疯狂，我们决不能执行.

M210 adverbs ＆ adjectives，etc 副词、形容词等：far远

far/fa:/1 [adv; B(from); from U] (being) a long way (from a place, thing, etc) in dis-tance，time， degree， quality，etc（表示距离、时间、程度、性质等）远（的）；遥远（的）；久远（的）：He didn＇t go far（from the house）.他没有走得（离房子）很远.Don＇t go too far.不要走得太远.Is the shop far from here?-No;not far;it's quite near.商店离这里远吗？-不远，很近.Hewalked farther/further than we did, but she walked farthest／furthest of all.他比我们走得远， 但她走得最远.How much farther／further is it to your house？到你们家还要走多远？How far is itto Edinburgh?-It's 150 kilometres farther/ from here.去爱丁堡有多远？-离这里有一百五十公里.He stood in the far corner of the room. 他站在房间那头的角落里.They waited on thefarther side of the hill.他们在山的那边等候.Hewent far further than he should have gone.他远远超过了他应走的距离.He went far beyondwhat he should have done.他所做的远远超出了他应做的范围.She has far more money than you think. 她的钱比你想象的多得多.Have youcome from far？你从远处来吗？2［adv H］very much 极： This book is far better／far more interesting than that one.这本书比那本书好多了／有趣多了.She would far rather／sooner go there than stay here. (= She would much prefer going there to staying here）.她非常愿意去那里， 而不愿呆在这儿.as far as to the degree that就···而论；到···那么远；直到：As far as I know，heis coming next week. 就我所知，他下周来.farand away infml very much 很；极：This is far and away the best book I have read for a long time.这无疑是我很久以来所读的书中最好的一本.far be it from me emph & pomp I do not wish 我决不会···：Far be it from me to tell you what to do with your money！我才不会告诉你该怎样去花你的钱呢！by far by a large amount 在很大程度上；显然：This is by far the best newsfor a long time！这显然是很久以来最好的消息！afar cry from very unlike 与···大不相同：His latest ideas are a far cry from what he used to say.他最近的想法与他以前所说的大相径庭.fewand far between rare 稀少；不常：＇Really good teachers are few and far between，＇she said.她说：“真正好的教师是凤毛麟角.”so far so goodinfml everything is good at the moment but will not necessarily stay that way 到目前为止一切良好：Is the plan working？-So far so good. 计划进行得如何？-到目前为止，一切良好.farand near everywhere 远近；到处；四面八方：They travelled far and near.他们到处旅行.far and widè in many far places 到处；广泛地：He has travelled far and wide.他曾到各地旅行. far away also 又作 far off ［adv； from U］ a long

way away 遥远；久远：Don＇t go too far away；1 may need you.不要走得太远，我可能需要你.Shecomes from far away／far off.她来自遥远的地方.

M210 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

faraway／＇fa：rəwer／ also 又作 far-off／，fa：r＇pf／ ［Wa5；A］ distant， remote 遥远的；偏远的：He heard the faraway sound of voices.他听见远处的说话声音.（fig）She had a happy faraway look in her eyes； she was thinking of him.她眼中有一种愉快而飘渺的神情；她在思念他.（poet）Ithappened in a far-off land.这件事发生在一个遥远的国度.

afar ／ə＇fa：／ ［adv］ lit， poet ＆ old use far away 在远处；从远处；遥远地：He heard the sound ofvoices coming from afar.他听见从远处传来说话的声音.

distant /'distənt/ esp fml & tech 1 [B;E] sepa rate in space or time；far off／away 远离的；在远处的；远隔的；遥远的；久远的：This is a story ofdistant lands.这是一个发生在遥远国度的故事.He heard the distant sound of a bell.他听见远处的铃声.It may happen at some far distant time．它可能发生在遥远的古代．2［A］comingfrom or going to a distance 来自远方的；往远方去的：It was a distant journey．那是远程旅行．3［A］（of people） not closely related（指人）亲属关系远的；远房的：Those two boys don＇t look alike，but they are distant relations.那两个男孩外貌虽然不相像，但他们是远房亲戚.-ly ［adv］；They are distantly related． 他们是远亲．4［B］ not very close 不很接近的：There is a distant relationship between those two ideas.那两种想法之间存在着隐隐约约的关系．5［B］（fig）show-ing social distance or lack of personal warmth 冷淡的；疏远的：He is always very distant in manner towards me.他对我的态度总是非常冷淡.-ly [adv]:He behaved very distantly towards her.他待她很冷淡.distance ［U；C］ the condition of being distant; the space between two places，things，times， qualities，etc（两个地方、事物、时间、性质等的）间隔；距离；间距；遥远；远；远方；远处：Is it far？-No；it＇s no distance at all.远吗？-不远，没几步路.What＇s thedistance from Edinburgh to London？从爱丁堡到伦敦有多远？The distances between the towns are 20 and 25 kilometres．这几座城镇之间的距离分别为二十和二十五公里.（fig）Sociallyhe always keeps his distance from other people.他和别人的关系总是保持一定距离.Thosemountains don't seem very high from a distance, but when you get near they are very big.那些山从远处看并不高，但走近看却大得很.Ican see them in the distance(= a long way away／off）.我从远处就能看到他们.The distancein time between ancient Rome and modern New York is very great.古罗马与现代纽约在时间上相距遥遥.

remote/rr'məut/ [Wa2; B]1 distant in space or time 遥远的；久远的：In the remote future it may happen．在遥远的将来这也许会发生．2quietand lonely； far from a city 偏僻的；远离城市的：She lives in a remote village.她住在偏僻的乡村.3 widely separated（from）；not close 相距很远的；不密切的：The connection between these two ideas is very remote.这两种想法大不相同，一点关系也没有.It is something remote from his experience． 这种事他根本没有经历过．4（ofbehaviour） not showing interest in others（指

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M211 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

待人的态度）冷淡的；疏远的：Her manner. waspolite but remote.她的举止彬彬有礼，但是很冷淡．5（of a chance or possibility， esp with -est） slight（指机会或可能性）极小的；很少的（尤指用-est 形式）：I haven＇t the remotest idea what you mean.我一点儿也不知道你的意思是什么.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

extreme /ik'striim/ 1 [A] at the farthest point; at the very beginning or very end 最末端的；起点或终点的：He died of extreme old age.他年纪太大，死了.They live in the extreme south of the country．他们住在国家最南部的地区．2［B］the greatest possible 最大的；极端的：He died of extreme cold. 他因严寒冻死了.The extreme cold killed him.严寒天气把他冻死了.The coldwas extreme．天气冷极了．3［B］Often derog（of ideas, opinions, etc and those who hold them) going beyond the usual limits（指人及其思想、见解等）偏激的；过分的：He has some very ex-treme political opinions.他有一些非常偏激的政治见解.His ideas are pretty extreme.他的思想是相当偏激的．4［C］ something extreme，esp one of two opposite things 极端；末端：That country has extremes of heat in summer and cold in winter.那个国家夏天非常热，冬天非常冷.He usedto be very fat; now he has gone to the other extreme and is very thin.他过去非常胖，现在走向另一极端，变得非常瘦了.extremely［adv］verymuch 极端地；非常地：I＇m extremely pleased to see you.见到你我非常愉快.extremity［C usu pl］ 1 farthest point 末端；尽头；极端：The feet， hands and ears are the extremities of the body．脚、手和耳是身体的终端部位．2 cruel orviolent punishments or ways of forcing some-one to obey 严厉的惩罚；逼人服从的极端手段：The people were subjected to the extremities of the dictatorship.人民受制于专制独裁的极端压迫手段.

M211 prepositions ＆ adverbs 介词和副词： between and among在···之间与在···之中

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between /br'twi:n/ 1 [prep] (of position or time）（指空间或时间）在···之间：He was stand-ing between Mr A and Mr B.他站在A先生和B 先生之间.It happened between five and six o＇clock.这事发生在五六点钟之间.The house isbetween five and ten miles away.那座房子离此五至十英里．2［prep］（showing connection）（表示联系）：It＇s a railway between two cities.这是连接两市的一条铁路.There is a regular airservice between the two cities.两市之间有定期航班.The marriage was between Mr A and Miss B.这是A先生和B小姐的婚姻.There＇sbeen a lot between us over the years, my dear. 亲爱的，这些年来你我之间发生了许多事．3［prep］（showing division）（表示分配）在···之间；由···所共有：Divideit between the two children.把它分给那两个小孩.You have a choice betweentwo possibilities.两者之间你可以取其一.What isthe difference between this and that？这个和那个之间有什么区别？There was a quarrelbetween the two families.这两家之间有过争吵.4 [prep] (showing the result of the shared activity of several people）（表示几个人共同活动的结果）：They all did the job between them.这件工作是由他们共同做的.Between them theycollected £50．他们集资五十英镑．5［prep］taking together the total effect of (a set of things）兼及（一组事物）；受···的共同影响：Between cooking, cleaning, washing, sewing, and writing，she was very busy.她既要做饭、打扫、洗衣、缝纫，还要写作，忙得不可开交．6［adv］in or into a space or period of time that is between（指空间或时间）在其间：There＇s only the tree and the house; I can see nothing between.我只见树木和房子，其间什么也看不见.few and far between infml rare; not often found 少有；少见：Books as good as that are few and far between.像那样好的书是很少有的.

among ／ə＇man／， also 又作 lit ＆ fml amongst /ə'manst/ [prep] 1 in the middle of; sur-rounded by 在···中间；在···当中；被···包围：I live among the mountains.我住在群山中.I was among the crowd．那时我在人群中．2 in associ-ation with 与···有关系：The minister was among those who spoke at the meeting.那次会议的发言者之中就有这位部长．3 in the class of；one of 在···的一类中；其中之一：This mountainis among the highest in the world.这座山是世界最高的山之一.This is among the few books Ireally like．这本书是我真正喜爱的书之一．4·inshares to each of (usu three or more persons, etc）于···之间分配（一般用于三人或以上）：Dividethis cake among them．把这块蛋糕分给他们吃．5through the common action of 通过···的共同行动：They discussed the matter among them-selves（＝ together）.他们一起讨论了这个问题.They made a lot of money among themselves. 他们共同赚了许多钱.

USAGE 用法说明 1 between（def 1） must be followed by two things. It is right to say between the two houses or between this house and the next. It is common, but nonstandard, to say between each house.between 的后面必须跟两个事物.下列两种说法是正确的：between

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the two houses 或 between this house and the next.以下的用法虽通俗，但非标准：between eachhouse. 2 some books say that between (def1) should be followed by not more than two things and among by 3 or more 有些书说跟在between 后面的事物不能多于两个，而among后面则可跟三个或以上的事物：Divide it betweenthe twolamong the three children.把它分给那两个／三个孩子.But when we speak of definite position we always use between 但当我们谈到固定位置时，就总是使用between：Ecuador lies be-tween Colombia,Peru and the Pacific Ocean. 厄瓜多尔位于哥伦比亚、秘鲁和太平洋之间.

M212 adverbs ＆ adjectives 副词和形容词：away and apart 离开与分开

away /ə'wei/1 [adv (from)] from this or that place；to or at another place 离；离开；向别处； 在别处：Go away！走开！He swam away from the ship. 他离船往外游去.I hope to get awayearly in the morning.我希望一早就离开.Turn your eyes away.眼睛往别处看.I shall be away three weeks.我将离开三个星期.He went awayacross the mountains.他穿过群山离开了.He is away，is he？-Yes，he＇s in Greece.他出门了， 是吧？-不错，他在希腊．2［adv］ in anotherplace, esp in a place that is enclosed or locked 在别处（尤指关闭或锁存之处）：I have put thegun away．我已把枪收藏起来了．3［adv］ at adistance 离；远离；在远处：Stand away from that hole.不要靠近那个洞口.He lives three miles away.他住在离这儿三英里的地方.He wasn＇tvery far away when it happened.这件事发生的时候，他离那里并不太远． 4 ［adv］ so as to removeor separate 去掉；移离：He cut away a dead branch. 他砍去枯枝.He cut a diseased part away．他把有病的部分切掉．5［adv］ to an end；tonothing 消逝；消失；化为乌有：The sounds died away.声音消失了.The water boiled away.水完全烧干了．6 ［adv］ out of one＇s possession， control，use，etc 不再为某人所拥有、支配、使用等：He gave everything away.他放弃了一切.He signed away his rights/he signed his rights away．他签字放弃自己的权利．7［adv （at）］ oftenapprec all the time； continuously 继续；不断： He worked away （all the time）.他一直在工作. He cut away at the thick branch.他在那根粗大的树枝上砍个不停.She sings away happily forhours．她能愉快地连续唱几个小时．8 ［adv］ so asto pass (a period of time) completely as stated 度过一段时间：He slept away the day.他睡了一整天．He slept the day away．他整整睡了一天．9[Wa5; B] (of a sports match) played at the home place, sports field, etc of one's op-ponent（指体育竞赛）在对方场地比赛的：It＇s anaway match，not a home match.这场比赛是在客场举行，不在主场.

apart /ə'pa:t/ 1 [adv E; F] separate; away; distant 相隔；相距；分开；分离；远离：The twobuildings are three miles apart.这两座建筑物相距三英里.We planted the trees wide apart.我们

M213 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

把树栽得间距很宽.The house stands apart fromthe village.这座房子在村外.He kept himself apart from the other children.他不与其他孩子混在一起．2［adv］ in or into pieces散开；成零碎；拆成零件：The pages of the book have come apart．这本书的书页都散了．3［adv］ independ-ently；separately 独立地；各别地；分开地：IfI see the two boys apart I don't know which is which.假如那两个男孩子不在一起，我就分不出谁是谁了.I can＇t tell them apart／from each other／the one from the other.我不能把他们区分开来．4 ［adv］ to or at one side， esp for a certain purpose 向一边或在一边（尤指为某一目的）：He took me apart to have a private talk with me.他把我带到一边，跟我私下交谈.He kepthis best suit apart and wore it only on special occasions.他把最好的一套衣服单独收起来，留待特别场合才穿．5［adv］ not considering；aside 不考虑；除去；撇开：A few little things apart，I am very pleased with the result.除了一些细节，我对结果是很满意的. Joking apart， we really doneed a bar．笑话归笑话，我们确实需要一间酒吧．6[Wa5; F] separate; unconnected; independent 分开的；不相连的；独立的：He is a man apartfrom all others．他是一个与众不同的人．7［F］holding very different opinions；divided 意见迥异的；分歧的：They look alike but in ideas they are very far apart，（fig） worlds apart.他们看起来很相像，但是思想上极不相同.apart from[prep] without considering; except for; aside from 除···之外；此外：Apart from him，everyone is happy.除他之外，每个人都很开心.

detached /dr'tætft/ [B] 1 separate; not con-nected 分离的；分开的；不连接的2（fig）（of aperson or an opinion) not influenced by other people's opinions; not showing much personal feeling（指人或观点）超然的；客观的；不受他人影响的：It is hard to take a truly detached look at one＇s own son.人们很难采取真正客观的态度看待自己的儿子．detachment ［U］1 a condition of being detached 分开；拆开；分离2（fig）a condition of not showing any feelings or of not being influenced by others 独立；超然；不偏不倚；不受他人影响：mental detachment 思想的超脱

asunder /ə'sandə/ [adv] esp lit 1 apart from each other in position 相互分开；分离；分散：The war forced the parents and children asunder. 战争迫使父母与儿女离散．2 into pieces 成碎片：The boat was torn asunder by the storm.那条船被暴风雨扯得粉碎.

