus /'einəs/ med the opening between the buttocks through which waste matter passes out（见621页彩图）肛门anal［Wa5；B］ of or concerning the anus 肛门的-ly［adv］

rectum/'rektəm/ med the lower end of the intestine，of which the anus is the opening（见621页彩图）直肠

B34 nouns 名词： the front of the body

［C］（见B10插图）身躯的正面

waist/weist/1 the narrow part of the human body just above the hips 腰：He put his arm round her waist.他用手臂搂住她的腰.Howmuch does she measure round the waist？她腰围有多宽？2（fig）the narrow middle part of any apparatus, such as a stringed musical instrument； the middle part of a ship 任何器具如弦乐器等中间的狭窄部分；船的中部

waistline /'weist,larn/ the waist regarded as something to be measured; the distance round the waist 腰围：I must watch my waistline；I＇m getting fat！我得注意控制我的腰围，我越来越胖了.

abdomen /'æbdəmən/ tech & fml the front of the body between the chest and thighs, containing the stomach and bowels， etc 腹部： The doctor pressed his patient's abdomen with his fingers.医生用手指按病人的腹部.abdominal [Wa5; B] of or connected with the abdomen腹部的

belly/'beli/1 infml, often less polite the abdo-men; the part of the human body between the chest and the legs, which contains the stomach 肚子：What a big belly that man has！ 那人的肚皮可真大！I have a pain in my belly.我肚子痛．2 the underside and inside parts of esp such large animals as the horse and whale（见29页彩图）（尤指马、鲸等大型动物的）腹部；肚子3 (fig) a surface or object curved or round like this part of the body 任何像腹部那样凸出的东西；像腹部的部分

navel /'neivəl/ the small sunken place in the middle of the stomack 肚脐

belly button／＇beli ，batən／infml the navel 肚脐paunch /po:ntf/ the belly, esp if very large, round and fat 大肚子：That man got his great paunch by drinking a lot of beer.那个人因喝大量的啤酒，肚皮很大.

midriff /'midrif/1 infml the part of the human body between the chest and the waist 中腹部2 tech the muscle that separates the chest from the lower part oi the body 横膈膜

lap /læp/ the front part of a seated person between the waist and the knees 大腿上（人坐着时大腿放平的部分）：She sat with the catsleeping in／on her lap.她坐在那里，腿上睡着一只小猫.

hip/hip/the fleshy partof one of the two sides of the human body above the legs 臀部；髋部： Women have rounder hips than men.妇女的臀部比男人的圆浑些.The man wore a gun on hiship.那个人的臀部上面带着一支手枪.

B35 THE TRUNK，ARMS ＆ LEGS 躯干、臂与腿

crotch／krotf also 又作 crutch／kratf／ the place where the top of the leg meets the front of the body 人体两条大腿分叉的地方；胯部：He wasaccidentally kicked in the crotch／crutch.他的胯部被人意外地踢了一脚.

groin /gromn/ the hollow place where the stomach joins the tops of the legs; this region of the stomach 腹股沟；鼠蹊

B35 nouns 名词：the stomach and

general area（见621页彩图）胃与有关部分

stomach/'stamək/ [C] 1 a baglike organ in the body where food is digested (= broken down for use by the body） after being eaten 胃：It takes time for the food in the stomach to be digested．把胃里的食物消化掉要费些时间．2infmlabdomen（见 B10 插图）腹部；肚子：The boyhit the other boy in the stomach.那男孩在另一个男孩的腹部打了一下.

tummy/'tami/[C] infml (used esp by or to chil-dren） stomach，abdomen（儿童用语）胃；肚子： The child has a pain in his tummy.那小孩肚子痛.He has tummy ache.他胃痛.She had some tummy trouble when she went to Africa.她到非洲去的时候胃有了毛病.

bowel/'bavəl/[C] fml tech a long tube continu-ing down from the stomach and taking the waste matter out of the body 肠

bowels /'bauəlz/ [P] 1 genl & infml the mass of the bowel（全部的）肠：He had a pain in his bowels.他腹内胀痛.Are her bowels working properly？她大便正常吗？2（fig）the inner lower part of anything 内部（esp in the phr in the bowels of the earth 在地底深处）

innards /'mədz/ [P] infml the stomach and bowels 内脏；肠胃：She＇s got something wrong with her innards and must go into hospital.她肠胃出了毛病，必须入院.

insides /'in'saıdz/ [P] infml the general area of the stomach and bowels 肚子；肠胃：His insides hurt after that big meal.他大吃一顿之后，肠胃觉得痛.

intestine ／m＇testin／ ［C］ med the bowel 肠： small/large intestine the upper/lower parts of the bowel 小／大肠 intestines ［P］ fml the bowels 肠 intestinal ［Wa5； B］ of or con-nected with the bowel（s）肠的

guts／gats／ ［P］ infml less polite the bowels（人） 肠：He＇s got a pain in the guts from eating too much.他由于吃得太多，肚子胀痛.

gut／gat／［C］ 1 esp AmE the bowel 肠 2 infml the belly 肚子：That fellow＇s got a big gut.那家伙有个大肚皮.

