A

Life and living things

生命与生物

Life and death

生与死 [ALSO →C50-59 DEATH AND BURIAL]

A1 verbs 动词：existing and causing to exist生存，使生存

[ALSO→N1]

exist/ig'zst/ [Wv6; IØ] to be real; be there in fact 存在；实际有：The world exists and we are part of it.世界确实存在，我们是其中的一部分.The planet [→L2] Earth has existed for millions of years.地球这颗行星已存在了亿万年.Fairies don't exist in real life, only in stories. 现实生活中是没有神仙的，故事里才有.

be ／bi：／［Wv6； IØ］ fml ＆ tech to exist 存在： Whatever is，is right.凡存在之物，皆有其存在之理．The universe ［→L1］ is， but we don＇t know why.宇宙是存在的，但我们不知其故.

create／kri＇eit／［T1］ to cause to exist 创造：Many people say that God created the world.很多人都说上帝创造了世界.

animate／＇ænəmeit／ ［T1］ 1to give life to 使之有生命2 to make lively or exciting 使生气勃勃；使兴奋：Laughter animated his face for a moment．他哈哈大笑，脸上顿时平添生气．3 tocause to become active；interest 激励；鼓舞；使活泼；使振奋；使感兴趣：His excitement ani-mated us all.他的激昂情绪使我们大家都大为振奋．animated［B］ 1 full of life or action； excited 生气勃勃的；热闹的；生动的；兴奋的 2moving as if possessing life 栩栩如生的： animated pictures 动画片

A2 verbs 动词：living and dying 生存与死亡

[ALSO→C51]

live／lIv／［Wv6； IØ］1 to continue to be alive 活下去；继续生存：It isn＇t easy to live on poor food like that.靠吃那样差的食物来生存是不容易的.The girl in the accident will live; she wasn't badly hurt.那个遭到意外的女孩能够活下来，她伤势不重.If he goes on driving like that， he won＇t live long.如果他继续那样开车，他就活不长了.（fig） A writer＇s work lives beyond his death．作家死后，作品仍能长存于世．2 fml to be

alive 活着；生存：Better die standing than live kneeling.宁愿站着死，不愿跪着生.

live on ［v adv IØ］ to go on living 继续活着：He lived on for another 20 years，till he was 91．他再活了二十年，直到九十一岁才去世.（fig）Awriter＇s works live on after his death.作家死后其作品仍在世上流传.Her memory lives on；wewon＇t forget her.她将永远活在人们的心中；我们不会忘记她.

exist/rg'zist/[IØ (on)] 1 to continue to live, esp with difficulty（尤指艰苦地）继续活着：We canhardly exist on the money he gives us; it isn't enough.我们简直不能靠他给我们的钱生活下去，钱不够用.They don＇t have much food； they only just manage to exist.他们没有很多吃的；只够维持生命．2 to live，but without satisfaction or happiness（没有感到满足或不幸福地）活着：Heexists from day to day, just eating and sleep-ing.他只是一天一天地混日子，除了吃就是睡.Nothing exciting happens here; we just exist! 这里没有什么令人兴奋的事；我们倒是活着，如此而已！

die／dar／［IØ］ to cease living 死：He died last week after a long illness.他长期患病后，在上星期死了.The crops were dying because of lack of rain.由于缺雨庄稼都快枯死了.

decay /dr'kei/ 1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to)go through chemical changes that destroy or damage（使）腐烂；腐蚀：Meat decays quickly in warm weather．天气热，肉就坏得快．2［IØ］(fig) to fall to a lower or worse state; lose health，power，strength，activity，etc 衰落；衰弱； 衰败：History seems to teach us that all nations decay in time.历史好像在教训我们，任何国家到时候都要衰败.

decompose /,di:kəm'pəuz/ [IØ] (esp of bodies once alive） to decay（尤指尸体）腐烂：The decomposing flesh of the dead animal began to smell.那具动物尸体的烂肉开始发臭.

rot/rpt/ [IØ] (esp of plants, meat,etc) to decay; go bad（尤指植物、肉类等）腐烂；腐坏：The meatbegan to rot.这肉开始腐坏了.The ground was covered with／in rotting plants.地上覆盖着腐烂的植物.rotten［B］having rotted 已腐烂的；变坏的：Throw away this meat；it＇s rotten.把这肉扔掉；它已经坏了.Don＇t eat rotten meat.不要吃腐坏了的肉.

survive/sə'varv/1[IØ] to continue to live, esp after coming close to death（尤指逃过大难）继续生存；幸存；死里逃生：We survived althoughothers died in the accident.在那次事故中，别人

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A3 LIFE ＆DEATH 生与死

都遇难了，唯独我们死里逃生.He is the only manwho survived after the explosion.他是爆炸后唯一的幸存者．2［T1］to continue living after 在··· 之后还活着：He survived the explosion，but no one else did.爆炸后，除了他之外无一幸存.Shesurvived her own daughter by ten years.她比女儿多活了十年.

A3 adjectives 形容词：living and dead 活着的与死去的

living ／＇lrvigy／ ［Wa5； B］ 1 continuing to live 继续生存的；活（着）的：Some of the plants are dead， but most of them are still living／alive.这些植物有些已经死了，可是大多数还活着．2 actuallyexisting 实际存在的：Is he a living person or just a character in a book？他是实有其人抑或只是书中虚构的人物？3（fig）continuing in use 使用中的：French is a living language，but for most people Latin isn＇t.法语是活的语言，但拉丁语对多数人来说却不是.

alive ／ə＇larv／ ［F］ 1［Wa5］ continuing to live 继续生存的；活（着）的：His mother is dead，but his father is still alive／living.他母亲死了，但父亲还在世.Only three men were left alive after the explosion．爆炸后只有三人幸存．2 full of life；active 有活力的；活跃的：Although old， he is very much alive．他虽已年迈，但仍活力充沛．3still in existence or operation; still remem-bered 仍然存在或仍在进行的：The argumentwas kept alive by the politicians.政界人士仍在进行那场辩论.She died ten years ago，but she remains very much alive in his memory.她＋ 年前就去世了，但他仍然十分怀念她.

live／larv／［Wa5；B］ having life 活的；有生命的： There is a dead fish among all the live ones. 在所有这些活鱼中，有一条是死的.

animate /'ænəmit/ [B] 1[Wa5] precise & tech （of plants and animals） alive；living（指动植物） 活的；有生命的；活着的：animate beings 生物 in-［neg］：inanimate objects 无生命物体 2 loose moving or able to move 动着的；能动的：The clock was the only animate thing in the house.那钟是屋里唯一在动着的东西.

dead／ded／［Wa5，（1）；B］ 1 no longer alive 死的： The field was full of dead animals, killed by the storm.田里布满了动物的尸体，它们都因这场暴风雨而死掉.Can dead people come back to life？死人能复活吗？（fig）His love for her is dead；he doesn＇t care about her any more.他对她的爱已寿终正寝，因此他不再把她放在心上了.2 not able to live 无生命的：The hillside was covered with dead material; there were only stones-no plants at all.山坡上满是无生命的东西；只有石头-什么植物也没有．3（fig）not inuse不用的；已废的：Most people consider Latin (to be) a dead language, but for some purposes it is still a living language.大多数人认为拉丁语是死语言，但是在某些用途上它仍然是活语言.

dying／＇dai／ ［Wa5； B］1 about to die 将死的；临终的；垂死的：The dying man spoke his last words．那人临终之际作了遗言．2 ill with adisease which will lead to death 身患绝症的：

She's a dying woman; she has an illness which cannot be cured.她身患绝症，她的病治不好了.（fig）a dying industry 行将没落的工业

A4 nouns 名词：life and death 生与死

life/laif/1 [U] the active force that is present in those forms of matter (animals and plants) that grow through feeding and produce new young forms of themselves, but is not present in other matter (stones,machines, objects, etc）生命：Life is a mystery； we do not know how it began or why it continues.生命是个谜； 我们不知道它怎样开始，也不知道它为什么会延续下去．2［U］ matter having this active force 生物； 有生命的物质：There is no life on the moon.月球上没有生命．3［U］ the state of being alive 生存：Life depends on food and air.生命要靠食物和空气维持.Life is important to living crea-tures；they usually fight to stay alive.生命对生物来说很重要；它们往往要挣扎求生．4［U］thecondition of existence, esp of a human being （尤指人的）存在；人生：Life isn＇t all fun；it has its bad moments.人生不尽是欢乐，也有令人不快的时刻．5［U］living things in general 生物（总称）：The valley was full of rich plant and animal life．山谷里有很多植物和动物．6［U］existence as a set of widely different experi-ences（各种各样的）生活经验；世面：You＇ll neversee life if you stay at home all the time.如果你总是待在家里，就永远见不到世面.Go out into theworld and see what life has to offer.走出去见见世面吧，你会看到人生是怎么一回事．7［U］away of living；social relations，etc 生活方式；社会关系等等：Well，how do you find life in the city／city life？那么，你觉得城市生活怎么样？8［C］the period between birth and death 一生；终生： He is dead now, but what an interesting life he led！他现在死了，可是他这一生过得多有意思啊！They spent the whole of their lives in that town．他们一生都是在那个城市里度过．9［C；U］apart of life given to a particular activity 生涯； 生活：She spent most of her working life in that job.她的工作生涯大半花在那项工作上.Mysocial life is my business，not yours！我的社交生活是我的事，与你无关！10［C］ personalcondition of being alive 个人的生命；性命：His life will be in danger if he stays here.如果他留在这里，就会有生命危险.We must try to savethose people＇s lives； we can＇t let them die！我们一定要设法救那些人的性命，不能让他们死去！No lives must be lost in this work.这项工作不能牺牲人命．11［C usu sing］（fig） the period for which a machine, organization, etc, will work or last（机器、组织等的）寿命；使用期；活动期：These electric batteries have a long life; they are long-life batteries.这些电池使用期很长；是长效电池.During the whole life of this associ-ation we have had no legal problems.在这个协会的整个活动期间我们从未遇到过法律问题.

existence／rg＇zistəns／1［U］ a state of existing 存在：His existence is not important to her any more.他的存在对她来说已不复重要了.They

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know about the existence of this money and they plan to get it all.他们知道有这笔钱而且打算把它全部弄到手.We were talking about theexistence of life on other worlds.我们当时正在谈论其它星球上有没有生命的问题．2［C］life，espwithout any special interest，pleasures，etc（尤指没有任何乐趣的）生活：She leads a rather sadexistence now that her husband is dead.丈夫一死，她就过着甚为凄凉的生活.

creation /krr'eifən/ [U] the act of creating or being created 创造；被创造：The creation of new life is an important reason for people getting married.创造新生命是人们结婚的一个重要原因.Many people believe that the creation of the universe [>L1] was the work of a god. 许多人相信宇宙是神创造的.[→L1]

animation/,ænə'meifən/[U] actual life; activity and excitement； the appearance of such life 生机；活力；活跃；生气：She lacks animation；I think she is ill.她没精打采，我想她是病了.Hewas full of animation at the party.他在聚会上十分活跃.The machines moved with such an-imation that they seemed to be alive.那些机器转动得十分轻快，看上去简直像活的一样.

birth /b3:0/1[U] the act or time of being born, of coming into the world, esp out of the body of a female parent 诞生；出生；面世：The birth of the child was an occasion of great joy in the family．那孩子出生是家中一件大喜事．2［U］the act or fact of producing young 分娩；生产： She gave birth to a baby girl.她生下了一个女婴.The process of birth is usually painful.分娩过程通常都很痛苦．3［C］the occasion of anyperson or animal being born 分娩；产子：There were four births in the hospital last night.昨夜医院里有四个孩子出生．4［U］family origin 出身；家世：For many people，being rich or poor is just an accident of birth.就许多人而言，贫富都是很偶然的，就看出生在什么家庭.He claims tobe of noble birth， but nobody believes him.他自称出身名门望族，但没有人相信他．5［U］（fig）beginning，start，or origin 开始；起源：It was a great meeting-the birth of a new political movement.这是一次盛大的集会-一个新的政治运动开始了.