M213 adverbs，etc 副词等：back and aside 向后与向旁边

back [adv]

向后；回来

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M214 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

back/bæk/1 [adv] towards or at the back[→M202］向后；往后面；在后：She tied her hairback.她把头发扎在后面.Sit well back or youwon＇t be able to fasten your seat belt.尽量靠后面坐，不然你就无法系上安全带．2［adv］ awayfrom the front，the speaker，etc 离开（前面、讲话者等）：Stand back！往后站！The house stood a little way back from the road.这座房子离开马路有一小段距离．3［adv］ where or how（oneor something） was before 回原处；恢复原状：Put the book back (on the shelf) when you've finished it.书看完后，请放回原处（书架上）.Youcan borrow my car but please bring it （straight）back.你可以借用我的车，不过用完请（马上）开回来.Back in Nigeria （where I was born）， we used to play a lot of tennis.以前在（我的故乡）尼日利亚时，我们常打网球.She cameback to fetch the basket which she'd left behind.她回来拿她忘记带走的篮子.The carbroke down and we had to walk all the way back（home）.汽车出了故障，我们只好一路走着回（家）去.Let me know when you＇re back／when you get back. 你回来时，告诉我一声.（fig）Nobody wants him back as President.没有人要他再当总统．4［adv］ not fml ago；in the past 以前；过去：We met him three years back.我们三年前见过他.We met right back in the dayswhen we were students.我们早在学生时代就见过面．5［adv］ in return or reply 回报；归还；回复：Telephone me back when you know the answer.知道答案时，给我回电话.If you don＇tuse the ticket, perhaps you'd get the money back.这张票如果不用，也许可退钱.If the dogbites you，will you bite it back？如果狗咬你，你会反咬它吗？6［adv］ towards the beginning （esp of a book）（尤指书）往前翻；回溯：You willfind it six pages further back.你再往前翻六页就可找到它．7 ［adv］ so as to be delayed or made slower 推迟；延缓：The child＇s bad health has kept／held him back at school.这孩子身体不好， 耽搁了学业．8［adv］（of a clock） so as to show an earlier time（指钟）拨慢；后拨：He put the clock back an hour．他把钟拨慢了一个小时．9[Wa5;A] (of money) owed from an earlier time（指钱）过期未付的；过期的：He is owed£100 back pay．欠他工资一百英镑．10［Wa5；A］at the back 后面的；背后的：He left by the backdoor／back yard.他由后门／后院离开.She works in the back room.她在后面房间工作.

backwards /'bækwədz/ [adv] in theopposite from the usual way， esp of moving（尤指运动） 向后；倒退（与平常的方向相反）：He slowly beganto walk backwards.他慢慢地开始退着走.Thecar went backwards into the wall.车子倒退撞在墙上.You＇re doing the work backwards；you should start at the other end！你把工作做反了， 应从另一头开始做起！

back to front (esp of clothes) with the back part at the front（尤指衣服）前后穿反了的：Hehad his shirt on back to front. 他把衬衫前后穿反了.

in reverse （esp of vehicles） backwards（尤指运载工具）倒退；向相反方向：The car was movingin reverse.这辆汽车在倒车.

aside／ə＇said／1 ［adv］ to or towards the side 靠一边地；向旁边；侧向地：She stepped aside to lethim pass.她走到一边，让他通过.（fig）The oldleader stepped aside to allow an able young woman to be elected.这位老领导人退下来，让一位年轻能干的妇女当选．2［adv］ out of the way；away （esp for a limited time）离开；撇开（尤指在一定时限内）：He put his work aside.他放下了工作.If you will keep that book aside for a few minutes I will go and get the money for it.请你把那本书给我留几分钟，我马上去取钱来买.Heput aside his work． 他把工作暂时撇开．3［adv］away from one's thoughts; not being consid-ered 不考虑；暂置不论：Joking aside，we really must do something.说正经的，我们真的应该采取点措施了．4［C］words spoken by an actor to those watching the play, and not intended to be heard by the other characters（戏剧的）旁白5 [C] a remark in a low voice not intended to be heard by everyone present 不想让旁人听到的低声说话6［C］a remark or story told during a speech but which has no part in the speech 离题的话：Most of his speech was uninterest-ing, but luckily he made many amusing asides. 他的演说大部分都没意思，幸亏他还说了些有趣的题外话.

M214 prepositions ＆ adverbs 介词和副词： to and towards 向与往

to／tu：／1 ［prep］ in a direction towards 朝···方向： He was on the road to London.他在去伦敦的路上.She stood up and walked to the window. 她站起来，走向窗口.He pointed to the moon.他指着月亮.She threw the ball to me（＝for me to catch）.她把球扔给我（即让我接球）.（Compare比较 She threw the stone at me （＝ to hurt me）. 她用石头扔我（即打我）．）2［prep］ in the direc-tion of； so as to have reached 去；到（目的地）： We're hoping to go to Greece for our holidays this year.今年我们希望去希腊度假.Do you walkto work or go by bus？你上班是走路还是坐公共汽车？The criminal was sent to prison for five years．罪犯被抓进牢房关了五年．3［prep］as faras直至···；达到：The water came to our necks. 水深到我们的脖子．The temperature rose to 40degrees．温度上升到四十度．4 ［prep］ to-wards； reaching the state of 到达；抵达：The politician lost many friends in rising to power. 那个政客在升官弄权的过程中失去了许多朋友.Heusually works hard but has a tendency to lazi-ness.他通常勤奋工作，但有偷懒的倾向.She sangthe baby to sleep．她唱歌哄婴儿入睡．5［prep］as far as the state of 直至（某个状态）：The manwas kicked to death by the wild horse.那男人被野马踢死了.The coat was torn to pieces.那件外套被撕得粉碎.Wait until the lights change to green．等交通灯转成绿色再走．6［prep］ in atouching position with 贴着；紧靠着：The two lovers danced cheek to cheek.那对情人脸贴着脸跳舞.The paper stuck firmly to the wall.那张纸牢牢地贴在墙上．7［prep］ facing or in front

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of 向着···；在···前面：They stood face to face／ back to back. 他们面对面／背对背站着.I wassitting with my back to the engine.我当时背向发动机坐着．8 ［prep］ as far as； until and includ-ing 到；达；迄；直至：Count（from 10）to 20．（从10）数到20．I read the book from beginning to end.我把这本书从头读到尾.They stayed fromFriday night to／till Sunday morning.他们由星期五晚上呆到星期日早晨.It＇s ten miles（fromthere） to London.（从那里）到伦敦有十英里.I＇mwet to the skin.我全身湿透了.They were killed to a man/to the last man (= they were all killed）．他们无一幸免于难（即全部遇难）．9［prep］for the attention or possession of 给···；于···： Have you told all your news to him？你把消息都告诉他没有？Did you give your information to the police？你向警方报告了你知道的情况吗？Iwant a present to give to my wife.我要一件送给我妻子的礼物. This is a letter to Mary fromGeorge．这是乔治给玛丽的一封信．10［prep］for；of 属于：Have you got the key to this lock？你有这把锁的钥匙吗？It＇s a job as secretary to adoctor．这件工作是给医生当秘书．11［prep］ inrelation with；in comparison with 与···比：I know he's successful but he's nothing to what he could have been.我知道他很有成就，不过与他本来可以成为的人物相比，他简直是微不足道.Theresult of the match was 5 points to 3．这次比赛的结果是五比三.The railway line runs parallel to the road.这条铁路与公路平行.This wine issecond to none （＝ is the best）.这种葡萄酒是最上等的酒．12［prep］along with 和；和着；伴随着：We sang the song to a new tune today.我们今天和着新调子来唱那首歌的歌词．13［prep］forming; making up; being in degree or amount 构成；形成；达到：There are 100 pence to every pound.一百便士合一英镑.You can getgoods equal to £50；I＇ll pay．你可以买五十英镑的东西，由我付款．14［prep］ in accordance with 按照：Your dress isn＇t really to my liking.你的衣服并不真的合我的意.They make suits toorder.他们为顾客定做西服.You will hear ofsomething to your advantage.你会听到一些对你有利的话．15［prep］（with words about addi-tion） as well as；and（与表示增加的词语连用）加上；和···一起：Add 2 to 4.4加上2．In addition to John，there are the girls.除约翰外，还有那些女孩．16 ［prep］ in honour of（表示敬仰）为：Let's drink to the health of our respected foreign guests.让我们为尊敬的外宾们的健康干杯.They built a templeto their god.他们为自己所敬仰的神建起一座庙．17［prep］with the aim orpurpose of（表示目的）为了：A passing motorist came to our help.一个开车路过的人帮了我们的忙．18 ［prep］ for the possession of 为···所有： The prince has no right to the title.那位王子无权获得这个称号.There are three claimants to the crown．有三个人声称有权继承王位．19［prep］in the position of （表示位置）在···方位：Scotland is to the north of England.苏格兰在英格兰的北面．20［prep］per（表示数量与单位的关系）每：This car does 30 miles to the gallon． 这辆汽车一加仑油跑三十英里．21［prep］（of time）before（指时间）在···前；不到；差：It＇s five

M214 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

(minutes) to four. -No; it's only ten to four. 现在是四点差五分.-不，只有三点五十分.Howlong is it to／till dinner？ 离吃饭还有多久？22［prep］（with know in pass）by（与know的被动态连用）被：He is well known to the police.他是警察所熟知的人物.Is she known to you？你认识她吗？23 ［prep］ so as to cause （esp a feel-ing）致使（尤指感情）；使感到···：He broke it，（greatly） to my annoyance.他把它打破了，使我非常生气.To my great surprise， we won！我感到很意外，我们竟赢了！24［prep］ as far as con-cerns 从···观点来看；就···而言：To me thisseemed silly.在我看来，这事显得很可笑.Itlooked to him like a rabbit.那东西在他看来像只兔子.The book was of great interest to many people.许多人对这本书非常感兴趣.They＇re notmarried，to my knowledge.据我所知，他们没有结婚．25［prep］ in connection with 对于；至于； 关于：What＇s your answer to that？对那件事你有何答复？In obedience to your wishes...按照你的意愿···；She＇s always kind to animals.她一向爱护动物. This＇ll do a lot of good to your chest．这对你的胸部会有许多好处．26［prep］（be-tween two numbers）（两个数之间）a between （a number） and（a number）在一数和另一数之间：It lay in ten to twelve feet of water.它沉在十至十二英尺深的水中．She＇s 40 to 45．她年纪在四十到四十五岁之间.b compared with 一数与另一数之比：It＇s 100 to 1 he＇ll lose （＝100 times as likely）．他十有八九会输．27 ［adv］ into con-sciousness 苏醒过来：John didn＇t come to for half an hour after he'd fallen and hit his head.约翰跌倒摔着头以后，昏迷了半小时才醒过来.I always take a long time coming to in the morning.我早上总是要很长时间才能醒过来.Theybrought her to by pouring cold water on her. 他们用冷水泼在她身上，使她苏醒过来．28［adv］into a shut position 关着：The wind blew the door to．风把门关上了．29（used before a verb to show it is the infinitive， but not before 用于动词前表示不定词，但是不能用于下列之前：can，could, may, might, will would, shall, should, must, ought to; sometimes left out when the verb is understood. Note the following pat-terns 动词已知时，有时可省略.请注意下列句型的用法）：a（after verbs）（动词后）：［I3］ He lived to be 90．他活到九十岁．［T3］It wants to be fed．它要人喂了．［V3］ （usu with reported commands） （常与间接命令式连用）He told them to shoot （＝He said ＇Shoot！＇）.他叫他们开火.He told them （not）to．他叫他们（不要）做．［L（to be）1］He seems（to be）a fool.他似乎是个傻子.［L（to be） 7］ It proved （to be） possible．已证明有可能．［X (to be) 1] They supposed her (to be) their daughter．他们把她当作亲生女儿．［X（to be）7］They wished him （to be） dead.他们宁愿他死了. b （after 在 how，where， who， whom，whose， which， when， what，or 或 whether 后）：［D6b］ Tell me where to go．告诉我到哪儿去．［T6b］He knows what to do.他知道怎么办.I don＇t know how to.我不知道怎么做.She wondered whether or not to／whether to or not.她不知道做还是不做．c（after nouns）（名词后）：［C3］They made an attempt to land．他们试图着陆．［P3］She has

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M215 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

the qualifications to drive．她有资格开车．［U3］ She had some reason to leave.她有一定的理由离开.He got the urge to clear up.他极需整理一下．d （after adjectives）（形容词后）：［B3］It＇s an easy thing to do．这是一件容易做的事．［F3］I＇mglad／sorry／happy to say...我很高兴／很遗憾／很开心地说···e（when speaking about the verb，as in grammar）（在语法中论及动词时）：To find＇takes a direct object.“to find”要带直接宾语. To wear boots would be safest.穿靴子最安全. It would be safest (for you) to wear boots. （你）穿上靴子最安全.What they really ought tohave done was to refuse.他们的确早该拒绝了.f（when speaking of purpose） in order to （论及目的时）为了：They left early to catch the train. 为了赶火车，他们早早就出门了.I want some scis-sors to cut my nails （with）.我要剪刀剪指甲.g （in the patterns used， ought， going ＋ to）（在used，ought，going＋to 句型中）：I was going to make a very stupid remark.我要发表一个很愚蠢的意见.h （in the pattern too X to Y， X enough to Y）（在句型 too X to Y，X enough to Y中）： He＇s too fat to dance.他太胖了，跳不了舞.It＇scold enough to snow.天气冷得足可以下雪了.（in the pattern to X ＝if I can）（在句型 to X 中，意为if I can）：To be honest， I don＇t know anything about it.老实说，关于这点我一无所知.To put it another way，do you like him？换句话说，你喜不喜欢他？To begin with，let＇s...首先，让我们···j（in phrs like 在下列词组中 in orderto, so as to) k (in the pattern There is + noun ＋to）（在句型There is＋noun＋to 中）：There＇s lots to do.有许多事要做.There were plenty of things to eat.吃的东西很丰富.There＇s Bob to consider must be considered）.还要考虑到鲍勃.

towards ／tə＇wo：dz／， also 又作 esp old use toward /tə'wo:d/ [prep] 1 in the direction of 向；往；对；朝···的方向：The road runs towards the south. 公路向南延伸.The house faces towards the hills.那房子正面朝山.（fig）I can＇t feel angry towards him; I like him too much. 我太喜欢他了，跟他发不起火来．2（fig）in orderto get 为了：They are working towards peace. 他们为和平而奋斗.They are moving towards anagreement.他们将要达成协议.

forward／＇fo：wəd／1 ［adv］ to the front 向前：He moved forward to meet them.他走上前迎接他们.Forward！＇cried the general， and led his men in the attack.“前进！”将军喊道，并率领部队发起攻击．2［Wa5；A］at the front 向前的；前面的：The general went to see the soldiers in the forward positions.将军去探望前沿阵地上的士兵们.

forth/fo:θ/ [adv] esp old use & fml forward;out 向前；向外：They went forth to fight for their king and country.他们为自己的国王和祖国开赴前线作战.The machine sent forth loud noises. 机器发出隆隆的嘈杂声.

up／Ap／［adv］ to or towards esp the speaker 向前； 到···跟前（尤指说话者的跟前）：He came up andspoke to us.他上前跟我们说话.The boy ran upand told us what happened.那男孩跑过来，告诉我们发生了什么事.

M215 adverbs 副词：from place to place 到处

from place to place from one place, position, etc to another 到处：He goes from place to place， trying to sell his goods.他到处跑，试图推销自己的商品.

to and fro esp lit from one place to another, again and again 往复；来回地；往返地：He wentbusily to and fro，trying to sell his goods.他来回奔波，想推销货物.

backwards and forwards 1 from a back or further position to a front or nearer position, again and again 来回；往返：The animal kept running backwards and forwards, trying to get out．那只动物不断地来回奔跑，想跑出去．2 fromone side to the other 来回地：The pendulum [→L228] of the clock moved backwards and forwards.钟摆来回地摆动.

back and forth esp lit backwards and forwards 来回；往返

M216 adverbs ＆ prepositions 副词和介词： on and upon 在上面

[adv,prep]

向上；在···上

on/pn/1[adv] continuously, instead of stopping

继续地；不断地：He worked on （and on） all

night．他整夜不停地工作．2［adv］further 更远地；

较远地：If you walk on you＇ll come to the

church．你如果再往前走，就到教堂了．3［adv］

forwards 向前：If any letters come while you＇re

away， shall I send them on（to you）？如果你不

在的时候有信来，我要不要转寄（给你）？4［adv］ in

or with a state of being connected or in place

（接触或覆盖）上去：with his coat on 穿着他的外

衣；He had nothing（＝ no clothes） on.他身上没

有穿衣服．Keep the lid on．让盖子盖着．5［adv］

with the stated part forward（所述部分）向前：

The two cars crashed head on.那两辆车迎头相

撞．6［adv］（esp of electrical apparatus） con-

nected to the electrical supply； lit； in use（尤指

电器）通电；接上电；开着；使用中：The light／the

gas is on.灯／煤气开着.Is the radio on？收音机

()

开着吗？（fig） Her songs really turn me on.她的

歌真使我动情．7［adv］（of something that has

been arranged) happening or going to happen

（安排好的事情）正在进行或将要进行：Breakfast is

on now.现在正在吃早餐.There＇s a new film on

at the cinema, but it's coming off on Sunday.