viscera/'visərə/[P] tech the internal organs of the body， esp the intestines 内脏；（尤指）肠： The butcher cut out the sheep＇s viscera.屠夫把那只羊的内脏取了出来．visceral［Wa5；B］ of orconnected with the viscera 内脏的；肠的

entrails /'entreilz/ [P] old use & lit the viscera 内脏；肠

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B36 THE TRUNK， ARMS ＆ LEGS 躯干、臂与腿

appendix /ə'pendrks/ [C] a small worm-like part attached to the large intestine 盲肠；阑尾： He had his appendix taken out.他的阑尾已被切除.appendicitis ［U］ a diseased condition of the appendix 盲肠炎；阑尾炎

B36 nouns，etc 名词等：the heart and the blood（见621页彩图）心脏与血液

heart/ha:t/[C] 1 the organ inside the chest which controls the flow of blood by pushing it through the blood vessels 心；心脏：He was frightened and his heart began to beat faster. 他受了惊，心脏开始跳得快了．2 the same organwhen thought of as the centre of feelings, esp of kind feelings 内心；心肠：My heart bled（＝I was very sorry） for him.我为他感到非常难过.Ifelt sick at heart.我从心底里感到厌恶.He has akind heart．他心地善良．3 something in a shape like this organ 心形的东西：She sent him a birthday card with a heart on it.她给他寄了一张上面有一颗心的生日贺卡．4（fig）the centre ofsomething 中心；要点：Let＇s get to the heart of the matter.我们来谈谈问题的中心吧.

(heart)beat /('ha:t)bi:t/[C] the regular re-peated stroke of the heart 心搏；心跳：She put her hand on his chest and felt his heartbeat. 她把手放在他的胸部，感到他的心脏在跳动.Herheart missed a beat because of the shock.由于惊恐，她的心停跳了一下.

blood /blAd/[U] the red liquid which flows round the body, bringing the materials which the cells need to continue living 血；血液 bleed [IØ; T1] to (cause to) lose blood from the body （使）流血：He was bleeding from a cut in his hand.他手上的伤口正在流血.Doctors used tobleed their patients to make them feel better. 过去，医生常常给病人放血使他们感觉舒服些.（fig）He bled them of all their money.他把他们的钱全敲诈光了.

bloodstream/'blad,stri:m/ [(the) R; (C)] the blood as it flows through the heart and blood vessels 血流（体内循环的血液）：infection of thebloodstream 血流感染

plasma /'plæzmə/ [U] the yellowish liquid which contains the blood cells; liquid part of the blood 血浆：Blood consists of plasma and many other things carried in the plasma.血液由血浆和血浆中带有的其他物质构成.The medicalteam carried a supply of plasma to help people in accidents.医疗队带了一批血浆以抢救事故中受伤的人.

pulse /pAls/ [Cusu sing] the regular beat of blood as it moves in the arteries, as felt for example at the wrist 脉搏：The doctor felt his patient＇s pulse.医生给病人诊脉.The patient＇s pulse was weak.病人的脉搏很弱.

blood vessel /'blad 'vesəl/ [C] a tube through which blood flows in the body 血管

artery /'a:təri/ [C] one of the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body 动脉 arterial［Wa5；B］of，concerning，or like （what happens in） an artery or arteries 动

脉的；似动脉的；脉络状的：Arterial blood isbright red.动脉血呈鲜红色.

vein /vein/ [C] one of the blood vessels which carry blood back to the heart 静脉 venous ［Wa5； B］ of， concerning， or like the veins 静脉的；似静脉的

circulation /,s3:kju'leıfən/ [U] the system by which blood moves around the body from and back to the heart 血液循环：He suffers from poor circulation.他有血液循环不良的病.Hercirculation is very good.她的血液循环很好.He rubbed his legs to get the circulation going.他摩擦双腿，促使血液流通.[→M1] circulatory［Wa5；A］ of or concerning circulation 血液循环的

B37 nouuns＆verbs 名词和动词：the lungs and breathing 肺与呼吸

lung/lAg/[C] either of the two chest organs of breathing（见621页彩图）肺；肺脏：He filled his lungs with air.他的肺部吸足了气.

breathe/bri:ð/[T1; IØ] to take air into and let it out of the lungs 呼吸（空气）：The injured man was breathing normally again.那个受伤的人呼吸恢复正常.Breathe deeply-what wonderful fresh air！深深地呼吸一下吧，空气多新鲜啊！Hebreathed the fresh air with satisfaction.他满意地呼吸着新鲜空气.Don＇t breathe that gas；it＇s dangerous！不要吸那气体，有危险！

breathe in [v adv IØ; T1] to take (air, gas, etc) into the lungs 吸气：The doctor told his patient to breathe in.医生叫他的病人吸气.He breathedin some dangerous fumes［→H84］．他吸入一些有害的烟气.

breathe out [v adv IØ; T1] to let (air, gas, etc) out of the lungs 呼气：He held his breath for some time then slowly breathed out.他屏住气， 过了一会儿才慢慢地呼气.She was breathing outwhisky fumes over everybody.她对着众人呼出带威士忌酒味的气来.