nativity /nə'tıvəti/[C] fml birth, esp(with cap) that of Jesus Christ 诞生；出生；（尤指）（大写）耶稣基督的诞生

death/deθ/1[U; C] the end of life; the time or manner of dying 死；死亡：He was happy till the day of his death.他活到去世的那一天都很幸福.Car accidents have caused many deaths. 车祸使许多人丧生．2［S］ the cause or occasionof loss of life 死因： If you go out without a coat，you＇ll catch your death of cold.如果你出门不穿外套，你会冻死的.（fig）That defeatmeant the death of all his hopes.那次失败意味着他的一切希望都破灭了.Drinking whisky willbe the death of him yet.他迟早会因喝威士忌而死的．3［U］ the state of being dead 死亡状态：Death befalls all men alike.人皆有一死.The old house was as still as death.那座老房子一片死寂．4［R］（usu cap） the destroyer of life，usu shown as a skeleton［B11］死神（常以骷髅表

A5 LIFE ＆ DEATH 生与死

示）：In that picture you can see Death leading a dance of dead people.在那幅画里，你能看到死神领着一群死人在跳舞.a natural death deathfrom natural causes like illness or old age, not as the result of an accident， murder，etc 自然死亡（指老死或病死，不是遭意外致死或被谋杀等）：She lived a long happy life and died a natural death.她长寿而幸福，最后安然而逝.at death＇sdoor about to die； in danger of dying 垂死；在死亡的边缘；有死亡的危险：He is very sick；he isat death＇s door，I＇m afraid.他病得很重，恐怕他快要死了.

mortality/mo:'tæləti/[U] 1 the state of being mortal（＝ having to die） 死亡；致命 2 the number of deaths in an area, for a group, etc 死亡数字；死亡率：Infant mortality in that country is high (= Many children there die young）.那个国家的婴儿死亡率很高.

decay/dr'ker/[U] 1 the decayed parts (esp of the teeth）（尤指牙齿的）腐烂部分：There＇s a lotof decay in his teeth． 他有很多蛀牙．2 theaction or state of decaying 衰落，衰败；衰弱： That university has fallen into decay in the last 100 years．那所大学在近一百年中已没落了．The decay of ancient Rome took a long time. 古罗马是经过漫长的岁月才衰亡的.

decomposition /,di:kpmpə'zifən/ [U] decay （esp of bodies once alive）（尤指尸体的）腐烂： Soil is improved by the steady decomposition of dead plants and animal bodies.枯死的植物和动物的尸体不断腐烂，使土壤得以改良.

rot／rpt／ ［U］ decay，esp caused by disease（尤指因疾病）腐烂；腐朽：Rot has started in thewood.木头开始腐烂了.

survival /sə'varvəl/ 1 [U] the fact or possibility of surviving 幸存；残存；逃过大难，得以生还：Hissurvival is still uncertain; he has been very badly hurt and may die.他是否能活命还很难说；他伤势很重，可能会死．2［C］something whichsurvives, often unexpectedly, from an earlier time 幸存者；残存物；遗风：Crocodiles［A91］ are survivals from the age of the dinosaurs [→A93］．鳄鱼是恐龙时代幸存下来的动物．

survivor /sə'vaıvə/ [C] a person who has con-tinued to live in spite of coming close to death 幸存者；（逃过大难的）生还者：Out of thehundreds of people concerned in the accident there were only a few survivors.在遇到事故的几百人当中只有少数人生还．She is 90 years oldand the only survivor of her family.她已九十岁了，是她家唯一还活着的人.

A5 verbs 动词： giving birth 生育

bear／beə／1 ［D1 （to）；T1］ to give birth to 生育： His wife bore （him） three fine children.他妻子（给他）生了三个漂亮的孩子．2［T1；IØ］toproduce （fruit or young）结（果）；产（子）：The trees have borne a heavy crop of fruit this year.这些树的果子今年丰收了.The young appletree is bearing this year.这棵小苹果树今年结果了.

produce /prə'dju:s/[T1; IØ] to provide (fruit,

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A6 LIFE＆ DEATH 生与死

young，etc）产（果、子等）：Our trees produce excellent apples.我们的树结的苹果非常好.

lay/ler/ [T1; Iø] (of birds, esp hens) to produce （eggs）（指鸟类，尤指母鸡）生（蛋）：The hen laidan egg.那只母鸡生了个蛋.The hens are layingwell （＝laying a lot of eggs）.那些母鸡生很多蛋.

spawn /spo:n/ 1 [T1; IØ] (esp of fishes and frogs) to lay (eggs) in large numbers together （尤指鱼类和蛙类）大量产（卵）2［T1］infml，（fig）& usu derog to give birth to, esp in large numbers 大量生产：He spawned many strange ideas in his long life.他在漫长的一生中曾想出了许多怪主意.spawning grounds ［P］ areas in the sea where fish gather to spawn 鱼在海中的产卵区

hatch /hætf/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) come out of an egg 孵；孵化；孵出：The hen hatched all her eggs.那只母鸡把蛋全孵化了.The eggs allhatched successfully, and we now haveplenty of young birds.所有的蛋都孵出来了，我们现在有许多小鸡.

A6 adjectives 形容词：being born ［Wa5］

诞生、出生

born/bo:n/1 [F] brought into existence by or as if by birth 出生的；出世的；诞生的：The baby wasborn at 8 o＇clock．那婴儿是在八点钟出生的．Thenew political party was born at a small meet-ing.新政党是在一次小会上诞生的.（fig）I feel asif I have been born again.我觉得好像获得了新生．2［F7,9］ being in a stated condition at or from birth 生来的：He was born French，but grew up in Argentina.他生来是法国人，但在阿根廷长大.She was nobly born，a daughter of one of the highest families in the land.她出身高贵， 是那个地方一个名门望族的女儿.（old use）Youcannot marry that low-born fellow！你不能嫁给那出身低微的家伙！born and bred having comeinto the world and grown up 出生和长大的：He was born and bred in Yorkshire.他是在约克郡出生和长大的.He was Yorkshire born and bred.他出生在约克郡并在那儿长大.

newborn ／＇nju：＇bo：n／［A］ just born 刚出生的；初生的；新生的：They could hear the cry of a newborn child.他们能听到一个刚出生婴儿的啼哭声.

unborn／An＇bo：n／［A］ not yet born 尚未出生的：If a pregnant woman smokes, she could harm her unborn child.如果孕妇吸烟，可能使胎儿受害.

A7 adjectives 形容词：present from birth 天生的

born /bo:n/1 [A] having a quality from or as if from birth 天生的：He is a born leader of men. 他是个天生的领袖.She was a born artist.她天生是个艺术家．2［F3］ fated from or as if from birth 命中注定的：She was born to succeed in life.她命中注定在事业上要成功.

inborn /In'bo:n/ [A; (B)] present from birth; part of one＇s nature 天赋的；与生俱来的；先天的：

He has an inborn ability to do arithmetic.他有算术方面的天赋.She has an inborn love ofjokes.她天生爱开玩笑.

innate /r'neit/ [B] (of qualities) which one was born with（指特质）天赋的；与生俱来的：She saysthat language is an innate ability in human beings.她说语言是人类与生俱来的才能.-ly［adv］inherent/mn'herənt/[B] forming a natural part

（of a set of qualities，a character，etc）固有的； 天生的（特质、性格等）：It is an inherent part ofhuman nature to avoid pain.设法摆脱痛苦是人类的天性.Sympathy is an inherent part of friendship.友谊的真谛必包含同情心.-ly［adv］

natural /'nætfərəl/ [A; (B)] 1 belonging to someone by birth，not learned 天生的；出乎本性的：She has great natural charm.她天生具有巨大的魅力.He seems to have a natural ability for this kind of work.他做这种工作似乎有天赋的才能．2 also 又作 natural born not needing to be taught 无师自通的：He is a natural （born） musician.他是个无师自通的音乐家.-ly［adv］un-[neg]

congenital /kən'd3enətl/ [Wa5; B] (of diseases, etc） present from or before birth（指疾病等）先天的；与生俱来的：The child has congenital heart disease.这孩子有先天性心脏病.-ly［adv］

A8 ordinary verbs 普通动词：killing 杀死、弄死

[ALSO →C239,N338]

kill /kil/1[T1; IØ] to cause (a person, plant, or animal） to die 杀死；弄死：He killed the other man in a fight． 他在搏斗中杀死了对手．2［T1］（fig）to cause to finish or fail 使···终止；使失败； 消除：This medicine will kill the pain.这种药能止痛.That mistake has killed his chances.那个差错把他的机会断送了.The suggested law waskilled before it could be passed.此项法律提案在有机会通过之前就被否决了.

slay ／slei／［T1］ poet to kill 杀死：The king slew his enemy.国王杀死了他的仇敌.The dragon［A93］ was slain by St George．龙被圣乔治所杀．

murder /'m3:də/ [T1; IØ] to kill unlawfully, esp on purpose 谋杀：He murdered his friend in order to get the gold.他为了得到金子谋杀了朋友.He has murdered once; he may murder again. 他已经杀过一次人，还可能再杀人.murderer［C］a person who murders someone 谋杀犯；杀人犯；凶手murderess（fem）

assassinate /ə'sæsineit/[T1] to murder (a ruler, politician, etc) for political reasons or reward 行刺；暗杀：Several American presi-dents have been assassinated.美国有好几位总统都是被刺杀的．assassination 1［U］the act of assassinating 行刺；暗杀2［C］ an example or occasion of this 暗杀事件 assassin ［C］ a per-son who murders espa ruler or politician for political reasons or reward 刺客

butcher/'butfə/ [T1] 1 to kill and prepare （animals） for sale as food 屠宰：He has been butchering pigs all morning.他整个上午都在宰猪．2 to kill bloodily or unnecessarily 残杀；屠

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杀；不必要地杀害：The soldiers were butchered； they had no chance to fight.士兵还没有机会投入战斗就被杀害了.

slaughter/'slo:tə/[T1] 1 to kill (animals) for food；butcher 屠宰 2 esp emot to kill（esp many people） cruelly or wrongly； massacre（大量地）残杀；屠杀；乱杀一气：Many people areneedlessly slaughtered each year in road acci-dents．每年都有许多人在交通事故中无辜丧生．3infml to defeat severely 使惨败：We were slaughtered，9 points to 0．我们惨败了，九比零．

massacre /'mæsəkə/ [T1; IØ] to kill (a large number of esp defenceless people）大屠杀；杀戮（许多手无寸铁的人）：They massacred all theprisoners after the battle.他们在战斗结束后把所有的俘虏都杀了.They went through the land， burning and massacring.他们穿过那一地带，沿途烧杀.（fig）He made a powerful speech， massacring his opponents.他发表了一篇有力的演说，把对手驳得哑口无言.

A9 euphemistic verbs 委婉说法的动词：

killing［T1］杀死、弄死

eliminate ／r＇limə，neit／ to kill 除掉；消灭：The criminals eliminated their enemies.罪犯把仇人除掉.

liquidate／＇lrkwi，deit／ to kill 除掉；消灭：These men are dangerous; they must be liquidated immediately！这些人是危险分子，必须立即清除！

A10 informal verbs 非正式说法的动词：

killing 杀死、弄死

make/do away with [v adv prep T1] to kill or murder （someone or oneself） esp secretly（尤指秘密地）弄死；杀害；干掉：She made away withher husband late one night.一天深夜她把丈夫弄死了.They did away with him during the night.他们在夜里把他干掉.

do in ［v adv T1］ sl to kill 杀死；弄死：If he says that again I＇m really going to do him in！他要是再那样说，我非宰了他不可！She did herhusband in so as to get his money.她为了得到丈夫的钱，便把他害死了.

bump off ［v adv T1］ sl to kill； murder 杀死；谋杀： He bumped offeight people before the police caught him.在被警察逮住以前，他已经干掉了八个人.She just bumped him off one night.一天夜里她干脆把他弄死.