电影院在上演一部新片子，但到星期日就不演了.Is

the party tomorrow still on？明天还举行聚会吗？

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I＇ve got nothing on tonight， so let＇s go out.我今晚没事，我们出去吧．8［adv］（of an actor，dancer, etc in a theatre) actually performing （指剧院里的演员、舞蹈演员等）表演；上台表演：You＇re on in two minutes！两分钟后你上台表演！9 ［prep］ （so asto be） touching （a surface）接触；在···上a also 又作 fml upon：There was something on the table／the wall.桌子上／墙上有东西.She had a ring on her finger.她手指上戴着戒指.He jumped on／upon the horse.他跳上马背.She wrote on the paper.她在纸上写字.They live on an island.他们住在一个岛上.Hegot a blow on the head.他头上挨了一拳.b（fig）： It＇s all on page 23 of the book．这全在这本书的第二十三页上．10［prep］ also 又作 fmlupon supported by, hanging from, or fastened to 靠；挂在；拴在：He jumped on one foot.他用一只脚跳.The ball is on a string.那球吊在一条绳子上.The flag was on a pole.旗子挂在一根竿子上.The wheels weren＇t on my car.当时轮子还没有装到我车上．11 ［prep］ also 又作 finl uponto；towards； in the direction of 向；朝向：They marched on Rome.他们向罗马进军.Make an attack on the enemy.向敌人发起攻击.She was on my right.她当时在我右边.The sun shines on us．太阳照着我们．12［prep］also 又作 fml upona very near 非常靠近：The town was （right） on the river／the border.那座城镇就坐落在河边／边境上.b along（esp a long or flat surface）沿着（尤指长的或平的表面）：The trees were on bothsides of the street.沿街两旁都是树.（fig）I was on my way to college． 我正要上大学．13［prep］ also 又作 fml upon（before the -ing form of verbs） on the occasion of or directly after（在带-ing的动词之前）当···之际；一···就：On think-ing about the idea，I decided against it.一考虑到这种想法，我就决定反对．14 ［prep］ also 又作fml upon about 关于：It＇s a book on India.这是一本关于印度的书.It was a poem called ＇Onthe Morning of Christmas Day＇.那是一首名叫《圣诞节早晨》的诗．15［prep］（before certain means of travelling, esp large vehicles) by means of or in（在旅行方式、交通工具之前，特别是大型车辆之前）以某种方式：a on foot／horseback 步行／骑马 b also 又作 fml upon ona ship 乘船；on the 9 o＇clock train 乘九点的火车（compare 比较 in a car 在汽车内；by ship 乘船；by train 乘火车）16［prep］by means of 通过； 以···方式：a They live on potatoes.他们靠吃马铃薯过活.A car runs on petrol.汽车靠汽油开动.b（with certain machines or processes）（用某种机器或通过某种过程）：I heard it on the radio.我从收音机里听到这个消息.Speak on the tele-phone.打电话.c He cut his foot on a piece of glass．他的脚被一片玻璃划破了．17［prep］also 又作 fml upon because of； as a result of； through 因为；由于；依据；照：He promised on his honour to do it. 他以自己的人格保证一定做这件事.Act only on your lawyer＇s advice.只能照律师的忠告行事．18［prep］with the support of （money）靠（钱）：Try to live on your own income.靠你自己的收入过日子.He went roundthe world on the money his aunt gave him.他用姑母给他的钱环游世界．19［prep］ in a state of

M217 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

处于···情况中：a（before a noun or the）（在名词或冠词 the 之前）：on fire 着火；on sale 出售；onholiday 在度假；on the cheap （＝ cheaply）便宜地；on offer 出让；on purpose 故意地（compare 比较by accident 意外地）b also 又作 fml upon（before expressions of travelling）（在表达旅行的语句之前）：He went on a journey.他去旅行了.I'd better be on my way now (= I'd better go now）．我现在该走了．20［prep］also 又作 fmlupon as a member of 是···的成员：I serve on a committee．我是委员会的成员．21［prep］ work-ing for；belonging to 为···工作；在···任职；属于···： She＇s on the Times newspaper.她在《泰晤士报》任职.Which side was he on in the game？在这场球赛中他是哪一边的球员？22［prep］also 又作fml upon (after expressions of money or effort）（放在表示钱或努力语句之后）：a tax onincome 入息税23［prep］also 又作 fml upon (between repeated words meaning unpleasant ihings） added to；after（放在重复的两个词之间，表示不愉快的事）一次又一次；接连：They suffereddefeat on defeat，loss on loss.他们接连吃败仗， 屡遭损失．24 ［prep］ infml （before personal prons） with（放在人称代词之前）带在身上；有：Have you got any money on you？你身上带钱没有？25 ［prep］ （often with alcoholic drinks） with...paying（常与酒连用）由···付钱：Have a drink on me.喝一杯吧，由我付钱.Have another on me！再喝一杯，钱由我付！

USAGE［用法说明］A book on rabbits is a more scientific book than one about rabbits,which might be a children's story. A book on rabbits 与a book about rabbits 相比，前者指科学书籍，后者可能是一本儿童故事书.

onwards ／＇pnwədz／， also 又作 esp AmE ＆ fml onward /'pnwəd/ [adv] forward in space or time（指空间或时间）向前：They travelled onwards.他们继续前进.Onward，Christian soldiers＇ used to be sung often in churches.过去人们在教堂里常唱《前进，基督徒士兵们！》这首歌.

onto ／＇pntu：／ also 又作 on to ［prep］ to a position or point on 到···上：He jumped onto the horse.他跳上马.

M217 adverbs，prepositions，etc 副词、介词等：off离开

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离开

off/pf/1 [adv] a from or no longer in a place or position；away 离开：He went off yesterday.他昨天离开这儿了.Get off at the next stop.下一站下车.Keep off！让开！回避；离远点！Send himoff！把他打发走！Off you go！你走吧！Off＇！he shouted.“走开！”他大叫.Goodbye，I＇m off

957

M218 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

now.再见，我现在走了.b aside； to one side oraway，esp from a main road，etc 向旁边；向一边（尤指离开大路等）：He turned off into a sideroad.他拐进一条旁道.You turn off here.你在这里拐弯．2［adv］ in or into a state of being dis-connected or removed； away 脱掉；脱落：The lid blew off.盖子飞了起来.The handle came off.手柄脱落了.He came in with his shoes off. 他光着脚走了进来．3［adv E］ to or at a（stated）distance away in time or space；away（时间或空间）离开；隔着：It was two miles off.那里离这儿还有两英里.The end of the work is still several years off．这项工作还得好几年才能结束．4［adv］so as to separate 隔开；分开：The soldiers blocked the area off.士兵们封锁了这一地区.They cut his ear off．他们把他的耳朵割了下来．5[adv] to, into, or resulting in a state of non-existence，completion or discontinuance 除去； 完成；断绝：They killed the animals off.他们把牲口全宰了.P＇ll finish the business off now.我现在就把这件事办完．6［adv］ away or free fromregular work 不工作；休息；免于正常工作：Takesome time off for lunch.把工作停一下吃午餐吧.He had Monday off． 他星期一休息．7［adv］（of food） no longer good to eat or drink（指食品） 坏了的；不能吃的；不能喝的：Milk goes off veryquickly in the hot weather.天气热的时候，牛奶很快就变坏．8［Wa5；F］（of dishes in a．res-taurant） no longer being served（饭店里的食品） 卖完了：I＇m afraid the lamb＇s off； can I get you anything else？羊肉恐怕卖完了；我能给你拿点别的东西吗？9［F］（of behaviour） not what one has a right to expect; rather unkind, dishon-est，etc（指行为）不对头的；不友善的；不诚实的：Ithought it was a bit off, not even answering my letter！连我的信都不回，我觉得有点过分！10[Wa5;F] (of something that has been ar-ranged） not going to happen after all（指已安排好的事）取消了的：I＇m afraid the party＇s offbecause my wife＇s ill.我妻子病了，聚会恐怕得取消了．11 ［adv］（of the runners in a race） started （指赛跑中的选手）已起跑的：They＇re off！他们起跑了！12 ［Wa5； F］（of electrical apparatus） not connected to the electrical supply（指电器）关着的；没接通电源的：Turn the light off.把灯关上.Is the radio off？收音机关上了吗？（fig）Loud music really turns me off.吵闹的音乐真使我厌烦．13［prep］ not on； away from （a surface that is touched or rested on）离开（表面）：Get off my foot！别踩我的脚！Keep off the grass.请勿践踏草地.He jumped off the horse.他从马背上跳了下来.She fell off her bicycle.她从自行车上摔了下来． 14 ［prep］ from （something that supports or holds up）从（支承物）离开；从···向下：Take the curtains off their hooks.把帘子从钩子上取下来.They ate off golden plates.他们吃饭用金盘子．15 ［prep］ away from，as when subtracting 从···去掉：Cut a piece off the cake. 把饼切下一块来．Take £5 off the price．把价钱减少五英镑．16 ［prep］ to or at a （stated）distance away from something，in space or time 与···相隔；偏离···：The ship was blown off （her／its） course.船被风吹离了航线.（fig）He went （right） off the subject.他（完全）离题了.（fig）We are a

long way off understanding this yet.我们一点也不了解这件事．17［prep］（esp of a road）turn-ing off（a larger one）（尤指道路）从（大道）分岔：It＇s a narrow street off the High Street.那是从大街分岔出来的一条窄巷．18［prep］ in the seanear 在靠近···的海上：The ship sank（a mile） off Land＇s End.船沉在兰兹恩附近（一英里处）的海域.They were sailing off the coast of France．他们正沿着法国海岸航行．19［prep］（of aperson）（指人） a no longer keen on or fond of 不再喜欢：I＇ve gone／I＇m right off love stories for some reason.由于某种原因，我不再喜欢看爱情故事.He＇s off his food. 他胃口不佳.b nolonger taking （esp medicine）停服（尤指药）；戒掉：Bill＇s off drugs now.比尔现在不再吸毒了.

M218 adverbs，prepositions，etc 副词、介词等：below，beneath，and under 在···下面

below /br'ləu/ 1 [adv] in a lower place; on a lower level 在下面；在较低层：He came up frombelow.他从下面上来.He waited down below. 他在下面等候.He looked down at the valley below．他俯视下面的山谷．2［adv］ esp lit onearth 在世上：My words fly up； my thoughts remain below. Words without thoughts never to heaven＇go（Shakespeare，Hamlet）.我的话语飞上青天，我的思想留在人间，没有思想的话语永远不能上达天庭．（莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》）．3［adv］oldeuph in or to hell 在地狱；去地狱：He had sooffended me that I wished him below.他欺人太甚，我巴不得他下地狱．4［adv］ on or to a lowerdeck（＝floor） of a ship 在底下甲板；去底下甲板：The captain told the sailors to go below.船长叫水手们到舱里去．5［adv］ in，to，or at a lowerrank or number 在较低级；到较低级 6［adv］lower on the same page or on a following page 在本页下面；在后面某页；在下文：See p．85below．参看下面第八十五页．7 ［adv］ under thesurface of the water 在水面下8［Wa5；E］writ-ten or mentioned lower on the same page or on a following page 在本页下面或后面某页写及或提及的；下文中的：The information below was provided by my good friend Captain Smith-Fortescue.以下资料是我的好友史密斯·佛特斯鸠船长提供的．9［prep］lower in amount， rank， etc than 在···以下；不及：below ＄5 五元以下；belowthe age of 17 十七岁以下；below the average income 在平均收入以下；below a general inrank级别低于将军

beneath/br'ni:θ/ fml 1 [adv] in or to a lower position；below 在下（面）：the sky above，the earth beneath 上天、下地2［adv］ directly under；underneath 正下面；在···下面：up from beneath 从下往上 3 ［prep］ esp lit in or to alower position; directly under or at the foot of 在···之下：everything beneath the moon 月亮下的万物；a village beneath the hills 群山下的村庄4 [prep] (fig) not suitable to the rank of; unworthy of 与···不相称；不值得：Such behav-iour is beneath you.这种行为与你的身分不相称.

958

That remark is beneath my notice.那种话不值得我注意.

under ／＇Andə／1 ［adv］ in or to a lower place 在下；在下面：The ship went under（sank）.船沉掉了.（fig）His business went under（failed）.他的生意失败了．2［prep］ in or to a lower placethan；below 在···之下；在···的下面：The box is under the table.盒子在桌下.（fig）She is strug-gling under difficulties.她在困难的条件下挣扎.3 ［prep］ less than 少过；低于；···以下：under £5 不足五英镑；a temperature（of） under 30％of 30° and under 三十度以下／三十和三十度以下的温度4［prep］ lower in rank than；serving 级别低于；为···服务：They work under a kind leader／under his kind leadership.他们在一位慈祥的领导人之下／在他宽厚的领导下工作．5［prep］beneath the surface or covering of 在···底下； 在···覆盖之下：You can hardly see her face under all that hair.她的面孔藏在那头浓密的头发下，使人难以看得清．6［prep］ during the rule of在···的统治时期：Spain under Franco 法朗哥统治时期的西班牙7［prep］during；in the state or act of 在···的过程中；在···中；under discussion 在讨论中；under renewal 正在改建 8 ［prep］（ofland） bearing （a crop）（指土地）种（农作物）： Many parts of Àsia are kept under rice.亚洲许多地区都种稻米．9［prep］ in the class of 属于···类（often in the phr under the heading of 在···标题下）：In this book， you＇ll find tiger＇ under ＇cats＇.在这本书里，在“猫”科下你可以找到虎．10 ［prep］（fig） having （often a mistaken idea）有（常指错误的概念）：You were under the mistaken impression［■G9］that．．．你关于···的印象是错的.He goes under the name of Smith. 他使用史密斯这个名字．11［prep］ in；during；because of 在···下；在···其间；由于：Under pres-ent conditions no change is possible.在目前情况下，不可能有什么改变.under age too young inlaw, esp for drinking alcohol, entering cerain public places alone， driving a car，etc.未成年（尤指未达到可以喝酒、单独进入某些公共场所、开车等的法定年龄）under cover （of） hidden or sheltered（by）在···掩蔽下：under cover of darkness 在黑暗掩护下 under way starting out； beginning to move 开始进行

underneath /andə'ni:0/ [prep; adv] esp fml fully under （something）完全在（某物）之下： The child was hiding underneath the table.小孩躲在桌子底下.He lifted the cloth and wentunderneath.他掀起那块布便钻了下去.

M219 prepositions， adverbs，etc 介词、副词等：above and over 在···上面

above ／ə＇bav／ 1 ［prep］ higher than 高于；在···之上：Buildings rose above our heads.大楼高耸在我们的头顶上.We flew above the clouds.我们在云层上面飞行．2［prep］（fig）more than 多于： She values safety above excitement.她认为安全比刺激更重要．3［prep］（fig） higher in rank or power than 职位高于；权力大于：The captain ofa ship is above a seaman.船长的职位高于水手.4 [prep] (fig) higher in quality than;not hav-

M219 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

ing (bad thoughts, plans, etc or doing bad acts）优于；没（坏思想、坏计划等）；不做（坏事）：He wouldn＇t steal；he＇s above that.他不会偷东西；他不致于那样坏.He＇s above stealing.他不致于偷窃．5［prep］（fig） out of reach of （because too great，good，etc）（因为太伟大、太好等而）超越：His behaviour is above praise.他的行为太伟大了，怎样赞扬也不为过．6［prep］（fig）too good，proud，etc for（因太好、太骄傲而）不做：She wasabove asking for money.她才不肯开口要钱呢.He＇s not above doing what is necessary.必须做的，他还是会做的．7 ［adv］ in or to a higherplace 在上面：The clouds above began to get thicker.上边的云层开始变厚.The office is justabove.办公室就在上面.A cry from abovewarned me of the danger.上面传来的叫喊声警告我有危险．8 ［adv］ on an earlier page or higher on the same page 在本页上面或前面某页；在上文：For an explanation of this point see above.有关这一点的解释见上文.Consider thefacts mentioned above.考虑上文提到的那些事实．9［adv］ more 更多；以上：How many people were at the meeting？-20 or above．会上有多少人？-二十个或以上．10［adv］higher，esp in rank 更高（尤指级别）：It was an army meeting for captains and above.那是一个上尉和上尉以上军官参加的军事会议．11［adv］ euph in or toheaven 在天上；到天上：He was called above（＝ he died）．他被苍天召去了（意即他死了）．12[Wa5;B;E; the GU] fml mentioned on an earlier page or higher on the same page 在本页上面或前面某页的；上文（的）：For an expla-nation see the above sentence.解释见上句.See the sentence above.参看上句.The above is the most important fact.以上所述是最重要的事实.The above are the most important facts.上述是最重要的事实.I met the above （person）in June of last year.我去年六月遇见了上面提到的那个人．above-mentioned ［the GU；Wa5；A］fml & pomp (the person or thing) mentioned above 上述的（人或事）：Does the above-mentioned work here？上面提到的那个人在这里工作吗？above all most important of all 首先； 首要：This above all-to thine own self be true＇（Hamlet）.“这一点最要紧-对你自己要忠实”《哈姆雷特》．above oneself 1 having too much trust in one＇s own cleverness 自高自大； 自命不凡 2 very excited 兴高采烈 over andabove in addition； as well 而且；加之：Over and above everything else， you＇ll need money.除了其它东西之外，你还需要钱.

