虚弱.Grandfather has poor eyesight.祖父的视力很差．4 derog （of a person of his behaviour） not noble or generous 不大方的；不高尚的（espin the phrs poor loser／sport 输后不服气的人／输不起的人）：He gets angry when he loses a game；he＇s a poor loser.他比赛输了就生气；真没有体育精神．5 usu derog not respected，because of lack of ability or character（由于缺乏能力或性格上）不受人尊敬的；可怜的：The poor fool hasgot himself into debt again.那可怜的笨家伙又欠债了．6［Wa5；A］ usu polite or humour ＆ ironical of little worth; not good enough for others；humble 无价值的；不足道的；谦卑的：Inmy poor opinion you're making a great mis-take.以鄙人的浅见，你正在犯很大的错误.

shoddy /'fodi/ [Wal] made or done cheaply and badly, usu to look like something better 质量差劣的；做得很差的；冒充好货的：It is shoddyworkmanship that won't bear close exami-nation.那东西造工低劣，经不起仔细检查.Theyput the shoddiest goods on sale right next to the valuable articles.他们把最低劣的货物混放在贵重物品旁边出售.-dily［adv］-diness［U］

tawdry/'to:dri/ [Wa1] cheaply showy; lacking taste 廉价而俗丽的；便宜而俗气的；花哨而不值钱的：She has a lot of tawdry jewellery.她有许多俗气的廉价首饰.-riness ［U］

inferior /ın'ftərıə/ [Wa5] (of people and things) not （or less） good in quality or value（指人和事物）低等的；差的；次的：These goods are ofinferior quality.这些货物的质量低劣.His work is inferior to hers.他的工作不如她.inferiority ［U］ the state of being inferior 下等；差劣：The inferiority of these goods to the others is easy to see.这些产品显然比其它产品差.

worthless／＇w3：0lis／1 of no value 无价值的；无用的：It was a worthless action.那是毫无用处的举动．The old type of £5 notes are worthless now．旧的五英镑纸币现在作废了．2（of a person）of bad character（指人）不好的；坏的：He is a worthless member of society.他是社会中的不良分子.-ness［U］

valueless／＇væljuləs／ having no value 无价值的； 无用的：This jewellery is valueless； it is made of glass and ordinary metals.这首饰不值钱；它是用玻璃和普通金属制成的.-ness［U］

Business,work,and

employment

职业、工作与雇用

J210 nouns 名词：work，jobs，trades，and professions工作、职责、行业与职业

work/w3:k/[U] 1 activity which uses effort, esp with a special purpose， not for amusement 工作；劳动：It takes a lot of work to build a house．造一幢房屋要花费很多劳动．2（the natureor place of） a job or occupation 职业；工作（的

J210 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

性质或场所）：My work is in medicine.我行医.

What work do you do？你是干什么工作的？Igo

to work at 9．我九点上班．What time do you get

home from work？你什么时候下班回家？I eat at

work．我在上班的地方吃饭．3 what one is work-

ing on 工作；活儿：I hear you＇ve changed jobs；

is the work difficult at the new place？听说你换

了工作；新地方的工作困难吗？I＇m taking some

work home to do this evening. 今晚我要带些工

作回家做.Don＇t stay inside to do your sewing；

bring your work out with you.别在屋里做针线；

拿到外面来做吧．4 what is produced by work，

esp of the hands 产品；（尤指）手工制品：This

mat is my own work（＝I made it）.这垫子是我

亲手做的.She sold her work to a local shop.她

把自己的手工制品卖给当地一家商店.at work

（on） doing something， esp work 在工作；从事

于：Danger；men at work （on this road）.危险，

（道路）施工.go／set to work （on）to start doing

着手；开始做；动工 in work／out of work having

ajob／unemployed 在职／失业

job/d3pb/[Ĉ] 1 a piece of work that has been or must be done（已经做好或必须做的）工作：Doa better job next time.下次要做得好些.He gets paid by the job．他是按件计酬的．2 something hard to do 费力的事情；难事：It was a（real）job to talk with all that noise.在那么吵的情况下讲话真费劲.You＇ll have a hard job doing that.你做那事会很困难．3 regular paid employment 职业；职位：He has a good job in a bank. 他在银行里有个好职位.Job safety is important.职业保障很重要．4 infml an example of a certain type （某种）事物：That new car of yours is a beauti-ful job.你那辆新汽车真漂亮.This job is a bitbigger and more colourful than the one over there．这东西比那边那件大一些，颜色也鲜艳些．5sl a dishonest or harmful piece of work, esp robbery or a beating 欺诈或有害的行为（尤指抢劫或打人）：He＇s in prison for a job he pulled （＝did）in Liverpool.他因在利物浦犯了罪而坐牢.John's been in hospital since Paul did that job on him.自从被保罗打了以后，约翰一直住在医院里.on the job （of people or， sometimes， machines） at work；working；busy（指人或机器） 工作着；忙碌着a job of work BrE infml a pieceof work， usu well done（常指出色的）工作：You can be sure my brother will do a job of work for the money you pay him.你可以放心，我弟弟一定会把工作做好，不会白收你的钱.out of a jobunemployed 失业： You＇ll be out of a job if you keep coming late.如果你总是迟到，就会被解雇的.a good／bad job BrE infml good／bad 好／坏的： That restaurant is not cheap, so it's a good job you＇ve brought plenty of money. 那家餐馆不便宜，幸亏你多带了钱.He＇s gone，and a goodjob too！他走了，走得好！make the best of a bad job to do as much or as well as possible in unfavourable conditions（在不利情况下）尽量做好 just the job exactly the thing wanted or needed 正好需要的事物：Thanks for that tool； it was just the job.谢谢你这把工具，正好需要它.

task/ta:sk/ [C] a piece of (esp difficult) work which must be done（尤指困难的）工作；任务：It's a difficult task but I think you can do it.

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J211 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

这是个艰难的任务，但我认为你能完成.Our firsttask here is to build a wall.我们在这里的第一件工作是造一堵墙.

occupation /,pkju'peifən/ [C] 1 a job; employ-ment 职业；工作：What is your father＇s occu-pation？你父亲是做什么工作的？2 becoming rareway of spending time 消遣：Her favourite weekend occupation is reading.她周末喜欢读书来消遣．occupational ［Wa5；B］ of or about an occupation 职业的；工作的-ly［adv］

living /'livin/ [C] 1 the earnings with which one buys necessities 生计；生活：You can make a （good）living in industry.你从事工业界生活可以过得不错．2 wages；income 工资；收入：I make£100 a week on what I sell and that's my living.我每周卖货可赚一百英镑，这就是我的收入.3 a trade or profession 职业；工作：Teaching is his living.他的职业是教书.

livelihood /'larvlr,hud/ [C] the way by which one earns enough to pay for what is necessary 生计：He will lose his livelihood if the factory closes.如果工厂倒闭，他将失去生计.

career/kə'riə/ [C] 1 a job or profession for which one is trained and which one intends to follow for the whole of one＇s life 事业；职业： He made the Church his career.他选择了牧师的职业.Teaching is a satisfying career.教书是一份令人满意的职业．2（a part of） the generalcourse of a person＇s working life 经历；生涯： Have you ever studied Gladstone's career as a politician？ 你是否研究过格莱斯通的政治生涯？Churchill's career proves he was a great man. 丘吉尔的经历证明他是个伟人.

profession /prə'fefən/ 1 [C; by U] a form of employment, esp one that is respected in society as honourable and is possible only for an educated person and after training in some special branch of knowledge (such as law, medicine， and the Church）专业；职业（尤指从事脑力或受过专门训练的）：In the last centurythere was a great social difference between business（men）and the professions.上个世纪， 商业界与专业界在社会地位上有很大的差异.He isa lawyer by profession.他的职业是律师.She intends to make teaching her profession.她打算以教书为职业．2［the GU］ the whole body ofpeople in a particular profession 某专业的全体人员；···界：The teaching profession claim（s） to be badly paid.教育界宣称他们的工资太低.Mostpeople in the profession say so.这一行的多数人都这么说． professional 1 ［Wa5； A］ working in a profession 专业的；职业的：Doctors are professional men．医生是专业人士．2［C；A］ apprec a person who makes his or her living by doing certain work 以某种职业为生的人：Heis a professional at it； he is verygood.他是这方面的专家；他很出色.She is a professionalsinger．她是位职业歌唱家．3［B］apprec（well） done by or as if by a professional（像）专业的； 技巧精湛的：That is a very professional piece of work.那件工作做得很有专业水准.un-［neg］-ly［adv］：She sings professionally.她的演唱技巧精湛.He did the job very professionally.他干这工作非常内行.

trade/treid/ [C; by U] an occupation, esp one needing special skill with hands（尤指需要手艺的）行业；职业：He is a printer by trade.他是个印刷工.How long did it take to learn your trade？学你这一行要花多长时间？

mission /'mıfən/ [C] a journey, esp to another country or place and often military, to do some particular work for which one has been sent 使命；任务（常指军事方面）：The soldiers＇mission was to destroy the bridge.士兵们的任务是摧毁桥梁.He went abroad on a mission for the government.他为政府出国执行任务.

J211 verbs 动词：employing and appointing people 雇用与任命

employ/Im'plor/[T1] 1 to use (a person) as a paid worker 雇用：The firm employs about 100 men．这家公司雇用了约一百人．2 to take on orappoint （a person） as a paid worker 聘用；任用： We're employing three new secretaries next Monday．下星期一我们会任用三名新秘书．3 fmlto keep （oneself or another） busy 使忙于；使从事于：She was employed in watering the garden．她忙于浇花园．4 fml to spend（time）消磨；用（时间）：She employs all her free time in sewing.她把全部的空闲时间用来做针线.employ-ment [(in) U] the act of employing; the condi-tion of being employed 雇用；受雇；就业；使用：He is badly in need of employment.他急需工作.They are considering the employment of 1,000 workers．他们在考虑雇用一千名工人．Hehas been in our employment/in employment here for 10 years．我们／这里雇用他已有十年了．

hire/harə/ [T1] to employ (someone) for a time for payment 雇用：They hired some men to help with the work.他们雇人帮忙.

engage /in'geid3/ [T1 (as)] to arrange to employ（someone）雇用；聘用：He has engaged a new secretary.他聘了一位新秘书.He engaged Mary as a secretary.他聘玛丽为秘书.engage-ment［U］ the act of engaging 雇用；聘用：They have begun the engagement of new workers. 他们已经开始雇用新工人了.

take on ［v adv T1］ not fml to hire 雇用：They decided to take on a servant to help with the house.他们决定雇用一名佣人协助料理家务.

appoint /ə'point/ 1 [T1; X1; (V3)] to put in or choose for a position, job (or purpose); make into an officer （of a business， club， etc）任命； 委任：We must appoint a new teacher soon.我们必须尽快委任一名新教师.They appointed himto catch all the rats in Hamelin.他们指派他去捉哈默林那里所有的老鼠．2［T1］to set up；makeby choosing 经选拔组成；委任：We must appoint a committee． 我们必须任命一个委员会．3［T1］fml to arrange， settle；fix；decide 安排；约定；决定：We should appoint a time for the next meeting.我们应该决定下次开会的时间.Let＇sappoint a day to have lunch together.让我们约定一个日子一起吃午饭．appointment 1［U］ theact of appointing 任命；委任：He is considering

702

the appointment of a new manager.他正在考虑任命一位新经理．2［C］a special job or posi-tion in a business，school，etc 职位：The new appointments have all been filled (= people have been given the new jobs）.新职位都已经找到人了.

recruit/rI'kru:t/1 [T1]to get as a new member 招收（新成员）：Let＇s recruit some new people for the job／members for the club.让我们为此项工作招收些新人／为俱乐部吸收一些新会员．2［T1］to form （a group） with new members 以新成员组建（团体）；创建：They are recruiting a new army／political party.他们正在组建一支新军／一个新政党．3［IØ］to find recruits［→C302］寻找新成员 recruitment ［U］ the act of recruiting 征募；招收（新成员）

staff/sta:f/[T1 (with) usu pass] to supply with workers；provide the workers for 为···配备工作人员：It is a well-staffed office.这是个人员配备充足的办公室．The hospital is staffed with 20 doctors.这家医院有二十名医生.

fill/fil/[T1 often pass] to put someone in a (job, etc）补（缺）；派人充任（职位）：The position has been filled.这职位已经找到人了.We have filledtwo of the places，but not the third.三个缺额我们已经补了两个，还剩下一个没补.

J212 verbs 动词：dismissing and retiring people 解雇与退休

[ALSO→ J219 PENSION OFF]

dismiss/dis'mis/ [T1(from) often pass] 1 fml to send (someone) away (as from employ-ment）免职；解雇；开除：If you＇re late again you＇ll be dismissed（from your job）.你再迟到就要被免职．2 to allow to go 让···离开；把···打发走；解散：The teacher dismissed the class 10 minutes early.老师提前十分钟下课.

discharge /dis'tfa:d3/[T1 (from)] to dismiss (a person）from a job 解雇；开除；免···的职；使退伍：Anyone caught stealing will be discharged （from the firm）.凡是犯偷窃的人都将被（公司）开除.discharge ［C；U］ the act or result of discharging 解雇；开除；免职；退伍：He got his discharge／discharge papers from the Army.他得到了军队的退伍证书.

disband /dis'bænd/1 [IØ] (of a group) to break up and separate（指团体）解散；遣散：The club has disbanded．俱乐部解散了．2［T1］ to break up and separate （a group）解散；遣散（团体）： They disbanded the army.他们遣散了军队.

sack/sæk/[T1 often pass] BrE infml to dismiss （someone）from work 解雇；开除：If he is late again，sack him．如果他再次迟到就开除他．200men have been sacked at the factory.两百人被工厂解雇了.get the sack to be sacked 被解雇；被开除：He got the sack（from his job） last week.上星期他被解雇了.

fire /farə/ [T1 often pass] infml & emph to dismiss （someone） from work 解雇；开除： You＇re no good；you＇re fired！你太不中用；你被解雇了！He fired them last week.上星期他把他们开除了.

J214 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

lay off [v adv/prep]1[T1; D1] to stop employing (a worker), esp for a period in which there is little work（尤指因工作少而临时）解雇：Theylaid us off（work） for three months.他们将我们临时解雇三个月．2［T1,4a；IØ］infml to stop 停止：Lay off work for a few months.停工几个月. Lay off，will you！住手，行吗？Lay off hitting me！别打我啦！lay-off ［C］ 1 （by a business） laying a worker or workers off （临时）解雇2 the period of time when this happens（临时） 解雇期

retire/ri'taiə/ [T1] to cause to leave a job, usu because of age 使···退休；离职：They retired him early．他们让他提早退休．［ALSO■J214］

J213 verbs 动词：joining and enlisting 参加与征募

join /d3oin/ [T1; IØ] to become a member (of) 作···成员；参加： He joined the Army／the club.他参加了军队／俱乐部.Has he joined or not？他参加了没有？

join up [v adv IØ] to offer oneself,esp for mili-tary service 从军；入伍：He joined up in 1970． 他1970年从军．

enlist /in'list/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) enter the armed forces 入伍；招募：He enlisted when he was 18．他十八岁入伍．He enlisted in the Army as a private（soldier）.他入伍当列兵.We must enlist more men.我们必须招募更多的人.

sign on [v adv IØ; T1] to (cause to) join (a work force）；enlist 报名参加；（使）签约受雇：He signed on as a sailor.他报了名当水手.The factory signed on ten new workers.工厂雇用了十名新工人.