inhale／mn＇heil／［IØ；T1］ tech to breathe in 吸气inhalation 1［U］ the act of breathing in 吸气2 ［C］ anything breathed in 所吸入的气体；吸入物

exhale ／eks＇heil／［IØ； T1］ tech to breathe out 呼气 exhalation 1 ［U］ the act of breathing out 呼气2［C］anything breathed out 所呼出的气体； 散发物

breath /breθ/[C; U] air which is or has been taken into and/or let out of the lungs; the action of taking air in 吸入或呼出的气；呼吸：Take a deep breath；fill your lungs with air.做一下深呼吸，使你的肺部吸足气.He took severaldeep breaths.他做了几次深呼吸.The swimmer held his breath underwater.那个游泳的人在水里憋住了气.That child has very bad breath （＝its breath smells bad）.那孩子口臭得厉害.I＇m out of breath after running so hard.我使劲地跑了一阵后，连气都喘不过来了.

wind／wind／［U］1 breath or breathing 呼吸；气息：He couldn＇t get his wind （＝could not breathe properly, regularly) after running so far．他跑了这么远的路之后，喘不过气来．2（the

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condition of having) air in the stomach, as when swallowed with food 肠气；胃气（如和食物一起吞咽下去的空气）；肠胃气胀：The baby haswind.那婴儿胃里有气.You get wind when you eat too quickly.你吃东西吃得太快，肚里就会有气了.

B38 nouns 名词：the kidneys and

bladder ［C］（见621页彩图）肾与膀胱

kidney /'kidni/ one of the pair of human or animal organs in the lower back area, which separate waste liquid from the blood, ready to pass out of the body 肾；肾脏

bladder /'blædə/ the bag of skin in which the waste liquid [→B64 URINE] of the body collects 膀胱

B39 nouns 名词：the liver and spleen［C］ （见621页彩图）肝与脾

liver/'livə/ the large organ which cleans the blood肝；肝脏

spleen/spli:n/ the organ near the stomach which has an effect on certain cells in the blood脾；脾脏

B40 nouns，etc 名词等：the genitals and related organs 生殖器官与有关器官

genitals ／＇d3enitlz／ also＿又作 fml ＆ tech genitalia /d3εnə'teljə/ [P] the outer sexual organs （见B10插图）（外）生殖器；外阴部geni-tal [Wa5; A] of or concerning the sex organs 生殖器的

penis /'pi:nis/ [C] the organ for sexual union and passing urine in men and some male animals 阴茎

phallus/'fæləs/ [C]1 an image of the penis,esp in some religious art as a sign of the power of man to produce children 男性的生殖器形象（生殖力的象征）2 esp lit the penis 阴茎 phallic［B］of or.concerning the phallus 阴茎的

prick／prik／［C］ taboo sl 1 the penis 鸡巴；“那话儿”2 a stupid person 笨蛋

cock／kpk／［C］taboo infml the penis 鸡巴；“那话儿”

testicle/'testikal/ [C] either of the two male sex glands 睾丸

testis／＇testis／［C］tech a testicle 睾丸

scrotum/'skrəutəm/ [C] tech the bag of flesh holding the testicles of male animals 阴囊

balls ／bo：lz／ taboo infml，also 又作 bollocks ／＇bpləks／ BrE 1［P］ the testicles 睾丸2［U］ often used as an interjection nonsense 胡说八道；胡扯

vulva/'vAlvə/[C] tech the opening to the vagina 阴门；阴户

B42 THE TRUNK， ARMS ＆LEGS 躯干、臂与腿

vagina /və'd3aınə/ [C] tech the passage leading to the female sex organs 阴道 vaginal ［Wa5； B］ of or concerning the vagina 阴道的

pudenda /pju:'dendə/ [P] old use & euph the outer sexual organs，esp of the female 外生殖器；（尤指）女阴

cunt/kant/[C] taboo 1 the vagina or vulva 2 sl a woman or girl when regarded as a sexual object 女人或女郎（被看作性欲对象）3 sl astupid or bad person 笨蛋；坏蛋

womb/wurm/[C] the sex organ of a woman and female mammals where the young can develop 子宫

uterus／＇ju：tərəs／ ［C］ med ＆ tech the womb子宫 uterine ［Wa5；B］ of or concerning the womb 子宫的 intra-uterine ［Wa5；B］ inside the womb 子宫内的：An intra-uterine device (IUD [→B182]) can be used to prevent conception.子宫内避孕器能用来避孕.

pubic /'pju:brk/[Wa5; A] concerned with or in a position near the genitals 阴部的；阴阜的pubic hair ［U］ hair around the genitals 阴毛

B41 nouns 名词：the arm［C］（见621页彩图）臂；胳臂

arm/a:m/1 either of the two upper limbs of a human being or monkey 臂；手臂2 that part of this limb above the hand 胳臂（肩膀以下手腕以上的部分）：He hurt his arm， but his hand is all right.他伤了胳臂，但手却安然无恙.