A11 adjectives 形容词：killing and death 杀害与死亡

deadly /'dedli/ [Wa2] 1 [B] causing or likely to cause death（可能）致死的；致命的：Run！ You are in deadly danger.快跑！你有生命危险.The poison gas was deadly； it killed them all.这种毒气是致命的，把他们全都毒死了．2［adv］ sug-gesting death 如死般地；死一般地：What＇s wrong with him？ He＇s deadly pale.他脸色死一般地苍

A13 LIFE ＆ DEATH 生与死

白，出了什么事？3［B；adv］（fig） like death in lack of interest 死气沉沉的（地）；枯燥乏味的（地）；沉闷的（地）：What a deadly（dull）conver-sation！这次谈话真闷死人！

fatal /'feitl/ [B] likely to cause, or which has caused，death 致命的；致死的：She took a fatal dose of poison. 她服了毒药，其剂量足以致命.There was a fatal accident last night;two people died when their car hit a wall.昨夜发生了一起严重的车祸；一辆汽车撞了墙，车上两人死亡.The wound proved fatal； he died next day.这伤确实是致命的，他第二天就死了.-ly［adv］

lethal／＇li：0əl／［B］ able or certain to kill 会致死的；致命的：People are not permitted to carry lethal weapons here.这里不准带凶器.She took a lethal amount of poison and died.她服了致命剂量的毒药死了.-ly［adv］

mortal /'mo:tl/ [Wa5; B] 1 which must die; which cannot live forever 必死的；不能永生的：All men are mortal．人皆会死．2 esp poet or pomp causing death 致命的：He received a mortal wound in the battle.他在战斗中受了致命伤.-ly［adv］：mortally wounded 受了致命伤的

deathly ／＇de0li／1［B］ suggesting death 死一般的： There was a deathly silence in the house.房子里一片死寂．2［adv］in a deathlike way 死一般地：The body was deathly cold.那身体像死人般地冰冷.

A12 poetic ＆ formal adjectives 形容词（诗体和正式体的用法）：without death［B］不死的

[ALSO → L153,L180]

undying /An'dann/ which will never die or end 不朽的；永恒的：She expressed her undying gratitude to him for what he had done.她对他所做的事表示永世难忘的感激之情.

immortal /I'mo:tal/ which will not die; which continues forever 不朽的；不死的；流芳百世的；永远流传的：The Greeks told stories about the immortal gods.希腊人讲过很多长生不老神仙的故事.He says that Bach＇s music is immortal.他说巴赫的乐曲是不朽之作．immortality ［U］1 thestate of being immortal； a never-ending life 不朽；永生：No man expects immortality.没有人能指望长生不死．2 endless fame 不朽的名声：theimmortality of Shakespeare＇s poetry 莎士比亚的诗传颂千古 immortalize，-ise ［T1］ to give endless life or fame to 使···不朽；使名垂千古：Dickens' father was immortalized for ever as Mr Micawber in ＇David Copperfield＇.狄更斯的父亲藉《大卫·科波菲尔》中米考伯的形象而名垂千七

A13 nouns 名词：killing 杀死

kill /kil/ [C usu sing] 1 the act of killing, esp hunted birds or animals 宰杀；杀死（尤指猎杀鸟类或动物）：The kill took place near the trees. 猎物在树丛附近遭到猎杀．2 the bird（s） or an-

5

A14 LIFE ＆ DEATH 生与死

imal（s） killed in hunting 猎物：The lion didn＇t leave his kill until he had satisfied his hunger. 狮子吃饱了才离开猎物.（to be） in at the kill（tobe) actively present when something is killed or (fig) at the end of a struggle/competition, etc宰杀时在场；（角斗或比赛等）结束时在场

killing/'kili/ [U] the action of killing people or animals 杀；宰杀： The killing went on for hours until dead bodies lay everywhere.屠杀持续了好几小时，直至遍地都是死尸.

slaughter /'slo:tə/ [U] 1 the killing of animals usu for food 屠宰 2 the killing of one or more people in a bloody, cruel, or thoughtless way 残杀；屠杀：This slaughter of people in road accidents goes on year after year.车祸酿成死亡的事年年发生.

carnage/'ka:nid3/[U]esp poet & emph slaugh-ter 屠杀；残杀：The carnage on that day was terrible.那天的屠杀真可怕.

butchery /'butfəri/ [U] cruel and unnecessary killing， esp of human beings 残杀；屠杀：That wasn＇t war； it was simply butchery！那不是战争， 简直是屠杀！

massacre /'mæsəkə/ [C] the killing of large numbers, usu of people who cannot defend themselves properly, without caring about their death 大屠杀（尤指屠杀无防卫能力的人群）：Those soldiers are responsible for several massacres of defenceless villagers.那些士兵要对好几次大规模屠杀手无寸铁村民的事件负责.

murder /'m3:də/ [C] the unlawful killing of a person，esp on purpose 谋杀；凶杀：There were two murders in the city last night.昨夜城里发生了两起谋杀案.

A14 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：

sexual types 性别

[→A16 SEXUAL ACTIVITIES, C23 SOCIAL MEANINGS

OF SEX]

sex/seks/1 [U] the condition in most living things of being either male or female 性；性别： We are not sure just what determines thesex of a child.我们不肯定到底是什么决定了婴儿的性别．2［C］grouping as either male or female 男性或女性：Attraction between the sexes is quite usual.异性之间相互吸引是很平常的事.He wasvery interested in the opposite sex.他对异性很感兴趣.The female sex is the more important sex in many species [→A33] of spiders[■A112］．在许多种类的蜘蛛中，雌性较为重要．

gender /'d3endə/ [U; C] old use sex; thedivi-sion into male and female 性；性别：She＇s very interested in the male gender.她对男性很感兴趣.It＇s a question of gender； if he were a girl， he would feel differently about it.这是个性别问题；他如果是个女孩，对这件事就会有不同的感受.

sexual ／＇sekfuəl／ ［B］ of sex or the sexes 性的；两性的：Most people expect to get some kind of sexual satisfaction in life.大多数人都希望在一生中获得某种性的满足.Sexual intercourse isnatural in animals.性交在动物来说是自然的.-ly［adv］ sexuality ［U］sexual qualities 性的特质

male/meil/1 [Wa5; B] of the sex that does not give birth to young 男性的；雄性的；；阳性的；公的：He has four male monkeys and only two females．他有四只公猴，只有两只母猴．2［B］suit-able to or typical of this sex 男子气的；男子特有的：He has a very male way of looking at life. 他的人生观具有典型的男性观点．3［Wa5；B］（fig）(of a part of a machine) made to fit into a hollow part（指机器部件）凸的；阳的4［C］amale person or animal 男人；雄性动物：In some countries all healthy males must go into the army at a certain age.在一些国家所有健壮的男子到一定年龄都必须应征入伍.In most birds themale is bigger and brighter in colour than the female.雀鸟多半是雄的体型比雌的大，羽毛颜色也更鲜艳.

masculine/'mæskjulin/[B] of, or having the qualities suitable for，a man 男性的；有男性特征的：She says she likes his masculine appear-ance.她说喜欢他那男子汉的堂堂仪表.Somewomen look more masculine than feminine. 有些妇女看上去像男性多于像女性.

female/'fi:meil/1 [Wa5; B] of the sex that gives birth to young 女性的；雌性的；阴性的；母的：Theanimal in the picture was a female elephant. 画中的动物是头母象．2［B］ suitable to or typicalof this sex， rather than the male sex 女子气的； 女性特有的：The female form，with or without clothes，is often a subject in painting.女性的体形，不论穿衣与否，往往是绘画的题材.This illnessis a female problem; it doesn't happen to men．这种疾病是妇女病；男的不会有．3［Wa5；B］(fig) (of a part of a machine) having a hollow part into which another part fits（指机器部件） 凹的；内孔的；母的4［C］ a female person oranimal 女人；雌性动物：In some religions females must sit in a separate place during worship.有些宗教规定妇女在做礼拜时必须坐另席.The female was sitting on the eggs, while the male bird brought food.雌鸟在孵卵时，雄鸟叼来食物.

feminine /'femənin/ [B] of or having the qual-ities of a woman, esp those regarded by men as desirable in a woman 女性的；有女性气质的：She is a very feminine woman, and men find her very attractive.她是一个非常娇柔的女子，男人都觉得她很有吸引力.

neuter/'nju:tə/ 1 [Wa5; B] (of plants etc) with-out male or female parts（指植物等）中性的；无性的2［Wa5；B］（of insects） sexually undevel-oped；sterile［→À17］（指昆虫）无生殖能力的；不能生育的：Worker ants are physically neuter.就机能而言，工蚁是不能生育的．3［C］an animalwhich has had part of the sex organs removed 已阉割的动物：An ox is a neuter.阉公牛是一种割去了性器官的动物.

A15 verbs 动词：sexual action 性行为

mate/meit/ [IØ; T1] to form (into) a couple, esp of animals, for sexual union and the pro-duction of young（使）交配：Birds mate in the spring.鸟类在春季交配.They mated à horse

6

with a donkey and got a mule.他们把马和驴交配，生了一头骡子.

copulate /'kopju,leit/ [IØ] fml to have sexual intercourse 交媾；交配：The bull and the cow began to copulate.那头公牛和那头母牛开始交配了.The bull copulated with three cows during the day.那头公牛在白天和三头母牛交配.

reproduce /,ri:prə'dju:s/ [IØ] to produce young 繁殖；生殖：Most animals and plants reproduce easily.大多数的动植物都容易繁殖.The rabbitsreproduced in great numbers.那些兔子大量繁殖.reproduce oneself to produce.new young of one＇s own kind 繁殖；生殖

breed /bri:d/ [IØ] 1 (of animals) to produce

young（指动物）繁殖：Some animals will not

breed when kept in cages.有些动物关在笼子里

就不繁殖．2 to produce （large numbers of）

young 大量繁殖：（f )Those people breed like

(ig

rabbits.那些人生了许多孩子，就像兔子那样大量繁

殖．［ALSO＝A36］

A16 nouns 名词：sexual activities ［U］性行为

[→C23 SOCIAL MEANINGS OF SEX]

sex/seks/ 1 sexual activity and any subject related to it 性行为及有关内容：Some peoplethink there is too much sex in modern films. 有人认为，现代电影里性的描写太多了．2 sexualintercourse 性交：The doctor asked them how often they had sex each week.医生问他们每周有几次性生活.

(sexual) intercourse /(/'sekfuəl/) 'intə,ko:s/ the act of inserting the penis [→>B40] into the vagina ［→B40］ 性交：Sexual intercourse is a normal part of human and animal life.性交是人和动物正常生活的一部分.The doctor askedthem how often they had intercourse each week.医生问他们一周性交几次.

mating/'meitin/ the act of coming together by animals for sexual activity（动物的）交配： Mating among birds usually happens in the spring.鸟类通常都在春季交配.the matingseason the spring, when most animals mate 动物的交配季节（春季）

copulation/,kopju'leifən/ the act of copulating 交配；交媾

reproduction /ri:prə'dakfən/ the process of reproducing life 繁殖；生殖

coitus /'kəuitəs/, coition /kəu'ıfən/ fml & tech （human）sexual intercourse（指人）性交 coital ［Wa5；B］ of or connected with coitus（关于）性交的

breeding/'bri:di/1 the producing of young by animals， birds， fish， or plants 繁殖：Next month is the beginning of the breeding season．下个月是动物开始繁殖的季节．2 the busi-ness of keeping animals, birds, or fish for the purpose of obtaining new and better kinds, or young for sale（兽类、鸟类或鱼类的）育种：He isinterested in (the) breeding (of) new kinds of fish.他对培育新品种的鱼感兴趣.Cattle-breeding is his business.培育良种牛是他的职业.