J214 verbs 动词：leaving and retiring from jobs 离职与退休

leave/li:v/[T1; IØ] to go away(from); to stop doing work at （a place，job，etc）离开；离职：I＇m leaving this job；I don＇t like it.我要辞职了；我不喜欢这工作.He didn＇t like the work，so he left. 他不喜欢这工作；所以他离职了.

quit/kwit/1 [T1, 4; IØ] infml often emph & emot to stop doing something and leave 停止；离开： I＇ve quit my job.我已经辞职了.I＇ve quit work-ing there.我已经不在那儿干了.I＇d had enough，so I quit．我受够了，所以就不干了．2［T1］old useto leave 离开

give up [v adv T1, 4] usu not fml to stop having or doing 放弃；停止：She has given up her job at the bank. 她放弃了在银行的工作.He hasgiven up smoking.他已经戒烟.

resign/rI'zam/ [IØ ( from); T1] often fml to give up （a job or position） 辞职：He resigned from the committee／post／job.他辞去了委员会的职务／ 职位／差事.If he resigns，who will get the job？ 如果他辞职，谁会得到这个差事呢？resignation 1［U］ the act or result of resigning 辞职2［C］a written statement that one intends to resign 辞呈；辞职信：He handed in his resignation.他

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J215 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

提交了辞呈．3［C］an example of resiging 辞职： There have been two resignations this week. 本周有两人辞职.

vacate /və'keit/ [T1] to give up (something, such as a job or position）放弃（工作或职位等）：He vacated his job／post at the bank. 他放弃了在银行的工作.vacation ［U］ fml the act of vacating 离职；放弃职位

retire/rr'tarə/ [IØ] to stop working for ever, usu because of age 退休：My father retired at the age of 60．我父亲六十岁那年退休．retirement［C；U］ a case or the act of retiring 退休：His employer gave him a gold watch on his retire-ment.他退休时老板送他一只金表.We＇ve hadtwo retirements here this year.今年我们这里有两人退休.

J215 verbs 动词：promoting and

transferring people 提升与调动

[ALSO → C297 ARMY RANKS, ETC]

promote /prə'məut/ 1 [T1; esp BrE X1] to advance （someone） in position or rank 提升； 擢升：The young army officer was promoted （to the rank of） captain.那位年轻军官被提升为上尉.The owner＇s son was promoted over the heads of others (= was given a higher position instead of others who had a better claim）.老板的儿子越过其他更有理由提升的人而被提升了．2[T1] to help actively in forming or arranging (a business，concert，play，etc）发起；积极筹划；促进；创设：Who is promoting this boxing match？ 谁在筹划这次拳击比赛？The three brothers arepromoting a company to make aircraft.这三兄弟正在筹建一间飞机制造公司．3 ［T1］ to bring(goods) to public notice in order to increase （sales）宣传；推销（商品等）：The company are promoting their new sort of toothbrush on television.该公司正在电视上宣传他们的新牙刷.How can we promote the sales of this prod-uct？我们如何推销这种产品呢？4［T1］（fig）tosupport； help in the growth of 促进；助长：Milk promotes health．牛奶能促进健康． promotion 1 [U] the act or result of promoting or being promoted 提升；促进；推销2［C］an example of this 提升（促进、推销）的事例

upgrade / Ap'greid/ [T1] to raise in rank, posi-tion，or importance 提升；将···升级：They upgraded him/his job so that they could raise his pay.他们提升他／他的职务以便增加他的工资.

transfer /træns'f3:/ [T1] to move (someone) from one job or place of work to another 调动（某人的）工作：They transferred him from New York to a new post in Washington.他们把他从纽约调至华盛顿任新职.I＇ve been transferred；I＇m leaving for my new post next week.我被调职了；我下周将到新的工作岗位去.transfer［C；U］（an example of） the act of transferring 调动（的事例）：He wants a transfer to another job. 他想转换工作.

assign /ə'saın/ [D1 (to); V3] to appoint to a job or duty；name 委派；指派：She assigned him to wash the plates.她分配他去洗盘子.I assigned

you （to） the job；do it.我指派你做这工作，去做吧．assignment 1［U］ rare the act of assigning 分配；委派2［C］ common a job which one is given or to which one is sent（分派的）任务；工作：I shall soon be leaving on an assignment in India.我不久将去印度执行任务.The police-man's assignment was to discover the mur-derer.警察的任务是查出凶手.

second /'sekənd/ [T1 usu pass] BrE fml to move (someone) from usual duties to a special duty， usu for a limited time 暂调；（临时）调派（去执行特别任务）：If Mr Adams is illmuch longer, someone will have to be seconded from another department to do his work.如果亚当斯先生生病还不好的话，就得从另一部门调人来做他的工作．secondment 1 ［U］ theact of seconding 暂调；（临时）调派：He is on secondment to／in Hong Kong.他被调往香港临时工作．2［C］ an example，occasion， or result of this 调动；临时调任

delegate /'deləgeit/1 [T1].to give (part of one's power, rights, etc) to another for a certain time 委托给···；授权给···：I have delegated my command to Captain Roberts.我已授权罗伯茨上尉代我指挥．2［T1；V3］ to appoint as one＇s representative 委派···为代表：I have delegated Captain Roberts （to serve in my place）.我已委派罗伯茨上尉为代表（代行我的职务）.

J216 verbs 动词：demoting people 降级

demote /dr'məut/ [T1] to lower (someone) in position or rank 使降级；使降职：He demoted the army officers （to a lower rank）.他把陆军军官们的军衔降了一级.Because he did not workwell，he was demoted.他因工作差而被降级.de-motion 1 [U] the act or result of demoting or being demoted 降级；降职2［C］an example of this 降职的事例

downgrade/'daungreid/[T1] to lower in rank, position or importance 使降级；降低（等级、地位、重要性）：They downgraded him／his job so that they could lower his pay.他们降了他的级别／职务以便削减他的工资.

reduce／rr＇dju：s／［T1 often pass］ to demote 使降级：He has been reduced in rank for failing to do his work properly. 他因失职而被降了级.reduced to the ranks (of officers in armies) demoted to being an ordinary soldier, usu for. doing something very bad（军官）被降为士兵

strip /strip/ [D1 (of)] infml & emot to take away （esp a high rank from someone）剥夺（职务、头衔、权力等）：He has been stripped of his rank；he is just an ordinary soldier now. 他被剥夺了军衔；现在只是一名普通士兵了.

J217 adjectives 形容词：relating to having jobs ［Wa5；B］有关工作的

vacant/'veikənt/ (of a position in employment) not at present filled（职位）空缺的：I＇m looking

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for work; are there any positions vacant in your firm？我正在找工作；你们公司里有空缺吗？The part of a newspaper in which jobs are advertised is often called 'Situations Vacant'. 报纸上招聘广告栏常被称作“职位空缺”．vacancy1［U］ the condition of being vacant 空；空缺 2 ［C］ an example of this 空缺；缺额：Are there any vacancies in your factory？你们工厂有空缺吗？

redundant /rI'dandənt/ esp BrE.(of a worker or group of workers) not needed; more than necessary（劳力、工作人员）多余的；过剩的：These workers are now redundant.这些工人现在是多余的.-ly［adv］ redundancy［U；C］ the condition of being redundant; an example of this 过多；过剩；多余；多余的人或物：How manyredundancies have there been in this factory? 这家工厂里有多少冗员？

J218 verbs 动词：earning and profiting 收入与利润

earn／3：n／1 ［T1］ to get（money） by working 赚（工资）：He earns £5,000 a year．他每年赚五千英镑．2［D1（for）； T1］ to （cause to） get （some-thing that one deserves) because of one's qualities 博得；赢得；使得到：His victories in the war earned him the title of＇Great＇.他在战争中取得的胜利使他赢得了“伟人”的称号.

gain /gein/ 1 [T1] to obtain (something useful, necessary，wanted，etc）获得（有用、需要之物等）：I＇m new in the job but I＇m already gaining experience.做这种工作我是新手，但我已在积累经验.Eat well if you want to gain strength after your illness.病后若要恢复元气，就应该吃得好．2［T1；（IØ）］ to make （a profit or increase in amount）获得（利益、利润等）；增加：I gained £3 by selling it for more than I paid for it.我以贱买贵卖获利三英镑.The baby gains(half a pound) every week; he's getting bigger all the time.这婴儿每周体重都增加（半磅）；他不停地在长大.

make／meik／［T1］ infml to earn 赚（钱）：How much do you make in／at your job？你的工资多少？ Secretaries make quite a lot here， but not in that other place.秘书们在这里赚钱不少，但在那个地方就不行了.

get／get／［T1］ infml ＆ genl to earn赚（钱）：How much does he get a week？他每周赚多少钱？

profit／＇profit／1［（IØ）］ fml to gain 获利；得益： You＇ll profit if you listen to him.你听他的话会有好处的.They profited by putting their money in his business．他们因投资进他的生意而获利．2[T1; D1] fml or old use (of a thing) to be of service, use, or advantage to (someone or something）有益于；有利于：What can it profit （you）to tell him this？（你）将这事告诉他能有什么好处呢？It will profit you nothing.它将对你毫无好处.

bring in [v adv T1; D1] not fml to produce as profit or earnings 带来；赚得（利润、收入）：The sale brought （us） in over £200．这笔生意（我们）

J219 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

赚了两百多英镑．The boys are bringing in £40 aweek.男孩们每周收入四十英镑.

J219 nouns 名词：earnings and income 工资与收入

earnings /'з:nmz/[P] 1 money which is earned by working（由工作）赚得的钱；工资；薪水 2money made by a company 利润；收益；盈利

pay /pei/[U] money received for work, esp in the Armed Forces 工钱；薪金（尤指军饷）：Hegets his pay on Fridays. 他每星期五领工资.There was less money in his pay packet (=the envelope in which he gets his pay) this week than last week.这星期他工资袋里的钱比上星期少.in the pay of esp deprec employed by 受··· 的雇用；被···收买的：He is in the pay of theenemy.他被敌人收买了.

wages/'weid3iz/ [P] a payment usu of money for labour or services (usu according to contract) calculated by the hour, day, week or amount produced, and usu received daily or weekly（以小时、日、周计算的）工资；工钱：Whatare your weekly wages？你每周多少工钱？Wages are high in this country.这个国家的工资高.

wage／weid3／［S；A］ wages 工资；工钱：There is a high wage level in this industry.这种行业的工资水平很高.There was less money in his wage packet (= the envelope in which he gets his wages） this week than last week.这星期他工资袋里的钱比上星期少了.What is your weeklywage？你每周多少工资？He gets a weekly wage of £60．他的周薪为六十英镑．a living wage anamount of pay large enough to buy the food, clothing，etc，needed for living 足以维持生活的工资：We have a right to a living wage.我们有权得到足以维持生活的工资.

salary /'sæləri/ [C;U] fixed regular pay each month, three months, year, or sometimes each week, for a job, esp (rather than wages) as for workers of higher skill and rank（高技术或高级人员按月、按季、按年等发放的）工资；薪水：The company pays good salaries.这家公司的薪酬高.How much salary does the job pay？这工作的薪水有多少？

fee/fi:/ [C] a sum of money paid for profes-sional services to a doctor, lawyer, private school，etc（付给医生、律师等专业服务的）费用：He paid the child＇s school fees.他付了孩子的学杂费.You can use the library for a small fee. 只要付一点钱，就可使用图书馆.Did the doctorcharge you a fee？医生向你收费了吗？

honorarium /pnə'reəriəm/ [C] fml money offered for professional services, for which by custom the person does not ask to be paid （对习惯上不要求报酬的专业服务的）酬金；谢礼

retainer /ri'teinə/ [C] a fee paid to someone so that he is ready to do some work for one at any time（付给随时准备提供服务的人的）费用；顾问费：His annual retainer（＝ fee for one year） is £1,000．他的年顾问费为一千英镑．

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J220 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

profit /'profit/ 1 [C;U] money gain; money gained by a business or a piece of business 利润；收益：He sold his house at a profit （＝ sold it for more than it had cost him）.他卖房子赚了钱．He made a profit of £1,000 on that sale．他在那笔生意中获利一千英镑.There＇s very littleprofit in selling land at present.目前卖土地收益甚微．2［U］fml advantage gained from some action 益处；利益：It would be to your profit to take her wise advice.听从她的金石良言对你有好处.

income /'njkam/ [U;C] money which one receives regularly for one's daily spending, usu payment for one's work, or interest from investments［→J114］收入；收益；所得（薪水、投资的利息等）：He receives income from invest-ments.他从投资得到收入.He has a verylow／small income.他的收入低微.

stipend/'staipend/ [C] money paid for profes-sional work， esp to a priest（尤指付给神职人员的）薪俸；薪金；俸给

pension /'penfən/ [C] an amount of money paid regularly (esp by a government or a com-pany) to someone who can no longer earn (enough or any) money by working, esp because of old age or illness 养老金；退休金；抚恤金 pensioner ［C］ a person receiving a pension 领取养老金（抚恤金的）人 pensionable[Wa5; B] (of work, etc) providing a pension （指工作等）提供养老金（抚恤金）的 pension off[v adv T1] to dismiss from work with a pen-sion 发给···养老金令其退休

J220 nouns 名词：expenses and

allowances 费用与津贴

expenses/ik'spensiz/[P] the money used or needed for a purpose 费用；开支：If you want to go toParis I＇ll pay your expenses.如果你想去巴黎，我为你支付所需费用.He managed toearn enough to cover his expenses.他设法赚够他需要的开支.His employer pays all his travel-ling expenses.他的老板为他支付所有的旅费.Hehas monthly expenses of about £50 and his company pays him these expenses （back）.他每月的开支约五十英镑，由公司支付.If you do thiswork you must travel a bit, but you get your expenses （paid）.做这工作需要不时外出工作，但费用可以报销.

allowance /ə'lauəns/ [C] 1 something, esp money，provided regularly（尤指定期发给的）补贴；津贴：He received a yearly allowance of money from his father.他从父亲那里每年得到一笔津贴．She gets an allowance of £5,000 a year．她每年得到五千英镑的津贴．2 moneyprovided for a special purpose 特别费：Many people in well-paid jobs are given travelling allowances.许多薪水优厚的人可拿到出差补贴.Workers now demand allowances to make sure their pay increases as quickly as the cost of living.现在工人们要求得到补贴，以保证他们的收入跟上生活费用的上涨．3 money taken off

(the cost of) something, usu for a special reason 折扣：Íf you pay cash now I will give you an allowance of 10％ off the price．如果你现在付现款，我可以给你打九折.In Britain peopleget allowances on tax for their children and don't pay any tax on that amount of money earned.在英国，人们可得子女免税额，而且该部分所得的钱可不交税.

bonus /'bəunəs/ [C] an additional payment beyond what is usual, necessary, or expected, such as a share of the profits paid to those who work for a business（工资以外的）奖金；额外津贴；红利：The staff got a Christmas bonus／ a productivity bonus.员工们得到了圣诞节奖金／生产奖金.a cost of living bonus paid to workers because of rising prices 因物价上涨而发给工人的额外津贴

grant/gra:nt/[C] money given by the state, usu for educational purposes, as to a university or (esp) to support a student during his studies 补助金；助学金：You can get a grant to improve your house.你可以得到一笔补贴来修葺你的房子.When prices rise, students find it difficult to live on a grant.物价上涨时，学生们觉得靠助学金很难维持生活.

subsidy/'sabsədi/[C] money paid, esp by the government or an organization, to make prices lower, make it cheaper to produce goods，etc（尤指政府或机构为降低物价或生产成本等发放的）补助金；津贴；补贴：The govemmentprovided a subsidy on bread.政府对面包价格给予补贴.We must give the farmers a subsidy.我们必须给农人一笔补贴．subsidize，-ise ［T1］ togive a subsidy to； provide a subsidy for 给···补助金；资助；津贴：The government subsidizes a lot of housing in Scotland.在苏格兰，许多房屋是由政府补贴建造的.

rise/raiZ/ BrE, raise /reiz/ AmE [C] an increase in wages 加薪： We all got a £6-a-week riselast month.上个月我们的周薪都加了六英镑.I＇ve hadtwo rises this year.今年我的薪水加了两次.