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[adv,prep]

低 在上面；在···上面

over /'əuvə/ 1[prep] being or having been put higher than （someone or something）在（某人

959

M220 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

或某物）上方：The bed had a light over it.床的

上方有一盏灯.The trees over us kept the hot

sun offus.我们头顶上那棵树给我们遮住了火热的

太阳．2［prep］lying on or covering 在···之上；覆

盖于···之上：Put a cloth over the food.在食物上

面盖上一块布．3［prep］across （esp in a higher

place）横过；越过（尤指在较高地方）：Some

planes flew over us．几架飞机从我们头上飞过．4

［prep］ across and down 自···落下：She fell over

the edge of the cliffinto the sea.她从悬崖上跌

入海里．5［prep］ on the far side of 在···的另一

边：We are over the wall now；let＇s go.我们现在

已过了墙；我们走吧.（fig）She is over the worst

of her troubles．她已渡过最大的难关．6［prep］

on or through many or all parts of 走遍；遍及：

He has been all over the world.他走遍了世界各

地．7［prep］ throughout or during 在···的时间

内：I got to know him well over the years.这些

年来我对他已很了解．8 ［prep］ in command or

control of 支配；统治；控制：They set him over

us to make us work better.他们把他安置在监管

我们的位置上，好让我们更好地工作.What king

ruled over us at that time？那时统治我们的是哪

个国王？9 ［prep］ above in rank 级别高于：A

captain is over a sergeant［→C297］．上尉军衔

比军士军衔高．10［prep］by means of 通过（某种

途径）；用···：We got the news on／over the radio.

我们从收音机听到这个消息．11［prep］ in connec-

tion with 关于；与···有关：The two men fought

over the one woman.那两个男子争夺同一名女

子.He has difficulties over paying his taxes.他

付税有困难．12［prep］ more than 多于；高于；超

过：The heut was over 30 degrees．温度超过三十

度．He has over 200 books here．他这里有二百

多本书．It costs over £5,000．这东西价值五千多英

镑．13 ［prep］ till the end of 直到···过后；过完：

Are you staying here over Christmas？你在这里

过圣诞节吗？14［adv］ up，out，and downwards

across an edge 满溢；越出边缘地；越过：The

milk＇s boiling over！ 牛奶沸腾得溢出来了！The

gate's locked; let's climb over-are you over

yet？大门锁了，我们爬过去吧-你爬过去了吗？15

[adv] downwards to the side, from an upright

position 倒下：The big dog knocked the child

over.那只大狗把小孩撞倒了.He pushed me and

I fell over．他推我，我就跌倒了．16［adv］so that

another side is shown 反转；颠倒；翻转过来：

Turn the page over.翻过这一页.The dogs

rolled over （and over） on the grass.狗在草地上

打滚.

o'er /əuə/ [adv; prep] lit &old use=over:They

went o＇er the hill and far away.他们翻过小山到远方去了.

overhead /,əuvə'hed/ 1 [adv] right above one/ one＇s head； in the sky directly above 在头顶上； 在上空：Several planes flew overhead.几架飞机从头顶上掠过.I can hear people walking over-head（＝in the room above）.我能听到上面（即楼上）有人在走动.The electric wires are carried overhead on high structures called pylons.电缆由称作电缆塔的高塔架在上空．2［Wa5；A］passing overhead； not touching the ground 穿过上空的；架空的：overhead wires 高架电线

overland /,əuvə'lænd/ [adv; Wa5; B] going all

the way to a place by land 通过陆路；经由陆地的：They travelled overland from France to India.他们由陆路从法国到印度去.They took theoverland route（＝way）to India.他们取道陆路去印度.

M220 prepositions，adverbs，etc 介词、副词等：after and behind 后面

after/'a:ftə/1 [prep] following in place or order （位置或顺序）跟在···后面：He entered the roomafter his father.他跟在父亲后面走进屋来.Yourname comes after mine in the list.在名单上你列在我之后．2［prep］behind 在··后面：Shut the door after you．随手关门．3［prep］in spite of 虽然；尽管：After all my care in packing it the clock arrived broken.尽管我打包时很仔细，那座钟收到时还是摔坏了．4［prep］ in the manner orstyle of 仿照；依从：It was a painting after the great master．这是一幅模仿大师手笔的画．5［prep］ in accordance with 合乎；与···一致：You are a man after my own heart; we think and act alike in nearly all things.你是合乎我心意的人；对儿乎所有的事情，我们的想法和做法都一样．6[prep] in search of (esp in order to punish); with a desire for 追寻（尤指为惩罚）；追求：Thepoliceman ran after the thief. 警察追捕小偷. They are after me.他们在追捕我.They＇re going after gold.他们在寻找黄金.Money and power are what he＇s after.他追求的是金钱和权力.He＇sprobably after you (= with sexual intentions); not that I blame him.他大概在追求你（意欲染指）；但我并不怪责他．7［prep］ concerning；about 关于：Somebody asked after you today.今天有人打听你的消息．8［prep］with the name of 依据···命名：The boy was named after his uncle. 那个男孩取了他叔父的名字．9［Wa5；A］ in theback part， esp of a boat（尤指船的）后部的：the after deck［→M157］后甲板

behind /br'haind/ 1 [prep] at the back of; in a place，state，or time formerly held by（尤指位置、状态或时间）在···之后：We stayed（close） behind the advancing army.我们（紧紧）跟在前进的军队后面.（fig）What do you think was the intention behind writing the play？ 你认为写这个剧本的背后有什么用意？2［prep］ to or at theback，or further side or part，of 向···背后；在··· 后面：We ran behind the house.我们跑向房子后面.She stood behind a tree.她站在一棵树后面.Iran out from behind it．我从它背后跑出来．3［prep］ lower than （as in rank）；below（级别）低于；落后于：We were three points behind the team in first place． 我们比冠军队落后三分．4［prep］ in support of， in favour of 支持：We＇re （right）behind you all the way！我们自始至终支持你！5 ［adv］ back； at the back； where （some-one or something） was before 在后：He stayed behind.他留在后面.If he can＇t go faster leave him behind.要是他不能走快一点，就让他落后吧.6 ［adv］ backwards； towards the back 向后：to go behind 朝后走7［adv（with，in）］（fig）late； slow 迟；拖欠；落后：I＇m afraid I＇m a lot

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behind in／with my work.恐怕我的工作落后很多了.She was never behind in offering advice.她总是毫不迟疑地提出自己的意见.behind thetimes old-fashioned； out of date 落伍；赶不上时代：I＇m sorry to say so， my dear， but your clothes are a bit behind the times.恕我冒昧，亲爱的，可你的衣服有点不人时了.behind thescenes in secret 秘密地；暗中：We don＇t seem to be doing anything, but there's a lot going on behind the scenes.我们好像无所事事，但幕后的活动却是大量的.behind someone＇s backinfml unknown to the person concerned 暗中； 秘密地；在某人背后：She says nasty things about you behind your back！她在你背后说你的坏话！

back of also 又作 in back of ［prep］ AmE infml behind 在···后面：He hid in back of the house. 他藏在房子后面.（fig）What＇s back of his strange behaviour？他的古怪行为背后会是什么呢？

M221 prepositions， adverbs，etc 介词、副词等：in front，before，and ahead 在前面

in front [adv] in a position to the front (of someone，something） 在前面：I＇ll go in front； you come after.我在前面走，你跟着来.

in front of [prep] in a position to the front of （someone， something） 在···前面：He was standing in front of me when it happened.事情发生的时候，他就站在我前面.

before／br＇fo：／1 ［prep］ esp lit in front of 在···前面：She stood before him.她站在他面前.A wide valley lay before the travellers.一片开阔的山谷呈现在旅行者面前.（fig）What is the case before the court？法庭审的是个什么案子？Your life isstill before you． 你来日方长．2［prep］（fig）in a higher or more important position than 先于； 比···更重要：He put quality before quantity.他重质量甚于重数量．3 ［adv］ becoming rare inadvance；ahead 先；预先：We sent the servant on before（with our bags）.我们让佣人（带着我们的行李）先走.

ahead /ə'hed/ [adv] well in front or before （someone or something） 向前：Wait here；I＇ll go ahead and see ifeverything is all right.在这里等着，我到前面去看看是不是一切都顺利.（fig）Go ahead; tell us what happened (= Begin to tell us now）.说吧，告诉我们出了什么事.

ahead of ［prep］ well in front of or before 在··· 之前：He went on ahead of us to see if every-thing was all right.他在我们前面先走，去看看是否一切都正常.（fig）She is ahead of all the other girls in her class in English.她的英语比班上所有其他女生都强.（fig）He is ahead of histime in his work.他的工作进度比他计划的要快.

foremost/'fo:məust/ [Wa5; B]1 being the most easily seen，etc because well in front 最前面的： Who is the foremost person in the group over there？-That＇s my father.那边那群人中最前面那个是谁？-那是我父亲．2（fig）most impor-tant；best 最重要的；最好的：She is the foremost lawyer in town.她是城里最好的律师.

M222 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

M222 prepositions，adverbs，etc 介词、副

词等：through and via 通过与经由

through ／θru：／， also 又作 AmE infml thru /θru:/1 [prep] in at one side, end, or surface of （something） and out at the other 穿过；通过： He went through a door.他穿过一道门.Water flows through this pipe.水流过这条管子.The scientist looked through a telescope [→H123] at the stars.那位科学家通过望远镜观察星球.Ícan't get my needle through this thick cloth. 我的针不能穿过这块厚布.He pushed his waythrough the crowd to the door.他挤过人群到门口去.We couldn＇t see through the mist.雾挡住了我们的视线.Is it quicker to drive round the town or straight through the middle？开车绕着城外走快还是穿过市中心快？2［prep］by way of经由：The murderer must have climbed in through the open window.凶手一定是从开着的窗户爬进来的．3［prep］by means of 通过某种途径；靠；以···：I got this book through the library. 我是通过图书馆弄到这本书的.It was throughJohn that they found out. 他们是靠约翰才发现的．4［prep］ as a result of； because of 由于；因为：The soldier ran away through fear.那个士兵由于害怕而逃跑了.The war was lost throughbad organization．战争的失败乃组织不当所致．5［prep］ from the beginning to the end of 从头到尾：I don＇t think the old man will live through the night.我看这位老人活不过今天晚上.I readright through the article but found it un-interesting.我从头到尾读完了这篇文章，但发现没什么意思.She nursed him through his illness. 他生病期间，她一直都在护理他．6［prep］ over thesurface of or within the limits of 到处；遍及； 在···之内：We travelled through France and Belgium on our holidays.我们在假期里游遍了法国和比利时．7［prep］ among or between the parts or single members of 在···之间：The monkeys swung through the trees.那群猴子在树丛中荡来荡去.We walked through theflowers.我们从花丛中间走过.（fig）I searched through my papers．我在自己的文件中翻寻．8[prep] having finished, or so as to finish, successfully 成功地完成；通过：Did you get through your examination？你的考试及格了没有？9 ［prep］ without stopping for 闯过：He drove through a red light．他开车闯过红灯．10 ［prep］ against and in spite of （a noise）在···（声音）当中；透过···（声音）：I could hear his voice through the crashing of the bombs.尽管炸弹四下爆炸，我仍听见他的声音．11 ［adv］ in at oneside，end or surface， and out at the other 通过； 穿过：I can＇t get this needle through； the cloth＇s too thick.我无法把这根针扎进去，这块布太厚了.The soldiers wouldn＇t let us through. 士兵们不让我们通过：12［adv（to）］ all the way；along the whole distance 直达地；全程地：Does this train go right through to London？这列火车是直达伦敦的吗？13［adv］ in every part；thoroughly 完全地；彻头彻尾地：I got wetthrough in the rain．我被雨淋得浑身湿透了．14[adv] from the beginning to the end; to com-

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pletion 从头至尾：Have you read the letter through？这封信你从头到尾看过了吗？15 ［adv］to a favourable or successful state 成功通过： How did you do in your examinations?-I got through with good marks.你考得怎么样？-通过了，而且成绩不错．16［adv］in a stateof being connected to a person or place by telephone 接通（电话）：Can you put me through to Mr Jones?-You're through now. 请给我接琼斯先生．-已经接通了．17［A］allowing a free or continuous journey 直通的； （交通）直达的：This is a through road.这是一条直通的干道.Is this a through train or do I have to change？这是直达火车吗？我要不要换车？18［F（with）］ finished； done 完毕；结束：I＇m not through just yet; I should be finished in an hour.我现在还没有做完，再过一小时就该做完了.19 ［F（with）］ finished； no longer effective 完了；不行了：Ás far as racing is concerned your illness means you＇re through.就竞赛而言，你的病意味着你（的比赛生涯）完了．20［F（with）］infml having no further relationship 断绝来往； 绝交：Jane and I are through.我和珍妮已经吹了.I＇m through with men／alcohol／you！我再也不和男人打交道了／戒酒了／再也不和你来往了！gothrough with to do or continue (something) in spite of difficulties 顶着困难完成（某事）see(something) through to continue with （something） until the end（将某事）做到底through and through completely; in every way 完全地；彻底地：He＇s an Englishman through and through.他是一个地地道道的英国人.throughout /θru:'aut/1 [prep] in, to, through, or during every part of 遍及；贯穿；到处；完全；自始至终：It rained throughout the night.雨下了

一整夜.The disease spread throughout the country.这种疾病在全国蔓延.Throughout the 16th century there were wars．整个十六世纪都有战争．2 ［adv］（usu in end position） right through; in every part; in, to, through or during every part（一般位于句末）始终；任何部分；全部：The house is painted throughout.那所房子里里外外全油漆一新.The prince remainedloyal to the king throughout.王子自始至终对国王忠贞不渝.

via /'varə/ [prep] 1 travelling or sent through (a place） on the way 经过；经由；取道：We flew to Athens via Paris and Rome.我们取道巴黎和罗马飞往雅典．2（fig）by means of；using 通过（某种手段）；凭借：I＇ve read this French play via an English translation.我是通过英译本读完了这部法国剧的.I sent a message to Mary via her sister.我通过玛丽的姐姐给玛丽捎了个信.

by ／bai／ ［prep］ less common via 通过：Go by London and Paris；it＇s quicker.从伦敦和巴黎走吧，这样比较快.

M223 prepositions ＆ adverbs 介词和副词： past and beyond 超过

past /pa:st/ 1 [prep] farther or at a greater distance than 比···更远：The hospital is about a mile past the school.医院大约在离学校一英里的

地方．2 ［prep］ up to and then continuing （to pass）经过；走过：The boys rushed past us.男孩子们匆匆地从我们身边跑过.I was walking pastthe school with my friend when it happened. 事情发生的时候，我正和朋友路过学校．3［prep］emph beyond the possibility of 超出···的可能性： This writer's books are past my understand-ing.这位作家的书我看不懂.The sick man＇scondition is past all hope.这个病人的情况已毫无希望．4 ［adv］ to and beyond a point in space or time 在时间或空间上经过；超过：Childrencame running past.孩子们从旁边跑过去.Dayswent past without any news.日子一天天过去了，却一点消息都没有.

in-direction and position

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past,by beyond

经过；超过 超越

beyond /br'jond/ 1 [prep] at a (very) great distance farther than （a place）； well past 远于（某处）；在···以外；在···那边：The houses lie just／well beyond the village.那些房子就在村外／ 在村外很远的地方.（fig）He is beyond help now；he is dying.他已没救了；他快死了.（fig）Herscientific work is quite beyond me/my under-standing.她的科学工作我一窍不通／超出了我能理解的范围．2［adv］ less common farther or well past a place 更远处；再往前去：This wall is asfar as we can go；don＇t go beyond.我们最远只能走到这堵墙了，不要再往前走了.

by／bai／［prep；adv］less common past 经过：He drove by us in his car.他开车从我们身边经过.Abird flew by.一只鸟飞过去了.