wrist/rist/ the joint between the hand and the lower part of the arm 手腕；腕关节

armpit /'a:m,prt/ the hollow place under the arm at the shoulder （见B10插图）腋窝；胳肢窝（其余见彩图）

B42 nouns 名词：the hand［C］（见621页彩图）手

hand/hænd/ the movable part at the end of the arm， including the fingers 手

finger /'fingə/1 any of the five movable parts with joints at the end of each hand 手指2 any of these other than the thumb 手指（拇指除外） fingerprint a mark made by the finger when it is pressed on to a surface 指纹印；指纹： Detectives found the criminal by examining the fingerprints he had left on the safe.侦探检验了罪犯留在保险柜上的指纹，把他查出来了.fingermark the mark of a dirty finger on a wall，etc 指痕；指迹

thumb/θAm/ the short thick movable part of the inner side of each hand, which can be pressed against any of the fingers 拇指thumbprint a mark made by the thumb when it is pressed on to a surface, esp when it is used as a signature by people who cannot write 拇指印；拇指纹

fist/fist/the tightly closed hand, esp when it is

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B43 THE TRUNK，ARMS ＆ LEGS 躯干、臂与腿

used for fighting（见 B10 插图）拳；拳头：He held the coin in his closed fist.他把硬币紧紧捏在拳头里.Put up your fists and fight！举起拳头战斗吧！

knuckle／＇nakəl／ a finger joint 指节；指关节

palm /pa:m/ the soft inner surface of the hand between the base of the fingers and the wrist 手掌：He had a small coin in the palm of his left hand.他左手手掌里有一枚小硬币.（其余见彩图）

B43 nouns 名词：the leg［C］腿

腿

leg /leg/ 1 either of two limbs on which a person walks and which supports the body 腿； 下肢2 that part of this limb above the foot 脚以上的腿部（包括大小腿，但不包括脚部）：He hada leg injury，but his foot was all right.他腿部受了伤，但他的脚没有问题.

ankle /'ænkal/1 the joint between the foot and the leg 踝 2 the thin part of the leg just above the foot 踝节部；脚脖子

B44 nouns 名词：the foot［C］脚

The skin, the complexion,and the hair

皮肤、肤色与毛发

B50 nouns 名词：the skin 皮肤

[ALSO→ A126 OF ANIMALS]

skin/skin/[U] the smooth outer covering of the body，in which hair may grow 皮肤

pore /po:/ [C] any of the many small openings in the skin through which sweat [→B62] passes 汗孔；毛孔 porous［B］ 1 tech having or full of pores 汗孔多的；毛孔多的：porous skin 汗（毛）孔多的皮肤2 allowing liquid to pass slowly through 能渗透的；可渗水的：This clay pot isporous.这个泥盆渗水.

wrinkle /'rikəl/ [C] a line in something which is folded or crushed, esp on the skin, esp when a person is old 皱褶；（尤指老年人的）皱纹wrinkled [B] full of or covered with wrinkles 有皱纹的；布满皱纹的

complexion /kəm'plekfən/ [C] the natural appearance and colour of the skin, esp of the face 肤色；脸色： That girl has a beautiful com-plexion.那女孩的肤色很好看.It is a pity he hassuch a spottycomplexion.真可惜他脸上满是雀斑.

colour BrE, color AmE /'kalə/1 [U] the amount of redness in the face of a white-skinned person 脸色；血色；面部红润之色：She＇s verypale； there isn＇t much colour in her face.她很苍白，脸上没有多少血色.She doesn＇t have muchcolour．她脸色很不好．2［C］the colour of the skin 肤色：What colour is he-black or white？ 他是什么肤色的，黑还是白？coloured BrE，colored AmE [Wa5; B] belonging to a race that does not have a white skin 有色人种的：He was a coloured man.他属有色人种.

pigment /'pigmənt/ [U] tech the natural colouring matter in the skin and hair 皮肤与毛发的色素

B51 nouns 名词：hair on the head and

face 头部与面部的毛发 [→A126 OF ANIMALS]

foot脚

foot/fut/the movable part at the end of the leg

on which a human being walks and stands 脚

toe /təu/ one of the five small jointed parts on the end of each foot 脚趾

parting/AmE part

头发分梳线

sideboards/

AmE sideburns 长鬓脚

moustache/

AmE mustache 髭；小胡子

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B52 THE SKIN，COMPLEXION＆ HAIR 皮肤、肤色与毛发

hair

头发

dead skin in the hair of the head 头皮屑

B52 nouns，etc 名词等：styles of hair 发型

[D183-6 CARE OF THE HAIR]

parting /'pa:tig/ BrE, part /pa:t/AmE [C] the

line on the head where the hair is parted （见

B51插图）头发的分缝；头发的分梳线

plait

辫子

plait/plæt/[C] a length of hair made by plaiting

［→I57］发辫：She wore her hair in long plaits

.down her back.她把头发梳成拖在背后的长辫子.