A17 LIFE ＆ DEATH 生与死

puberty /'pju:bəti/the time or stage of change in the human body from childhood to the state in whichit is possible to produce chil-dren 青春期；发情期：The sexual organs first become fully active at puberty.性器官在青春期开始有充分的活动能力.

menstruation /,menstru'eıfən/ [U; (C)] a wom-an＇s monthly flow of blood from the womb月经；行经 menstruate［IØ］ to have blood flow in this way 行经；来月经 menstrual［Wa5；B］ of， concerning， or like menstruation 月经的；似月经的

menopause/'menə po:z/ the time of life when and after which a woman is no longer able to have a child 停经；绝经期

A17 adjectives 形容词：sex and

reproduction［B］性和生殖

[→E135 FARMING]

fertile/'f3:tarl/1 able to produce young or fruit 能生育的；能结果的：The offspring［→A20］of a horse and a donkey is not itself fertile.马和驴所生的后代不能生育．2 producing many young，fruits， or seeds 生殖力强的；多产的：She is veryfertile;she gets pregnant easily and has six children already.她生育力很强，容易怀孕，已经有六个孩子了.Some fish are very fertile；they lay hundreds of eggs.有些鱼的生殖能力很强，一次能产数以百计的卵.in-［neg］fertility［U］

fecund/'fi:kənd/ fml & rare very fertile; very productive 生育力很强的；多产的：This is afecund fruit tree. 这是一棵多产的果树.（fig）Books flowed from his fecund pen.一本本书从他那多产的笔下不断地写了出来.fecundity［U］

barren／＇bærən／1 not able to reproduce 不能生育的：Atomic radiation can make women barren．原子辐射能使妇女不能生育．2 bearing nofruit or seed 不结果的；不结籽的：The fruit treeswere mostly barren and brought him little money.那些果树大部分都不结果，使他挣不到几个钱．3［（of）］（fig） useless； empty； producing no result 无用的；空的；无效的；无结果的：It is point-less to continue such a barren argument.继续进行这种无益的辩论是毫无意义的.The scientist＇shard work was barren of any result.这位科学家的辛勤工作没有任何成果.barrenness［U］

sterile/'sterall/ [Wa5] tech not fertile; barren 无生殖能力的；不能生育的：Working withunusual chemicals has made him sterile; he can＇t have any children.从事特殊化学药品工作使他失去了生殖能力；他不能有孩子了.A mule isthe sterile young of a horse and a donkey.骡子是马和驴所生的，没有生殖能力.sterility［U］

impotent /'impətənt/ (of men) unable to per-form the sex act（指男性）无性交能力的；阳萎的：He went to see his doctor because he had be-come impotent.他去看医生，因为他得了阳萎症.impotence [U]

pregnant/'pregnənt/[(with)]1[Wa5](ofa wom-an or female animal) having an unborn child or unborn young in the body 怀孕的；怀胎的：She has been pregnant for 5 months．她已

7

A18 LIFE ＆DEATH 生与死

经怀孕五个月了.She is five months pregnant. 她有五个月身孕了．2（fig）full of important but unexpressed or hidden meaning 含蓄的；意味深长的：His words were followed by a pregnant pause.他讲完话，含蓄地停顿了一下.The pausewas pregnant with meaning.那片刻的停顿是意味深长的.pregnancy ［U；C］ the state of being pregnant； the time when pregnant 怀孕（期）： She had an easy pregnancy the third time,but her first and second pregnancies were bad.她第三次怀孕很顺利，但第一次和第二次很不好受.

A18 verbs 动词：sex and reproduction 性与生殖

fertilize，-ise／＇f3：tilaiz／ ［T1］ to make fertile 使受精：The male sperm fertilizes the female ovum in the womb or uterus［→B40］．精子使卵子在子宫里受精.fertilization［U］

impregnate /m'pregneit/[T1] to make preg-nant；fertilize使怀孕；使受精：The mating was successful and the female was impregnated first time.交配成功了，母兽首次受胎.impreg-nation [U]

germinate /'d33:mə,neit/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) start growing（使）发芽；（使）萌芽：The seeds have begun to germinate.种子已开始发芽.The sun＇s heat will help to germinate the seeds.太阳的热将有助于种子发芽.（fig）He has an ideagerminating.他已萌发了一种念头.germination [U]

conceive /kən'si:v/ [IØ; T1] (of a woman) to be-come pregnant （with） 怀孕；怀胎：She con-ceived（the child） last February.她是在去年的二月怀上那个孩子的．conception 1 ［U］ theaction or process of conceiving or being con-ceived 开始怀孕；怀孕期2［C］an example of this 怀胎（的事例）：There have been many suc-cessful conceptions among the animals.在这些动物当中许多都受胎成功了.

sterilize， -ise ／＇sterəlaız／ ［T1］ to make sterile 使绝育；使不能生育；使无菌；消毒：The doctorsterilized the woman after her fifth birth, so that she would not have any more children.这妇女生了第五胎后，医生给她做了绝育手术，这样她就不会再有小孩了.This radiation can sterilize living creatures;they won't be able to repro-duce［→A15］．这种辐射能使生物失去生育能力；使它们不能繁殖.The nurse sterilized the medical instruments, so as to make them free of germs ［→A37］．护士将那些医疗器械消了毒，使之不带菌．sterilization[U]

castrate/'kæstreit/ [T1] esp tech to remove the sex organs of（a male animal or person）阉割（雄性动物或男子）；去势：These male cats havebeen castrated.这些公猫已经被阉了.castration 1 [U] the action of castrating or being cas-trated 阉割2［C］an example of this 阉割（的事例）

emasculate /I'mæskju,leit/ [T1] esp poet & fig to remove the sex organs or reduce the male qualities of （a man）阉割（男子）；使失去男子气：Those people used to emasculate some of

their male slaves.过去那些人常把他们的一些男性奴隶阉割了.（fig）If I take these parts out of the story it＇ll be emasculated！如果我把这几部分删去，故事的气势就减弱了.emasculation ［U］neuter／＇nju：tə／［T1］ to castrate or sterilize 阉割：

That cat has been neutered.那只猫已经被阉了.

A19 nouns 名词：early states of life 生命的早期状态

embryo/'embriəu/ [C]1 the young of any crea-ture in its first state before birth or before coming out of an egg 胚胎：The human embryo passes through a number of stages before birth．人的胚胎在出生前要经历几个阶段．2（fig）the beginning stage 初期：I have just had the embryo of an idea.我刚刚有了一个初步的想法.embryonic ［B］ of or connected with an embryo胚胎的；初期的

foetus，also 又作 esp AmE fetus／＇fi：təs／［C］a fully developed embryo in the womb or in an egg（发育完整的）胚胎；胎儿 foetal，fetal［B］ of or connected with a f（o）etus 胎儿的

cell /sel/[C] a very small unit of living matter, with a centre of activity (nucleus),which may form a simple creature or, in other creatures, is used in large numbers to form the sub-stance and organs of the body 细胞：Most liv-ing creatures consist of millions of specialized cells.大多数生物都是由千百万个具有专门功能的细胞构成的.Nerve cells， muscle cells， and blood cells are all important parts of living bodies.神经细胞、肌肉细胞和血液细胞都是动物身体的重要组成部分.

nucleus /'nju:klrəs/[C] the centre of activity of almost all cells of living matter 细胞核

germ／d33：m／［C］1 also 又作 germ cell a small part of a cel of a living thing which can grow into a new plant，animal， etc 生殖细胞；胚细胞； 胚芽：Certain processes of preparing wheat can destroy the wheat germ, which is a valu-able food.小麦的某些加工程序会破坏小麦的胚芽这种有价值的食物．2（fig）the beginning point 萌芽；起源：I＇ve just had the germ of an idea！ 我刚有了个初步的想法！

seed/si:d/1 [C] the fertile [→A17] part of a plant（or animal）籽；种；种子；（或指动物的）精子或卵子：He planted the seeds at the right time and got an excellent crop of vegetables.他适时播种，所以蔬菜收成很好.I like raspberries［■A154］， but their seeds get between my teeth．我喜欢藨莓，可是那些籽总是塞住我的牙缝．2［U］seeds collectively 种子（总称）：What seed do you use for your potatoes？你们种马铃薯用什么种子？

spore /spo:/[C] a sort of seed produced by some plants and some simple animals from which a new plant or animal can be produced, often after a period of time 芽胞；孢子：Some small one-celled animals can live through bad conditions by forming spores with hard sur-faces, which become new animals when con-ditions get better.一些小的单细胞动物能形成表面

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坚硬的孢子，在恶劣的条件下生存下来，条件好转时孢子便变成新生的动物.

egg/eg/[C]1 a rounded object containing the embryo of certain living creatures, esp birds, reptiles，and insects 卵；蛋：Birds＇eggs have thin hard but easily broken shells.鸟蛋的壳又薄又硬，而且易碎.Most people enjoy eating the eggs of hens．大多数人都喜欢吃鸡蛋．2 the seedof life in a woman or female animal which joins with the male seed or sperm to make an embryo 卵子

yolk／jəuk／ ［C］ the yellow part in an egg 蛋黄

white/wait/[C] the white or clear part of an egg蛋白

sperm/sp3:m/1 [C] precise the male germ or sex cell in animals and humans 精子2［U］ loose semen 精液

semen/'si:mən/ [U] the liquid in a male human or animal which carries the sperm 精液seminal ［Wa5；B］ of or concerning semen 精液的

ovum /'əuvəm/ [C] the female germ or sex cell in animals and humans 卵子；卵细胞

spawn/spo:n/[U] 1 the eggs of fish,frogs, etc, laid together in a soft mass（鱼、蛙等的）卵；子2 infml usu deprec the young of any creature （任何生物的）仔；幼子；崽子

A20 nouns 名词：young creatures generally 动物的幼仔（总称）

[→C3 CHILD]

young/jAg/ 1 [Wn3;C usu pl] a young living creature，esp an animal 动物的幼仔：Most higher animals try to protect their young from danger.大多数高等动物都设法保护幼仔使它们免遭危险.The young of a lion is called a cub. 狮子的小崽子叫幼狮．2 ［P］ young people con-sidered as a group 年轻人：The young are better fed today in many countries than ever before.今天在很多国家里年轻一代所吃的比过去任何时候吃的都好.with young fml（esp ofanimals） expecting to give birth（尤指动物）怀胎的

offspring\_/'pf,sprm/ [Wn3; C us.pl] fml the young of an animal；child 动物的幼子；崽子；子孙；后裔：The offspring of the cat are called kittens.猫的崽子叫猫仔.

progeny /'prod3əni/[Wn3;C usu pl]fml,tech, ＆ pomp offspring 子孙；后裔

issue ／＇ifu：／ ［GU］ old use and law children 子女；子嗣（esp in the phr to die without issue 死后无嗣）：He died without issue and left all his money to a home for cats.他去世时没有子嗣，把所有的钱都遗赠给一个猫的收养所.

litter /'litə/ [GC] a group of young animals born at the same time to one mother, as of kittens （＝young cats）一胎所生的小动物（如小猫）；一窝（小动物）：Our cat had a litter of four （kittens）. 我们的猫一胎生了四只小猫.The litter is healthy，every one.这一窝里的每一只都很健康.The litterare all healthy.这一窝都很健康.

A30 LIVING CREATURES 生物

Living creatures generally

生物（总称）

A30 nouns 名词：living things 生物

(living) creature /('lrvin) 'kri:tfə/ [C] a living thing， esp an animal 生物（尤指动物）：Animals and plants are living creatures.动植物都是生物. The beach was covered with small creatures. 海滩上布满了小生物.What kind of creature isthat？那是哪一类的生物？He saw a cat-likecreature among the trees.他看见树丛中有一只像猫的动物.

being/'bi:n/ [C] a living creature, esp a person or with a personality 生物（尤指人）：Do other kinds of being live on other planets ［→L2］？其它星球上有别的生物吗？［→C1 HUMAN BEING］

animal /'ænəməl/ [C] a living thing, not a plant, having senses and able to move itself when it wants to 动物：Snakes， fish， and birds are all animals in the broadest sense of the word,but the word 'animal' is usually kept for creatures like cats， dogs，and horses.就最广泛的词义而言，蛇、鱼和鸟类都是动物，但“animal”一词通常用以专指猫、狗、马这类动物．［■A50］

plant/pla:nt/[C] 1 a living thing that has leaves and roots and grows usu in earth 植物： Vegetables，flowers，and trees are all plants.蔬菜、花卉、树木都是植物.Treat that plant care-fully；it isn＇t strong.好好照料那一棵植物；它长得不壮.All plants need water and light.一切植物都需要水和光.He is studying the plant life of the area．他正在研究这一地区植物的生长状况．2esp such living things smaller than trees 尤指比树矮小的植物：He has a lot of unusual plantsin his garden and several fine old trees.他的花园里有许多稀有的植物和几棵壮实的老树.Shebought a cactus plant and put it in a pot.她买了一棵仙人掌，把它种在花盆里.Tea is madefrom the leaves of the tea plant.茶是茶树的叶子制成的．［→A150］

organism /'o:gənizəm/ [C] any form of life which is made up of parts which work together to keep life going; an individual animal or plant 有机体；生物；个别的动物或植物：Good soil is full of small organisms.肥沃的土壤里布满微小的生物.

fauna/'fornə/ [U] all the animals living wild in a particular place, or belonging to a particular age in history（一个地区或时代的）动物（总称）：Fauna in ancient times included many animals not alive today.古代动物中包括很多今天已灭绝的动物.

flora /'flo:rə/ [U] all the plants of a particular place or time（一个地区或时代的）植物（总称）：He studies the flora （and fauna）of Britain.他研究不列颠的植物（和动物）.

wildlife /'waild,laif/ [U] animals (and plants) which live and grow wild 野生动物（和植物）：The wildlife of the area is diverse and fasci-nating.这一地区的野生动植物种类繁多，引人入胜.She is concerned with wildlife preservation.她

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A31 LIVING CREATURES 生物

对野生动植物的保护很关注.

biped /'baiped/[C] tech a creature with two legs 两足动物：Human beings and birds are bipeds.人类和鸟类都是两足动物.

quadruped /'kwpdru,ped/[C] tech a creature with four legs 四足动物：Horses and dogs are quadrupeds.马和狗都是四足动物.