M224 prepositions, adverbs, adjectives, etc 介词、副词和形容词等：up向上

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up/Ap/1 [prep] to or in a higher or rising po-sition along； to the far end of 向（在）高处；向（在）···的上面；向···那边：He climbed up the hill／the stairs／the ladder.他爬上山／楼梯／梯子. His office is up the stairs.他的办公室在楼上.They live just upthe road.他们就住在马路那头.2 ［prep］ against the direction of the current 向上游；溯（流）：to go／be up（the） river 溯流而上／在上游；sailing up the Seine 向塞纳河的上流航行3［prep］ BrE nonstandard to；up to 向；到：I＇m

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going up the West End tonight.我今晚要到（伦敦）西区去．4［adv］ towards or into a higher position； from below to a higher place 向（在） 上；从下到上地：Can you lift that box up onto the shelf for me？你能帮我把那个箱子提到架子上去吗？The boy climbed up to a higher branch on the tree.那男孩爬到树上更高的枝杈上.It getshot quickly when the sun comes up.太阳一出来，天气很快就热起来.The level of the river hasgone up several feet.河水上涨了几英尺.Up youcome！你上来啦！5 ［adv］ above； at or in a higher position 在上面；在高处：The plane was flying 30,000 feet up．飞机在三万英尺高空飞行．What＇s going on up there？ 上面在干什么？6[adv] to, into, or in a sitting or standing po-sition 趋向或处于坐起或直立的姿势：He got upfrom his chair.他从座位上站起来.Please sit up straight.请直起腰来坐好.Stand up when the teacher comes in！老师进来时请起立！I don＇twant to stand （up） for a whole hour.我不愿意整个钟头站着．7［adv］from or off a surface（从一处平面）离开；起来：Please pick that plate up（off the table）．把那个碟子（从桌上）拿起来．8［adv］ to the surface from below it 从下面到表面：He swam a long way under water and then came up for air.他在水底游了一大段，然后浮上水面吸气.The miners crowded up out of the mine.矿工们从矿井下面涌上来.The drownedgirl was washed up on the shore.淹死的女孩被冲到岸上来．9［adv］from or away from the floor, the ground, the ground floor, or the bottom 从地面、地上或底下起来：The sleepingdog jumped up when it saw its master.正在睡觉的那只狗一看见主人就跳了起来.She＇s gone upto her bedroom.她上楼到她的卧室里去了.Up（with you），you lazy girl！起床吧，你这个懒姑娘！10 ［adv］ so as to be completely finished 尽；终了；完结：The money＇s all used up.钱都用完了.Finish up the cake.把蛋糕吃完吧.The party ended up with a song. 晚会在歌声中结束.Hewon＇t eat up his vegetables.他不愿把蔬菜吃掉. 11 ［adv］ so as to be all in small pieces 分成小片：Cut up the meat. 把肉切开.Tear up the newspaper．把报纸撕碎，12［adv］ out of the stomach through the mouth, when vomiting （＝being sick） 从胃中吐出（呕吐）：I＇m afraid he＇s brought his dinner up again.恐怕他又把饭吐出来了．13［adv］ in or towards the north 在北面；朝北方：He＇s flying up to Glasgow from London.他从伦敦飞往格拉斯哥.I＇ll be up inScotland all the week.我整个星期都将在苏格兰.14 [adv] BrE to or in a city or place of impor-tance (esp London, Oxford, or Cambridge) from or compared with one supposed to be of less importance 向或在某个比较重要的城市或地方（尤指伦敦、牛津、剑桥）：We usually go（fromthe country) up to London for a week every Christmas.每年圣诞节我们都从乡下到伦敦住一个星期.When is John going up to Oxford？约翰什么时候到牛津去？15 ［adv］ a to or towards apoint away from the speaker, esp a point at a higher level 离开说话者所在之处（尤指到较高处去）：Will you walk up to the shop with me？你陪我一块儿上商店去好吗？I＇ll meet you up in the

M224 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

market in an hour.我一小时后在商场和你见面.b towards and as far as the speaker 到说话者这边来：He came right up （to me） and asked my name．他走到（我）跟前，问我叫什么名字．16[adv](with verbs of fixing or fastening) firmly; tightly; so as to be closed, covered, or joined （和表示固定的动词连用）（捆）紧；（盖）紧；（钉）紧；捆绑：She tied up the parcel.她把包裹捆起来.He locked up the house. 他把房子锁起来.Button up your coat.把你的上衣扣紧.Nail up the door so they can＇t open it.把门钉死，他们就打不开了．17 ［adv］（showing or making an increase or higher level of price, quantity, or quality）（价格、数量、质量）提高或变多：I＇mafraid the price of food is going up (and up). 食品价格恐怕是在（不断）上涨.Production hasgone up this year．今年产量提高了．18 ［adv］to astate of greater activity, force, strength, power，etc（活动、力量、势力等）增多；加强；高涨：The fire was burning up brightly.火烧得很旺. Please turn the radio up （＝ louder）a bit.请把收音机开大一点.Keep your spirits up！振作起来！19 ［adv］ so as to be together 集合起来：Please add up／count up these figures.请把这些数字加起来.They collected up the fallen apples.他们把树上掉下来的苹果收集起来.She mixed flourand sugar up in a bowl.她在碗里把面粉和糖混和起来．20 ［adv］ to or in a higher or better condition（情况）···好起来；（地位）···高起来： That family has certainly come up in the world（＝ socially）.那个家族在社会上确实崭露头角了．21 ［adv］ so as to be in a raised position 把···弄高：Roll your trouser legs up.把你的裤腿儿卷起来.He turned up his collar to keep his neck dry．他把领子翻上去免得弄湿脖子．22［adv］emph more loudly 提高声音：Speak up！大声点说！23［adv］（so as to be） on top 朝上面：The box was the right／wrong way／side up.箱子朝上正放着／朝下倒放着．24［Wa5；F］ in a raisedposition； so as to be in place or be seen 在高处；举起；在上面可见之处：high up in themountains 在山的高处；right up in the sky在高空中；He hung the picture up （on the wall）.他把画挂起来（挂在墙上）.The flag＇s up （＝ on thepole）.旗子升起来了（意即在旗杆上升起）.Handsup（if you know the answer）！（知道答案的人） 举手！ There＇s a notice up （on the board） about it.关于这件事（布告栏上）有个通告.Thenew house hasn＇t been up （＝ built） long.这座新房子才盖好不久．25［Wa5；F］ above the hori-zon 在地平线之上：The sun is up.太阳升起来了.26［Wa5；F］ out of bed 起床：It＇s very early in the morning and no one is up yet.现在是大清早，还没有人起床.She＇s not very ill；she＇ll be up in a day or two.她的病不重，一两天就能起床走动了.We stay up late on Saturday nights.星期六晚上我们很晚才睡．27［Wa5；A；E］ directed orgoing up 朝上方的；上行的：He took the up tain（to London）．他乘上行列车（到伦敦去）．28［F］at a higher level（向上）涨的：Sales are up.销售量增加了． The temperature is up 10 degrees today.今天的气温上升了十度.The wind＇s up alot since last night．从昨晚以来，风大多了．29［Wa5；F］ finished；ended 用完；结束：Time＇s

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M225 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

up！时间到了！My holiday will be up in three days.我的假期还有三天便过完了.It＇s all up withhim now; nothing can save him from prison. 他完蛋了，什么也救不了他，无论如何得坐牢去了.30［Wa5；F］lit prepared to fight 准备应战：The whole country was up, ready to drive out the enemy．全国人民都动员起来，要把敌人赶走．31[Wa5;F] (of a road) being repaired;with a broken surface（指道路）在修理；路面坏了：＇Road Up＇ （sig）“修路”（标牌）32［Wa5；F］（in horse racing） riding（赛马）在马背上的：Here comes the Queen's horse, with Lester Piggott up！女王的马来了，骑手是雷斯特·毕格特！33[Wa5;F] not fml accused of an offence;in court 被控的；在法庭上：He was up before thejudge again.他又上法庭受审了.She was had upfor stealing．她被控偷窃．34［T1］infml to raise； increase 提高；增加：They upped the price of petrol．他们提高了石油的价格．35［Wv6；IØ(and)] infml (used for adding force to the account of a surprising action) to get or jump up（and）（用来强调出人意料的行为）突然起立（而）···；突然跳起（而）···：He upped and left.他突然起身离开了.I upped and told him what Ithought of him！我突然站起来，把我对他的看法数落了一番！up and down 1 higher and lower 上下地：to jump up and down 上下跳跃2backwards and forwards 往返地；来回地：to walk up and down （in a room）（在房间里）来回踱步Up（with）We want or approve of 我们想要或赞同：Up the workers！工人们起来！

up to ［prep］ towards， esp higher or nearer to 向上；向前；靠近：He climbed up to the top of the hill.他爬上了山顶. She came up to me andasked me my name.她走上前来问我叫什么名字.

upward／＇Apwəd／［Wa5；B］going higher 向上的： He made an upward movement with his arm. 他用手臂做了一个向上的动作.The growth of theplant was sideways rather than upward.那株植物不是向上长，而是向两边长.

upwards／＇лpwədz／also 又作 esp AmE upward ／＇Apwəd／［adv］ to a higher place or position 向上地；上升地：They climbed upwards （to the top of the mountain）.他们向上爬（到山顶）.Look upwards！朝上看！upwards of more than 以上； 多于：There were upwards of 100 people at the meeting.会上有一百多人.

upper/'Apə/[Wa5; A] higher, usu of two things （通常指两物中）较高的；上面的：He had blood onhis upper lip.他的上唇有血.

uppermost /'Apəməust/ [Wa5; B] (esp fig) highest； receiving the most attention 最高的； 最主要的：Which matter is uppermost in your mind at the moment?-My uppermost thought is to win the game.眼下你最关心的事情是什么？-我最关心的事情是赢得这场比赛.

upside down [adv] with the usual position changed so that the top is underneath and the bottom above 倒转；倒置；颠倒：The plane turned over and flew upside down.飞机翻过身来底朝天地飞行．upside-down ［Wa5；A］：He was working in an almost upside-down posi-tion.他差不多是在头朝下的位置上工作.

M225 prepositions ＆ adverbs，etc 介词和副词等：down 向下

high

高

low down

低 向下

down/daun/1 [prep] to or in a lower or de-scending position 向下；在下：He ran down the hill.他跑下山去.He looked down the barrel of the gun.他朝枪膛里面看.She came down thestairs／down the road.她走下楼梯来／沿着这条路走下来．2 ［prep］ to or in the direction of the current of 顺···而下：to golbe down the river 顺流而下／在下游 3［prep］（fig） from an earlier point in time to（a later one）由较早的（时间） 到较后的（时间）：We can＇t look ahead down the years and know what the future will bring. 我们不能预测未来，也不知道将来会发生什么事情．4［prep］ BrE nonstandard to；down to 到···； 去··.：I＇m just going down the shops.我正要到商店去．5 ［adv］ towards or into a lower position； from above to a lower place 由上而下地：Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？你能不能帮我把那只箱子从架上搬下来？The boy climbed down to a lower branch on the tree.那男孩从树上高处向下爬到较低的树枝上.It gets cold quickly when the sun goes down now.太阳一下山，天气很快就冷起来.The manbent down to kiss the child.那人弯下腰亲了小孩一下．6［adv］ to or into a sitting or lying position 坐下或卧下：Please sit down.请坐下. You may feel better if you go and lie down.如果你去躺一躺，也许会觉得好受一些的．7 ［adv］ toor onto a surface 到表面上：Please put that cup down（on the table）.请把杯子放下（在桌子上）.8 [adv] to or towards the floor,the ground, the ground floor，or the bottom 在地上；在底部： Put your bags down anywhere.把你的提包随便放在地上.He was knocked down by a car.他被汽车撞倒了.The telephone wires were blown down by the storm. 风暴把电话线吹落在地上.Go down and see what the noise is.下去看看那是什么声音.Down，dog！蹲下，狗！（fig）Our team went down （to defeat）， fighting hard.我队虽然奋力拼搏，但还是输了．9［adv］ into thebody by swallowing 吞下；咽下：Can＇t you get the medicine down？ 你不能把药咽下去吗？10［adv］ in or towards the south 向南；朝南：He＇s flying down to London from Glasgow.他从格拉斯哥南下飞往伦敦.Then he intends to takethe train from London down to Brighton.然后他打算乘火车从伦敦南下到布莱顿．11［adv］ BrEfrom a city or place of importance (esp London,Oxford, or Cambridge) to one sup-posed to be of less importance 从城市或重要的地方（尤指从伦敦、牛津、剑桥）到（次要的地方）：We usually go (from London) down to Bath

964

for a week every summer.我们通常每年夏天都

要（从伦敦）南下到巴斯去玩一个星期.When is

John coming down from Oxford？约翰什么时候

从牛津来？12［adv］ to or towards a point away

from the speaker, esp a point at a lower level

远离说话者所在之处（尤指到较低的地方去）：Will

you walk down to the shop with me？你和我一

块儿到商店去好吗？I＇ll meet you down inthe

market in an hour.我一小时后在商店和你见面.

13 [adv] (with verbs of fixing or fastening)

firmly；tightly；safely（和表示固定或捆绑的动词

连用）：Have you stuck down the back of the

envelope？你把信封背面贴好了吗？Is the floor

covering nailed down firmly？地板是不是钉结实

了？14 ［adv］ on paper； in writing 在纸上；写下；

记下：Did you write／copy／mark／put down the

telephone number?-I have it down some-

where.你把电话号码写／抄／记下来了吗？-我把

它记在什么地方了.Put me down（on the list）

for 25 pence for Anne＇s wedding present．请在

凑钱给安妮买结婚礼物的人的名单上记下我的名字，

我出二十五便士.I think I am down（on the list）

to introduce the main speaker at the meeting.

我想名单上已列明由我在会上介绍主讲人．15［adv］

(of that part of a sum of money to be paid at

once）（分期付款中的）首次交款；交首期：You can

buy this car for £30 down and £5 a week for 3

years.你首期先付三十英镑，以后三年中每周付五英

镑，即可得到这辆车．Can you put down £4？你能

先付四英镑吗？16［adv］（showing or making a

decrease or lower level of price, quantity,or

quality）（价格、数量、质量）降低；减少；减低：I＇m

glad to see that the price of food is going

down.我很高兴看到食品在降价.Production has

gone down this year.今年生产下降了.Let＇s

（＝reduce）the prices.我们把价钱降

mark down

低点吧.We must hold our spending down.我们

一定要减少开支．17［adv］at or in a low position

or place of less importance 在下边；在次要位置

上：What＇s that down there in the corner？什么

东西在那个角落里？＇How are we going to keep

them down on the farm after they've seen

Paris？＇（song）“他们在巴黎已经见过大世面，我们

怎么才能让他们在农场里留下来？”（歌词）18［adv］

to the moment of catching, getting, or dis-

covering 追到；抓到；找到；发现：The men rode／

hunted the lion down.那些人骑马找到了／捕到了

狮子.The police ran the thief down.警察抓到了

小偷．19［adv］ to a state ofless activity，force，

strength，power，etc（活动、力量、势力等）减少；

减弱：Let the fire burn down.让火慢慢地熄灭

吧！Can you quieten the children down？你能

使孩子们安静下来吗？Please turn the radio

down（＝lower）a bit.请把收音机的声音开小一

点．20 ［adv］ to or in a lower or worse con-

dition（情况）···不佳；（地位）···下降：The cruel

rulers had kept the people down for many

years.残暴的统治者使人民经历了多年水深火热的

生活.That family has certainly come down in

the world（＝ socially）.那家人的社会地位确实降

低了．21［adv］from an earlier or past time 从早

期起；自过去起：This old idea has appeared and

reappeared in various places down through

the ages.这种陈旧的观念多少年以来在各地一次又

M225 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

一次地出现.These jewels have been passed down in our family from mother to daughter for 300 years．这些珠宝在我们家族一代代由母亲传给女儿已经有三百年历史了．22［adv］ untilthicker, thinner, different, smaller, lower, weaker，or powdery 变（稠、稀薄、小、低、弱或成粉状）：Boil it down.把它煮稠.Water this drink down. 把饮料冲淡些.The heels of his shoes had worn down.他的鞋后跟磨平了.Hegot his report down to only 3 pages．他把报告缩短到三页.He crushed grains of corn down into a powder to make flour.他把玉米磨成玉米面．23［Wa5；F］ in a low position， esp lying on the ground 在较低的位置；倒在地上：The fighteris down！那个战士倒下了！The telephone wires are down！ 电话线落到地上了！24［Wa5；F］below the horizon 在地平线以下：The sun went down．太阳下山了．25［Wa5；F］downstairs 下行的；下楼的：It＇s very early in the morning； and no one is down yet.现在是清晨，还没有人下楼来.26［Wa5；A；E］ directed or going down 下去的：He took the down train（from London）.他（从伦敦）乘火车下去．27［F］being at a lowerlevel 在较低的水平（的）：The water is down.水位下降了．Sales are down．生意清淡．28［Wa5；Fwith］ in bed （with an illness）（因病）卧床不起： He＇s down with a cold．他患感冒而卧床不起．29[Wa5; F] being in a state of reduced or low activity 衰微；减弱（的）：The fire is down.火势弱了．30［F］（fig）sad；in low spirits 意志消沉的； 沮丧的：I feel down today.我今天情绪不好.Don＇t let bad news get you down.别让坏消息弄得你情绪低落．31［Wa5；F］ behind an opponent （by）落后（的）；低于对方（若干分的）：She wasdown (by) 15-40 in the 3rd game, but went on to win the match.她第三局以十五对四十的比分落后，后来却追上去并赢了那场比赛．32［Wa5；F］ esp AmE infml； finished； done 完成的：8 down and 2 to go．八个完成了，还有两个没完成．33 ［adv］ into silence 沉默下来：The crowd shouted the speaker down.听众呼喊起来，迫使发言人住口．34［adv］until clean（洗）净；（擦）净： I washed the car down/rubbed the horse down.我把车子冲洗干净／把马擦干净.down withI／We don＇t want 打倒：Down with the minister！ 打倒那部长！Down with the laws that have kept us slaves！打倒奴役我们的法律！down to toand including a lower degree or position in a set 下至：Everyone works， from the president down to the boy who sweeps the floors.上自总统下至扫地的小工，人人都要工作.I have onlyread down to the middle of the page.我只读到这一页的中间.You do from ＇A＇ down to ＇L＇and I＇ll do from ＇M＇ down to ＇Z＇.你从字母A 做到字母L，我从字母M做到字母 Z.down tothe ground infml perfectly； completely 完全地：That suits me down to the ground.那完全合我的意.down on infml having a low opinion of or dislike for 瞧不起；看不上的：Don＇t bedown on him. 别瞧不起他.have a down onsomeone infml to have a low opinion of, or feel dislike for，someone 瞧不起；看不上（某人） hit/kick someone when he's down infml to take an unfair advantage of someone 打落水