braid／breid／［C］esp AmE a plait 发辫

ponytail

马尾辫

ponytail /'pəuni,teil/ [C] a thick length of a

woman's or girl's hair that is tied at the back

of the head and hangs down the back of the

neck rather likea horse＇s tail 马尾辫（一种发

型）

pigtail

辫子

pigtail /'pig,terl/ [C] a plait hanging down the

dandruff /'dændrəf/ [U] small white pieces of back, esp of a young girl or if heavily greased

hair/heə/1 [C] a fine threadlike growth from the skin and（esp） on the head 一根毛；（尤指） 一根头发：There was a long blond hair on his jacket.他的夹克衫上有一根长长的金发.I can seea grey hair； you＇re getting old， Daddy！我看见您头上有一根白发，爹爹，您老啦！2［U］such hairscollectively 毛发（总称）：His hair is growing very long；it needs cutting.他的头发长得很长，该理发了.hairy［Wal；B］ having a lot of hair 多毛的：What a hairy fellow he is！这家伙汗毛真多！-haired [comb form] having hair of a certain kind 长着···头发的：red-haired 红头发的，long-haired 长头发的

moustache BrE, mustache AmE/'məsta:f/ ［C］ hair growing on the upper lip（嘴唇上面的） 髭；小胡子：He grew a shortllong moustache to make him look older.他留起了短髭／长长的小胡子，使自己看起来更老成些.

beard/biəd/[C] 1 the hair of the lower part of the male face（下巴上的）胡须：He grew a beard while he was on holiday．他在度假期间蓄须．2this hair as it appears when a man needs a shave 平时长出的胡须：My beard grows quickly； I need to shave twice a day.我的胡须长得快；我每天要刮两次．3 any similar growth on ananimal or plant 动物的颔毛；植物的芒：a billy-goat with a beard 一只有须的公山羊 bearded［B］ having or wearing abeard 留着胡须的：I don't remember his name, but he was a tall bearded man.我记不起他的名字了，不过记得他是个高高的留着胡须的人.

sideboards/'said,bo:dz/ BrE, sideburns /'sard-,b3:nz/ AmE [P] hair on the upper part of the sides of the face 长鬓脚

whiskers /'wiskəz/ [P] hair growing on the sides of a man＇s face 络腮胡子；髯；颊须

stubble /'stabəl/ [U] a short stiff growth of beard; the hair of the male face when it needs to be shaved again 短须；剃后的胡子楂：Hehasn't shaved for two days and the stubble on his chin looks terrible！他已两天没剃胡子了，他下巴上的胡子楂看起来真吓人！

bristles／＇brisəlz／［P］ stubble 胡子楂；短而硬的毛bristly [Wa2; B] having a lot of short stiff hairs 多硬毛的；长满刚毛的：He has a verybristly beard／moustache.他的胡须／小胡子既短又硬.

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B53 THE SKIN，COMPLEXION ＆ HAIR 皮肤、肤色与毛发

［→H10］发辫（尤指小女孩的或涂上油脂的）；辫子：Sailors used to wear their hair in a single pigtail.从前水手们常把头发梳成一条辫子.Thelittle girl had two long pigtails.那个小女孩梳着两条长辫子.

bun

发髻

bun /ban/ [C] a thick knot into which long hair is twisted at the back or on top of the head （在脑后或头顶结成的）发髻：She wore her hairin a bun.她把头发梳成一个发髻.

bob/bpb/1 [C] a way of cutting a woman's or girl's hair so that it hangs short and loose above the shoulders 头发剪短到耳朵根的女子发型：She wears her hair in a bob.她梳着齐耳的短发．2 ［Wv5； T1 usu pass］ to cut （hair） in this way 把头发剪短到耳朵根：She had her hair.bobbed.她把头发剪短到齐耳朵根.

crop /krop/ 1 [C] a way of cutting a person's hair very short all over 极短的发式；平头2［Wv5；Tl usu pass］ to cut （hair） in this way 把头发剪得很短：His hair was close cropped.他的头发剪得短短的.

B53 adjectives ＆ nouns， etc 形容词和名词等：colour of hair and skin 头发和皮肤的颜色

black /blæk/ 1 [Wal; B] (of hair) black or very dark brown（指毛发）黑色的；深褐近于黑色的：Who is that girl with the black hair？那个黑头发的女孩是谁？2［Wa1；B］（of skin）any of several shades of dark brown, usu depending on the view of the speaker（指皮肤）黑色的；深褐近于黑色的：Most Africans have black skins. 大多数非洲人的皮肤是黑色的.Black is beautiful.皮肤黑才美．3［C］ a black person 黑人：Thereare more blacks in the city than whites.这城市里黑人比白人多.

dark／da：k／ ［Wal； B］1（of hair）brunette（指头发）深褐色的2（of skin， depending on the view of the speaker) any of several shades of brown（指皮肤）深色的：To people from Scandinavia Italians are dark, but to South Indians they are fair.对斯堪的那维亚半岛的人来说，意大利人肤色深，可是对南部的印度人来说，他们的肤色就显得浅了.