A31 nouns 名词： emotive expressions

for living things［C］对生物带有感情色彩的词语

arimal /'ænəməl/ genl a living thing, not a plant or a human（人以外的）动物：Some people consider themselves quite different from ani-mals, but others consider human beings as no more than animals.有些人认为自己与动物迥然不同，而另一些人则认为人不过是动物罢了.Don＇ttreat me like an animal-I'm a human being. 不要把我当动物对待-我是人.（fig deprec）Tohim she is just an animal， not a person.对他来说，她不过是动物，不是人.

beast /bi:st/ 1 usu apprec or deprec a four-footed animal 走兽；野兽；四足动物：A largeheavy beast was moving through the forest.一头巨兽正在穿过树林.What a splendid beast theelephant is！象可真是兽类中的佼佼者啊！I can＇tstand dogs； get that beast away from me！我讨厌狗；把那畜生给我赶开！The birds and thebeasts of the forest were silent.树林里飞禽走兽都静悄悄的．2 cow or horse or other larger animal which is used by people 牛、马等牲畜； 家畜：He drove the beasts back to the cow-shed.他把家畜赶回了牛棚.Water those beasts， then give them something to eat.给那些牲畜一点儿水喝，然后再给它们一点儿吃的．3 a person，esp a man，behaving badly 举止粗鲁的人；凶恶的人：Don＇t make a beast of yourself； eat properly！不要那么狼吞虎咽的，吃得像样些！Thatbeast！-He is cruel to everybody.那个畜生！-他对谁都那么凶狠.That boy is a horrible littlebeast-very badly behaved.那个男孩真是讨厌透顶的小畜生-行为坏极了.bestial ［B］ usudeprec like a beast esp in being cruel 野兽般的； （尤指）兽性的；残忍的-ly ［adv］bestiality ［U］1 the state of being bestial 兽性 2 the act of sexual ntercourse［→＞A16］ with animals 人兽交合；兽奸

brute /bru:t/1 an animal, esp if large and re-garded as dangerous（尤指大而危险的）野兽；畜生：That dog is a dangerous brute； it bites people.那条狗是危险的畜生；它咬人.（fig）Peo-ple here used to live the lives of brutes;there was little civilization.这里的人以前过着野蛮人的生活；谈不上什么文明．2 an unfortunate animal不幸的动物：The fire spread to the dog-house and we couldn＇t save the poor brute.火势蔓延到狗屋，我们没办法救那可怜的小生命了！3arough, cruel, insensitive, or bad-mannered person，esp a man 残酷无情或粗暴的人：He isan unfeeling brute！他是个冷酷无情的畜生！Agreat brute of a man attacked her.一个凶恶的

大汉向她袭击.brutal［B］（cruel） like a brute 野兽般（残忍）的；兽性的-ly［adv］brutality［U］

A32 nouns 名词： kinds of living creature 生物的种类

animal /'ænməl/ [C] precise a four-footed crea-ture, usu a mammal and excluding reptiles, birds，etc 四足动物（通常指哺乳动物，不包括爬行动物、鸟类等）：Many people would call a horse an animal， but not a snake.许多人会把马叫做“animal”而不会把蛇叫做“animal”.The forest is full of birds and animals of all kinds.森林里尽是各种各样的鸟类和四足动物．［→A50］

higher animal [C] a creature with a complex physical structure， esp a mammal 高等动物（尤指哺乳动物）：Cats and monkeys are among the higher animals.猫和猴子都属于高等动物.

lower animal [C] a creature with a fairly simple physical structure 低等动物：Insects， crabs, and reptiles are among the lower animals.昆虫、蟹和爬行动物都属于低等动物.

mammal /'mæməl/ [C] an animal which feeds its young with milk from a breast [→B31], udder ［■A128］，or similar organ 哺乳动物： Cats, monkeys, and human beings are all mammals.猫、猴子和人都是哺乳动物.mamma-lian ［Wa5； B］ of or concerning mammals 哺乳动物的

beast of prey [C] an animal, usu larger, which hunts and eats other animals（捕食其它动物的） 猛兽：The lion is a beast of prey.狮子是猛兽.

rodent/'rəudnt/[C] an animal which has strong teeth which grow all the time（见162页彩图） 啮齿动物：Rabbits and rats are rodents.兔子和老鼠都是啮齿动物．［A60］

marsupial /ma:'sju:prəl/ 1 [C] an animal the female of which carries the young in a pouch ［■H183］ after birth 有袋类动物2［Wa5；B］of or concerning such animals 有袋类动物的

bird /b3:d/ [C] a creature with wings and feathers， the female of which lays eggs（见 195 页至196页彩图）鸟：Birds were singing in the trees.鸟儿正在树丛里歌唱.The mother bird saton the nest,while the father looked for food. 母鸟孵卵；公鸟觅食．［→A70］

bird of prey [C] a bird which hunts and eats other animals（捕食其它动物的）猛禽：The eagle is a bird of prey.鹰是猛禽.

fowl／faul／［C］ old use ＆ poet a bird 禽；鸟： Nature made all the fowls of the air.大自然创造了所有的飞禽．［→A70］

wildfowl/'warld,faul/ [P] birds living in natural conditions， esp if hunted and shot for food（尤指被捕猎的）野禽；猎鸟：Wild ducks and geeseare included in the term ＇wildfowl＇.“野禽”一词包括野鸭和雁在内.

waterfowl/'wo:tə,faul/ [Wn2; C usu pl] birds living in, on, or close to water, usu rivers and lakes 水禽［→A73］

reptile /'reptarl/ [C]a creature with lungs whose blood changes temperature according to the temperature around it 爬行动物；爬虫：

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Snakes and crocodiles are reptiles.蛇和鳄鱼都是爬行动物．［→A90］reptilian ［Wa5；B］ of， like，or concerning reptiles（像）爬行动物的

amphibian /æm'fibiən/ [C] an animal which is specially adapted to live both on land and in the water（见196页彩图）两栖动物：Frogs aretypical amphibians.蛙是典型的两栖动物.［A94] amphibious [B] having these qualities 水陆两栖或两用的：An amphibious vehicle isuseful both on land and in the water.水陆两用车在陆地和水上都有用.

fish/fry[Wn2; C] 1 precise a creature which breathes in water by means of gills [→A122] and whose blood changes temperature ac-cording to the temperature around it（见 293 页彩图）鱼：He found some dead fish beside the sea.他在海边发现了一些死鱼.The water wasfull of little fishes．水里尽是各种小鱼．2 loose any fairly large creature which lives in water 大型水生动物：A whale is a very big fish.鲸是巨大的水生动物．［■A100］

shellfish/'fel,fif/ [Wn3; C] any sea creature which typically has a hard shell of any kind 贝壳类动物：Oysters are molluscs and crabs are crustaceans but generally they are called shell-fish.牡蛎是软体动物，蟹是甲壳类动物，但它们一般都被称为贝壳类动物．［■A102-3］

crustacean /kras'teıfən/ [C] tech any shellfish which has a hard shell and jointed legs（见294页彩图）甲壳类动物：Crabs and lobsters arecrustaceans．蟹和龙虾是甲壳类动物．［■A102］

mollusc esp BrE, mollusk AmE /'mpləsk/any animal, úsu small and without limbs, usu found in the sea or near water, with a soft body and usu a hard shell（见294 页彩图）软体动物：Oysters are molluscs and have shells but slugs are also technically molluscs although they do not have shells.牡蛎是软体动物，有贝壳；蛞蝓虽然没有贝壳，但严格来说也是软体动物．［■A103］

insect/'insekt/[C] 1 precise & tech a small creature with no bones and a hard outer covering, six legs, and a body divided into three parts（见 327 页彩图）昆虫：Ants andflies are insects.蚂蚁和苍蝇都是昆虫.She wasbitten by an insect in the garden.她在花园给虫子咬了．2 loose any very small animal of a similar kind 小虫：She doesn＇t like ants，bees， spiders，and other insects like that.她不喜欢蚂蚁、蜜蜂、蜘蛛以及诸如此类的小虫.

A33 nouns 名词：classes of living things

［C］生物的分类

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family/'fæməli/ a group of living things with a number of common characteristics and a

A35 LIVING CREATURES 生物

common origin 科

genus／＇d3i：nəs／ a division of a family 属

species /'spi:fi:z/ [Wn3] a group of plants or animals that are of the same kind, which are alike in all important ways, and which can breed together to produce young of the same kind；a division of a genus 种

A34 nouns 名词： breeds and strains of living things 生物的品种与品系

breed/bri:d/ [C] a kind or class of animal or plant usu developed under the influence of man 品种：The Alsatian is a special breed of dog.阿尔萨斯牧羊犬是一种特殊品种的狗.

strain/strein/ [C] a breed or type of creature, esp plants, insects, and bacteria, usu devel-oped or developing over a period of time 品系；种类：He has developed a new strain of peas.他培育了一种新的豌豆品种.These insectsare a new strain which aren't affected by this poison.这些昆虫属新的品系，不受这种毒药影响.

race/reis/ [C] a breed or type of animal or plant, esp one useful to man for producing young of the same type（尤指优良的）生物品种

pedigree /'pedəgri:/1 a [C;U] (a series of) people from whom or animals from which a person，family， or animal is descended 血统； （动物的）种：These two families have fne pedigrees.这两个家族都是名门之后.This dog isof unknown pedigree.这条狗的血统不明.b［U］ apprec the ancient series of people from whom a person or family is descended 门第；出身；名门：She comes from a family of （high） pedigree．她出身于名门望族．2［C］ a list ordrawing showing the families from whicha person or animal is descended 家谱；（动物的） 血统表：Can you show me the dog＇s pedigree？ 你能向我说明这狗的血统吗？3［A］（of animals）descended from a long and recorded (and usu specially chosen) series of animals, and there-fore of high quality（指动物）纯种的；有血统纪录的：He breedspedigree cattle.他培育纯种牛.

A35 nouns 名词：kinds of living things as bred by mankind［C］人类所培育的生物的种类

thoroughbred /'OArə,bred/ an animal, esp a horse, which descends from parents of one particular type with particular qualities, often thought to be the best of a kind 优良的纯种（尤指马）：These horses are racing thoroughbreds. 这些马是纯种赛马.

cross /krps/ [(between)] an animal or plant which is a mixture of breeds or kinds 杂种： The mule is a cross between the horse and the donkey.骡子是马和驴交配所产的杂种.

crossbreed /'krps,bri:d/ an animal esp in agri-culture which is produced by breeding two kinds of the same species of animal 杂交品种：

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A36 LIVING CREATURES 生物

That sheep is a crossbreed of two different breeds.那只羊是两个品种的羊交配所生的杂交品种.

hybrid／＇harbrid／ fml a cross 杂种：The mule is a hybrid（animal）.骡子是杂种（动物）.

mongrel /'mangrəl/ an animal,esp a dog, which is of no particular breed but whose parents come from different breeds 杂种（尤指狗）： Mongrels are often healthir than pure-bred animals.杂种往往比纯种更壮实.