J221 nouns 名词：stoppages and cuts 扣留与削减

[ALSO→J123]

stoppage /'stppid3/ [U; C] the act of prevent-ing something from being given， esp money 停付；扣发（工资等）：Stoppage of pay is no longer a lawful punishment in a firm.公司用扣发工资作为惩罚手段已经不合法了.

reduction /rr'dakfən/ [C] the amount by which payment or the price of something is reduced （＝made less）（工资、物价等的）减少（量）；降低（量）：He has had a reduction in pay.他被减了工资.There have been reductions in the price of food.食品价格降了几次.

cut /kAt/[C] not fml a reduotion; an act of economizing ［→J127］削减；节省：We must make cuts； we are spending too much.我们必须节约；我们花得太多了.They have had cuts intheir wages［→J219］．他们的工资被减了多次．

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J222 nouns 名词：accounts and

book-keeping 帐目与簿记

account /ə'kaunt/ [C often pl] a record or statement of money received and paid out,as by a bank or business, esp for a particular period or at a particular date 帐；帐目；帐单： The bank sends me an account each month. 银行每月给我寄来帐目单.The accounts show wehave spent more than we received.帐上表明我们入不敷出.

accountancy /ə'kauntənsi/ [U] the work or job of keeping accounts 会计职务；会计工作

bookkeeping /'buk,ki:pin/ [U] the act of keep-ing the accounts of money of a business company，a public office，etc 簿记

ledger/'led3ə/[C] an account book recording the gains and money spent of a business, bank，etc分类帐

books /buks/ [P] all the ledgers, etc, of a busi-ness 帐本；帐簿；商业帐册：He wants to see thebooks.他要看一下帐本.

J223 nouns 名词： staff and personnel 工作人员

staff/sta:f/1[GC] the group of workers who carry on a job or do the work of an organ-ization 全体工作人员；全体职员：The school＇steaching staff is／are excellent.该校的教师都很优秀．He has a staff of 15．他有十五名工作人员．The company has a staff newspaper.公司办了一份职工报纸.We need hotel space for the minister and his staff at the meeting.我们需要为参加会议的部长和他的工作人员准备旅馆住处．2［P］ BrE members of such a group 职员；人员： She is in charge of about 20 staff．她负责管理约二十名工作人员.There have been severalcomplaints by staff about working conditions. 职员们对工作条件有多次投诉.Office staffwanted-good pay.招聘办公室职员-待遇优厚.

personnel /,p3:sə'nel/1 [GC] (all) the people employed by a company, the armed forces, etc（公司、军队等所雇用的）全体人员；全体职员：Alot of army personnel live in the town.许多军方人员住在城里.I would like to see the personin charge of personnel．我想见管人事的负责人．2[U] the department in a company that deals with (the complaints and difficulties of the) personnel 人事部门：She works in personnel. 她在人事部工作.

work force [GC] the people working in a place 工作人员；劳动力：The factory has a work force of more than a thousand.该工厂有一千多劳动力.

crew/kru:/[GC] 1a all the people working on a ship，plane，etc 船上或机上的全体工作人员 ball the people working on a ship, plane, etc, except the officers 轮船或飞机上除高级职员以外的全体工作人员：The crew was annoyed at the

J225 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

captain＇s decision to visit the port.船员们对船长要船停泊该港的决定不满.（fig）We wentrowing today; my wife was the captain and I was the crew.今天我们去划船；我妻子当船长，我当船员．2 a group of people working together 同事；一起工作的人们：He sent for the traintrack repair crew.他派人去找铁轨修理人员了.They are the stage crew for the new play.他们是新剧目的舞台工作人员．3 infml a gathering ofpeople 一群人：We were a happy crew that day！那天我们一班人都很快乐！

team/ti:m/ [GC] a group of people who work, play，or act together 队；组：He is in the school cricket team.他是学校板球队的.The company is led by an able team of skilled politicians.这一批人由一群干练的政治家领导.

complement /'kpmpləmənt/ [C] the full number of people working in a place, on a ship，etc（在船上或其它地方工作人员的）足额；定员；编制人数：What is the ship＇s complement？ 该船船员的定额是多少？

J224 adjectives，etc 形容词等：permanent and temporary 固定的与临时的

permanent/'p3:mənənt/[B] staying or intended to stay (with a company, etc) for a long time or for ever 长期的；固定的：He is one of ourpermanent employees／members of staff.他是我们的固定雇员／职员之一.-ly［adv］

temporary/'tempərəri/ [B] staying or intended to stay (with a company, etc) for only a lim-ited time 暂时的；临时的：Many students find temporary jobs during their summer holidays. 许多学生在暑假找临时工作做.-rily［adv］

full-time/'ful'tarm/ [Wa5; A; adv] (working or giving work) regularly; the proper number of hours or days in an employment, course of study，etc 全职的；全部工作时间的：She＇s a full-time student at the university.她是该大学的全日制学生.He is in full-time employment.他有全职的工作.He used to work full-time， but now he does only 4 days a week．他过去是全职的，但现在每周只工作四天.

part-time /'pa:t'tamm/ [Wa5; A; adv] (working or giving work) for only a part of the regular working time 部分时间的（地）；兼任的（地）；兼职的；作为兼职：She is a part-time nurse.她是兼职护士.He has a part-time job.他有一份兼职.Heonly works part-time.他只是部分时间工作.

J225 nouns 名词：businesses and firms 生意与公司

business /'biznis/ [C] a particular money-earning activity or place， such as a shop 生意； 营业；商店：How＇s the business？生意怎样啊？Hesold his business to me.他把公司卖给我了.Hehas several local businesses.他在当地有几家商店.

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company/'kampəni/1 [GC] a group of people combined together for business or trade 公司： The local bus company is very good.当地的公共汽车公司很不错.Which companies do theyown？他们拥有哪些公司？If the companyrefuses to pay you more, then find another job.如果公司拒绝给你加工资，那么就另找工作吧.2 [U] the members of such a group whose names do not appear in the official name 公司的其它股东（其名字通常不出现在公司的正式名称中）：John Greene and Company （abbrev ＆ Co）约翰·格林公司3 ［GC］ an organization of musical performers，actors，etc 文艺团体（乐团、剧团等）：The theatre company make／makes a tour of the country every summer.剧团每年夏天作一次全国巡回演出.

firm ／f3：m／ ［GC］ a business company 公司： Don't do other work in the firm's time, please. 在公司工作时间内请勿做其它事情.He owns abuilding firm.他拥有一家建筑公司.

enterprise /'entəpraiz/ [C] an organization, esp a business firm 企业；商业公司：They are one of the largest enterprises of the kind in the country.他们是国内同类企业中最大的企业之一.

corporation /,ko:pə'reifən/ [GC] a body of people permitted by law to act as a single person, esp for purposes of business,with rights and duties separate from those of its members 社团；公司；法人：The company＇s name is The British Steel Corporation.公司的名称是“英国钢铁公司”.John works for a largeAmerican chemical corporation.约翰在一家美国大化学公司工作．corporate ［Wa5；B］ of，concerning， or like what is done in a group 共同的；全体的：The big company has a corporate way of doing most things and it is much the same whether in Hong Kong or Hamburg.这家大公司做事情大部分都依循共同的途径，不管在香港或是在汉堡都差不多.-ly ［adv］：They arecorporately responsible for everything that happens.他们对发生的一切事情共同承担责任.

conglomerate /kən'glpmərit/ [C] a large busi-ness firm that controls the production of goods of very different kinds（生产多种不同货品的）集团公司；联合大企业；综合企业

office /'pfis/ 1 [C] a place where business is done 营业处；办事处2［C］a place where aservice is provided 服务处：a ticket office 售票处 3 ［C］ a place where written work is done in connection with a business 办公室；事务所；办事处：office work 办公室工作4［C9 usu cap］ agovernment department 政府机关；部门：the Foreign Office（英国等的）外交部5［C］employ-ment and special duties 职务；特别任务：the office of president 董事长的职务

agency /'eid3ənsi/ [C] 1 a business that makes its money esp by bringing people into touch with others or the products of others 代理（业）；经销：The travel agency arranged for me to take a holiday planned by one of the biggest holiday firms.旅行社为我安排参加由一家大旅游公司举办的度假旅行.I got this job in thefactory through an employment agency.我通过职业介绍所获得了这个工厂的这份工作．2 the

office or place of business of a person who represents a business 代理处；经销处：The large firm has agencies throughout the world.这家大公司在世界各地都有经销处.

line /lam/ [C often in comb] a business that helps people or goods to move by road, rail-way，ships，air，etc 运输业；运输公司；（公路、铁路、船只、航空等的）运输线；航线：He runs anairline.他经营一家航空公司.That shipping line is very well-known.那家航运公司很出名.

J226 adjectives，etc 形容词等：public and private［Wa5］公有的与私有的

public /'pablik/ [B] of a business company that offers shares in itself for sale to the public on the Stock Exchange［→J104］（指公司）公开发售股票的；上市的

private/'prarvit/ [B] (of a business) belonging to one or more people; not belonging to the state 私有的

nationalized, -ised /'næfənəlaizd/ [B] (of a business） bought or controlled by the state 国有化的；国营的：In Britain steel and coal are nationalized industries.英国的钢铁和煤炭属于国营工业．nationalize，-ise ［T1］ （of govern-ments) to take (businesses, property, etc) from persons, groups, etc, and keep it by the state in the name of all the people of that state 把···收为国有；使···国有化：Britainnationalized its coal and steel industries.英国将煤炭、钢铁工业收归国有.nationalization，-isation ［U］ the act of nationalizing 国有化；收归国有

state／steit／［A］ belonging to the state 国有的；国营的：The Steel Corporation is a state industry. 该钢铁公司是国营企业.

J227 nouns 名词：headquarters，

branches，and departments ［C］总部、分部与部门

headquarters/'hed'kwo:təz/ [Wn3] the office or place where the people work who control a large organization such as the police or army or a private firm 司令部；指挥部；总店；总部：I＇vejust had a message from headquarters.我刚从总部得到消息．Our headquarters staff［→J223］ is not very large.我们总部的工作人员不太多.HQabbrev headquarters 总部；司令部

main office the office of greatest importance or size in a firm，etc（公司等中）最重要或最大的办事处；总公司；总店

branch ／bra：nty a division ofa business 分部；分行；分店：The bank has branches in many cities.该银行在许多城市设有分行.

branch office the office of a branch 分行办事处： Do you have a branch office there？那里有你们分行的办事处吗？

department/dr'pa:tmənt/any of the important

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divisions or branches of a business, govern-ment，school or college，etc（政府、商号、学校等的）部；司；局；处；科；系：He is in the HistoryDepartment of the University.他在该大学的历史系.She works in the children＇s clothing department of a large store.她在一家大商店的童装部工作.

subsidiary/səb'sıdıəri/ any part which is less important，esp of a company 附属部分；（尤指） 子公司；附属公司

base/beis/ a place from which one goes and to which one returns when working over a large area， esp where one keeps supplies，etc 基地： He has his base in Manchester.他的基地在曼彻斯特.Our base for sales in Scotland is Glasgow.我们在苏格兰的销售基地是格拉斯哥.The army has／have a large base near here.军队在附近有个大基地.The air base was closedand there are no more planes here now.空军基地已被关闭，现在那里没有飞机了.The climbers＇base camp was high on the mountain.登山者的大本营在高山上.

depot/'depəu/ a building or place where goods, vehicles,etc, are kept for an organization, group，army，etc（补给品）仓库；兵站；车库： Where is the bus depot in this city？本城的公共汽车库在哪里？

J228 nouns 名词：employers and executives［C］老板与经理

[ALSO→C160]

employer /im'plorə/ a person who employs others 老板；雇主：Mr Jones is my employer.琼斯先生是我的老板.

boss ／bps／ ［also 又作 N］ infml an employer； person having control over others 老板；上司： He asked the boss for more money.他要求老板多给些钱.（fig）Have you got a match，boss？老板，有火柴吗？

manager /'mænid3ə/ 1 [fem] manageress a person who controls a business 经理：The bank manager refused to lend him any more money.银行经理拒绝给他更多的贷款.She tookthe faulty goods back to the shop and asked to see the manageress.她把次品带回商店里要求见女经理．2 a person who makes arrange-ments，esp for the use of money to live on 当家人：She must be a very good manager to feed her children so well on so little money.她靠这么少的钱把孩子们养得这么好，一定是个好当家人.

executive/rg'zekjutiv/ a person concerned with making and carrying out decisions, esp in business 行政人员；主管人员；经理：He is ayoung （business）executive.他是一位年轻的（商界）行政人员.He has an important job as an executive of the firm.他在公司里担任经理的要职.

steward /'stjurəd/ a person, esp a man,who manages or helps to manage esp meetings, dances，etc（集会、舞会等的）男干事；筹备人员

J231 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

J229 nouns 名词：employees and members of staff ［C］雇员与职员

employee/Im'plori:/[C(of)] a person who is employed 雇员；受雇者：They are Government employees／employees of the Government.他们是政府的雇员.

member of staff esp BrE a person working on the staff [→J223] of a company,school, organization，etc（公司、学校等中的）职员

staffer /'sta:fə/ esp AmE infml a member of staff职员

J230 nouns 名词：partners and shareholders［C］合作者与股东

partner /'pa:tnə/ 1 [(with, in)] a person who shares（in the same activity）合作者；伙伴；合伙人：They were partners in the job.他们是一起做那件工作的合作者．2［（in）］any of the owners ofa business, who shares the profits and losses, esp equally（生意上的）合伙入；股东：There arethree partners in this firm of lawyers.这家律师事务所有三个合伙人.

shareholder /'feə,həuldə/ a person who holds shares ［→J114］ in a business，company，etc 股票持有人；股东：There will be a meeting of shareholders/a shareholders' meeting next month.下个月将举行一次股东大会.