brunette also 又作 brunet esp AmE／bru：＇net／1 [C] a white person with brown or black hair and usu brown eyes 头发呈黑色或深褐色、眼睛呈褐色的白种人：He＇s going out with a lovely brunette．他在跟一位可爱的黑头发女孩交往．2［Wa5；B］（of hair） brown， tending to black（指

头发）深褐近于黑色的

swarthy /'swo:ði/ [Wal; B] lit & derog having a darker skin than most， and usu darker hair 皮肤黝黑、（通常）头发深色的：Who is that swarthy，dangerous-looking fellow？那个皮肤黝黑、长相凶恶的家伙是谁？

white/wait/1 [Wa1;B] (of hair) having lost all colour, usu through age or sometimes shock （指头发）白色的：The old woman had white hair．那位老妇人满头白发．2［Wal；B］（of skin） pale； pinkish or very light brown（指皮肤）苍白的；白皙的；白色的；浅色的：In the city there aremany white as well as black people.在那城市里有很多黑人和很多白人．3［C］a white person白种人：There are more whites in the city than blacks.这城市里白人比黑人多.

fair/feə/ [Wal; B] with a pale skin and hair; light-coloured（肤色）白皙的；（头发）金黄色的：He has quite a fair complexion for someone from that part of the world.对那个地区的人来说，他的肤色相当白皙了.Who is that fair-hairedgirl？那个金发女郎是谁？

light /lait/ [Wa1; B](of skin and hair) not dark; having little pigment（指皮肤和头发）浅色的；淡色的：She is dark， but he has a very light complexion［→B50］．她的肤色深，而他的肤色却很浅.

blond /blpnd/ 1 [Wal; B] (of hair) light-coloured，usu yellowish（指头发）金黄色的2［C］ a person, esp a male, with light-coloured skin and yellowish hair 肤色浅、头发金黄的人（尤指男性）

blonde／blond／1 blond（def1）（指头发）金黄色的2 [C] a woman with yellowish hair, a fair complexion and usu blue eyes 肤色浅、头发金黄色和（通常）蓝眼睛的女子：He＇s going out with abeautiful blonde.他在跟一位金发碧眼的漂亮女孩子交往.

grey BrE, gray AmE /grei/ [Wal;B](of hair) dark and white mixed（指头发）花白的：He is going grey at the temples.他的两鬓日渐花白.

pale /perl/ [Wal;B] (of a person's face) white, esp if more so than expected（指脸色）苍白的； 浅淡色的：You are looking pale-are you feel-ing all right？你脸色很苍白-你觉得还好吗？Heis rather pale; a few weeks in the sun should help.他脸色很苍白，晒几个星期太阳会有好处.Thepeople in the north have paler complexions than the southerners.北方人的脸色要比南方人白一些.

sallow/'sæləu/[Wal, 2; B] (of the skin) of an unhealthy yellow colour（指肤色）灰黄色的；菜色的：He looks very sallow after his illness.他病后脸色看来很灰黄.

tan／tæn／1 also 又作 suntan／＇san，tæn／［C］the brown condition of light skin which has been exposed to the sun for a time（太阳晒成的）红棕色的肤色；晒黑：She got a lovely tan on herSpanish holiday.她在西班牙度假时皮肤晒成了好看的红棕色.Put on some suntan lotion to stop the sun burning your skin.擦点防晒油以防晒伤你的皮肤．2［IØ；T1］to get a tan or give a tan to 晒黑：He tans quickly.他的皮肤容易晒黑.Thesun tanned them brown.太阳把他们晒成了红棕

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色.tanned［B］having a tan 晒黑的；黑黝黝的：He had a tanned complexion.他的肤色是黑黝黝的.

sunburn /'sAn,b3:n/ [U] the condition of skin being darkened or burnt by the sun＇s rays 晒黑；晒伤 sunburnt［B］ tanned or burnt red by the sun 晒黑的；晒伤的：His face was sunburnt from living so long inthe open.由于长期间在户外生活，他的脸晒黑了.

weatherbeaten /'weðə,bi:tən/ [B] (of faces) darkened and usu wrinkled [→B50] by the sun， wind， and rain（指脸）饱经风霜的：The sailor had a weatherbeaten face like old leather.那水手饱经风霜的脸就像旧牛皮一样.

freckle/'frekal/1 [C] a small light-brown spot on the skin of fair people 雀斑：She gets freckles when she goes out in the sun too much．她在阳光下曝晒的时间太长，长了雀斑．2［IØ］ to become covered with freckles 长雀斑： Some people freckle very easily.有些人很容易长雀斑.freckled［B］having freckles 有雀斑的： He has a freckled face.他脸上有雀斑.

red／red／［Wal；B］（of hair） reddish-brown（指头发）红色的：She has beautiful red hair.她长着好看的红头发.Red hair and freckles often go together.有红头发的人往往也有雀斑.