A36 verbs 动词： man breeding living things 人工饲养

breed/bri:d/ [T1] to keep (esp animals or fish) for the purpose of producing young, esp when the choice of parents is controlled 培育；选种繁殖：They breed fine cattle on that farm.他们在那个农场培育良种牛.He breeds dogs as ahobby.他的嗜好是培育良种狗.

interbreed/intə'bri:d/ [IØ] to breed with one another 杂交繁殖：Separate species do not nor-mally interbreed.异种通常不杂交繁殖.

crossbreed /'krps,bri:d/[T1] to cause to inter-breed 使···杂交繁殖：Can you crossbreed these two kinds of sheep？你能使这两种羊杂交繁殖吗？crossbred [Wa5; B] produced by crossing breeds 杂种的

cross/krps/ [T1 (with)] to produce a cross by mixing （breeds or varieties） 使杂交：He crossed a horse with/and a donkey and got a mule.他使马和驴杂交，生了一头骡子.

hybridize, -ise/'harbri,darz/ fml 1 [T1] to cross; cause to interbreed 使杂交：He hybridized the roses and got a fine new variety.他把这些玫瑰杂交后得到了一个优良的新品种.It is not easy tohybridize animals which do not normally in-terbreed.使通常不杂交繁殖的动物杂交是不容易的．2［IØ］ to interbreed 杂交繁殖 hybridization [U]

tame /teim/ [T1] to make (a wild, uncontrol-lable, or fierce animal) gentle or tame[ F220], esp in order to live with man and be useful 驯服：She tamed that horse herself.她亲自驯服了那匹马.He tames lions； he＇s a lion-tamer.他驯狮，是个驯狮人.（fig） Man hastamed much of nature and made it work for him.人类在很多方面已经征服了自然，使其为自己服务.

domesticate /dəu'mestə,keit/1 [T1] to make(a kind of animal or a particular animal) tame through breeding or training 驯化（动物）；驯养： People first domesticated the dog thousands of years ago．人们在几千年以前就把狗驯化了．2［IØ］ to become tame in this way 变得驯服： Some kinds of animals domesticate more easily than others.有些动物比别的动物更容易驯养.domestication ［U］ the act or result of domesticating （an animal or animals） 驯养： The domestication of the dog took place thousands of years ago.儿千年前狗已经开始给人驯养了．domestic［Wa5：B］（of animals） kept

or used by or living with people（指动物）家养的；与人同住的：Dogs and cats are domestic animals.狗和猫都是家畜.

A37 nouns 名词： very small living things 微生物

bacteria/bæk'trəriə/[P] tech very small living things related to plants, some of which cause disease 细菌：Bacteria exist in water， soil， air， plants,and the bodies of animals and people. 细菌存在于水中、土壤里、空气里、动植物和人体内.

virus /'varərəs/ [C] tech a living thing even smaller than bacteria which causes infectious diseases in the body 病毒：Viruses reproduce only in living cells.病毒只在活细胞里繁殖.He issuffering from a virus disease.他患的是一种病毒性疾病.

microbe/'maikrəub/ [C] tech a very small living creature which can only be seen through a microscope [→H123],esp a kind of bacteria which causes disease 微生物：Bacteria and viruses are microbes.细菌和病毒都是微生物.

germ/d33:m/[C]infml a microbe which causes disease 病菌：I have a bad cold-Don＇t come too close or you＇ll get my germs！我患了重感冒--别靠近我，不然你会被传染的！She＇s ill；shemust have picked up a germ somewhere.她病了，一定是在什么地方被病菌感染了.

bug／bag／ ［C］ infml a germ； a virus infection 病菌；病毒感染：She＇s ill； she must have picked up a bug somewhere.她病了，一定是在什么地方感染了病菌．She＇s got the flu ［→B140］bug．她感染了流行性感冒病毒.

A38 nouns 名词：living things which cause trouble 有害的生物

pest /pest/[C] 1 a usu small animal or insect that harms or destroys food supplies 有害的小动物；害虫（尤指损坏粮食的）：Rats and mice arepests．老鼠是有害的动物．2 ［usu sing］ infml anannoying person or thing 讨厌的人或物：That child is a real pest, continually asking ques-tions.那孩子真是个讨厌鬼，老是问这问那.

vermin /'v3:mmn/ [GU] 1 wild animals which are harmful to plants, animals, and birds in which humans are interested 害兽：He said that foxes were vermin and should be killed, but she didn＇t agree.他说狐狸是害兽，应该打死，但她不同意．2 insects and similar creatures which live on the bodies of larger creatures 害虫；寄生虫：Lice and fleas［→A110］are vermin． 虱子和跳蚤是寄生虫．3 deprec（fig）humanbeings who are considered harmful to society 危害社会的人；坏人；歹徒 verminous［B］1having a lot of lice or fleas 满是虱子和跳蚤的2［Wa5］ caused by insects 由寄生虫引起的：There are many verminous diseases.很多疾病是由寄生虫引起的.-ly［adv］

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A39 nouns 名词：living things which eat or are eaten 吃掉或被吃掉的生物

predator /'predətə/ [C] an animal which hunts other animals for food 食肉动物：Lions and hawks are predators.狮子和鹰都是食肉动物.predatory [B] 1 living by killing and eating other animals 捕食其它动物的；食肉的：The catis a predatory animal． 猫是食肉动物．2 con-cerned with or living (as if) by robbery and taking the property of others 掠夺的；掠夺成性的；以掠夺为生的：Their land was attacked by predatory tribes.他们的国土遭到掠夺成性的部族袭击.（fig）This town is full of predatory hotel-keepers charging very high prices.这个城市里尽是贪得无厌的旅店老板，他们漫天要价.predation［U］ the actions of a predator 猎食；掠夺

prey /prei/1 [U] an animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal 被捕食的动物：The lion seized its prey and ate it.狮子抓住了猎物并把它吃掉.Chickens on a farm often fall prey to foxes．鸡场里的鸡往往成为狐狸的猎物．2［S］(fig) a person who is helpless and suffers （easily or often） from harm（容易或经常）被伤害的人；牺牲者：He trusts people too much； he＇s an easy prey and almost anyone can trick him out of money.他太相信别人，很容易被人蒙骗；几乎谁都可以从他那里骗到钱.Some people withdisordered minds become a prey to all kinds of fears.有些精神不健全的人受到各种恐惧的折磨.scavenger/'skævind3ə/ [C] an animal which feeds on animals which it finds dead, esp

when the flesh is decaying 食腐动物：Jackals are scavengers.豺是食腐动物.

parasite /'pærə,sait/ [C] 1 a plant or animal that lives on or in another and gets its food from it 寄生植物或动物；寄生虫：This insect is aparasite that feeds on human blood.这种虫子是靠吸人血生存的寄生虫．2（fig）deprec a use-less person who is supported by the wealth or efforts of others 依靠他人为生的人；过寄生生活的人：These people are just parasites on the State；they do no useful work.这些人是国家的寄生虫；他们不做任何有益的工作.parasitic ［B］deprec(& often fig) of,concerning, or like a parasite 寄生的；与寄生虫有关的；像寄生虫的：Sheleads a parasitic life, doing no work herself but helped by everyone else.她过着寄生生活，自已什么也不干，专靠别人侍候她．-ally［Wa4；adv］parasitism [U] the state or way of behaving of parasites 寄生状态或行为方式

A40 collective nouns 集合名词：groups of the same kind of living things ［GC］同类生物群

colony/'kpləni/ tech a group of living creatures of the same kind living or growing closely to-gether in a place（生长在一起的同类飞禽或动物的）群；集群：There are several bird colonies on islands near here.这里附近的岛上有几个鸟群.

A41 LIVING CREATURES 生物

herd /h3:d/ 1 a group of land animals of one kind which live and feed together（在一起生活和吃食的同类陆上动物）群：Herds of elephantswere moving across the plain.象群正在越过平原．2 a group of animals of one kind bred by a farmer（农家饲养的同类动物的）群：That farmhas one of the finest herds of cattle in the country．那个畜牧场有国内一种最优良的牛群．3(fig) usu deprec people generally thought of as acting all alike， like animals 群氓；群众：She believes she is above the common herd (=the ordinary people）.她自命不凡.

flock/flpk/1 a group of sheep, goats, or birds 羊群；鸟群：The shepherd［→E144］ brought his flock down from the hills.牧羊人把他的羊群从山上赶下来.A flock／flight of birds flew over-head．一群鸟在头顶上飞过．2（fig）infml （ofpeople） a crowd 人群：A large flock of people crowded into the hall.一大群人挤进了大厅.

flight /flait/ a group of birds moving through the air（飞行中的鸟）群：A flight of starlings flew down towards the roof.一群椋鸟向着屋顶飞下来.

shoal /fəul/ a large number of fish of one kind swimming in a group 鱼群：Shoals of herring can be found in that part of the sea.在那片海域可以找到鲱鱼群.

school/sku:l/ a large number of fish or sea mammals［→A32］ swimming in a group （鱼或海洋哺乳动物的）群：A school of whales swampast the ship.一群鲸从船边游过.

pack /pæk/ i a number of dogs which are kept for hunting 猎狗群：The pack chased the fox. 猎狗群追逐那只狐狸．2a group of animals， usulike dogs， which hunt other animals（一起觅食的类犬动物的）群：Wolves hunt in packs.狼成群觅食.The wolf pack attacked the horse.狼群袭击那匹马．3（fig）deprec a gang 一帮；一伙：Hewas cheated by a pack of thieves.他被一帮盗贼骗了.

troop /tru:p/ a group of animals, esp monkeys and similar long-legged animals, esp when moving 兽群；（尤指移动中的猴）群：The troop ofbaboons crossed the plain.那群狒狒越过了平原.

A41 nouns 名词：places where creatures live and shelter［C］动物栖息与藏身的地方

nest/nest/1 a shelter which is built by many kinds of birds, where the female lays her eggs （鸟）巢：There was a bird＇s nest high in the tree.树的高处有一鸟巢.Some birds build their nests on houses．有些鸟把巢筑在房屋上．2 theshelter built by some kinds of insects（昆虫的） 巢：Wasps had built their nest in the old wall. 黄蜂在那古墙里筑了巢.

lair /leə/ the home or shelter of a wild animal, where it hides， rests，sleeps，etc 兽穴：The fox returned to its lair with its prey.狐狸叼着猎物回到了自己的洞穴.（fig）The police tracked（＝fol-lowed） the thieves to their lair.警察追踪匪徒来到了贼窝.