J231 nouns 名词：boards of directors， etc 董事会等

board/bo:d/[GC often cap] a committee or as-sociation, as of company directors or govern-ment officials, organized for a special respon-sibility 委员会；理事会；董事会：He hasjoined/been elected to the board of a new company.他加入了／被选入新公司的董事会.Maryis the workers＇ representative on the Board.玛丽是理事会中的工人代表.The President of theBoard of Trade is a Minister in the British Government.贸易委员会的主席是英国政府中的一名部长.The Board is not agreed on this matter.委员会对这件事意见不一致.He is oneof our Board members.他是我们委员会的委员.chairman /'tfeəmən/ [C; A] a person a in charge of a meeting 主席：She＇s one of our best and most experienced chairmen.她是我们最优秀最有经验的主席之一.Permission to speak，(Mister/Madam) Chairman!(= May I speak please？）主席（先生／女士），我请求发言！b whodirects the work of a committee, department, etc 委员长；会长；主席：He was elected（the） chairman of the education committee.他被选为教育委员会主席.He was reading the thoughtsof Chairman Mao.他在研究毛主席的思想.

governor /'gavənə/ [C] 1 a person who controls one of certain types of organizations（某种组织

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J232 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

的）主管；长官：He is the governor of the prison／the Bank of England.他是监狱长／英格兰银行行长．2 a member of a governing body who control a school, hospital, art gallery,etc （学校、医院、美术馆等机构的）主管人员：Thegovernors are meeting to decide if the name of the school is to be changed.学校的董事们正在开会决定是否更改校名.

director /də'rektə/ [C] 1 a person who directs an organization（机构的）主管；主任；···长2a member of the board of directors who run a company（公司、企业的）董事

J232 nouns 名词：persons organizing business companies，etc［C］公司等的成员

accountant/ə'kaüntənt/ a person whose job is to keep and examine the money accounts of businesses or people 会计；会计员；会计师

treasurer /'tregərə/ the person who looks after the money of a club, society, organization, etc 司库；掌管财务的人；财务主管

secretary /'sekretəri/1 a person with the job of preparing letters, keeping records, arranging meetings，etc for another 秘书：He got a job as private secretary to the company chairman.他找到了一份工作，当公司主席的私人秘书．2 an offi-cer of an organization who keeps records, writes official letters，etc 文书；干事：She was elected as secretary of the club.她被选为俱乐部干事.

personal secretary the secretary who works most closely to an executive[■J228],chair-man［→J231］，etc随身秘书；（主管人员、主席等最亲近的）机要秘书：He is Personal Secretary to the Prime Minister.他是首相的机要秘书.Mypersonal secretary will give you a time to see me about it.我的私人秘书将给你安排与我讨论这件事情的时间.

private secretary fml & older use a personal secretary 私人秘书

personal assistant a person who helps an executive，chairman，etc in various ways 私人助手PA abbrev

J233 nouns 名词：typing personnel［C］ 打字人员

typist /'taipist/1 a person skilled at using a typewriter［→G152］擅长打字者 2 a secretary employed mainly for typing letters，etc 打字员shorthand typist a typist who also uses short-

hand 速记打字员 shorthand ［U］ a system of rapid writing using signs or shorter forms for letters， words， phrases， etc 速记：She made shorthand notes.她用速记做笔记.

stenographer /stə'npgrəfə/ esp AmE & BrE old use a shorthand typist 速记打字员 ste-nography［U］ shorthand 速记

steno／＇stenəu／abbrev stenographer 速记打字员audio-typist/'o:drəu'taipist/a typist who types spoken information, lectures, etc,esp from a dictating［■J236］machine 口授打字员（尤指根据口授录音机的录音打字）

typing pool a group of typists who type letters in a large office（打字间的）打字小组

J234 nouns 名词：other office personnel ［C］其他办公人员

clerk /kla:k/1 a person employed in an office, shop,etc, to keep records, accounts, etc, and to do written work 办事员；事务员；文书；书记员2 an official in charge of the records of a court，town council，etc（法庭或市议会的）文职人员；书记；记录员 clerical［Wa5；B］ of， concerning, or like the work of a clerk or work done in an office 文书工作的；办事员（式）的：We need more clerical help.我们需要更多的文书帮助工作.She doesn＇t like doing clerical work.她不喜欢做文书工作.

receptionist /ri'sepfənist/ a person who re-ceives people arriving in an office, a hotel,etc 招待员；接待员

filing clerk a clerk who looks after the filing system ［■J235］in a firm，etc 档案员

office boy a boy employed to do some of the less important clerical work in an office（办公室的）勤杂工

J235 nouns，etc 名词等：office equipment 办公用具

file /farl/ [C]1 any of various arrangements of drawers, shelves, or cases, usu fitted with wires or metal rods, for storing papers in an office 文件夹；文件箱2［（on）］ a collection of papers on one subject， stored in this way 汇集的文件；档案；案卷；卷宗：Here＇s our file on theMiddle East.这些是我们有关中东的文件档案.She read her own personal file (= the one that someone else kept to record her activities, judge her behaviour， etc）.她看了自己的档案. keep/have a file on to collect/store infor-mation about 存档 on file 1 stored in a file 存档：Put these papers on file．把这些文件存档．2recorded in this way 记录在案：We have it on file that he＇s been married before.我们的档案上记载着他以前结过婚.

filing system [C] a way of keeping files so that they can be found（easily） when needed 存档法

filing cabinet [C] a cupboard, usu of metal, in which special boxes are fitted to hold files 档案柜；档案箱

folder/'fəuldə/ [C] a folded piece of stiff card-board used for holding loose papers ＆ files 文件夹；卷宗

tray/trei/[C] a shallow object of wood, metal or

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plastic with a flat bottom and raised edges, placed on a desk to hold papers，letters，etc 文件格；公文格；文件盘：Each morning hersecretary puts the letters in her tray.每天早上她的秘书将信件放在她的文件盘上.

in-tray /'intrei/ [C] the tray for letters, papers, etc，which have come in to be considered （存放送来待批阅的文件的）来文格（盘）

out-tray /'auttrei/ [C] the tray for letters, papers,etc, which have been considered and which must go out， be posted， filed，etc（存放已批阅并需发出的文件的）发文格（盘）

pending/'pendin/ [Wa5; F; (B); U] (matters) waiting to be decided 悬而未决的；待决定的；待办的（事）：Put those papers in Mr Smith＇s pending file.把那些文件放到史密斯先生的待办档里去.Put it in pending，please.请把它放入待办档.

J236 verbs 动词：office activities 办公活动

file /fail/ [T1] to put (papers or letters) in a file 把（文件或信件）归档：Please file this letter （away）.请把这封信归档.

dictate /dik'teit/ [IØ; T1 (to)] to say\_(words) for someone else, esp a secretary [→J232],to write down 口授；口述：She dictates all her letters.她的信都是由她口授的.dictation［U］ the act of dictating； anything that is dictated 口授； 口述；口授的东西

copy／＇kopi／［T1］ to make a copy of 抄写；誊写； 复印；影印；复制：These letters should be copied to heads of departments，please.请把这些信件复印给各部门负责人.

J237 nons 名词：trade unions， etc ［C］ 工会等

union ／＇ju：niən／ also 又作 BrE trade union， AmE labor union, becoming rare trades union an organization of workers to represent their interests and deal collectively with employers 工会

shop steward a trade union officer who is elected by the members of his union in a particular place of work to represent them（由工作场所的工会会员选出的）工人代表

closed shop a factory or other establishment in which the employer hires only people who are members of a particular trade union, usu by agreement with the union concerned（根据工会与资方的协议）只雇用某一工会会员的工厂或商号

J238 nouns 名词：industrial action ［C］ エ业行动industrial action ［also 又作 U］ any action by

J240 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

workers to show that they are not happy about their pay or working conditions（工人因对工资或工作条件等不满而采取的）工业行动：Theunion leader said that they would take indus-trial action if they did not get more pay. 工会领导人说如果不增加工资，他们将采取工业行动.

(industrial) dispute /(m'dastriəl) dr'spju:t/ a disagreement between workers and employers in a factory，business，etc 劳资纠纷

strike /straik/ a time when no work is done because of disagreement as over working conditions 罢工 （often in the phr on strike 罢工）：The men are all on strike.人们都罢工了.The country has had a lot of strikes lately.那个国家最近发生多次罢工.The union said itwould take strike action.工会表示将举行罢工.The strike leader met their employers.罢工领导人与资方会面.

stoppage /'stppid3/ an act of stopping work, as in a strike 停工：There has been another stop-page at the factory.工厂又发生了一次停工事件.

work-to-rule esp BrE a form of working which slows down activity, because attention is paid to every point in the rules, even when unne-cessary（故意）照章办事式的怠工；按章工作

go-slow /'gəu,sləu/ BrE, slow-down (strike) AmE the action of refusing to put more than the least effort into work, as a form of indus-trial action 怠工（工业行动之一种）：The workersare on a go-slow today.今天工人们在怠工.

picket /'pikit/1 a man placed, esp by a trade union, at the entrance to a factory, shop, etc, to prevent anyone (esp other workers) from going in until a quarrel with the employers is over（罢工时工会派出的）纠察员2 infml apicket line（罢工）纠察线

picket line a line of pickets 纠察线：He did not cross the picket line.他没有越过纠察线.

J239 verbs 动词：industrial action

工业行动

strike/strark/ [Wv4; IØ (for)] (of workers) to stop working because of disagreement 罢工： They struckfor better working conditions.他们罢工要求改善工作条件.The striking workersdid not accept the offer made by their em-ployers.罢工工人不接受资方提出的条件.

picket/'pikit/ [T1] to surround with or as pickets in order to stop work or activity（罢工时）用纠察包围；设置纠察：The men picketed thefactory/picketed all the people who wanted to go inside to work.工人们在工厂周围布置了纠察／用纠察阻拦所有想上班的人.

J240 nouns，etc 名词等：time off work 工余时间

holiday /'hplədi/ [C; U; A] a time of rest from work, a day (often originally of religious

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J240 BUSINESS ＆ EMPLOYMENT 职业与雇用

importance） or longer（常源于宗教的）节日；假日：We＇ve been given two days more holiday. 我们又多得到两天假日.We＇re taking a three-week holiday this summer.今年夏天我们要度三周假.on holiday／on one＇s holidays having a holiday，esp over a period of time 在休假中；在度假 half-holiday also 又作 half-day half a day which is free from work，school，etc 半天休假：It＇s my half-day today. 今天我休假半天.They have a half-holiday from school.他们学校放半天假.

vacation /və'keifən/ [C; U; A] 1 esp BrE one of the periods of holiday when universities (or law courts） are closed（大学的）假期；（法庭）休庭期2esp AmE any period of holiday 假期；休假：Bob and his family are on vacation； they＇ve gone to Hawaii.鲍勃和他的家人在度假；他们去夏威夷了.

leave /li:v/1 [C; (on) U] a period of time during which a person is allowed to be away from work or duty 假期；准假期间：He getsleave twice a year.他每年休假两次.She is onleave at the moment.目前她正在休假.She is on six weeks＇ paid leave．她正在度六周有薪假期．2［U］ fml being permitted （to do something）许

可；同意（做某事）：He gave us leave to do it.他允许我们去做那件事.

furlough/'f3:ləu/[C;U] absence from duty, usu for a length of time, esp as permitted to government officers, soldiers, and others outside their own country；holiday（尤指驻外军人、官员等的）休假（通常时间较长）：He＇s on ninemonths＇ furlough. 他在休九个月的大假.He＇shome on furlough.他回国度假了.

break /breik/ [C]1 a pause for rest; period of time between activities 暂停工作；（短时间的）休息：There was a break in the concert.音乐会中间有一次休息.Let＇s have a coffee break／a tea break．我们停下来喝杯咖啡／茶吧．2 a changefrom the usual pattern or custom（常规或习惯的）改变；突破：You need a break from this job. 你该换换工作了.There has been a break in thebad weather.天气已有好转.

off /pf/ [adv] (used after a stated time) free from work； not working 休息；不工作；不上班：He has a day off today. 今天他休息.Did you get the morning off？你上午休息了吗？She had two weeks off because she was ill.她因病休息两周.

K

Entertainment, sports, and games

娱乐、运动与游戏

Entertainment generally

娱乐（总称）

K1 verbs 动词： entertaining and amusing 款待与娱乐

entertain/,entə'tein/ 1 [IØ;T1] to give a party (for); to provide food and drink in one's house（for）招待；款待：We＇re too busy to enter-tain much nowadays.如今这年代我们太忙了，不大招待客人.He does most of his entertaining in restaurants. 他款待宾客大多在餐馆里.We＇reentertaining a few friends for drinks.我们在请几位朋友喝酒．2［IØ；T1］ to amuse and interest 使快乐；使感兴趣；提供消遣：A teacher shouldentertain as well as teach.教师不仅要教书，而且要引起学生的兴趣.He entertained the children while his wife was busy in the kitchen.他妻子在厨房忙着做饭，他在逗孩子们玩.

amuse /ə'mju:z/[T1] 1 to satisfy or excite the sense of humour of； cause laughter in 逗乐； 使···发笑：Your story／behaviour amuses me.你的故事／举止使我觉得好笑.I am amused to findyou here.看见你在这里可真有趣.It amuses methat you knew my plans.你居然知道我的计划，这真有趣.It amuses me to find you here.看见你在这里可真好笑.He had an amused expres-sion on his face．他脸上露出忍俊不禁的表情．2to cause to spend time in a pleasant or playful manner 使娱乐；使快乐：The new toys amused the child for hours.新玩具使孩子高兴了好几个小时.The children amused themselves by play-ing games while their parents talked.孩子们自己玩游戏取乐，而他们的父母则在旁边聊天.

divert/dar'v3:t/[T1] to amuse esp for a length of time 使欢乐；使高兴（尤指在一段时间内）：Hecan always invent a new game to divert the children.他总能想出新的游戏来使孩子们高兴.

play/plei/1 [IØ](esp of the young) to do things that pass the time pleasantly, esp including running and jumping； have fun（尤指年轻人） 玩；游戏（包括跑和跳）：Can he come out toplay？他能出来玩吗？The children are playing in the garden.孩子们在花园里玩耍.The cat wasplaying with a piece of string.猫儿在玩一根绳子．2 ［T1］ （of a child） to amuse oneself at （a game）（指小孩）娱乐（玩一种游戏）：The childrenwere playing ball with each other.孩子们正在玩球．3［L1；T4］（of a child） to amuse oneself

by pretending to be or do （something）（指小孩）假装···（作为游戏）；装扮：Let＇s play doctors and nurses．我们来假扮医生和护士玩吧．4［D1(on); T1] to plan and perform for one's own amusement or gain 开（玩笑）；愚弄；耍（花样）；玩弄：They played a joke on me.他们跟我开了个玩笑.He played her a mean trick by taking all the money.他对她玩弄了卑鄙的手段，把她所有的钱都骗走了．5［L9］ to（seem to） movequickly， lightly，irregularly， or continuously 闪动；飘动；飞舞：A smile played about her lips.她嘴边掠过一丝笑意.Lightning played across the sky as the storm began.暴风雨来临时，闪电划过天空.

celebrate /'selə,breit/ [IØ; T1] to do something, esp have a party, to show that one is happy （about some event， special thing，day，etc）庆祝：He has passed the examination； we must celebrate！他考试及格了；我们得庆祝一番！Theycelebrated his success by opening a bottle of wine.他们开了一瓶酒来庆贺他的成功.When thewar ended, everyone celebrated (the victory). 战争结束时，人人欢庆（胜利）.

K2 nouns 名词：entertaining and amusing 款待与娱乐

[ALSO→K70,87]

entertainment/,entə'temnmənt/ [U] 1 the act of entertaining 招待；款待：He and his wife spend a. lot of money on entertainment.他和妻子花了很多钱在招待客人上面.He gets an entertain-ment allowance for the entertainment of for-eign businessmen.为招待外国客商，他得到一笔交际费．2 amusement 乐趣；欢乐：Old Uncle John is getting married again, greatly to the enter-tainment of his family.老约翰叔叔又要结婚了，他家人感到有趣透了.

amusement /ə'mju:zmənt/1 [U] the state of being amused； enjoyment 娱乐；快乐：To every-body's amusement the actor fell off the stage. 演员竟从台上摔了下来，使人人感到大乐.Ilistenedin／with amusement．我听得很有趣．2［U］ the act of amusing 逗乐；娱乐：The amusement of the child took a lot of our time. 逗孩子玩花去我们很多时间．3［C］something that causes one＇s time to pass in an enjoyable way 供给娱乐或消遣的事物；娱乐活动：Big cities havetheatres, films, football matches, and many

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other amusements.大城市里有戏院、电影、足球赛及其它许多娱乐.

fun／fAn／ not fml 1［U］ playfulness 嬉戏；顽皮： The little dog＇s full of fun．这小狗真顽皮．2［U］ amusement； enjoyment； pleasure 娱乐；乐趣： Children get a great deal of fun out of dress-ing in other people＇s clothes.孩子们穿别人的衣服，感到很好玩.You＇re sure to have some fun at the party tonight.在今晚的聚会上你肯定能玩得很开心.There＇s no fun in spending the evening doing nothing.晚上无事可干，很无聊.Have fun（＝enjoy yourself）！尽情地玩吧！What fun （＝ how enjoyable）！多有趣啊！3［U］ a cause of enjoyment or pleasure 有趣的人或事物：He＇s good fun；we all enjoy being with him.他是个很风趣的人，我们都喜欢和他在一起.Swimming inthe sea is great fun on holiday.假日在海里游泳是一大乐趣.The play at the theatre was very poor fun；we hardly laughed at all.剧院里上演的戏很乏味，我们一点也笑不出来．4［U］amuse-ment caused by laughing at someone else 取笑他人而得到的乐趣；玩笑：They had some funwith us yesterday; they told us our house was on fire,and we ran all the way home, to find it was just a trick.昨天他们跟我们开玩笑；他们说我们家的房子着火了，我们一路跑回家，才发现这只是一场恶作剧.No one takes him seriously any more；he＇s become just a figure of fun.再也没人跟他认真了；他已成了取笑对象．5［A］apprec，esp AmE providing pleasure, amusement, or enjoyment 提供乐趣的；有趣的；令人愉快的：Itwas a fun party and he is a fun person.那是一次欢乐的聚会，而他又是个有趣的人.for fun also又作 for the fun of it， for the fun of the thing for pleasure； without serious purpose 开玩笑地；为了好玩；不认真地：He＇s learningFrench for fun.他学法语是为了好玩.fun andgames playful tricks; high-spirited behaviour of a group 欢闹；玩笑 in fun in playfulness； without serious or harmful intention 闹着玩地： I'm sorry I hid your book; I only did it in fun, I didn't mean to cause trouble. It was all in fun.对不起，我把你的书藏起来了；我只是闹着玩的，不是有意找你麻烦.完全是开玩笑.make fun ofàlso 又作 poke fun at to laugh or cause others to laugh rather unkindly at 嘲弄；取笑：It＇s cruel to make fun of an old person who can't hear properly.取笑一个听觉迟钝的老人是恶劣的行为.People poke fun at her because she wears such strange hats.大家取笑她，因为她总是戴奇形怪状的帽子.