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M225 LOCATION ＆ DIRECTION 位置与方向

狗；落井下石 down for entered on the list for （a race，school，etc）列入（参加赛跑、上学的）名单上：The baby is already down for a famous school.那婴儿已经在一所有名的学校报了名.

downward /'daunwəd/ [Wa5; B] towards or in a lower place or condition 向下的；下降的：A downward movement of prices／of the head价格的下跌／头垂下的动作；（fig）the downward

path to ruin 通向毁灭的路

downwards／＇daunwədz／， also 又作 esp AmE downward /'daunwəd/ [adv] 1 from a higher to a lower place or condition 向下地2 towards the ground or floor 向地面：He lay on the floor face downwards．他脸朝下趴在地板上．3 froman earlier time 自···以来；自···以后：downwards through the years 多年以来

N

General and abstract terms

泛指词与抽象词

Being, becoming,and

happening

存在、变成与发生

N1 verbs 动词：being and existing 存在

[ALSO→A1]

be／bi：／1［Iø］to exist，happen，etc 存在；生存；发生：To be or not to be，that is the question.＇ “活着还是不活着，这就是问题.”Can this reallybe？真会这样的吗？2［L1,3,4,5a，6a，6b，7,8,9； （IØ）］（acts as a connecting verb）（用作系词）：Í am here now and you are there.现在我在这里而你在那里.They are alone in the house；no one else is with them.他们独自在房子里；没有旁人跟他们在一起.Isn＇t it good？-Yes，it is.这不好吗？-不，这好.The food is cooked； it is cooked food.这食品是熟的；这是熟食.The workis now all done.现在工作都做完了.What is thisthing？这是什么东西？It＇s a kind of gun.这是一种枪．3［I4］（forms the continuous tenses of verbs）（构成动词的进行时）：I＇m going now.我现在就走.You were saying something when I stopped you.你方才在说着什么让我打断了.Havethey been asking a lot of questions？他们是否问了许多问题？When will you be having dinner？ 你会在什么时候吃晚饭？4［I4,8］（forms the pas-sive voice of verbs）（构成动词的被动语态）：Smoking is not permitted. 禁止吸烟.He was told about it yesterday.昨天他得知了这件事.The house was being painted.房子正在油漆.She has been invited to the party.她获邀请去参加聚会.

＂exist／rg＇zist／［IØ］ to live or be real 存在；实在；实有：Do fairies exist？真有神仙吗？The Roman Empire existed for several centuries.罗马帝国存在了好几个世纪.Even if you don＇t want tobelieve it，the fact exists.即使你不愿相信，事实依然存在.A plant cannot exist without water.植物没有水就不能活.

prevail /pri'veil/ [IØ] fml to be common, usual 流行；盛行；普及：These ideas prevail through-out the whole country.这些思想风靡全国.

N2 verbs 动词：seeming and appearing to be 似乎与显得

seem/si:m/[Wv6]1[I3; (it) L (to be)1,7,9] to

give the idea or effect of being 看似；好像；似乎： She always seems（to be） sad.她似乎老是满面愁容.I seem to have caught a cold.我好像感冒了.There seems （to be） every hope that busi-ness will get better.生意看来大有好转的希望.Things are not always what they seem.事情并不总是表里一致.You must do whatever seems right to you．你必须做那些你觉得是正确的事情．2[it I5a, b, 6a (as if)] often fml to appear to be true 看似； 好像； 似乎：It seems （as if） there will be an election soon.＇＇So it seems.＇“看来快要举行选举了.”“看来是这样.”It would seem（＝itseems) there is no way out of our difficulty.'I agree it seems not.“看样子我们无法摆脱困境了.”“我也认为似乎没有办法.”

appear /ə'prə/ [Wv6] 1 often fml [I3; (it) L (to be）1,7,9］ to seem 似乎是；好像；看来：Heappears to want to leave. 他看来想走.You appear well this morning. 今天早晨你的气色看来很好.He appears to be your friend but I doubt if he is.他看起来像是你的朋友，但我有点怀疑.It appears（to be）a true story.这故事似乎是真的.It appears true that she will win （＝That she will win appears true）．她像是真的会赢．2［it I5a，b，6a（as if）］ to seem true 似乎是真的：It appears(that) she will win appears as if she will win）.她似乎要赢了.Will she win？-So it appears.-It appears so.-So it would appear.她会赢吗？-看来会的.

purport /p3:'po:t/ usu fml 1 [T3] to claim (doubtfully); have an (intended) appearance of being 声称；装出···的样子：The letters，which purported to be signed by the general, were a trick of the enemy.那些据说有将军签名的信，其实是敌人的诡计．2［T1,5］to mean or be a prob-able sign of （something important）意味着；似乎有···的意义：The increasing strength of the opposition party may purport the fall of the government.反对党日益壮大，可能意味着政府要垮台.

strike／strark／1［T1］not fml to seem 给···以印象： He strikes me as a difficult person (= He seems to me to be a difficult person）.他给我的印象是，他是个不易相处的人．2 to come suddenlyto the mind of 突然想起：It struck me that we ought to make a new plan.我忽然想到我们应该制定一个新计划.

look as if also 又作 look like usu infml to seem to be（going to） 看来（像要）；似乎：It looks as if he will come. 看样子他会来的.Helooks like coming.他看来要来了.

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N3 BEING 存在

loom /lu:m/ [L9, esp up] 1 to be seen, but not clearly,and therefore appearing large and dangerous 隐隐出现（从而显得大而危险）：Thetrees loomed (up) against the lights of the house．借着屋里的灯光，树木隐约可见．2 tobecome suddenly large and frightening 突然变得大而可怕：The thought that he would soon have no money loomed （up） before him.他很快就要一文不名了，这个念头使他不寒而栗.

N3 nouns 名词：states and conditions 状态与情况

being/'bi:n/ [U] often fml & lit 1 the fact that someone or something is 存在；生存：What is the real nature of being？ 存在的真正本质是什么？2 how someone or something is， feels etc （某人或某物）存在方式、感觉等：She felt happyto the（very）depths of her being.她从内心深处感到幸福.The news shook him to the （very） roots of his being.消息使他震惊至极.

existence /ig'zıstəns/[U] the fact that someone or something exists 存在；实在：He doesn＇t believe in the existence of God.他不相信上帝的存在.Several new countries came into exist-ence in 1918.1918年几个新的国家诞生了．

state/stert/[C] the way in which something or someone exists 状态；状况；情况：Different substances exist in different natural states.不同的物质存在于不同的自然状态之中.The noun＇redness＇ describes the state of being ＇red＇.名词＇redness＇表达“red＇的状态.He is in a good state of health／mind at the moment.目前他的健康状况／心情很好.

condition /kən'dıfən/1 [C (of)] a state of being or existence 状况；状态：They got used to the condition of weightlessness in space.他们习惯了在太空中的失重状态．2［U；C usu sing］ adegree of fitness, readiness for use, health, etc 适合状态；可用程度；使用情况；健康状况：Theinq apisino uoipuoo poo8 (b) ui si əsnoy inside its condition is poor.房子外观很好，但内部的情况不佳.The child was found in a badcondition， not having eaten for many days.孩子被发现时，健康情况很恶劣，已好多天没有吃东西了. conditions［P］ the way things are 形势；情况；状况；条件：What are conditions like in that country now？那个国家现在的情况如何？Livingconditions in the house were not good.房子的居住条件不好.

quality /'kwpliti/ [C] something that a person, thing, idea, etc has which makes him, her, or it different， special， interesting，etc 品质；特性； 品性；特质：One quality of wood is that it burns／can burn.木头的一个特性是能燃烧.Hehas many good qualities, but his best quality is his kindness.他有许多好的品质，其中最好的就是善良.

consistency /kən'sıstənsi/ [C;U] quality,esp the amount by which an esp thick liquid or a soft material is the same throughout（尤指粘稠液体或软物质的）稠度；浓度；坚实度：The thick

liquid had a smooth consistency.这种粘稠的液体浓度很均匀.

characteristic /kæriktə'ristrk/ [C (of)] a special and easily recognized quality of some-one or something 特性；特质；特征；特色：One ofthe main characteristics of British politics is the importance of class divisions.英国政治的一个主要特点是重视阶级的区分.A useful charac-teristic of the cat is its ability to see in the dark.猫的一个有用特性是能在黑暗中看见东西.

attribute/ætri,bju:t/ [C] esp fml a particular quality, condition, sign, feeling, etc which someone or something has 属性；品质；特征： Kindness is one ofhis many fine attributes.善良是他的许多优良品质之一.Hard work is anecessary attribute in a businessman if he wishes to be a success.努力工作是任何希望成功的商人必需的品质.Speech is a human attributenot found in other living things.语言是人类的属性，在其它生物身上是找不到的.

feature /'fi:tfə/ [C9] an important quality in or part of something 特征；特色；特点：There are several features in this plan which I don't like.这个计划有儿个特点我不喜欢.

trait/trert/[C] a special feature, esp as a natural part of something，someone＇s nature， etc品质； 特性；个性；特点：One of his best traits is kind-ness.他最优良的品质之一就是善良.She inheritedthis trait from her mother (= Her mother had this trait and now she has it too）.她从母亲那里继承了这种特性／品质.

N4 nouns 名词：appearances 外表

[ALSO ■ N352]

appearance /ə'prərəns/ [U; C usu sing] the way something or someone appears to the eye 外貌；外观；外表：Her appearance was neat and tidy.她的外表很整洁.În appearance he was tall and strong.从外表上看，他高大而壮实.

semblance /'sembləns/ [S9, esp of] fml an appearance; outward form or seeming like-ness 外貌；样子；相似：There was a pile ofpapers all over the desk with no semblance of order.桌上杂乱无章，堆满了文件.

look／luk／［（the） S］ infml appearance 外表；样子： He has the look of someone who can do these things well.他看样子是能把这些事做好的人.

N5 nouns 名词：essence， nature， and character 本质、性质、性格

essence/'esəns/1 [U (of)] the central or most important quality of a thing, which makes it what it is; inner nature of a thing, by which it can be recognized or put into a class 本质；要素；精髓：The essence of his religious teaching is love for all men.他的宗教学说的精髓是博爱.Honesty is the essence of John＇s character.诚实是约翰性格的本质.He＇s the essence ofhonesty （＝is very honest）．他极其诚实．2［C；U］

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the most important part of a drug, food, etc, which remains after taking away the unim-portant part 精华；精粹：essence of roses 玫瑰香精；meat essence 肉汁 in essence fml in its／one＇s nature；essentially 在本质上；实质上： Lions are in essence lazy.狮子生性懒惰.of the essence fml ＆ pomp very important 极其重要： We must hurry.Time is of the essence.我们必须赶快，时间最重要.

nature /'neitfə/ [U; C] 1 the qualities which make someone or something different from others 性质；本质；天性；特性：What is the nature of thenew chemical？这种新化学药品的性质如何？It＇snot in her nature to do anything rude; she's polite by nature （＝ she has a polite nature）.她天生不会做任何粗鲁的事；有礼貌是她的天性．2（usu with to ＋ verb） one of those qualities（通常与to＋动词连用）生性；本质；品性：It＇s hisnature to be generous. 他生性慷慨. It＇s only human nature to like beautiful things (= every-one likes beautiful things）.爱美是人的天性.

character /'kæriktə/ 1 [C; U: (of)] how some-thing is；nature 特性；性质：What is the exact character of the work？这项工作的确切性质是什么？The whole character of the city has （been） changed．这个城市的整个特性都改变了．2［C；U］how a person is， feels， thinks， behaves，etc（人的）性格；品质：That man has an evil character. 那人品质很坏.Her character is very good；I＇ve known her for years.她的品性很好，我认识她已有多年了．3［U］ apprec good，strong qualities in a person 品德；好品质：She is a woman ofcharacter.她是个很有道德的女人.What charac-ter he showed when he did that noble act！他那高尚的行为说明他多么有品德！

kind ／kaind／［U］ usu fml basic nature 性质；本质： They are different in size，but not in kind.它们大小不同，但性质一样.A difference in degreecan become a difference in kind.程度不同可以变成本质不同.This work is of the same kind asthat.这种工作和那种的性质是一样的.The twothings are ofa kind（＝the same）.这两件东西是本质相同的.

personality /,p3:sə'næləti/ 1 [U; C] the whole nature or character of a particular person 个性；性格：He has a weak personality.他的性格软弱. Forceful personality is needed for this job. 这个工作要求有坚强的性格.Children havepersonalities that are not fully developed.孩子们的性格尚未完全形成．2［U；C］ the state ofexisting as a particular person 人格：Can a man who has lost his mind and gone mad be said to have a personality？一个丧失理智、发了疯的人能说有人格吗？3［U］ unusual，strong，exciting character 不平常的、坚强的性格：People with a great deal of personality often have admiring friends and bitter enemies.个性强的人往往受朋友钦佩，遭敌人忌恨.

N6 nouns 名词：kinds and types 种类与类型

kind /kaind/1 [C] a group, the members of

N6 BEING 存在

which all have certain qualities 种类：There are people of many different kinds here.这里有各式各样的人.It is the only one of its kind.同类中就只有这一个了.Haven＇t you got any otherkind／type／sort？ 你没有别的种类／类型／品种吗？2[C of] a group which is part of a larger group 种；属：There are many different kinds of people here.这儿有许多种人.She doesn＇t want that kind of work.她不想做那种工作.He had akind of feeling that he＇d never had before.他有一种他从来没有过的感觉.（infml）I don＇t likethat kind of a book／those kind of books.我不喜欢那种书.（be）someone＇s kind （io be） of the same kind as someone 与某人同类：How can they be lovers when she's not his kind at all？她和他根本不是同一类人，他们怎么会相爱呢？a kind of infml an unusual kind of; weak or unclear kind of 不寻常的一种；模模糊糊的一种：He had a kind of feeling that he would get a letter from his daughter today.他有一种感觉，就是他今天会收到女儿的信.（nonstandard）a kindof a feeling 一种感觉 kind of infml fairly； rather；more or less but not completely 有点儿； 有几分；稍稍：He is kind of clever.他有几分聪明.He kind of smiled at me.他朝我微微一笑.

sort／so：t／1［C（of）］kind种；品种：It＇s a cheap sort of paper.这是一种便宜的纸.That＇s just the sort of thing I want.那正好是我想要的那种东西.People of all sorts come here (= all sorts of people come here）.形形色色的人都到这里来.Idon't like books of that sort/(infml) those sort of books．我不喜欢那种书．2［C9 usu sing］infml person 人： That was nice of her； she＇s not such a bad sort after all.她真好；她到底不是那么坏的人.a sort of infml a weak， unclear，or unusual kind of 某种；模模糊糊的一种：I had asort of feeling you＇d say that.我有一种感觉，就是你会那么说的.（nonstandard）a sort of a feel-ing 一种感觉 of sorts／a sort of a poor or doubtful kind 勉强算是的；品质可疑的：It＇s apainting of sorts， but hard to describe.这可以算是一种画，但很难加以形容.It was wine of asort，but I couldn＇t drink it.这也算是一种酒，但我喝不下去.it takes all sorts （to make a world) any society consists of people who vary greatly in their habits, characters, opinions, etc世上的人无奇不有：He has a long beard andwears flowers in his hair!-Well, it takes all sorts.他胡子很长，头上还戴着花！-嘿，世界之大，千奇百怪.

type/taip/ more fml [C] 1 a particular kind, class, or group; group or class of people or things very like each other and different from. those outside the group or class 型；类型；式；样式：This is a new type of dictionary （＝ a dic-tionary of a new type）.这是一本新型的字典.What type of plant is this？这是哪种类型的植物？There are many types of large flesh-eating animal.有各种大型食肉的动物.It is a seedlesstype of orange.这是一种无籽橙子.This type ofwine is only made in France.这种类型的酒只在法国酿造．2 a person or thing considered an example of such a group or class 典型；榜样；模范；样本；样板：He is a fine type of politician.他

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是一个模范政治家.Abraham Lincoln is the typeof politician who rises to power from humble origins.林肯是出身寒微而跃至权力高位的政治家的典型.true to type showing the nature， behaviour, or appearance expected of the group to which a person or thing belongs 代表其类型的（地）：When that sort of person cheats at cards, I am not at all surprised: they're just acting true to type.那种人打牌作弊，我毫不奇怪：他们的行为正代表了这类人的本性.

category/'kætə,gəri/ [C] a division or class in a system for dividing objects into groups ac-cording to their nature or type 类别；类型；种类；分类：The voters fall into three main cate-gories: Republicans, Democrats, and 'Don't Knows＇.选民分成三大类：支持共和党、支持民主党以及“还说不上支持谁”的一类.

class /kla:s/ [C] fml & tech a division of people, animals or things for any purpose,but esp according to behaviour or rank（人、动物或东西的）种类；等级：There is a class of peoplewho think like that. 有一类人是这样思考的.There are various classes of fish.有各种各样的鱼.Nouns and verbs are classes of words.名词和动词是词的分类．［→C150,1］

form/fo:m/[C (of)] a kind or type of thing, idea，etc，esp according to shape or plan 类型； 形式：There are many forms of life on earth.地球上有许多类型的生物.What form of help doyou need？-Money？你需要哪种形式的帮助？--钱吗？

nature ／＇neitfə／［S］fml kind 种类：They were ceremonies of a very solemn nature.那些仪式属于非常庄严的一类.