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A42 LIVING CREATURES 生物

den/den/ the home or shelter of a (usu large) wild meat-eating animal（大型食肉野兽的）窝； 兽穴：The lion lay asleep in its den.狮子躺在窝里熟睡.（fig）That house is just a den of thieves； no one＇s money is safe there！那幢房子简直是个贼窝；那里任何人的钱都不保险.

burrow /'barəu/ a shelter, esp for foxes, rabbits, etc, which consists of a hole or tunnel(s) under the ground（狐狸、兔子等在地下所掘的）洞穴

A42 nouns 名词：places where

creatures are kept by man ［C］人工饲养生物的地方

[→ALSO E140 STABLE, KENNEL, etc]

zoo ／zu：／ also 又作 fml zoological gardens /,zəvə'lod3ıkəl 'ga:dənz/ a place, usu large and like a park, where animals of all kinds are kept for people to see 动物园：He likes going to the zoo in Edinburgh／to Edinburgh Zo0．他喜欢去爱丁堡的动物园／爱丁堡动物园.Modern zoos aremuch better places than zoos used to be.现代的动物园比从前的好多了.

aquarium /ə'kweərıəm/ 1 a glass container for fish and other water animals 水族箱（养鱼或其它水生动物的玻璃容器）；养鱼缸2a building（esp ina zoo） containing many of these（尤指动物园里的）水族馆

aviary /'erviəri/ a place where many birds are kept，esp in a zoo（尤指动物园的）鸟舍：Let＇s goto the aviaries next，Daddy.爹爹，接着就去鸟舍看看吧！

apiary /'eıprəri/ a place where people keep bees ［→A110］养蜂场 apiarist a person who keeps bees养蜂人

A43 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：noises

made by certain animals ［1Ø；C］某些动物的叫声

bleat/bli:t/1 to make a noise like a sheep, goat, or calf（羊、山羊、小牛）叫；咩咩地叫：The lambwas bleating for its mother.小羔羊正在叫着找羊妈妈．2 the sound made by a sheep，goat，or calf （羊、山羊、小牛的）叫声3（fig）a sound likethis 像羊或小牛的叫声：He heard the bleat of an oldman＇s high shaky voice.他听到了一位老人尖锐而颤抖的声音.

neigh/nei/1 to make the loud and long cry that a horse makes（马）嘶：The horse neighed in fear. 马惊叫起来．2 the loud and long cryof a horse 马嘶声：The horse gave a neigh offear.马发出惊叫.

whinny／＇wini／ also 又作 snicker／＇snikə／or 或whicker/'hwikə/1 to make the gentle sound which horses make（马）低嘶；哼鼻子：The horse whinnied when its master appeared.马见到主人来了便低声地鸣叫．2 the gentle sound whichhorses make 马的低嘶声：He heard the whinny of a horse.他听到了一匹马的低嘶声.

snort /sno:t/ 1 to make a noise by blowing air down the nose 发哼声；喷鼻作声：The horsesnorted in fear．那马因恐惧而发出喷鼻声．2sucha noise 哼声；喷鼻声：He heard a snort of anger from one of the men.他听到了其中一个人发出愤怒的哼声.

grunt/grant/1 to make a low noise like a pig （猪）哼哼叫；咕哝：The pigs were grunting hap-pily as they ate.那些猪在吃食时欢快地哼叫着.Hegrunted in reply; I couldn't understand what he said.他咕哝着回了我一声；我听不懂他在说些什么.2 such a noise 哼声；咕哝声：I could hear the grunts of the pigs.我能听到猪的哼哼声.He gavea grunt in reply.他咕哝着回了一声.

bark/ba:k/1 to make the sharp loud sound a dog makes（狗）叫；吠：The dogs began to bark when the man climbed over the wall.那人翻越墙头时， 那些狗叫了起来．2 such a sound 狗叫声：The doguttered a short sharp bark.那只狗发出了短促而尖厉的叫声.

miaow，meow／mi＇au／also 又作 mew／mju：／1 to make the crying sound a cat makes（猫）喵喵地叫：The kitten miaowed.那只小猫叫了起来.Cats were mewing somewhere nearby.猫正在附近什么地方叫着．2 such a sound 猫的喵喵叫声：He heard the sudden miaow ofa cat.他听到一只猫突然喵地叫了一声.The kitten le out afrightened mew.小猫发出了惊恐的叫声.

squeal/skwi:l/1 to make a high long noise like certain animals in pain or in fear（某些动物因疼痛或害怕而）发出长的尖叫声：The little pigsquealed when the dog attacked it.当那条狗扑上去时，小猪吓得尖叫了起来.The child squealed infear．那孩子吓得尖叫起来．2 such a noise（因疼痛或害怕而发出的）长而尖的叫声：She gave a squealof fear.她吓得尖叫了一声.

hoot／hu：t／1 to cry like an owl 猫头鹰叫：An owl hooted in a nearby tree.一只猫头鹰在附近的树上叫了起来．2 such a cry猫头鹰的叫声：The huntergave two hoots like an owl.猎人学猫头鹰叫了两声.

quack／kwæk／1 to make a noise like a duck（鸭） 嘎嘎地叫2 such a noise鸭的嘎嘎叫声

Animals/mammals

动物／哺乳动物

A50 nouns 名词：man and the monkey（见29页彩图）人与猴子

[→B10 THE BODY, C1-18 PEOPLE AND THE FAMILY]

man／mæn／1［C］a（male）human being（男）人： He could see some men and horses on the hill-side．他能看到山坡上有一些人和马．2［R］ thehuman race 人类：Man and the monkey have many things in common.人和猴子有许多共同之处.

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![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

男人 女人 儿童

monkey/'manki/ [C] a higher animal which is covered with hair 猴子：Monkeys generally have long arms and can swing easily from tree to tree, but some kinds, like baboons, live mainly on the ground.猴子一般有长臂，能轻易地从一棵树荡到另一棵树上；但有些种类，如狒狒，则主要生活在地面上.Most kinds of monkeys aremuch smaller than men，and have tails.大多数猴子都比人小得多，而且有尾巴.

ape /eip/ [C] any large kind of monkey without a tail 猿：Gorillas and chimpanzees are apes. 大猩猩和黑猩猩都是猿.

anthropoid (ape) /'ænOrə,poid (erp)/[C] any large manlike ape, esp the gorilla and chim-panzee 类人猿（尤指大猩猩和黑猩猩）

langur ／læn＇guə／also 又作 langur monkey ［C］ an Asian long-tailed monkey 龄猴（亚洲产的一种长尾猴）

（其余见彩图）

A51 nouns 名词： the horse and similar animals［C］（见29页彩图）马与同类动物[→K199 HORSE RIDING, K200 HORSE RACING]

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the horse according to age and sex马的名称（按年龄和性别分） |
| sex 性别age年龄 | male 雄性 | female 雌性 |
| full-grown已成长 | stallion 公马 | mare 母马 |
| young 未成长 | colt小公马 | filly 小母马 |
| veryyoung幼小newborn 新生的 | foal 小马；驹 |

A52 ANIMALS／MAMMALS 动物／哺乳动物

Other varieties and breeds of horses

and similar animals 马的其它品种与同类动物

pony /'pəuni/ a horse of a small breed, esp as used by children 矮种马；小马：The children enjoyed riding（on） the ponies.孩子们喜欢骑小马.They enjoyed the pony rides.他们喜欢骑小马玩.

gelding /'geldin/ a stallion which has been castrated［→A18］骟马；去势的马

mustang/'mastæn/ a small wild horse of the North American plains 野马（北美洲产）

stud /stad/1 esp AmE a male horse kept for breeding 种马 2 a number of horses or other animals kept for breeding（一群）种马或种畜

donkey /'donki/, ass /æs/ a grey or brown animal like a horse, but smaller and with longer ears（见 29 页彩图）驴（fig） a foolish person 傻瓜：Don＇t be such an ass-It＇s a silly thing to do！别当这样的傻瓜-做这种事太愚蠢了！He＇s a bit of a donkey； he does silly things.他有点儿傻乎乎的，常做蠢事.

jackass／＇d3æk，æs／1 a male ass 公驴2（fig）a foolish person 笨蛋；傻瓜

mule /mju:l/ a cross between a horse and a donkey（见 29 页彩图）骡：The cart was pulled by two mules.车是由两头骡子拉的.

zebra /'zi:brə/ a striped animal from Africa, related to the horse（见29页彩图）斑马

A52 nouns 名词：the cow and similar animals［C］（见30页彩图）牛与同类动物[→E34 FOR THE PARTS OF THE COW AS MEAT]

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the cow according to age and sex牛的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex性别age年龄 | female andgeneral雌性及通称 | male雄性 |
| full-grown已成长 | OOW母牛；乳牛 | bull公牛 |
| young未成长 | heifer小母牛 | bullock小公牛 |
| very young幼小 | calf pl calves小牛；牛犊 |

Other varieties of cows and similar animals（见30页彩图）牛的其它品种与同类动物

cattle／＇kætl／［P］cows，etc，collectively牛（集合名词）：The cattle were in the fields.牛在田里. On that farm they have a thousand head of cattle(=athousand cows，bulls，etc）.他们在那

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A53 ANIMALS／MAMMALS 动物／哺乳动物

农场有一千头牛.

bullock ／＇bulək／ 1 a young bull 小公牛 2a castrated［■A18］bull 阉牛

steer /strə/a young, usu castrated bull, esp if it is raised as food（通常已阉割的）小公牛（尤指为供食用而饲养的菜牛）

ox/pks/1 a fully-grown castrated bullock, esp when it is used to pull carts，etc（尤指拉车用的） 阉牛 2 old use any domestic ［→A36］ cow，bull， etc家牛（不分公母）3 any large cowlike animal 任何似牛的大牲畜

longhorn /'lon,ho:n/ a cow or bull of a kind with long horns 长角牛

shorthorn /'fo:t,ho:n/ a cow or bull of a kind with short horns 短角牛

buffalo /'bafə,ləu/ [Wn1] 1 precise a large animal like the cow, usu found in Africa and Asia水牛（非洲和亚洲产）2 loose the Americanbison 美洲野牛

bison /'baisən/ [Wn2] precise 1 the European wild ox 欧洲野牛 2 the North American wild Ox 北美野牛（其余见彩图）

A53 nouns 名词： the cat and similar animals ［C］猫与同类动物

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the cat according to age and sex猫的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex性别age年龄 | male 雄性 | female 雌性 |
| full-grown已成长 | tomcatinfml tom 公猫 | tabby母猫 |
| young 未成长 | kitten 小猫 |

cat /kæt/ 1 a small domestic [→A36] animal with fur（见 30 页彩图）猫：Many families keep a cat, usually to kill mice, but often as a pet for the children.很多家庭养猫通常是为了捉老鼠，但往往也是为了给孩子玩．2 any animal of agroup which includes the domestic cat and the lion 猫科动物3（fig） deprec a woman who says unkind things about other women 好说其他女人坏话的女人

puss／pus／also 又作 kitty／＇kiti／ （the name used for talking to or calling cats）（唤猫时的用语）： Here，puss，puss！上这儿来，猫咪，猫咪！Come on，puss，drink your milk！来呀！猫咪，喝奶吧！ Here，kitty-kitty-where are you？到这儿来，猫咪，猫咪，你在哪儿啊？

pussy ／＇pusi／infml a cat 猫： That＇s a nice pussy （cat）.那是只好猫.What beautiful pussies！多漂亮的猫呀！

cub／kab／the young of the larger cats（见30页彩图）（体形较大的猫科动物的）幼仔；幼狮、虎、豹等

Varieties of large nondomestic cats （见30页彩图）大型野生猫科动物的品种

panther /'pænθə/ [Wn1] 1 a leopard, esp the black one (black panther) found in África and Asia（非洲、亚洲产的）黑豹2AmE cougar美洲豹

wildcat/'waild,kæt/ a type of cat that looks like a pet cat, naturally wild and fierce, and lives in some parts of Europe 野猫；山猫；猞猁（其余见彩图）

A54 nouns 名词： the dog and similar animals［C］狗与同类动物

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the dog according to age and sex狗的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex性别age 年龄 | male andgeneral雄性及通称 | female雌性 |
| full-grown已成长 | dog公狗；狗 | bitch 母狗 |
| young 未成长 | puppy，pup 小狗 |

dog/dpg/ a domestic[→A36] animal with a coat of hair, which is bred in many varieties （见63 页彩图）狗；犬：Many families keep dogs,usually as a pet but also to guard their property.许多家庭养狗通常是当作宠物，但也是为了保护财物.

hound /haund/1 [often in comb] a hunting dog 大猎犬；大猎狗（常用于复合词中）：foxhounds（捕狐用）大猎犬；deerhounds（捕鹿用）大猎犬 2deprec a dog 狗： Get that offensive hound out of this house！把那只讨厌的狗赶出房子去！follow the hounds/ride to hounds to go fox-hunting 纵犬猎狐

sheepdog /'fi:p,dpg/ a dog trained to drive sheep and keep them together 牧羊狗

mongrel／＇mangrəl／ a dog of mixed breed 杂种狗［■A35］

cur/k3:/1 a dog of no particular breed , esp a bad-tempered one（尤指凶恶的）杂种狗2deprec a man of whom the speaker does not have a good opinion 坏蛋；恶棍：What a cur that man is！那家伙真是条癞皮狗！

bitch／bitf／1 a female dog 母狗2 deprec a wom-an 坏女人；骚货：Tell that bitch to leave me alone！告诉那个骚货别缠着我！