diversion /daı'v3:3ən/ [C] sometimes fml some-thing that diverts or amuses 消遣；娱乐： London offers lots of diversions for every type of person.伦敦为各式各样的人提供大量娱乐.

play/plei/1 [U] activity for amusement only, esp as performed by the young（尤指青年人的） 游戏；玩耍：The young lambs were at play in the field.小羊羔在田里嬉戏.Children often copy in play the actions of their parents.孩子们常常学父母的举动来玩．2 ［S］ light quick， notlasting movement 轻快而断续的动作；跳动；闪动：The play of sunshine and shadow among the trees was pleasant to look at.树林中那闪动的阳

光和阴影看上去令人赏心悦目.

party/'pa:ti/[C] (the activities,entertainment, etc of) a group of people who have been invited to a house, hotel,etc for some kind of entertainment，celebration，etc（社交或娱乐的） 集会；聚会：Are you coming to the party？你来参加聚会吗？I enjoyed that party at John＇s （house）.我很喜欢在约翰家的那次聚会.What alovely birthday party she had！她的生日庆祝会真不错！What party games did they play？聚会上他们玩什么游戏？

celebration/,selə'breifən/ 1 [U] the act of celebrating 庆祝2［C］an example of this 庆祝（会）：Let＇s have a celebration／a celebration party； he has passed his examination！他考试及格了；我们庆祝一下／举行庆祝会吧！

reception /rI'sepfən/ [C] fml a large formal party 盛大而正式的招待会；欢迎会；宴会：Theygave／held a reception for him.他们为他举行招待会.The wedding reception was very enjoy-able.婚宴令人十分愉快.

function/'fAnkfən/[C] fml 1 a public ceremony 庆典；仪式：The minister has to attend all kinds of official functions, such as welcoming foreign guests of the government and opening new schools and hospitals.部长必须参加各种官方礼仪活动，例如欢迎政府邀请的外宾和主持新学校、新医院的揭幕仪式．2 a large or importantgathering of people for pleasure or on some special occasion 盛大的集会：You look as if you're dressed for some function or other.-Yes，I＇m going to a friend＇s wedding. 你这身打扮好像是要去出席什么大场面.-是的，我要去参加朋友的婚礼.

social /'səufəl/ [C] a planned informal friendly gathering of members of a group or (esp) church； a party 联欢会；（教会的）团契会；聚会：There's a social and dance on Saturday night. 星期六晚上举行联欢跳舞会.

get-together/'gettə geðə/ [C] infml a party when people come together, esp from many different places 聚会：That was a great family get-together; we mustn't wait so long before the next one.那是一次十分热闹的家庭聚会；希望能尽早再举行一次.

carnival /'ka:nəvəl/ 1 [C; U] a public occasion for many people to enjoy themselves with feasting, dancing, drinking, and often proces-sions and shows 嘉年华会（通常有游行、演出）；狂欢；狂欢节：carnival time in Rio de Janeiro 里约热内卢的狂欢节2［C］a period of such activities 狂欢期：the winter carnival 冬季狂欢期

K3 adjectives 形容词：entertaining and amusing［B］令人愉快的与有趣的

entertaining /,entə'teinn/ amusing and in-teresting 令人愉快的；有趣的：That was anentertaining story.那是个有趣的故事.-ly［adv］

amusing /ə'mju:zı/ causing pleasant laughter or enjoyment 逗人笑的；有趣的：That＇s an amusing story！那是个好笑的故事！-ly［adv］

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diverting /dar'v3:tur/ esp fml & pomp amusing 有趣的；可解闷的-ly［dv］

funny/'fAni/1 not fml amusing; causing laugh-ter 有趣的；滑稽可笑的：I heard such a funnystory this morning..今晨我听到一个好笑得要命的故事.He＇s a very funny man(= can make people laugh with amusing stories）.他是个很风趣的人.I don＇t think that＇s at all funny（＝is a suitable cause for laughter）.我认为这根本没有什么好笑的.It was the funniest thing out （＝the most amusing I＇ve ever heard）.我从来没有听说过这么好笑的事．2 infml（used esp by or to chil-dren） pleasantly amusing； nice（儿童用语）有趣的；好的；好玩的（esp in the phr funny old 有趣的老···）：Look at that funny old dog！那条老狗真有趣！3 infml deceiving； using tricks； too clever 欺骗的；玩花样的；狡猾的：“Don＇t tryanything funny while my back's turned, or you＇ll be in trouble，＇ hesaid to his prisoner.他对囚犯说：“别在我背后要花招，否则你要吃苦头的.”Don＇t get funny with me.别跟我要滑头.-ily [adv]-iness[U]

comic /'komik/, comical /'kpmikəl/ amusing; funny, esp to watch, esp because silly, un-usual，etc 好笑的；滑稽的（尤指看起来傻而出奇的）：It was a rather comic business and we laughed,even though it wasn't supposed to be funny.这本来不是一件可笑的事，但弄得相当滑稽，我们都笑了出来.That＇s very comical！多可笑啊！-（al）ly［adv Wa4］

humorous /'hju:mərəs/ funny; full of humour 风趣的；富于幽默感的：What a humorous girlshe is！她是个多风趣的女孩子！-ly［adv］

jocular /'d3pkjulə/ esp\_fml enjoying amusing people， making jokes ［→K87］，etc 滑稽的；爱开玩笑的：He spoke in a jocular way.他用诙谐的口吻说话.jocularity ［Ú］ cheerfulness， esp in making jokes 滑稽；诙谐

hilarious／hr＇leəriəs／1 full of laughter 欢闹的；充满笑声的：The party got quite hilarious after they brought more wine.他们拿来更多的酒以后，聚会就更加热闹了．2 causing wild laughter 令人狂笑的：We thought his mistake was the most hilarious thing we＇d ever heard.我们认为他的错误是我们听过的笑话中最令人捧腹大笑的了.-ly[adv] hilarity [U] cheerfulness, expressed in laughter 欢笑；欢闹；兴高采烈

K4 nouns 名词：sport and recreation 运动与娱乐

sport/spo:t/1 [C;U] an outdoor or indoor game or activity carried on by rules and call-ing for bodily effort and skill 运动：Do you really think cricket is an exciting sport？你真的认为板球是一项刺激的运动？They are famousmen in the world of sport.他们是体坛名人.(humor) I think drinking is his\_favourite sport．我看他最喜欢的运动是喝酒．2［U］ activeamusement，play 娱乐；消遣；游戏：It＇s great sport，swimming in the sea.在海里游泳真是一大乐事．3［U］joking fun 玩笑；戏谑：The older girls were making sport of her.年龄较大的女孩

K5 ENTERTAINMENT 娱乐

子们在开她的玩笑.I＇m sorry； I only meant whatI said in sport．对不起，我原是想说着玩的．4［C］a person of a kind who accepts defeat or a joke good-temperedly， or in the stated way 输得起或开得起玩笑的人：You＇ve been a real sportto laugh at the trick we played on you.你这个人脾气真好，我们开你的玩笑而你却一笑置之.Iwon't play with him again; he's a poor sport and gets angry when he loses.我再也不跟他玩了；他是个输不起的人，一输就发火.

recreation /,rekri'eıfən/ [C; U](any form of) amusement or way of spending free time 消遣； 娱乐：Tennis is a popular recreation here.打网球在这里是一种大家喜欢的娱乐活动.I am toobusy for recreation.我太忙了，没时间娱乐.His only recreations are drinking beer and work-ing in the garden.他唯一的消遣是喝啤酒和种花草.What are the recreation facilities （＝ the places, equipment, etc, for recreation) like here？这里的娱乐设施怎么样？

leisure /'legə/ [U] time when one is free from employment or duties of any kind; free time 闲暇；空闲：A gentleman of leisure is so rich that he doesn＇t need to work.有闲的绅士富得无需工作.In his leisure hours he collects stamps. 他在空闲时间集邮.I have very little leisure time in this job.我干这件工作很少有空闲时间.atleisure 1 not working or busy；free 闲着；有空2 without hurry 从容不迫 at one＇s leisure at a convenient free time； when one pleases 在某人有空的时候；在某人高兴时

relaxation / ri:læks'eifən/ 1 [U9] the act of relaxing or condition of being relaxed 松弛；放松2［C；U］（something done for） rest and amusement 休息；消遣；娱乐：He plays the piano for a bit of relaxation.他弹钢琴使自己轻松一下.It＇s one of his favourite relaxations.这是他最喜爱的消遣之一.

K5 adjectives 形容词：sport and recreation 运动与娱乐的

sporting/'spo:tin/1[B] offering the kind of fair risk that is usual in a game 公平竞赛的；有机会赢或输的：He has a sporting chance of winning.他有机会取胜.It＇s very sporting of you to do that．你那样做很公平．2［Wa5；A］of，con-cerning, or fond of field sports like hunting or horse racing（爱好）野外运动（如打猎、赛马）的：He was a painter of sporting scenes.他是位画野外运动场面的画家.-ly［adv］

sportive /'spo:tiv/ [B] esp lit being or fond of sport；playful 嬉戏的；爱嬉戏的；爱开玩笑的-ly[adv]-ness[U]

sporty /'spo:ti/[Wal; B] not fml 1 looking or acting as one who likes sport 像运动员的： He's a sporty kind of person and wears sporty clothes.他是个运动员类型的人，总是身穿运动服.2 good-looking in a bright informal way 华美的；花哨的：sporty new trousers 花哨的新裤子

relaxed /rr'lækst/ [B] not active, tense, or worried 随意的；自在的；轻松的；舒畅的；不拘束的：He was lying in the sun looking very relaxed

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and happy.他躺在阳光下，显得非常悠闲自得.

recreational / rekri'eifənəl/ [Wa5; B] (of an activity）providing recreation 娱乐的；消遣的；休养的：This town has very good recreational facilities.这座城市有很好的娱乐设施.

K6 nouns 名词：games and hobbies 游戏与嗜好

game /geim/[C] 1 a form of play or sport or one instance or type of this 游戏；运动；比赛：Foot-ball is a game which doesn't interest/interests me very much.足球是我不大／非常感兴趣的运动.They saw three football games/games of foot-ball in two days. 他们两天内看了三场足球赛.Let＇s have a game of cards.我们玩会儿纸牌吧.2 part of a set of games, when a match is divided into several parts，as in tennis（比赛的）一局；一盘；一场：He must win two moregames to win．他必须再赢两局才能获胜．3 a setof things, usu a board and round pieces of wood or plastic (counters) which are used in play according to rules（棋、纸牌类的）游戏器具（如棋盘和棋子）4 a trick or secret plan 策略；诡计；秘密计划：What＇s your little game there？你在耍什么鬼把戏？I don＇t know what game he isplaying，but I＇ll soon find out.我不知道他在玩什么花样，但我很快就会弄明白的.two can playat that game I can behave just as deceitfully, etc，as you，if you go on doing so 这种把戏你会我也会 the game＇s up your／our plan has been found out and can succeed no further 你们的／ 我们的计划败露了，没有成功的希望了 give thegame away to let a secret plan be known 泄露秘密计划 off one＇s game below the usual level of one＇s performance in a game 状态不佳；表现失常 make game of （someone） to laugh at； make fun of 开（某人的）玩笑；嘲笑、捉弄（某人）have the game in one's hands to be in control and sure to win 稳操胜券

pastime /'pa:s,taIm/ [C] something done to pass one's time in a pleasant way; recreation 消遣；娱乐：Do you consider gardening to be work or a pastime？你认为种花弄草是工作呢，还是消遣？

hobby/'hpbi/ [C] an activity which one enjoys doing in one＇s free time 嗜好（形成癖好的业余消遣）：Gardening is one of his hobbies.园艺是他的嗜好之一.

pursuit /pə'sju:t/ [C] any activity to which one gives one's time, as work or, esp for pleasure 任何花时间去投入的活动（包括工作，尤指消遣）：One of the boy's favourite pursuits is stamp collecting.集邮是男孩子最喜欢的嗜好之一.Gardening is an outdoor pursuit.园艺是一种室外工作.

interest /'intrist/1 [U; C] a readiness to give attention 兴趣；关心；注意：I have no interest in politics.我对政治不感兴趣.He＇s showing an interest in music．他表现出对音乐有兴趣．2［U］a quality of causing attention to be given 趣味； 吸引力：There＇s no interest in going to a

concert when you don＇t understand music.你要是不懂音乐，去听音乐会就没有什么意思了．3［C］an activity, subject, etc, which one gives time and attention to 兴趣所在；感兴趣的事；爱好：Eating seems to be his only interest in life.吃好像是他生活中唯一感兴趣的事.

activity/æk'tivəti/ [C often pl] something that is done or is being done, esp for interest or education 活动：He has many activities that take up his time when he＇s not working.他有很多活动，这些活动占了他的业余时间.

repertoire /'repə,twa:/ [C] a set of things a person or group knows， can perform，etc（个人或团体准备好能演出的）全部戏、歌、节目等；保留剧目：She has a very good repertoire of songs. 她会唱很多歌曲.What do you have in yourrepertoire？你们能演出什么节目？

K7 nouns 名词：passions and crazes ［C］ 爱好与狂热

passion ／＇pæfən／ infml a strong liking 强烈的爱好：He has a passion for fishing.他酷爱钓鱼.

craze /kreiz/ a very popular fashion, usu for a short time 风行一时的东西（一般时间很短）：Thisnew toy is the latest craze in America.这种新玩具目前在美国最时兴.The modern craze forChinese art is catching on (= becoming popu-lar）everywhere.一股中国艺术热潮正在世界各地兴起.

K8＇nouns 名词： enthusiasm and passion 热情与激情

enthusiasm /mn'θju:zi,æzəm/ [C; U] a strong feeling of interest and admiration 热情；热心； 热爱：Iam full of enthusiasm for this book.我非常喜欢这本书.I don＇t feel much enthusiasm about that book.我对那本书不大感兴趣.Amonghis many enthusiasms is a great fondness for Eastern music.他热衷的事物很多，其中之一就是东方音乐.

gusto /'gastəu/ [U] eager enjoyment (in doing or having something） 兴致勃勃；热忱：He started painting with great gusto.他兴致勃勃地开始学画.

zest/zest/1 [S9; U] (a feeling of) being eager and excited 热心；热情：He entered into the work with zest/with a zest which surprised us all.他满腔热情地／以一种出乎我们意料的热情投入工作．2 ［S；U］（a quality of） being pleasant and exciting 趣味；刺激性：The danger of being caught gave／added （a） zest to the affair.因有被人捉住的危险，这件事就有了／增添了刺激性.

zeal／zi：l／［U］ eagerness；keenness 热心；热情；热忱：He shows great zeal for knowledge.他表现出强烈的求知欲.

passion /'pæfən/ [U] strong feeling,esp enthu-siasm 激情；热情：He worked with passion on his new painting.他满怀激情地创作新画.