redhead/'red,hed/ [C] a person, esp a woman, with red hair 红头发的人（尤指女性）：He＇s goingout with a beautiful redhead.他正和一个美丽的红发女孩交往．-ed［Wa5；B］

auburn /'o:bən/ [Wa5; B] (of hair) reddish-brown（指头发）赤褐色的；枣红色的

ginger /'d3ındзə/ [Wa5; B] (of hair) orange-brown（指头发）黄褐色的

bald /bo:ld/ [Wal; B] 1 with little or no hair (on the head）（头）秃的：The man had a shiny bald head.那个人的头顶秃而发亮.He＇s fairlyyoung but he's going bald on toplat the sides. 他还相当年轻，可是头顶／两鬓渐渐变秃．2（fig）with little or no ornament 不加修饰的：He gave them a bald statement of the facts.他直截了当地向他们陈述事实.-ness［U］-ly［adv］

balding /'bo:ldı/ [Wa5; B] (of people) becom-ing bald（指人）变秃的：He＇s balding at the temples［→B21］．他的两鬓越来越秃．

shaggy /'fægi/ [Wal; B] having rough thick untidy hair（指毛发）粗浓杂乱的：He has grown a long shaggy beard.他蓄着一把浓密的长须.-ily[adv]-iness[U]

Fluids and waste products of the body

体液与体内的废物

B60 nouns 名词：fluids generally ［U］体液（总称）

saliva /sə'larvə/ tech the liquid produced in the

B61 FLUIDS ＆ WASTE 体液与废物

mouth which helps in moving and breaking down food 口水；唾液：The appetizing smell made her mouth fill with saliva.诱人的食物香味使她满嘴是口水．salivary ［Wa5； B］ of orconcerning saliva 唾液的

spit/spit/ infml saliva, esp when outside the mouth 唾沫：The floor of the pub was covered in spit.小酒馆的地板上到处是唾沫.

spittle／＇spitl／ infml ＆ old use spit 唾沫：She spat at him, but he did not wipe the spittle from his face.她啐了他一口，可是他没有擦掉唾在他脸上的唾沫.

sputum／＇spju：təm／tech 1 saliva 唾液 2 material like saliva produced by coughing（咳嗽吐出的） 痰

phlegm/flem/tech the thick liquid which forms in certain parts of the body esp the inner throat and in the nose（分泌的）痰；黏液：He tried to clear the phlegm in his throat by coughing.他用咳嗽来清清喉咙里的痰.

mucus／＇mju：kəs／ tech phlegm（黏膜分泌的）黏液 mucous［Wa5；B］ of mucus 黏液的：mucous membranes 黏膜

snot /snpt/ taboo sl the sticky liquid which comes from the nose 鼻涕 snotty ［Wal； B］ covered in snot 被鼻涕弄脏的 snotty-nosed ［Wa2］ 1 having snot coming out of the nose流鼻涕的：He doesn＇t enjoy the company of snotty-nosed children.他不喜欢和流鼻涕的小孩在一起．2 sl acting as if important 装得傲慢的；自以为了不起的

bile /bail/ the bitter brownish-yellow liquid which the liver produces to help in the diges-tion of food 胆汁 bilious ［B］ caused by too much bile 因胆汁过多而引起的：He had abilious headache.他因胆汁多而头痛.

B61 verbs 动词：salivate，etc 分泌唾液等

salivate／＇sæli，veit／［IØ］ to produce saliva 分泌唾液；流口水：Pavlov managed to get dogs to sali-vate whenever a bell rang; the dogs expected food.巴甫洛夫成功地使狗在铃响时就流口水；因为狗想吃食物.salivation［U］：The sight of food caused salivation in Pavlov＇s dogs.巴甫洛夫的狗一见到食物就流口水.

spit/spit/[IØ; T1] to send (saliva, etc) out of the mouth 吐（唾液等）：He spat in his enemy＇s face.他朝敌人的脸上啐唾沫.The old man spatthe tobacco juice out in a long stream.老人把嚼烟的烟汁不停地吐出来.She spat out the foodas though it was poison.她把吃的东西从嘴里吐出来，好像那是毒药似的.

expectorate /ik'spektə,rert/ [IØ] fml to spit; let out phlegm by coughing 吐；咳嗽而吐（痰） expectoration [U]

dribble /'dribəl/ [IØ] to let saliva,etc, out slowly drop by drop, esp from the side of the mouth 让（唾液等）点滴流下；（尤指）从嘴角向外淌口水：The baby was dribbling.婴儿的嘴角在淌口水.

water/'wortə/ [IØ] (of the eyes or mouth) to fill with liquid（指眼）充满泪水；流眼泪；（指口腔）流口水：The smoke made his eyes water.烟熏得他

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B62 FLUIDS ＆ WASTE 体液与废物

的两眼直流泪.The smell of food started my mouth watering.食物的香味使我馋涎欲滴.