N7 nouns 名词：examples and

specimens 范例与样品

example /rg'za:mpal/[C] 1 something taken from a number of things of the same kind, which shows the usual quality of the rest or shows a general rule 范例；例子；例证；样本：Herrudeness was a typical example of her usual bad manners.她的粗鲁正是她一贯没有礼貌的典型例证.Our teacher gave us some examples of how the word is used.教师给我们举了些例子，说明这个词是怎样使用的．2［（to）］apprec a person，or his behaviour, that is worthy of being copied 模范；典范；榜样；楷模： Mary＇s courage is an example to us all.玛丽的勇气是我们大家的榜样.Mary is a wonderful example of courage. 玛丽的勇气是极好的典范．3［（to）］ a piece ofbehaviour that may be copied by other people 模范；榜样（often in the phrs set／follow a good／bad example 树立／依循好／坏的榜样）：Hearrived at the office early, to set an example/a good example to the others.他一早就来到办公室，为的是给别人树立一个榜样.I＇m afraid theboy is going to follow his father's bad ex-ample．恐怕这个男孩要学他父亲的坏榜样了．4awarning 儆戒；警告：I＇m going to send you to prison for three weeks and let this be an

example to you！我要判你坐牢三个月，这是对你的儆戒！for example here is one of the things or people just spoken of 例如：A lot of people here，for example John，prefer coffee.这里许多人，譬如说约翰，都喜欢喝咖啡.Mary＇s lazy；yesterday,for example,she stayed in bed all day.玛丽很懒惰；譬如说昨天她就一整天躺在床上.

instance /'instəns/ [C (of)] an example or occasion （of something） 例子；事例：Let me give you some instances of what I mean.让我给你举些例子来说明我的意思.for instance forexample (esp in order to show a special example）譬如（尤用来指出特别的例子）：Youcan't depend on her; for instance, she arrived late for that important meeting yesterday.她靠不住，譬如说，昨天那次重要的会议她就迟到了.inthe first instance first of all; as a beginning; at the beginning 首先；在第一步；起初

specimen /'spesəmən/ 1 [C] a single typical thing or example 范例；样本；样品：It is a good specimen of 15th-century advertising．这是十五世纪广告的一个好样本.He＇s still a fine speci-men of health. 他仍旧是健康的模范.Theseanimals are good specimens of their kind.这些动物是同类动物中很有代表性的．2［C］one or apiece of something for being shown, tested, etc 标本；抽样：They gathered rock and plant specimens.他们收集矿石和植物的标本.Thedoctor wanted a specimen of his blood.医生要他的血样．3［C9］infml ＆ deprec a person unusual in some way 怪人：She＇s a strange specimen，isn＇t she？她是个怪人，是吧？

sample /'sa:mpal/ [C] 1 a small part representing the whole; typical small quantiy, thing，event，etc 样品；标本：The nurse took a sample of my blood／a blood sample.护士取了我的血样.I＇d like to see some samples of your work.我想看看你工作上的一些样品.They took asample of a hundred people for their test of public opinion. 他们对一百个人作抽样调查以测验民意．2 a small trial amount of a product given away free（免费奉送的）试用品；货物样本：He gave away some free samples/sample bottles of a new kind of cooking oil.他赠送了几瓶试用的食油新产品.

ideal／ar＇diəl／［C］ 1 a perfect example 完美的典型；理想：This is the ideal we all have in mind but never reach.这是我们大家心目中的理想，却永远实现不了．2［often pl］ a belief in（perfect） standards 理想：He has very high ideals.他有很崇高的理想.She was full of youthful ideals then；not now.她当时满怀年轻人的理想；现在却不是那样了．idealism［U］1 belief in ideals 理想主义：youthful idealism 充满朝气的理想主义2the belief that ideas are the only real things 唯心主义；唯心论 idealist ［C］1 a person with ideals 理想主义者2 one who believes in ideal-ism（def 2）唯心主义者；唯心论者 idealistic［B］having ideals； believing in idealism 有理想的； 理想主义的；唯心主义的-ally［adv］idealize，-ise [T1; IØ] to see (something or things generally) as perfect or better than it is／they are（把···） 理想化：He idealizes； he doesn＇t see life as it really is.他总把事情理想化；他不按生活的本来面

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目来看待生活．idealization，-isation 1［U］ the act of idealizing 理想化 2［C］ an example of this; something idealized; something made as a perfect example 理想化的事物

quintessence/kwin'tesəns/ [the S of] esp fml ＆ lit the perfect example 典型；典范：She is the quintessence of kindness.她是仁慈的典范.

N8 verbs 动词：typifying and embodying ［T1］代表与体现

typify /'tipIfai/ 1 to represent in a typical manner (as by an image, form, model,or like-ness）（以形象、形状、模型、图画）代表：In thisbook we have tried to typify the main classes of verbs．本书试图举例说明动词的主要类别．2［Wv6］ to be a typical mark or sign of 具有···的特征；象征：The book showed the care that typifies all his work.这本书显示了他的细致，这是他所有的作品都具有的特点．3［Wv6］ to serve asa typical example of 作为···的典范：Abraham Lincoln typifies the politician who rises from humble origins to a position of power and influence.林肯是出身寒微而达至有权力与影响力地位的政治家的典范.

instance /'instəns/ to give as an example or instance 举···为例：When they asked him for an example, he instanced her actions last summer.他们要他举个例子，他就举了她去年夏天的行动为例.

exemplify/ig'zemplə,far/1 to give an example of 举例说明：The teacher exemplified the use of the word．教师举例说明了这个词的用法．2 to bean example of 作为···的例子：This exemplifies what I mean.这个例子可以说明我的意思.

represent / repri'zent/1 (esp of a painting) to show； be a picture of（尤指图画）表现；描绘：This painting represents a storm at sea.这幅画描绘了海上的风暴.The tall stone figure repre-sented Victory．那个高大的石像代表胜利．2 to bea sign of；stand for 象征；表示：The red lines on the map represent railways.地图上的红线表示铁路．3 ［usu pass］ （of a member of a group） to be present as an example of （that group）代表： 'a soup in which 20 kinds of vegetables were represented＇（Hawthorne）“一种含有二十种蔬菜成分的汤”（霍桑）4 fml to act the part of 扮演：He represented Brutus inthe school play.他在学校演的那出话剧里扮演布鲁图斯.

express ／ik＇spres／［also 又作 T6a （how）］ to show (a fact, feeling, opinion, etc) in words or in some other way 表达（事实、感觉、意见等）；表示：The prices are expressed in both dollars and pounds.价格用美元和英镑标出.I can＇texpress how grateful I am／what I mean.我无法表达我的感激之情／我的意思.

realize, -ise /'riə,laiz/ to carry out; make real (a hope or purpose） 实现（希望或目的）：Sherealized her intention of becoming an actress. 她实现了当演员的愿望.

embody/mm'bodi/1 (of words, writings, etc) to express（指文字、文章等）体现；表达；使具体化：Words embody thought.语言体现思想.The

N10 BEING 存在

letter embodied all his ideas.这封信表达了他所有的想法.Our laws embody our way of life.我们的法律体现着我们的生活方式．2（of things）tocontain or include（指事物）包含：The new car embodies many improvements.这辆新车包含了许多改进的地方.

incarnate /mn'ka:neit/ 1 [usu pass] to put (an idea， spirit，etc） into bodily form（指思想、精神等）赋以形体；成···的化身：According to theChristian religion, God was incarnated in Jesus Christ.按照基督教的说法，耶稣是上帝的化身．2 old use to embody 体现

N9 nouns 名词：representing and embodying 代表与体现

representation / reprizen'terfən/ [U; C] the act or condition of representing or being repre-sented； something that represents 描写；代表； 表现：＇No taxation without representation＇ means that if people pay taxes they should be represented in Parliament.“没有代表权就不纳税”的意思是，人民如果纳税就应在国会中有代表权.This painting is a representation of a storm at sea.这幅画描绘了海上风暴.

realization, -isation /,rəlar'zerfən/1[the +U of] becoming real (as of a hope or purpose) （希望或目的）实现：This is the realization of my hopes；it is a great day for me.我的希望实现了，这是我大喜的日子．2［C］ something made real表现：In English there are many realizations in sound of the letter .在英语里，字母“r”的音有各种不同的表现形式.

embodiment /rm'bpdimənt/ [C] someone or something in which something is embodied 体现；化身；具体化（esp in the phr the embodi-ment of.-·的化身）：His enemies called him the embodiment of evil.他的敌人把他叫作邪恶的化身.To them he is an embodiment of evil.对他们来说，他是邪恶的化身.

incarnation /,ınkar'nerfən/ 1 [U] the state of being incarnate 具体化；肉体化 2［C］ a form having a body 化身：They believe he is an incarnation of their god.他们相信他是他们的神的化身．3［C］ a perfect or full example 化身；典范：She is the incarnation of all good things. 她是真善美的化身.

N10 adjectives 形容词：typical and characteristic［B（of）］典型的与特有的

typical /'tipikal/ 1 combining and showing the main signs of a particular kind, group, or class 典型的；有代表性的：It was a typical Britishsummer／a typical 18th century church．那是典型的英国夏季／典型的十八世纪教堂．2 showing theusual behaviour or manner（指行为、态度）通常的；一向：It was typical of him to be so rude.他总是这么粗鲁．un-［neg］typically ［adv］1 in a typical manner（指方式、行为）典型地：typically American 典型美国式的2 on a typical occa-

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sion； in typical conditions 向来；总是；通常： Typically, he would come in late and then say he was sorry．他总是迟到，然后就说声对不起．3ina typical case or example； if true to type（指例子）典型地；有代表性地；象征性地：They werelarge vessels made of clay, typically having long curved necks.它们是用黏土做的大容器，颈部长而弯曲，这是这类容器典型的式样.

characteristic ／ kæriktə＇rıstık／ ［also 又作 B5］ typical; representing a person's or thing's usual character 典型的；表现特性的：It wascharacteristic of her to be rude to you.她对你粗鲁无礼，这是她的特点.It is characteristic thatsuch a political movement should favour vio-lence.这种政治运动赞成使用暴力是很典型的.un-[neg]-ally [adv Wa4]

representative /repri'zentətiv/ typical; being an example （of what others are like）有代表性的；典型的：This is a representative collection of ancient Greek art.这是古希腊艺术的代表作品集.Are your opinions representative of those of the other students？你的意见是不是代表其他学生的意见？un-［neg］-ly［adv］

N11 nouns 名词：truth and fact 真相与事实

truth／tru：0／1 ［U］ the state of being true 诚实： 'Truth is important; don't tell lies,' he told his son．他对儿子说：“诚实很要紧，不要说谎．”2［theU］ what is （believed to be） true 真实性；真理； 实话；实情；真相：Tell（me）the truth！（对我）讲实话！The truth is often painful.真相往往是令人痛苦的.Is there any truth in his story？＇Yes， some truth／No，no truth at all.＇“他所讲的有点真实性没有？”“有，有点真实性／没有，一点真实性也没有.”He says that his religion is the truth and ours is not.他说他的宗教是真理，而我们的却不是.3［C］a thing that is （believed to be） true 事实； 真事：Let me tell you a few truths about your friend！我把你朋友的一些真实情况告诉你吧！totell the truth to be honest about something 老实说：Well，to tell the truth， I don＇t like them.嘿，老实说，我并不喜欢他们.in（all）truthfml to tell the truth 说真的；老实说：In truth，I must admit I don＇t like them very much.说真的，我必须承认我不大喜欢他们.

reality /rr'æləti/ 1 [U] the quality or state of being real； real existence 实在；真实：She believed in the reality of fairies.她相信真有神仙．2［C］something real 事实；现实：Her dream of marrying Frederick became a reality.她嫁给弗来德瑞克的梦想实现了．3［U］everything thatis real 现实：Don＇t try to escape from reality.不要逃避现实.in reality in spite of what was thought 实际上；事实上：In reality，he helped them; he was not trying to make life difficult for them at all！事实上他帮了他们的忙；他丝毫也不想让他们的日子难过！

fact/fækt/1[C,C5] something that has actual existence or an event that has actually hap-pened or is happening 事实；真实：Scientists attempt to find reasons for facts.科学家试图为事实寻找原理.Certain facts have become

known about the materials on the moon.人们对月球上物质的真实情况已有所了解.It is a factthat I am writing this sentence.我正在写这个句子是事实.The fact that I am writing this sentence is not surprising； it is my job.我正在写这个句子这一事实并不奇怪；这是我的工作．2［C］information regarded as being true and as having reality 公认为真实的消息；实情：The storyof the fire is not an accepted fact.关于这场火的真实情况的说法尚未被大家所接受．3［U］whatis known to be true 实际；实情；真相：This isfact，not fiction；it happened！这是真事，不是虚构的，它确实发生了！as a matter of fact，in(actual) fact, in point of fact really; actually 事实上；其实：Officially he is in charge but in actual fact his secretary does all the work. 名义上由他负责，而实际上什么事都是他的秘书做的.He doesn't mind. In point of fact he's very. pleased.他毫不在乎，其实他很高兴.He finishedit yesterday，as a matter of fact.其实他是昨天完成的.

actuality / æktfu'æləti/1 [U] the state of being real；existence 真实；实在；现实；真实性2［U；C usu pl］ something that is real；fact 事实；现实： He looks poor but in actuality he has plenty of money.他看上去很穷，但实际上很有钱.Youhave to accept the actualities of life.你必须接受生活的现实.

N12 nouns 名词：fiction and fantasy 虚构与幻想

fiction/'fikfən/1[U] things which are nottrue 虚构；杜撰；捏造：Give me facts，please， not fiction！请说事实，不要编造！2［C］an idea，sys-tem, etc which is (perhaps) useful for some purposes but which does not really exist in fact 假设：The Equator ［→L10］ doesn＇t really exist， but it is a convenient fiction.赤道线并不存在，但这种假设很有用.

imagination /I,mæd3ə'nerfən/ [C often with poss] the workings of one's mind to form a picture or idea，esp mistakenly 想象（尤指错误的）：These difficulties are all in your imagina-tion.这些困难全都是你想象出来的.

fantasy /'fæntəsi/ [C;U] something very strange， usu in the imagination or a dream 幻想：Her mind is full of fantasies about what will happen to her if she goes abroad.她满脑子幻想，设想自己如果出国会发生什么事.It＇s allfantasy；nothing like that happened to him.那全是幻想；那样的事根本没有在他身上发生过.

fallacy /'fæləsi/ [C; U] a belief, argument,idea, etc that is untrue 谬误；谬论；谬见：It is a com-plete fallacy to suppose that the sun goes round the earth.设想太阳围绕地球转，完全是一种谬见.