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K9 adjectives 形容词：enthusiasm and

passion 热情的与激情的

keen/ki:n/ [Wal] 1 [BrE B; F3; AmE A] (of a person) having a strong active interest in something; eager or anxious to do something （指人）渴望（做某事）的；热心的：He is a keenstudent of politics.他是个热心于政治学的学生.（BrE）He is keen to pass the examination.他渴望考试及格.（BrE）Her father wants her to go to university but she is not keen.她父亲要她上大学，但她并不热心．2［B］（of a game or struggleof any kind) done with eagerness and activty on both sides（比赛或竞争）激烈的：It was akeen football match／struggle for power.这是一场激烈的足球赛／权力斗争.Competition for thejob was keen.争夺这一工作的竞争很激烈.-ness[U]

enthusiastic /In,θju:zi'æstik/ [B] showing en-thusiasm 热情的；热心的：He is a very enthusi-astic footballer.他是个非常热心的足球运动员.-ally [adv Wa4]

zestful/'zestfal/[B] showing zest; being eager and excited 兴趣浓的；热心的；热情的：He has azestful approach to life.他对生活充满热情.-ly [Ape]

zealous ／＇zeləs／ ［B］ eager； keen 热心的；热情的； 积极的：He is zealous for fame／in doing his duty／to succeed. 他热衷于求名／埋头工作／渴望取得成功.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

passionate／＇pæfənit／［B］ very eager；strong 热情的；热烈的；激昂的：She has a passionate in-terest in sports.她对体育运动有强烈的兴趣.-ly[adv]: He is passionately interested in cricket. 他对板球有强烈的兴趣.

rapt/ræpt/[Wa5;B(in)] (typical of a person) giving the whole mind（to）全神贯注的；着迷的： He was rapt in thoughtlin admiration/in his book. 他在冥思苦想／赞赏不已／在聚精会神地读书.We listened with rapt attention.我们全神贯注地倾听.

K10 verbs 动词：interesting and thrilling

感兴趣与激动 [ALSO→F25,F224]

interest /'intrist/ [T1] to cause (someone) to want to do， see，have，etc，something 使感兴趣； 使注意：That game interests him very much and he wants to become good at it.这项运动使他很感兴趣，所以他想成为其中的能手.

absorb /əb'so:b/ [T1 usu pass] to take up all the attention，acts，interest，etc，of 吸引（注意）；使专心；使全神贯注：I was absorbed in the bookand didn＇t hear you call.我正专心看书，没有听见你叫我.

excite /rk'sait/[Wv4; T1] to cause (someone) to have strong feelings，often pleasant 使兴奋；使激动：The game excited him very much.这场比赛使他兴奋异常.What an exciting game！多么激动人心的一场比赛啊！

K12 ENTERTAINMENT 娱乐

K11 nouns 名词：audiences and

spectators 听众与观众

audience /'o:dıəns/ [GC] the peopl listening to or watching a performance, speech, television programme，etc（演出、演讲、电视节目等的）听众；观众：The audience was／were very excited by the show.演出使观众极为兴奋.He sang toan audience of 20,000．他为两万名听众演唱．

spectator /'spekteitə/ [C] a person watching, esp a game（比赛等的）观众：The spectators enjoyed the football match.观众们很欣赏这场足球赛.spectate［IØ］ to watch a sport，game， etc 出席观看：He was spectating at last Saturday＇s big game.上星期六的盛大比赛他去看了.

K12 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：praising and applauding 赞扬与鼓掌

praise /preiz/ 1 [T1(for)] to speak favourably and with admiration of 称赞；赞扬：Everyone praised the actor's performance; they all said it was very good.人人称赞那位男演员的表演；他们都说他演得太好了.The father praised thechildren for their cleverness.父亲称赞孩子们聪明．2 ［T1］fml or lit to offer thanks and honour to （God），esp in song in a church service（尤指宗教仪式上的歌曲中）赞美（上帝）：Praise Godfor His goodness．赞美主的仁慈．3［U（of）］ex-pression of admiration 赞扬；表扬：I only did my duty and that is no cause for praise.我不过尽了职责，不该受表扬.She wrote a book inpraise of country life.她写了一本歌颂田园生活的书.The new film received high praise from everyone.新影片受到观众的一致好评.Suchcourage is beyond praise (= so splendid that words cannot express it）.这种勇气是无法用言语颂扬的．4［U］fml or lit glory；worship 荣耀；崇拜：Praise be to God.荣耀归于上帝.Let us give praise to God． 让我们赞颂神．praises ［P］1 words that praise someone or something 赞词； 赞美的话：He is loud in his praises of his new car．他对他的新汽车赞不绝口．2 fml or lit wordsthat praise God （esp in song）对上帝的赞词（尤在歌曲中）：Let us sing the praises of the Lord. 让我们齐声赞颂主吧.sing one＇s own praisesoften derog to praise oneself 自吹自擂 sing the praises of to praise very eagerly 颂扬；夸奖；吹捧：She＇s always singing the praises of some new medicine.她对一些新药总是赞不绝口.praiseworthy [Wa2; B] deserving praise(esp even though not successful）（尤指即使没有成功）值得赞扬的；可嘉的：The distance was toogreat for him to swim, but he made a praise-worthy attempt and got three-quarters of the way.虽然距离太远，他只游了四分之三路程，但他的努力还是值得表扬的.-ily［adv］-iness［U］

merit /'merit/ [U; C] ability, esp as it deserves praise 长处；优点：There is a lot of merit in his work.他工作中值得称道之处不少.Her greatest

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merit is her honesty.诚实是她最大的优点.meri-torious ［B］ esp fml ＆ pomp showing merit 有功的；值得称赞的；可奖励的：They praised himfor his meritorious act.他的行为值得称道，他们表扬了他.-ly［adv］

applaud /ə'plo:d/ [T1; IØ] to praise (a play, actor，performer，etc） esp by clapping 鼓掌；喝彩；称赞：They applauded her performance.他们为她的演出鼓掌.The audience applauded loudly.听众大声喝彩.applause ［U］ the act or acts of applauding; loud praise for a perform-ance or performer, esp by clapping or cheer-ing 鼓掌；欢呼；喝彩： The applause was great. 掌声雷动.

clap /klæp/ 1 [S] noise made by striking the hands together 掌声；拍手喝彩（声）：The people gave him a clap because he sang well.人们都为他的优美歌声鼓掌．2［IØ；T1］ to make sucha noise with （the hands） 拍手；鼓掌：They clapped hard； they had enjoyed the singing.他们拼命鼓掌，因为他们喜欢刚才的演唱.We heardthe sound of（people）clapping.我们听到（人们的）鼓掌声.Clap your hands，children！孩子们， 拍手！3［T1］to praise by doing this 拍手赞赏： The people clapped him／his singing.人们为他／ 他的演唱拍手叫好.

congratulate /kən'grætfu,leit/ [T1] to tell (someone) that one is happy, pleased, etc because he or she has been successful or lucky in some way 祝贺：Let me be the first to congratulate you！让我头一个向你表示祝贺！Theycongratulated him on his success.他们祝贺他成功.congratulation ［U； Cusu pl］ the act of con-gratulation 祝贺；庆贺：Don＇t waste time on self-congratulation (= on congratulating your-self）；there is still work to do.别把时间浪费在沾沾自喜上了，还有工作要做呢.He sent her hiscongratulations.他向她遥致祝贺.Congratu-lations！恭喜！（fml）May I express my con-gratulations on your success？请允许我向你的成功表示祝贺.

Music and related activities

音乐及有关的活动

K20 nouns 名词：music， dance， and song 音乐，舞蹈与唱歌

music /'mju:zik/ [U] 1 the arrangement of sounds into pleasant patterns 音乐：Men have been making music for thousands of years.人类几千年来一直在创作音乐.（fig）Her voice wasmusic to my ears．她的声音我听起来就是音乐．2an example of such an arrangement 乐曲：This music is Beethoven＇s 5th．这首乐曲是贝多芬的第五交响曲．3 the art of doing this 音乐艺术：She studies music.她学习音乐.She is a music student.她是学音乐的学生.

dancing /'da:nsm/ [U] the actions of people dancing［→K26,32］跳舞；舞蹈：Are you interested in dancing？你对跳舞感兴趣吗？She goes to dancing classes every week.她每星期都去上舞蹈课.

dance/da:ns/ [(the) U] fml the art of dancing 舞蹈艺术：She is a student of the dance.她是专修舞蹈的学生.

choreography /,kpri'pgrəfi/ [U] the art of dancing or of arranging dances for the stage 舞蹈艺术；舞蹈设计 choreographic（al）［Wa5； B］ of，concerning， or like choreography（有关） 舞蹈艺术的 choreographer a person who plans, arranges, and directs dances for the stage 舞蹈动作的设计者；舞蹈编导者；编舞者

singing ／＇sıjı／1 ［U］ the art of the singer 歌唱技巧：She studies singing.她学歌唱.He has a poor singing voice． 他唱歌嗓子不行．2［U；C］ the act or sound of voices in song 唱歌；歌声： The ceremony ended with the singing of 'God save the Queen＇.典礼在高唱“天佑女王”的歌声中结束．3［U］（fig）singing noise 歌唱般的声音：She listened to the singing of the wind in the chimney.她听着烟囱里风的呼啸声.

song／spg／1［U］ the act or art of singing 歌唱； 声乐：She burst into song.她放声歌唱.He is interested in Scottish song and poetry.他对苏格兰的歌曲和诗感兴趣．2［U；C］ the musiclikesound of a bird or birds（音乐般的）鸟鸣声：Hehas made a study of birdsong.他研究鸟鸣声. That bird has a loud song.那只鸟叫声很响.

K21 nouns 名词：ballet and opera 芭蕾舞与歌剧

ballet/'bælei/1 [C] a dance in which a story is told without speech or singing 芭蕾舞2［C］the music for such a dance 芭蕾舞音乐：Tchaikovsky and Stravinsky each wrote several famous ballets.柴可夫斯基和斯特拉文斯基各自为芭蕾舞谱写了几首名曲．3［（the）U］ the art of doingsuch dances 芭蕾舞艺术：She studied （the） ballet for 6 years． 她学了六年芭蕾舞．4［GC］also 又作 corps de ballet a group of ballet dancers who work together 芭蕾舞团：The Royal Ballet gave an excellent performance. 皇家芭蕾舞团作了一场十分精彩的演出.

opera /'ppərə/ 1 [C] a musical play in which many or all of the words are sung 歌剧2［（the） U] such musical plays as a form of art, a busi-ness，etc 歌剧艺术：She enjoys the opera.她很喜欢歌剧．operatic ［usu Wa5；B］ of，concerning， or like opera 歌剧的；歌剧式的：She was once agreat operatic singer.她曾是一位著名的歌剧演员.

light opera ／lait ＇ppərə／ also 又作 operetta /,ppə'retə/ [U; C] (the art of making, etc) a musical play in which many of the words are spoken，usu with a happy ending 轻歌剧；小歌剧（通常主题诙谐，结局美好）；轻歌剧创作艺术

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K22 nouns 名词：songs and tunes 歌曲与曲调

song/spi/ [C]1 a usu short piece of music with words for singing 歌曲：Do you know.this song？-Yes，it＇s a Scots love song.你知道这首歌吗？-知道，这是一首苏格兰情歌.He bought abook of 16th-century English songs．他买了一本十六世纪英国歌曲集．2 a poem suitable orprepared for singing to music 诗歌；歌词

tune /tju:n/ [C] a number of musical notes,one after the other, that produce a pleasing pattern of sound; an arrangement of musical sounds 调子；曲调：He played a popular tune. 他演奏了一首流行乐曲.Do you know the tuneto this song？你知道这首歌的曲调吗？in／out oftune 1 at/not at the correct musical level （pitch）入调／走调：The piano is out of tune.这钢琴音调不准.Try to sing in tune.努力把调唱准.2（fig）in／not in agreement 协调／不协调：Your ideas and mine are completely out of tune.你我两人的想法完全不合拍.His ideas were in tunewith the period in which he lived.他的思想和他生活的时代很协调.

signature tune /'signətfə ,tju:n/ [C] a short piece of music, used in broadcasting to begin and end a particular show or as the special mark of a radio station（一项广播节目开始或结束时的）信号曲；作为某一电台特有标志的乐曲

melody／＇melədi／1 ［C］ a song or tune 歌曲；曲调2[C] the part which forms a clearly recogniz-able tune in a larger arrangement of notes 主调；旋律：At this point the melody returns.这时又响起了主旋律．3［U］ the arrangement ofmusic in a pleasant way 悦耳的音调；美妙的音乐melodic [Wa5; B] esp tech of, concerning, or like a melody 旋律的 -ally ［adv Wa4］ melodi-ous [B] esp genl of or producing a melody; pleasant to listen to 声调优美的；悦耳的：amelodious voice 悦耳的声音-ly［adv］

number /'nambə/ [C] a short piece of music, usu a short part of a longer performance （歌剧等的）部分；（演出中的一个）节目：They playedseveral numbers from the film.他们演奏了这部电影的几首插曲.For my next number， I willsing...我下一个节目将演唱···

composition /,kompə'zifən/ [C] a piece of music, esp when considered as something composed（＝ made）乐曲；（音乐方面的）作品：This is oneof his latest compositions; do you like it？这是他最近创作的一首乐曲；你喜欢吗？

arrangement /ə'reind3mənt/ 1 [U] the chang-ing of a piece of music, as for different instru-ments（乐曲等的）改编：He＇s working on the arrangement of an old piece of music for the piano．他正将一首古老的乐曲改编成钢琴曲．2［C］the result of this 改编的乐曲：It is an arrange-ment by the pianist himself.这是一首由钢琴家自己改编的乐曲.

K24 MUSIC 音乐

K23 nouns，etc 名词等：words and

choruses 歌词与合唱曲

words /w3:dz/ [P] the words which are used with a piece of music 歌词：I know the tune， but I don＇t know the words.我知道这曲调，但不知道歌词.

lyrics /'lriks/ [P] the words of a song, esp a modern popular song（尤指现代流行歌曲的）歌词：It＇s a nice tune； who wrote the lyrics？这曲调真美，是谁写的歌词？

chorus /'ko:rəs/1 [GC] a group of people who sing together 合唱队；合唱团：The chorus were very good，weren＇t they？这支合唱队很不错，对吗？2［C］ a piece of music written to be sung by such a group 合唱曲 3［GC］ a group of dancers, singers, or actors who play a support-ing part in a film or show（电影或歌舞表演中作陪衬的）歌舞组：The chorus was too big for such a show.对于这样的一场演出来说，这个歌舞组太庞大了．4［C］ a piece of music played or sung after each group of lines(= verse) of a song（歌曲中）合唱部分：I do like the chorus of this song； let＇s sing it again. 我真喜欢这首歌的合唱部分，我们把它再唱一遍．5［C］ somethingsaid by many people at one time 由许多人一起说出的话；异口同声：The minister＇s speech was met with a chorus of shouts.部长的讲话引起一片喊声．6［C］tech a （in ancient Greek plays） a group of actors who explain or give opinions on the action of the play（古希腊戏剧中解释剧情的）合唱队b（in Elizabethan plays） a person who makes a speech before, after, or during the play explaining or giving opinions on the action of the play（伊丽莎白时代戏剧中）在开场、终场以及演出过程中讲解剧情的人7［IØ；T1］tosing or speak at the same time 齐声唱或说：The crowd could be heard chorusing on the other side of town.人群的喧嚣声在城的另一边也能听见.The papers all chorused the praises of the president．所有的报纸都在赞颂总统．［→K43］inchorus all together 大家一起；共同：The people shouted in chorus ＇Long live the King！＇人们齐声高呼“国王万岁！”chorus girl［C］a young woman who sings or dances in a chorus 歌舞团的女演员 choral ［Wa5；B］ of，relating to，or sung by a choir or chorus 唱诗班的；合唱的；合唱团的：a choral group 合唱队；a choral society合唱会； a choral dance 合唱舞蹈

libretto /lr'bretəu/ [C] the set of words for a musical play， such as an opera［→＞K21］（歌剧等的）歌词

K24 nouns 名词：rhythm and beat 节奏与节拍

rhythm/'riðəm/1 [U] the quality,of sounds or movements in speech, dancing, music,etc of happening at regular periods of time（说话、音乐、舞蹈等的）韵律；节奏：He plays the pianowell but he needs to improve his rhythm.他钢

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琴弹得不错，但节奏尚需改进.Every language has

its own natural rhythm.每种语言都有各自的自然节奏．2［C］ a particular pattern of this kind 某种独特的节奏：She likes the exciting rhythms of African drum music.她喜欢非洲鼓乐激动人心的节奏.rhythmic（al） ［B］ of， concerning， or like a rhythm 韵律的；有节奏的-ally［adv Wa4］ beat/bi:t/1 [C] a regular sound produced by or as if by repeated beating 有规律的敲击声：Iheard the beat of the drum/of my heart/of marching feet.我听见鼓声／我的心跳声／齐步前进的脚步声．2［the R］ time in music or poetry（音乐或诗歌的）节拍：Every member of the orches-tra must follow the beat very closely.管弦乐团的全体成员都必须严格依照节拍.

time/tarm/[U] tech the rate of speed of a piece of music（音乐的）拍子；节拍：You beat time and I＇ll play.你打拍子，我来演奏.

tempo/'tempəu/[C] 1 tech the speed at which music is（to be）played（音乐）速度；拍子2 the rate or pattern of movement,work, or activity （动作、工作、活动的）速度；节奏：The busy tempoof city life gets less busy at night.城市生活的紧张节奏到晚上就缓慢下来.