B62 nouns 名词：sweat and tears 汗与眼泪

sweat/swet/[U] liquid which comes out from the body through the pores [→B50] of the skin to cool it， or because of fear 汗： Sweat formed on his brow as he worked.他干活时前额渗出了汗水.

perspiration ／，pa：spə＇reıfən／ ［U］ fml 1 sweat 汗： His face was wet with perspiration.他汗流满面. 2 the action of sweating 出汗

lather /'la:ðə/ [U; S] foaming [→L90] sweat on a horse（马的）汗沫：The horses were in a lather of sweat.那些马浑身是汗沫.

tear／trə／also 又作 teardrop／＇trə，drpp／ ［C］ a drop of liquid containing salt, which flows from the eye， esp during pain and sadness 眼泪：She burst into tears when she saw that he was hurt.见到他受了伤，她突然大哭起来.Tearspoured down the child＇s face.泪珠不断从那孩子的脸上流下来.[■F248-9 CRYING]

B63 verbs 动词：relating to sweat 出汗

sweat/swet/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) produce sweat（使）出汗：He was sweating after work-ing so.hard.在竭力工作之后，他汗流浃背.Thisheat will sweat all that beer out of you！这大热天你喝下的啤酒都变成汗排出来了！

perspire ／pə＇sparə／ ［IØ］ fml to sweat 出汗：Work until you perspire，then have a rest.一直干到你出汗，然后再休息一下.

B64 nouns 名词：urine［U］尿

urine /'juərm/ tech liquid containing waste material which flows from the body 尿piss／pIs／taboo urine 尿

water／＇wo：tə／euph urine 尿：There seems to be blood in the patient＇s water，doctor.医生，病人的尿里好像有血.

B65 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：relating to urine 排尿

urinate/'juəri,neit/ [IØ] tech to let the urine out of the body 排尿；小便：The patient has diffi-culty urinating， doctor.医生，病人排尿有困难. urination [U]

piss ／pis／ taboo 1 ［Iø］ to urinate 撒尿：He was too drunk to piss straight.他醉得太厉害，连挺直身子撒尿都不行了．2［T1］ a to make wet byurinating 把···尿湿：He＇s pissed his trousers！他把裤子尿湿了！b to cause to come out of thebody by urinating 和尿一起排出：He began to

piss blood．他开始尿血了．3［it IØ］（fig）to rain heavily 下大雨：It＇s just pissing down.正在下着倾盆大雨．4［S］ act of urinating 排尿；撒尿：Imust go ànd have a quick piss.我得赶快去撒一泡尿.

pee /pi:/ infml 1 [IØ; T1] esp with.children to urinate or make wet in this way（用于儿童）撒尿；尿尿；把···尿湿：He peed his trousers yester-day．他昨天尿湿了裤子．2［S］an act of urinating 撒尿：Excuse me；I must go and have a pee.对不起，我得去小便.He＇s just gone for a pee.他刚去小便了.

wee-wee／＇wi：，wi：／also 又作 wee ／wi：／infml with small children（用于儿童）1［IØ］to urinate 撒尿；尿尿：He needs to wee／wee-wee；come on， son．他要尿尿了，来吧，孩子．2［C］ an act ofurinating 小便；撒尿：Come on， darling， do a wee in your potty（＝pot）.来吧！小宝宝，在盆里尿尿.

pass water ［IØ］ euph to urinate 排尿：Has the patient passed water today，nurse？护士，今天病人排尿了吗？

B66 nouns 名词：excrement 粪便；排泄物

excrement /'ekskrimənt/ [U] tech the waste matter which passes, usu in a solid state, out of the bowels 粪便：The smell of excrement was everywhere; the place had no proper lavatories.到处都是粪便的臭味；这地方没有一个像样的厕所.

excreta/ik'skri:tə/ [P] fml waste products of the body 排泄物：Sweat，urine，and excrement are all excreta.汗、尿和粪便都是排泄物.

faeces BrE,feces AmE /'fi:si:z/ [P] tech & euph excrement 粪便 f（a）ecal［Wa5］ of or concerning f（a）eces 粪便的

crap ／kræp／ taboo 1［U］ excrement 屎；粪2［S］ act of passing excrement from the bowel 拉屎3［U］（fig） rubbish 废物：Don＇t give us that load of crap；tell us the truth！别给我们讲一大堆废话了，把实话告诉我们吧！

turd /t3:d/ [C] taboo 1 a ball or lump of excre-ment 粪块；一堆粪2 deprec sl a stupid or unde-sirable person 笨蛋；讨厌鬼：Tell that silly turd to go away！叫那笨蛋走开！

dung/dan/[U] the excrement of such animals as the horse and cow, esp when dropped in fields and used as manure［→E136］（牛、马）粪（尤指可用作肥料）

stool/stu:l/[C] med excrement, esp in its solid state 大便；粪便：We must first examine the patient＇s stools.我们必须先检查一下病人的大便.The patient had a stool test.病人化验了大便.

shit／jit／taboo 1［U］ excrement 屎；粪2［S］the act of passing excrement from the bowel 拉屎： He hasn＇t had a good shit for days.他已经好几天没有痛痛快快地拉一泡屎了．3［U］（fig）silly oruseless things or talk 废物；废话；蠢话：What a load of shit he talks！他说了一大堆废话！4［C］(fig) deprec a person whom the speaker does not like or respect 讨厌的人；诡诈的人：I thinkhe＇s a bit of a shit.我觉得他有点讨厌.

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