N13 adjectives 形容词：true and real 真的与真实的

true／tru：／［Wa1］1［B］correct in fact真的；确实的； 合乎事实的：His story is true；I was there and I

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saw what happened.他所讲的是确实的；我当时在场，亲眼看到事情的发生．un-［neg］2［A］exact正确的；精确的：This is a true copy of the letter. 这是那封信的准确抄件.truly［adv］：He is a trulygreat man.他是一位真正的伟人.

real /'rəl/ [Wa5; B] actually existing; true,not false 确实存在的；真的，不是假的：Is your ringbrass or real gold？ 你的戒指是黄铜的还是真金的？What was the real reason for your ab-sence？你缺席的真实原因是什么？The realamount was only £5．实际金额只有五英镑．-ly［adv］：I really do want you to come.我真的希望你来.Can he really help us？他真能帮我们吗？realism [U] 1 the showing (in books, films, etc） of life as it really is 现实主义；写实主义（指书、电影等以忠实的手法表现真实生活）2 the stateof mind that deals with life as it really is 现实主义态度 realist ［C］ a person who believes in being realistic [■>N230] and accepts the way life really is 现实主义者；尚实的人

factual /'fæktfuəl/ [B] based on fact; giving the facts；true 根据事实的；如实的；真实的：He gave afactual account of what happened.他对发生的事情作了如实的报道.-ly［adv］

actual/'æktfuəl/ [Wa5; A] existing as a real fact 真实的；实在的；实际的：The actual amount ofmoney was not known although they knew it was large.实际金额不知道，虽然他们知道数目很大.-ly［adv］：Can he actually help us？他真能帮我们的忙吗？in actual fact in reality； in actu-ality；actually 事实上；实际上

concrete /'kpgkrirt/ [Wa5; B] real; being part of things as they can be seen, touched, etc and not as ideas，general rules，etc 实在的；具体的； 有形的；可看见、触摸等的：Animals and stonesare concrete, but our names for them are not. 各种动物和宝石都是具体的，但我们给它们取的名字却不是.-ness［U］

apparent /ə'pærənt/ [A; (B)] seeming to be something, esp true or real, but not (neces-sarily）so 表面上的；貌似（真实）的：He was ourapparent friend, but he actually did not help us.他表面上是我们的朋友，但实际上并不帮我们的忙.His friendship was more apparent than real.他的友谊表面多于真实.-ly［adv］：Appar-ently he went there last week.他显然上星期到那儿去了.Did he go？-Apparently.他去了吗？ -显然是去了.

virtual /'v3:tfuəl/ [Wa5; A] being more or less something in fact， although not in name 实际上的；实质上的；事实上的（尽管名义上并非如此）：She is the virtual ruler of the country, although he is the king. 虽然他是国王，但她才是实质上的统治者.-ly［adv］

N14 adjectives 形容词：not true or real ［B］ 不真实的或不实在的

[ALSO→I13]

false/fo:ls/ [Wal] esp poet & emph not true or correct 假的；错的；不真实的；不对的：What shesays is false；it is a lie！她的话是假的；是谎言！-ly[adv]-ness,-sity[U]

N16 BEING 存在

fallacious /fə'lerfəs/ of, like, or caused by a fallacy；fml false 谬误的；假的：Her argument is completely fallacious. 她的论点全错了.-ly [adv]-ness[U]

nonexistent /,npnig'zistənt/ [Wa5] having no existence, except perhaps in someone's imagination 不存在的：The things she fears are nonexistent.她所害怕的事并不存在.

fictitious/fik'tifəs/ [Wa5] belonging to fiction [→N12] and not fact; not happening in real life 虚构的；非真实的；假想的：These people werefictitious；they never lived.这些人物都是虚构的， 从来都不存在.-ly［adv］

imaginary /r'mæd3ənəri/ not real, but pro-duced from pictures in someone＇s mind 想象的；假想的；虚构的：All the characters in this book are imaginary.这本书里所有的人物都是虚构的.My daughter has an imaginary friend.我的女儿有一个想象中的朋友.

fabulous /'fæbjuləs/ [Wa5] belonging to some fantasy and not to real life 幻想的；荒唐无稽的：He told us stories about the fabulous things that happened to him when he was abroad.他给我们讲他在国外遇到的神话般的事情.-ly［adv］

fanciful /'fænsifəl/ often deprec 1 showing imagination rather than reason and experi-ence 富于幻想的；非理性或经验的：a fancifulpoet 富于幻想的诗人2 unreal；imaginary 不真实的；想象的：What a lot of fanciful talk！那么多奇谈怪论！3 odd in appearance， esp in being highly ornamented 外表奇特的（尤指富于装饰的）；花哨的：fanciful designs 花样奇特的设计-ly[Ape]

N15 verbs 动词：becoming and growing 变为与变得

[ALSO→ N92 DEVELOP]

become／bi＇kam／［L1,7,8］to come to be 变为； 变成；成为：He became king.他当了国王.Theweather became warmer.天气变暖了.The news became known at 10 o＇clock．人们在十点钟知道了这消息.It became necessary for us to go.我们必须走了.

get／get／［L （to be）1,7,8］ infml to become 变成；成为：The weather got warmer.天气变得暖和了.I＇m getting cold sitting here.我坐在这里觉得越来越冷.The cat got trapped in the tree.猫被困在树上.You＇re getting to be a bad influence on my children.你对我的孩子渐渐产生不良影响.

grow／grəu／［L7］ to become， esp slowly 逐渐变得：The weather grew warmer.天气渐渐变得暖和了.I began to grow cold， sitting doing nothing.我坐在那里无所事事，渐渐感到冷起来.

fall/fo:l/ [L7, 9] to become, esp quickly or sud-denly 突然变为；很快成为：He fell ill and died.他突然病死了.She fell silent.她突然沉默了.

N16 verbs 动词： happening and taking place 发生

happen/'hæpən/1 [IØ (to)] (of events) to be,

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N17 BEING 存在

continue，etc（指事件）发生：What happened？ -Nothing happened.发生了什么事？-没发生什么事.A funny thing happened to me last night.昨晚有件怪事发生在我身上.It happenedso quickly （that） I didn＇t know what to do.事情发生得那么突然，以致我竟不知所措.Be careful；don＇t let anything happen to that child.当心， 别让那孩子出什么事．2［Wv6；it I5］ to be true（as if） by chance 偶然发生：It（so） happened that I saw him yesterday．我昨天偶然见到他．3［Wv6；I3］ to have the good or badluck 碰巧； 不巧：You don＇t happen to have any money with you，do you？你碰巧身边没带钱，是不是？Ihappened to see him yesterday.昨天我碰巧见到他.

take place [IØ] genl to happen,esp in a par-ticular place or at a particular time 发生；举行：The meeting took place at 10 o＇clock as planned.会议按原定计划在十时举行.Where didall these things take place？这一切都是在哪里发生的？

occur /ə'k3:/ usu fml 1 [Iø] (esp of unplanned events） to happen；take place（尤指未计划的事情）发生：A serious accident occurred yesterday. 昨天发生了一宗严重的意外．2［L9；（IØ）：oftenneg］（esp of something not alive） to exist（尤指无生命的事物）存在：That sound doesn＇t occur in his language.在他的语言中这个音不存在.

arise /ə'raiz/[IØ] to come into being or into notice； happen；appear 发生；出现；呈现： Problems will arise as we do the work.随着我们开展工作，问题就会出现.A strong wind aroseand blew our boat on to the rocks.一阵强风突然刮起，把我们的小船吹到岩石上.

turn up ［v adv IØ］ not fml to happen 出现；来临； 发生：He hopes something will turn up to help him in his present difficulties.他希望会发生什么事来助他渡过当前的难关.

crop up [v adv IØ] not fml to arise, happen, or appear unexpectedly 突然发生；意外地出现：Some difficulties have cropped up at work so I＇ll be late coming home tonight.工作上突然发生了一些问题，所以今晚我将晚一点回家.Whendid that word first crop up in English？那个词是何时首次在英语中出现的？The matter croppedup in the course of our conversation.事情是在我们谈话的过程中突然出现的.

come up [v adv IØ] not fml to happen, esp suddenly and unexpectedly（尤指突然、意外地） 发生；出现：Something new has just come up and I must go and attend to it immediately. 刚刚出现了某种新情况，我必须马上去处理.

coincide /,kəumn'saıd/ [IØ (with)] 1 (of two or more things, esp events) to happen at the same time（指事件）同时发生；恰好相合；恰好重合：My holiday coincides with yours.我恰巧和你同时休假.Our holidays coincide.我们的假期恰好在同一时间．2（of ideas，opinions，etc） to be in agreement（指意见、看法等）一致；相符：Their ideas on this matter seem to coincide. 他们对这件事的看法似乎不谋而合.

chance /tfa:ns/ [Wv6; I3; it I5] esp lit to take place by chance； happen by accident 碰巧；偶然发生：She chanced to be in the park when I

was there.我在公园里时，她恰好也在那里.If itshould chance to rain we'll take a taxi home. 如果碰巧下雨，我们就坐计程汽车回家.It chancedthat a doctor was in the room when the woman became ill.那个女子发病时，房间里碰巧有位医生.

come to pass [IØ, 5] old use, lit & fml to hap-pen 发生：And so it came to pass that he met the king.就这样他遇见了国王.

ensue/m'sju:/[Wv4;IØ(from)] esp fml to hap-pen as a result 因而发生：Trouble ensued from his silly actions(= His silly actions caused trouble）.麻烦是他的愚蠢行为引起的.

go on [v adv IØ] infml to happen, esp over a length of time（尤指一段时间内）发生；进行：What has been going on here？这段时间里，这儿发生什么事啦？This has been going on for atleast a year.这至少已持续了一年.

become of [v prep T1] to happen to, esp as time passes 发生于：Whatever became of John after 'he left here? I haven't seen him for years.约翰离开这里以后，境遇究竟如何？我多年没有见过他了.

N17 nouns 名词： happenings and events 事件

happening /'hæpəni/ [C] 1 something which happens（发生的）事情；事件：When did these happenings take place？这些事件是什么时候发生的？2 esp AmE an unprepared performance or other event to get people＇s attention 旨在引人注意的即兴表演或其它活动

occurrence ／ə＇karəns／［C］ a happening 事件： That was a strange occurrence.那是一桩奇事. of...occurrence fml frequent to the degree stated 按···频繁程度发生的：It was an event ofrare occurrence.那是很少发生的事.

event /r'vent/ [C] a happening, usu an impor-tant one 事件（通常指大事）：What were thechief events of 1991？1991 年有哪些大事？at allevents in spite of everything； in any case 不论怎样；无论如何：She had a terrible accident，but at all events she wasn＇t killed.她出了可怕的事故，但不论怎样，她没有死.in either event which-ever happens 无论是这样或者那样：I don＇t knowwhether I'm going by car or by train, but in either event Ill need money.我不知道是坐汽车去还是坐火车去，但不论怎么去，我都需要钱.inthat event if that happens 如果发生那种情况；如果那样：It may rain.-In that event，we won＇t go.天可能下雨.-如果那样，我们就不去了.inthe event of (something) if (something) happens 如果（某事）发生：He asked his sister to look after his children in the event of his death.他恳求他姐姐：如果他去世，请她照顾他的孩子.in the natural／normal course of events in the way things ordinarily happen 按照事情自然发生的程序：Aren＇t you a bit worried？ In the natural course of events your daughter should have been married by now.你难道没有一点担心吗？按正常的情况你女儿现在应该结了婚了.

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(quite) an event an important and unusual happening 大事；不寻常的事：Meeting you was an event in her life.遇见你是她一生中的一件大事.in any event whatever may happen （in the future）不论怎样；无论如何：Ill probably see you tomorrow,but in any event I'll telephone. 我明天可能会见到你，但不论怎样，我都会打电话给你.in the event esp BrE as it happened； when it actually happened 结果；到头来：We were afraid he would be nervous on stage, but in the event he performed beautifully.我们还怕他上台紧张，但结果他演得好极了.

phenomenon/fr'npminən/[C] 1 a fact or event in nature or society as it appears or is experi-enced by the senses, esp one that is unusual and／or of scientific interest 现象（自然现象或社会现象，尤指不寻常的和科学方面的现象）（often inthe phr natural phenomenon 自然现象）： Scientists study the phenomena of nature.科学家研究各种自然现象.Snow in Egypt is analmost unknown phenomenon.在埃及，雪是一种鲜为人知的现象.Unmarried mothers should not be regarded simply as a social phenom-enon.不应把未婚母亲的存在简单地看成一种社会现象．2 a very unusual person， thing，event，etc 非凡的人；特殊的事物：A child who can play thepiano at the age of two would be called a phenomenon.两岁就能弹钢琴的孩子堪称神童.[F239 PRODIGY]

incident/'mnsədənt/[C] 1 an event, esp one in a story 事件；（尤指故事中的）插曲：That was oneof the strangest incidents in my life.那是我一生中最离奇的事情之一．2 an event involvingviolence， such as fighting or explosions（涉及打斗或爆炸等暴力行为的）暴力事件；骚乱：Therewere incidents between the soldiers of the two armies even though the war had ended.虽然战争已经结束，双方的士兵仍有磨擦.At a recentincident two bombs exploded.在最近一次骚乱中，有两枚炸弹爆炸了．incidental｜C；B（to）］1 (something) happening or appearing as an occasional part of something important which spreads over a period of time 附带的；伴随的； 非主要的；偶尔有之的；附带事件；偶然事情：Thatscene is quite incidental to the play as a whole.对整个戏来说，这一场是非主要的.Fish isan incidental in our meals, rather than a regular thing.在我们的伙食中，鱼是偶尔才有的，并不经常吃．2（something）unimportant 无关紧要的（事物）；次要的（事物）：That＇s an inciden-tal；the real point of the story is this.这是次要的一点；此事的真正要点如下.an incidentalmatter 小事 incidentals ［P］ additional things which one needs or which appear to be necessary after the day-by-day things have been done，bought，etc 杂项；杂事：I had to buy soap, a toothbrush, and a few other inci-dentals for the journey.这趟旅行，我得买肥皂、牙刷和几样别的零碎东西.There were the ironing，hanging the curtains, and a few more inci-dentals like that to do.还有熨衣服、挂窗帘和诸如此类的几样其它杂事要做.incidentally ［adv］(used to add something interesting to what was said before, either on that or another

N18 BEING 存在

subject）顺便说一下：I must go now.Inciden-tally, if you want that book I'll bring it next time.现在我该走了，顺便说一句，你如果需要那本书，我下次带来.

contingency /kən'tınd3ənsi/ [C] usu fml an unexpected event or incident 意外事故；突发事件：In such a contingency （＝ if such a thing happens），telephone me immediately.如果发生这种意外情况，马上打电话给我.

adventure /əd'ventfə/1 [C] an unusual or excit-ing event or set of events 异乎寻常的事；冒险的事：For a child of 10 it is quite an adventure to go away from home for some weeks.对一个十岁的孩子来说，离家几个星期确实是件冒险的事.Hehad many adventures when he lived in the mountains studying wild animals.他住在山里研究野兽时，曾有过多次惊险遭遇．2［U］excitingand interesting happenings 冒险：She has led a life of adventure.她一直过着冒险的生活.adven-turous ［B］ liking or containing adventures 冒险的；喜欢冒险的：He is an adventurous child. 他是个喜欢冒险的孩子.It was an adventurousholiday.这是一个惊险刺激的假日.un-［neg］-ly[adv] -ness [U] adventurer [C] 1 a person who looks for adventure 冒险家 2 deprec a person who lives by deceiving others 投机者； 骗子 adventuress ［C］ deprec a woman adven-turer（esp def 2）女冒险家；（尤指）女投机者；女骗子

affair /ə'feə/ [C] an event or set of events, esp where some part is a mystery（尤指有诡秘成分的）事情；事件：It was a strange affair and no one knows exactly what happened.那是件怪事， 谁也不知道究竟发生了什么事.We must try togetto the bottom of (= find out about) this affair. 我们一定要把这事弄个水落石出.The MysteriousAffair at Styles＇（Agatha Christie）《史泰尔斯的神秘事件》（阿格莎·克里斯蒂）

coincidence /kəu'ınsədəns/ [C; (by) U] a hap-pening at the same time of two or more events, esp when not planned, expected, or probable 巧合；巧合的事情：What a coinci-dence，meeting you here！在这儿碰见你，多巧呀！These things often happen by coincidence. 发生这些事往往是巧合的.She doesn＇t believein coincidences; she thinks everything is planned.她不相信巧合；她认为凡事都是安排好的.coincidental [B] of, concerning, like, or happening as a coincidence 巧合的；同时发生（或存在）的-ly［adv］

N18 nouns 名词：situations and circumstances 形势与情况

situation /;sitfu'eıfən/ [C] 1 a position or con-dition at the moment 形势；局面；情势；处境：Hemade some remarks on the political situation. 他对政治形势作了一些评论.I＇m in a difficult situ-ation and I don＇t know what to do.我目前处境困难，不知道该怎么办．2 a position in certainsurroundings 位置；地理形势：The defence of Britain is helped by its island situation.英国是岛国，这种地理形势有利于英国的防御.

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