K25 nouns，etc 名词等：tone and pitch 音调与音高

tone /təun/1 [C] any sound considered with regard to its quality, highness or lowness, strength，etc 声音；音调；音质；音强2［U］the quality or character of a particular instrument or singing voice as regards the sound it provides（乐器或歌声的）音质；音色3［C］also又作 esp AmE step tech a difference in the high-ness of a musical note equal to that between two notes which are two notes apart on a piano 全音；全音程：a tone between B and C sharp B调与升C调之间的全音4［C often sing］a particular quality of the voice as expressive of some feeling,meaning,etc;manner of ex-pression 腔调；语气；口吻：He spoke in a tone of command.他用命令的口吻说话.

pitch /pitf/ 1 [C] the degree of highness or lowness of a musical note or speaking voice （音乐与说话）音调的高低；音高：How can onechange the pitch of this musical instrument? 这件乐器的音调该怎么调？2［S9］（fig）degree；level 程度；高度：The children were at a high pitch of excitement before the holiday.假日前， 孩子们兴奋到了极点．3［X7,9］to set the degreeof highness or lowness of (a sound, music, etc）（给声音、音乐等）定调；定音高：Can youpitch the song a little lower？你能把这支歌的调子定得稍为低一点吗？It＇s pitched too high formost of our voices.对我们大多数人的嗓音来讲，这个调定得太高了.

harmony /'ha:məni/ [U] notes of music com-bined together in a pleasant-sounding way（音乐）和声 harmonize ［T1； IØ］ to add another set of notes to (something which is played or sung),either in writing music or when per-forming 以和声唱或演奏；加音（于乐曲）使成和声：

The singers began to harmonize (the new song）.歌手们开始唱和声（给新歌配上和声）.

K26 nouns 名词：kinds of dances 各种舞蹈

dance/da:ns/[C] 1 an act or example of danc-ing［→K32］跳舞；舞蹈：She did a little dance． 她跳了一会儿舞．2（the name of） a set of move-ments perormed to music, usu including leg movements 一套（配合音乐的）舞蹈动作；某种形式的舞蹈：The waltz is a beautiful dance.华尔兹是一种优美的舞蹈．3 a social meeting or partyfor dancing 舞会：Let＇s givelhave a dance tomorrow.我们明天开个舞会吧.Let＇s go to adance．我们去参加舞会吧．4 a piece of music fordancing 舞曲：The band played a slow dance. 乐队奏起慢步舞曲.

waltz/wo:ls/1 [C; the R] a social dance for a man and a woman, from Vienna, made up of 6 steps in 3／4 time 华尔兹舞：I like dancing the waltz．我爱跳华尔兹舞．2［C］ music for this dance 华尔兹舞曲；圆舞曲：They＇re playing awaltz by Strauss．他们在演奏斯特劳斯的圆舞曲．3［Iø］ to dance a waltz 跳华尔兹舞 4［X9］ tocause to dance in this way, or to move quickly, in or into the stated condition 使跳华尔兹舞； 与···跳华尔兹舞：He waltzed her over to the band．他和她跳华尔兹舞跳到乐队那边去了．5［L9］infml to move or advance easily,successfully, or showily（轻快地、顺利地或招摇卖弄地）移动或前进：We can＇t just waltz up to a complete stranger and introduce ourselves.我们总不能大摇大摆地走到一个素不相识的人面前作自我介绍.

folk dance [C] (a piece of music for) an old country dance, usu performed by a set of dancers 民间舞（曲）；土风舞（曲）

jig／d3ig／［C］ 1 （music for） a quick gay dance 快步舞（曲）；吉格舞（曲）2 a quick short move-ment，esp up and down 作上下快而短促的动作；上下急动

reel /ri:l/ [C](the music for) a lively Scottish or Irish dance 轻快活泼的苏格兰或爱尔兰舞（曲）；里尔舞（曲）：They were dancing reels in the kitchen.他们在厨房里跳里尔舞.

tap dancing [U] stage dancing in which musi-cal time is beaten on the floor by the feet of the dancer 踢跶舞

foxtrot/'foks,trpt/ [C] (a piece of music for) a type of formal dance with short quick steps 狐步舞（曲）

jive/d3aiv/1 [U](dancing performed to)a type of popular music with a strong regular beat 爵士乐；摇摆乐；在这种音乐伴奏下的舞蹈2［C］adance performed to this music 爵士舞；摇摆舞

rock'n'roll /,rokən'rəul/ [U] a kind of popular modern dance music played on electrical instruments 摇滚乐；摇滚舞（用电子乐器演奏的一种现代流行舞曲）：Rock＇n＇roll has a strong beat and goes on repeating the same few simple phrases.摇滚舞曲节奏强烈，不断重复几个同样的简单乐句.

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rock ／rpk／ ［U］ abbrev rock＇n＇roll 摇滚舞；摇滚乐：

She likes rock music.她喜爱摇滚乐.

K27 nouns 名词：music on paper 乐谱

K30 MUSIC 音乐

of］（fig） a a quality of voice 声调；语气；口气： There was a note of anger in what he said.他的话里带着怒气.b any quality 性质；特质：Therewas a careless note/note of carelessness in the way she acted.她的举止有点漫不经心的样子.

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breve

二全音符

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minim/

AmE half note 二分音符；半音符

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semibreve/

AmE whole note 全音符

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crotchet/

AmE quarter note 四分音符

treble clef

高音谱号

bass clef

低音谱号

C clef

C谱号（中音谱号）

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music/'mju:zik/ [U] a written or printed set of notes 乐谱：Give me my music and I＇ll play for you.把我的乐谱给我，我来为你演奏.Have yougot the music for this song？你有这首歌的乐谱吗？

score/sko:/[C] 1 a written copy of a piece of music， esp for a large group of performers 总谱（尤指供一大群演奏者使用的）：a full score（＝showing all the parts in separate lines on the page）（在同一页上以单独乐谱线分别载明所有的音部的）大总谱；a vocal score （＝ showing only the singers＇parts）声谱（仅载明歌唱者的音部）2 along piece or group of pieces of music for a film or play（电影、戏剧的）配乐：There were some good songs in that film. Who wrote the score？那部电影里有几首歌很动听.是谁作的曲？

staff／stæf／also 又作 stave／sterv／［C］ a set of level lines, now five in number, with four spaces between them, on which music is writ-ten 五线谱；五线谱线（指五条横线）

bar/ba:/[C] (downward lines that mark off) a few notes of music considered to form a group（音乐）小节；小节线（节间纵线）：The newmusical idea begins at the 50th bar．音乐的新主题是从第五十小节开始的.He played the open-ing bars of a well-known song.他演奏了一首名曲的开头几小节.

clef/klef/[C] a special sign put at the beginning of a line (staff) of written music to show the height (pitch) at which the notes should be played（置于谱表之首的）谱号

quaver/ semiquaver/

AmE sixteenth note 十六分音符

chord /ko:d/ [C] 1 a group of three or more musical notes sounded at the same time（音乐）和弦；和音2 one of the strings of a stringed musical instrument（弦乐器的）弦

K29 nouns 名词：musical scales 音阶

scale /skeil/ [C] a set of musical notes in up-ward or downward order and at fixed separa-tions (different for major and minor scales) （音乐）音列；音阶（分为大、小音阶）：She wasplaying scales on the piano.她在钢琴上弹奏音阶.He played in the scale of A （＝ with A for its base）.他弹奏A音阶（以A为主音的音阶）.

sol-fa/spl'fa:/[U] the system which represents each note of a musical scale by one of seven short words，esp for singing 阶名唱法（即每一音节代表一音符的系统）

octave/'pkteIv/[C] 1 a space of eight degrees between musical notes 八度音程 2 a musical note eight degrees away from another 第八音； 高（或低）八度音：a note and its octave一个音及其第八音3 a musical note and the note eight degrees away， played together 八度和音 4 a musical note and the note eight degrees away, played together with the six other notes in between八音阶和音

AmE eighth note

八分音符

K28 nouns 名词： kinds of musical notes etc according to length［C］表示音长的各种音符

K30 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：musical keys 音调

note/nəut/1 a a musical sound, usu of a particu-lar length and pitch 音调 b a written sign for any of these sounds 音符2［C9 usu sing，esp

key/ki:/[C] a set of musical notes with a certain starting or base note （the key note）（音乐的） 调：He played it in the key of C.他用C调演奏

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K31 MUSIC 音乐

了这支乐曲.The song was in too high a key for the singer.这支歌的调子对这位歌手来说是太高了.(fig) The book is not very exciting; it is writ-ten in a very low key from beginning to end. 这本书平淡无奇；从头至尾调子低沉.

major key [C] in a key relating to a major scale, having two full tones between the key note and third note 大调；大音阶

minor key [C] in a key relating to a minor third （＝an interval of three half tones）小调；小音阶

major /'meid3ə/ [Wa5; E] being in the stated major key···大调的：He played in F major.他用F大调弹奏.

minor /'mainə/ [Wa5; E] being in the stated minor key···小调的：The symphony was in F minor.这支交响曲采用F小调.

K31 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：kinds of musical note according to raising or lowering 表示升、降的各类音符

sharp /fa:p/1 [C] a note higher by a half tone than a named note; the next black note to the right of a white note on the piano 升半音音符2 [C] the sign [#] as used before a note to raise it by this amount 升半音记号3［Wa5；E］（of a note in music） raised by a half tone 升半音的： Sing C sharp.唱升半音C.

flat/flæt/1[C] a note lower by a half tone than a named note 降半音音符2［C］the sign［b］as used before a note to lower it by this amount 降半音符号 3［Wa5；E］（of a note in music） lowered by a half tone 降半音的：Sing C flat.唱降半音C.

natural／＇nætfərəl／ ［C］（in music）（在音乐中）1a note which is not raised or lowered(by a sharp or a flat）； a white note on the piano 本位音符：It was a piece of music played only on the naturals．这是一支仅用本位音符弹奏的乐曲．2also 又作 natural sign the sign ［h］ showing that a note is not raised or lowered 本位音记号：Should there be a natural sign in front of this G？这个G前面是不是应该有一个本位音记号？3 ［Wa5； E］ （of a note in music） not raised or lowered (not sharp or flat); changed back from being raised or lowered 本位音的：Don＇t sing C sharp；sing C natural！别唱升半音C，唱本位音C！

K32 verbs，etc 动词等：playing，singing， dancing，and pertorming 演奏、唱歌、跳舞与表演

play /plei/ 1 [IØ] (of a musical instrument or apparatus） to produce sound （收／录音机等）放音；（乐器）弹（拉、吹）奏：This old piano won＇t play.这架旧钢琴不能弹了.The radio was play-ing too loudly．收音机开得太响．2［T1；I0］to perform on （a musical instrument）演奏（乐器）：He plays the piano.他弹钢琴.At the

concert he sang and she played.在音乐会上他唱歌，她弹琴．3［D1（for， to）； T1 （on）］ to perform（a piece of music）.奏（曲）：They＇re playing a march.他们在奏进行曲.Play us something happy！给我们演奏些欢乐的乐曲吧！He played it on the piano，他用钢琴弹这首乐曲.Play it for me.为我演奏这首乐曲.He played itto her．他为她演奏这首乐曲．4［D1（for，to）；T1(on)] to perform the music of (a particular writer of music）演奏（某作曲家的）乐曲：Sheplays Mozart well.莫扎特的曲子她弹得很出色.Play some more Mozart for／to us.为我们再演奏几首莫扎特的乐曲吧.She was playing Mozarton the piano．她在用钢琴弹奏莫扎特的乐曲．5[D1(for,to); T1 (on)] to reproduce (sounds, esp music） on an apparatus（自一种装置）重播（声音，尤指音乐）；放（音）：She plays her radio all day long.她整天开收音机.Play us your fa-vourite record.给我们放你最喜欢的唱片.I＇ll playyou my favourite song if I can find the record. 如果我能找到那张唱片，我就放给你们听我最喜欢的那支歌.

sing /sm/ 1 [D1; T1; IØ] to produce (music, musical sounds， songs， etc） with the voice 唱； 歌唱；（鸟等）啼：Birds sing loudest in the morn-ing.早晨鸟儿叫得最欢.I like to sing，although I don＇t sing well.我喜欢唱歌，虽然唱得不好.Mysister can＇t sing a note （＝ can＇t sing at all）.我妹妹根本不会唱歌.Sing your father a songMary; sing one of your new songs tolfor him. 玛丽，给你父亲唱支歌吧；唱支新歌给他听.Thewords are new but they're sung to an old tune. 这支歌是旧调填新词．2［X9］to cause to go bythis means 唱着使···：She sang her baby to sleep.她唱歌使婴儿入睡. Sing your troubles away！唱歌解愁吧！3［IØ］（fig） to make or be filled with a ringing sound 发嗡嗡声；（耳）鸣： An enemy bullet sang past my ear.一颗敌人的子弹从我耳边呼啸而过.My ears are still singingfrom the loud noise.巨响过后，我的耳朵仍在嗡嗡作响．4［Wv4；IØ］（fig） （of speech or writing） to sound fine and pleasant（演讲或作品）令人觉得优美、舒服的：a fine writer with a singing style 一位笔调清新的优秀作家5［IØ；T1］lit tospeak，tell，or praise in poetry 用诗歌赞美；歌颂：Poets sang the king＇s praises； they sang of his brave deeds.诗人颂扬国王；他们歌颂他的英勇事迹.

whistle /'wisəl/ 1 [IØ] to make the sound of a whistle,esp with the mouth, as music or as a signal to draw attention 吹口哨；吹哨子；鸣笛：He whistled as he worked.他边工作，边吹口哨.The train whistled. 火车鸣笛.The wind whistled in the trees．风在树林中呼啸．2［T1］to produce music by whistling 用口哨吹出（曲调）： He whistled ＇Scotland the Brave＇.他用口哨吹出“苏格兰勇士们”的曲调．3［L9］to move with awhistling noise 发呼啸声前进：The wind whistled round them. 风在他们四周呼啸.Thebomb whistled down．炸弹呼啸着落下来．4［C］ the high sound made by passing air or steam through the mouth or a small tube-shaped area，esp in an instrument 口哨声；汽笛声；哨子声dançe／da：ns／1 ［IØ （to）］ to move to music 跳舞；

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舞蹈：She loves to dance to fast music.她喜欢随着节奏快的曲子跳舞．2［T1］to move to themusic of （a type of dance）跳（某一种舞）：She danced the waltz ［→K26］with me．她和我跳华尔兹舞．3［X9］to cause to dance 使跳舞：She danced her little daughter round the room.她搂住小女儿在屋里转着圈跳舞．4［X9；T1］ toexpress or bring into a certain state by danc-ing 以舞蹈表达或进入某种状态：She danced herthanks.她以舞蹈表示感谢.She danced her way into the hearts of all who saw her.她以舞蹈赢得了所有观众的心．5［IØ］（fig） to move quickly up and down， or about 跳跃；雀跃：The waves danced in the sunlight.水波在阳光下荡漾.

perform /pə'fo:m/ 1 [T1;IØ] to give a presen-tation of (a piece of music, a play, a part in a play，tricks， etc） esp before the public 演奏（音乐）；演出（戏剧）；表演（戏法等）：He will beperforming on the horn／at the piano.他将吹号／ 弹钢琴.What play will be performed tonight？ 今晚上演什么戏？He performs Hamlet better than anyone else.他演哈姆雷特比任何人都要好.The magician performed his tricks.魔术师变戏法.The actors refuse to perform.演员们拒绝演出．2 ［T1］ to direct or go through the form and actions of （a ceremony）执行；履行：Our priest will perform the marriage ceremony.我们的牧师将主持婚礼.

accompany/ə'kampəni/ [T1] to make support-ing music for 为···伴奏：He accompanied her singing on the piano.他用钢琴为她唱歌伴奏.Who is the person accompanying him on the piano？给他担任钢琴伴奏的是谁？

tune/tju:n/1[T1] to change the sound of an instrument to the correct musical level 为···调音：The musicians were tuning their instru-ments．乐师们正给乐器调音．2［L9；X9；esp in］to (cause to) receive a particular broadcast esp on radio 调谐；调校（收音机等）的频率；收听：Stay tuned to this station.请继续收听本台节目.Tune in again tomorrow at the same time.明天同一时间再收听.

K33 verbs 动词：composing music，etc ［T1；lø］作曲等

compose/kəm'pəuz/ to write (music, poetry, etc）创作（乐曲、诗歌等）：This musician has composed a lovely piece of music.这位音乐家创作了一首优美动听的乐曲.He plays in a bandat present but hopes to spend more time on composing in the future.他目前在乐队里演奏，但希望将来能花更多的时间作曲.

arrange /ə'reind3/ to change (a piece of music) as for different instruments（为能用另一种乐器演奏而）改编（乐曲）：I have arranged this old piece of music for playing at our concert.我已将这首旧曲改编，准备在我们的音乐会上演奏.

adapt/ə'dæpt/to change (a piece of music, etc) as for different places， purposes，etc（为不同场合、目的）改编（乐曲等）；改写：He adapted thelocal music for use in opera［→K21］．他将民谣加以改编，用在歌剧里.

K35 MUSIC 音乐

K34 nouns，etc 名词等：concerts and performances 音乐会与演出

concert/'konsət/ [C] a musical performance given by a number of singers or musicians or both 音乐会；演奏会 in concert 1 playing orsinging at a concert 在音乐会上演奏或演唱：Tonight you can see the Rolling Stones in concert.今晚你能看到“滚石乐队”在音乐会上演出．2（fig） working together； in agreement-致；一齐：The various governments decided to act in concert over this matter.各国政府决定对这件事采取一致行动.

performance /pə'fo:məns/ [C ( of)] the action or an act of performing a piece of music, a (character in a) play, tricks, etc esp before the public 演奏；表演；演出：What a fine perform-ance of Schubert！舒伯特的乐曲演奏得多精彩啊！His piano performance was very good.他的钢琴演奏非常出色.His performance oflas Othello was very good.他演奥赛罗演得非常好.There aretwo performances of the playon Wednesdays. 每个星期三这出戏演出两场.

recital /rI'saitl/ [C ( of)] a performance of esp music by one person or a small number of persons（尤指独唱或独奏的）音乐会：Have youbeen to any of his recitals？你去听过他的独唱（奏）会吗？

premiere /pre'meə/1 [C] the first performance of a film， play，etc（戏剧等）首次公演；（电影等）首次放映2［T1 usu pass］to give a premiere of 首次演出：The film was premiered in London. 该影片在伦敦首次放映.

preview /'pri:,vju:/ 1 [C (of)] a private per-formance of a film, play, etc before it is shown to the general public（电影公映前的）试映；（戏剧正式演出前的）预演2［T1］to give a previewof 举行试映；预映；预演；试演：They previewedthe film in London.他们在伦敦试映了这部电影.

K35 nouns 名词： kinds of musical performance 各种音乐演奏

concerto /kən'tf3:təu/ [C] a piece of music for one or more solo instruments and an orches-tra 协奏曲：Beethoven wrote five piano con-certos．贝多芬写了五首钢琴协奏曲．［→K37,38］sonata /sə'na:tə/ [C] a piece of music for one

or two instruments, made up of usu three or four short parts of varying speeds played in order 奏鸣曲

symphony /'simfəni/[C] a musical work for a large group of instruments in an orchestra, usu having four parts （movements）交响乐；交响曲（通常有四个乐章）symphonic［Wa5；B］of， concerning，or like a symphony 交响乐的；交响乐式的

overture /'əuvətjuə/ [C] 1 a musical introduction to a large musical piece, esp an opera [→K21] （歌剧等的）前奏曲；序曲：I like the overture toMozart＇s ＇Don Giovanni＇.我喜欢莫扎特的《唐· 乔凡尼》序曲．2 a shortish musical piece meant

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K36 MUSIC 音乐

to be played by itself at the beginning of a concert（音乐会开头演奏的）短小乐曲：She likesElgar＇s concert overture ＇In the South＇.她喜欢埃尔加的音乐会序曲《在南方》.

arrangement /ə'reind3mənt/1 [U] the arrang-ing of a piece of music（乐曲等的）改编2［C］ an example or the result of this 改编（的事例）； 改编的乐曲：That＇s a nice arrangement；I＇ve never heard it before.那是一首改编得很好的乐曲；我以前从未听见过.

accompaniment/ə'kampənimənt/[C;U] mu-sic played on a musical instrument to support singing or another instrument 伴奏：The piano accompaniment was good.钢琴伴奏得好.

K36 nouns 名词：kinds of music ［U］音乐类别

classical music music put together and ar-ranged with serious artistic intentions and having an attraction that lasts over a long peri-od of time 古典音乐：People who don＇t like classical music often don＇t understand it.不喜欢古典音乐的人往往不懂古典音乐.Bach andBeethoven wrote classical music.巴赫和贝多芬作的是古典音乐.

light music music which one can enjoy without listening to seriously 轻音乐

dance music music played for dancing 舞曲

folk music the music that is typical of a people 民间音乐：He likes Scots and Irish folk music. 他喜欢苏格兰和爱尔兰的民间音乐.

pop (music) /ppp ('mju:zik)/ modern music which is very popular with large numbers of people 流行音乐：She likes pop.她喜欢流行音乐.jazz (music) /d3æz ('mju:zik)/ a kind of music

first played by black musicians in the southern US爵士音乐

rock (music) /rok ('mju:zık)/ music played for dances like rock＇n＇roll［→K26］摇滚乐

K37 nouns 名词： kinds of groups of musicians ［GC］乐队类别

orchestra /'o:kistrə/ a large group of people who play together, esp on stringed instru-ments (and usu also other sorts of instru-ment）管弦乐队；管弦乐团 orchestral ［Wa5；B］ of，concerning， for， or like an orchestra 管弦乐队的；供管弦乐队演奏的；像管弦乐队的：Wagnerwrote great orchestral music.瓦格纳谱写了伟大的管弦乐曲.

band /bænd/ a group of musicians, usu not in-cluding players of stringed instruments, with a leader, esp a group that plays 'popular' rather than ＇serious＇music 乐队（通常不包括弦乐器演奏者，尤多演奏流行音乐）

group /gru:p/ a usu small number of players of popular music， sometimes with a singer 乐队（人数少，有时包括一名演唱者，多演奏流行音乐）：The Beatles were perhaps the most well-known group of the 1960s．“披头士”乐队也许是

二十世纪六十年代最出名的乐队.

danceband /'da:ns,bænd/ a band which plays esp for dancing 演奏舞曲的乐队

brass band a band consisting mostly of brass （musical）instruments 铜管乐队

pipe band a band consisting of pipes and drums，esp as in Scotland 管乐队（由管乐器和铜鼓组成，尤指如在苏格兰的）

ensemble /pn'spmbəl/1 a small group of musi-cians who regularly play together 合奏团；经常一起演奏的乐队：The Mozart Ensemble will be performing here next week.莫扎特演奏团下星期来这儿演出．2［C］a piece of music such as a quartet [→>K38], written for a small number of players 合奏曲（如四重奏曲）：They played anensemble for wind instruments.他们用管乐器演奏一首重奏曲.

K38 nouns 名词：solos，etc 独唱（奏）等

solo /'səuləu/1 [C] a (part of)a piece of music （to be） played or sung by one person 独奏曲； 独唱曲：She played a solo.她表演独奏.Hewrote a piano solo．他谱写了一首钢琴独奏曲．2[C] a job or performance, esp an aircraft flight，done by one person alone 单独作业；单独执行任务；单独表演；单独飞行；单飞3［Wa5；B；adv］ without a companion 单独的（地）：He flew solo for the first time (= made his first solo flight）．他第一次单独飞行．4［Wa5；B］of，for，or played or heard as， a musical solo 独奏（曲）的； 独唱（曲）的：She has a fine solo voice.她有优美动听的独唱歌喉.This phrase is to be playedsolo by the piano.这一乐句要以钢琴独奏.Theband played so loud I couldn't hear the solo part clearly.乐队演奏得太响，我听不清独奏部分.

duet/dju:'et/ [C] a piece of music for two performers二重唱（曲）；二重奏（曲）

trio /'tri:əu/1 [GC] a group of three singers or musicians 三重奏；三重唱；三重唱（奏）演出组2[C] a piece of music written for a group of three singers or musicians 三重唱（奏）曲3 ［GC］any group of three people or things 三人一组；三件一套

quartet /kwo:'tet/ 1 [GC] a group of four people playing instruments or singing to-gether 四重唱（奏）；四重唱（奏）演出组2［C］apiece of music for such a group 四重唱（奏）曲3 ［GC］ any group of four 四人一组；四件一套

K39 nouns 名词：persons performing， playing music，singing，etc［C］表演者、演奏者、歌唱者等

performer /pə'fo:mə/ a person who performs a piece of music，in a play，etc 演奏者；表演者

musician /mju:'zıfən/a person who plays music on an instrument，esp professionally 音乐家；乐师（尤指职业性的）

singer /'siə/ a person who sings, usu profes-sionally 歌唱家；歌手（通常指职业性的）：Thesinger at that club is very good.那个夜总会的歌

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手很不错.

dancer /'da:nsə/ a person who dances, usu professionally 舞蹈演员（通常指职业性的）；跳舞者：The dancers performed well.那些舞蹈演员表演出色.

dancing girl a girl, esp in the East, who dances to entertain esp men（尤指在东方为男人伴舞的）舞女

artist /'a:tist/ a professional singer, actor, dancer，etc（职业性的）歌唱家、演员、舞蹈家等；艺术家

artiste／a：＇ti：st／tech or pomp an artist（职业性的）歌唱家、演员、舞蹈家等；艺人；艺术家

vocalist/'vəukəlist/ a singer of popular songs, esp one who sings with a band（有乐队伴奏的流行歌曲）歌手；歌唱家

instrumentalist /instrə'mentəlist/ a person who plays a musical instrument, esp in a group of people who make music, and in which one or more of whom sing 乐器演奏者（演奏时其中还有一至多人演唱）

accompanist /ə'kampənist/ a person who plays a musical accompaniment［→K35］伴奏者

composer /kəm'pəuzə/ a person who makes （composes）music 作曲者；作曲家

K40 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：kinds of （esp female） singer（尤指女性）歌唱者类别

soprano /sə'pra:nəu/ [C; U] 1 (a woman or child with, or a musical part for) a singing voice in the highest usual range 女高音；乐曲的女高音部分；女高音歌唱家2 an instrument with the samerange of notes as this 高音乐器 3［Wa5；B］ of， for, concerning, or having the range or part of a soprano 女高音的；最高音的：She has a goodsoprano voice.她有出色的女高音歌喉.

contralto ／kən＇træltəu／， also 又作 alto／＇æltəu／1 [C;U] (a woman with or a musical part for a woman with) a low singing voice, between soprano and tenor 女低音；乐曲的女低音部分；女低音歌唱家2［Wa5；B］ of，for，concerning，or having this range or part 女低音的

K41 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：

kinds of （esp male） singer（尤指男性）

歌唱者类别

tenor/'tenə/ 1 [C](a man with) the highest male singing voice in general use 男高音；男高音歌手：There＇s a fine tenor.有一位出色的男高音．2［C］an instrument with the same range of notes as this 次中音乐器3［Wa5；B］ of，for， concerning,or having the range or part of a tenor 男高音的；次中音部的：He has a hightenor voice.他有男高音歌喉.

alto ／＇æltəu／1 ［C； U］ also 又作 countertenor（a man with or a musical part for a man with) a high singing voice, between soprano and tenor 男声之最高音；高男高音；男声最高音歌手；（乐谱的）男声最高音（部）；中音部 2 an instru-

K44 MUSIC 音乐

ment with the same range of notes as this 与男声最高音相应的乐器；中音乐器 3［Wa5；B］of，for, concerning, or having the range or part of an alto 男性最高音的；中音部的

baritone /'bærə,təun/ 1 [C; U] (a man with) the male singing voice lower than tenor and higher than bass 男中音；男中音歌手：There＇s afine baritone！多好的男中音！2［Wa5；B］of，for， concerning, or having the range or part of a baritone 男中音的

bass /beis/ 1 [C;U] (a man with) the lowest male singing voice 男低音；男低音歌手：He is afine bass.他是位很出色的男低音歌手.He singsbass.他唱男低音.The bass was wonderful in the opera last night.昨晚歌剧中的男低音唱得好极了．2 ［Wa5；B］（of a male singing voice or musical instrument） deep or low in sound（男声、乐器）低音的：He has a fne bass voice.他有男低音的好嗓子.He plays the bass drum.他打低音鼓.

K42 nouns 名词： positions in groups of musicians 乐队中的职位

conductor/kən'daktə/ [C] the person who directs the playing of an orchestra, usu by regular movements of the hands（乐队、合唱队的）指挥

lead /li:d/ [the R; A] the player who leads the others 领奏者

leader /'li:də/ [C] 1 the chief musician or singer in a group，orchestra，choir，etc 领唱者；领奏者2 AmE a conductor 乐队指挥

first/f3:st/[A] the first musician of a particular kind（某种乐器的）主奏者：She plays first violin. 她演奏第一小提琴.

second /'sekənd/ [A] the second musician of a particular kind（某种乐器的）第二演奏者

K43 nouns 名词：choirs and choruses 歌唱队与合唱队

choir/kwaiə/ [GC] 1 a group of people who sing together，esp during religious services （尤指宗教仪式中的）歌唱队；唱诗班 2 any musicalgroup or band（歌手、乐器）队；组

chorus /'ko:rəs/ [GC] a group of people who sing together 合唱队；合唱团：She sings in the chorus.她在合唱队唱歌.[■K23]

K44 nouns 名词：general kinds of musical instrument 乐器种类

(musical)\_instrument\_/('mju:zıkal)'mnstrə-mənt/[C] an object which is played to give musical sounds 乐器

wind instrument [C] any musical instrument played by blowing air through it 管乐器

woodwind /'wud,wind/ [(the) GU] the set of instruments in an orchestra which are usu made of wood and are played by blowing 木管

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