Common varieties and breeds of the domestic dog（见63页彩图）家犬的常见品种

boxer/'bpksə/ a large, short-haired dog, de-

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scended from the German bulldog 拳师狗；斗拳狗

mastiff/'mæstif/ a deep-chested powerful dog, similar to a bulldog, often used for guarding houses獒（一种类似牛头犬的大猛犬，多作看家用）

bloodhound /'blad,haund/ a large hunting dog with avery good sense of smell, used for tracking people or animals 大警犬（一种嗅觉灵敏的大型猎犬，用于追踪人或动物）

retriever/rr'tri:və/ any of several types of spe-cially bred middle-sized hunting dog, trained to bring back shot birds（经训练能衔回猎物的）猎犬

setter /'setə/ a type of long-haired dog often trained to point out the position of animals for shooting 塞特犬（一种经训练后能指示猎物所在的长毛猎犬）

（其余见彩图）

Similar wild animals （见63页彩图）同类野生动物

coyote /kor'əut/ [Wn1] a type of small wolf na-tive to western North America and Mexico 郊狼（产于北美西部和墨西哥）；草原狼

dingo／＇dingəu／ a type of Áustralian wild dog 澳洲野狗（其余见彩图）

A55 nouns 名词：the pig［C］（见64页彩图）猪

[→E34 FOR PARTS OF THE PIG AS MEAT]

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the pig according to age and sex猪的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex性别age年龄 | male 雄性 | female 雌性 |
| full-grown已成长 | boar 公猪 | sow 母猪 |
| young 未成长 | piglet小猪 |

hog ／hpg／ 1 esp AmE a pig 猪 2 a castrated ［→A18］boar raised for food 供食用的阉猪

swine/swain/[Wn3]1 esp old use & lit a pig or pigs collectively 猪（单复数同）2 derog（fig）a person or people whom the speaker really does not like 可恶的人；猪猡：Tell that／those swine to get out of here！叫那个／那帮猪猡滚出去！

（其余见彩图）

A57 ANIMALS／MAMMALS 动物／哺乳动物

A56 nouns 名词：the sheep ［Wn3；C］ and

the goat［C］（见64页彩图）绵羊与山羊

[→E34 FOR PARTS OF THE SHEEP AS MEAT]

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the sheep according to age and sex绵羊的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex性别age年龄 | female 雌性 | male 雄性 |
| full-grown已成长 | ewe 母羊 | ram 公羊 |
| young 未成长 | lamb小羊 |

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the goat according to age and sex山羊的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex 性别age年龄 | male 雄性 | female 雌性 |
| full-grown已成长 | billy(goat),he-goat公山羊 | nanny (goat),she-goat母山羊 |
| young 未成长 | kid 小山羊 |

GRAMMATICAL NOTE ［语法注释］：All the nouns in the tables are [C]: a ewe, ewes, the ewe;a billy，billies，the billy，etc 上述两图表内的名词均属［C］：a ewe，ewes，the ewe；a billy，billies， the billy等

A57 nouns 名词：deer ［Wn3］ and similar animals ［C］（见64页彩图）鹿与同类动物[→ E32 FOR THE DEER AS FOOD]

Names for deer and similar animals according to size, sex, and age 鹿和同类动物的名称（按大小、性别及年龄分）

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| age年龄sex性别 | male雄性 | female雌性 |
| full- 较大一类larger kindsgrown smaller kinds已成长 较小一类 | stag雄鹿buck雄鹿 | hind雌鹿doe雌鹿 |
| young 未成长 | fawn 幼鹿 |

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A58 ANIMALS／MAMMALS 动物／哺乳动物

Kinds of Deer 鹿的种类

reindeer /'rein,dıə/ [Wn3] a type of large deer with long branching horns that is used in the coldest parts of Europe for its milk, meat,and skin, and for pulling carriages (sledges) across the snow 驯鹿（有分叉的长角，在欧洲最寒冷地区用来拉雪橇，奶、肉供食用，皮可制革）

caribou/'kærə,bu:/[Wnl]a type of North Amer-ican reindeer 北美驯鹿

roe deer /'rəu ,drə/ [Wn3] a kind of small Eu-ropean and Asian forest deer 獐子（欧洲、亚洲产）

fallow deer /'fæləu diə/ [Wn3] a small deer of Europe and Asia having a light brownish-yellow coat with, in the summer, white spots 黇鹿；梅花鹿（欧洲和亚洲产）

elk /elk/[Wn1] BrE any of several types of deer of Europe and Asia of the largest kind,with very big flat antlers（见64页彩图）麋（欧洲、亚洲产）

moose/mu:s/[Wn3] a type of large deer,very similar to an elk, living in the northern parts of America 大角麋；驼鹿（美洲产）

（其余见彩图）

Similar animals 同类动物

antelope /'ænti,ləup/ any of various types of graceful grass-eating animals like deer, having horns and able to run very fast（见64 页彩图）羚羊

gazelle /gə'zel/ one of many kinds of small soft-eyed graceful antelope common in Africa and southern Asia 瞪羚（非洲、亚洲南部产）

springbok/'spruj,bpk/ a kind of swift South African gazelle 南非小瞪羚

GRAMMATICAL NOTE ［语法注释］：The above three nouns are [Wnl; C]: an antelope;an-telopes or antelope； the antelope，etc 以上三个名词均属［Wnl；C］：an antelope；antelopes 或antelope；the antelope 等

A58 nouns 名词： sea and amphibious

mammals［C］（见64页彩图）海洋与两栖哺乳动物

whale/hweil/any of several kinds of very large sea mammals ［→A32］鲸：People have hunted whales for centuries for their oil and flesh.几百年来人们一直在捕鲸，以猎取鲸油和鲸肉.

seal /si:l/[Wnl] any of several kinds of fish-eating sea mammals 海豹：Seals can be found in colonies [→A40] along the coasts of colder lands and islands.海豹群居于较寒冷的陆地和岛屿的沿岸.People hunt seals for their oil，skin and fur.人们猎海豹，以取其脂油和皮毛.

（其余见彩图）

A59 nouns 名词： other large animals ［C］

（见161页彩图）其它大型动物

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the elephant according to age andsex象的名称（按年龄和性别分） |
| sex 性别age年龄 | male 雄性 | female 雌性 |
| full-grown已成长 | bull(elephant)公象 | COW(elephant)母象 |
| young 未成长 | calf 小象 |

mammoth /'mæməθ/ a large kind of elephant with long hair which lived on earth during the early stages of human development 猛犸（已绝种的古代长毛象）

bear /beə/1 [Wn1] any of various kinds of usu large and heavy animals with thick rough fur that usu eat fruit and insects as well as meat 熊：Many kinds of bears sleep through the winter.多种熊都要冬眠.2(fig) a rough, bad-tempered man 粗暴、脾气不好的人：She＇s nicebut her husband＇s a bit of a bear.她人不错，可是她丈夫的脾气有点儿躁.

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the bear according to age and sex熊的名称（按年龄和性别分） |
| sex性别age年龄 | male 雄性 | female 雌性 |
| full-grown已成长 | (he-)bear公熊 | she-bear母熊 |
| young 未成长 | （bear）cub 小熊 |

（其余见彩图）

A60 nouns 名词：rodents［C］（见162页彩图）啮齿动物

rat/ræt/ a rodent which lives in old houses and beside rivers，etc（较大的）野鼠：People nor-mally regard rats as dangerous to health.人们通常认为鼠危害人的健康.

mouse /maus/ any of several kinds of small rodents which live in houses and fields 老鼠： I＇m sure there are mice in that old house.我肯定那所旧房子里有老鼠.

field mouse any of various kinds of usu small mice that live in the fields 田鼠；野鼠

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vole /vəul/any of several types of small thick-bodied short-tailed rodents which live in fields，woods， banks of rivers，etc 田鼠：a water vole 河鼠；a bank vole 堤鼠

gopher /'gəufə/ a small ratlike rodent of North and Central America which makes and lives in holes in the ground and has large spaces （pouches） inside its cheeks（北美和中美洲产的）穴居黄鼠；囊颊鼠

（其余见彩图）

A61 nouns 名词：other smaller animals

［C］（见162页彩图）其它较小型动物

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the rabbit according to sex兔的名称（按性别分） |
| male 雄性 | female 雌性 |
| buck 雄兔 | doe 雌兔 |

rabbit /'ræbit/ any of several kinds of small rodents [■A32] living in holes in the ground (burrows) and having\_brownish-grey fur in the natural state but black, white, or bluish-grey in domestic［→A36］varieties 兔

bunny (rabbit) /'bani ('ræbit)/ infml(used esp by or to children） a rabbit 小兔（儿童对兔的爱称）：The child shouted that there were bunnies in the field.孩子喊着说田里有好些小兔子.

hare /heə/ [Wnl] a rodent larger than the rabbit, with long ears, strong back legs,and a divided upper lip 野兔：Hares can run very fast.野兔跑得很快.

（其余见彩图）

A70 BIRDS 鸟类

Birds

鸟类

A70 nouns 名词：domestic fowl（见162．页

彩图）家禽 [→E31 FOWLS AS FOOD]

|  |
| --- |
| Names for fowls according to age and sex鸡的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex性别age年龄 | general andfemale通称及雌性 | male雄性 |
| full-grown已成长 | hen, chicken鸡；母鸡 | cock,AmE usurooster 公鸡 |
| younger接近成长 |  | cockerel小公鸡 |
| young 未成长 | chicken 小鸡 |
| newborn新生的 | chick 雏鸡 |

hen /hen/ [C] any of several kinds of common domestic［→A36］egg-laying bird 鸡；母鸡：The hen laid an egg.母鸡生了一个蛋.

fowl/faul/ [Wn2; C] a farmyard bird, espa hen 家禽（尤指鸡）：They keep fowls and sell the eggs.他们养禽卖蛋.

poultry /'pəultri/[U] farmyard birds, such as hens，ducks，geese，etc 家禽（如鸡、鸭、鹅等）： He raises poultry of all kinds.他饲养各种家禽. He is a poultry farmer.他是家禽饲养场主.

chicken /'tfikin/ [C] a hen (or perhaps cock), esp when young but older than a chick;esp AmE （now common name for） the hen（尤指年幼的）母鸡（或公鸡）；小鸡；（现时美式英语通称）鸡：They keep chickens on that farm.他们在那个饲养场养鸡.He has a chicken farm.他有个养鸡场.

bantam／＇bæntəm／［C］ a small kind of hen 矮脚

鸡

（其余见彩图）

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A71 BIRDS 鸟类

A71 nouns 名词：ducks and geese ［C］

（见195页彩图）鸭与鹅

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the duck according to age and sex鸭的名称（按年龄及性别分） |
| sex 性别age年龄 | female andgeneral雌性及通称 | male雄性 |
| full-grown已成长 | duck母鸭；鸭 | drake公鸭 |
| young 未成长 | duckling 小鸭 |

duck /dAk/ [Wnl] any of several wild and domestic kinds of common waterbird 鸭

|  |
| --- |
| Names for the goose according to age and sex鹅的名称（按年龄和性别分） |
| sex 性别age年龄 | female andgeneral雌性及通称 | male雄性 |
| full-grown已成长 | goose母鹅；鹅 | gander公鹅 |
| young 未成长 | gosling 小鹅 |

goose/gu:s/ any of several wild and domestic kinds of waterbird larger than a duck 鹅

A74 nouns 名词：common wild birds ［C］

（见195页彩图）常见的野生鸟类

magpie /'mæg,pa/ a type of noisy bird with black and white feathers, which often picks up and takes to its nest small bright objects 喜鹊

lark /la:k/ any of several small light brown birds with long pointed wings， esp the skylark 百灵鸟（尤指skylark 云雀）

cuckoo/'kuku:/ a type of large grey European bird that lays its eggs in other birds' nest. It flies south for winter and has a call that sounds like its name 杜鹃；布谷鸟

tit／tit／also 又作 fml titmouse ／＇tit，maus／any of several types of small European bird 小山雀（欧洲产的一种小鸟）：a blue tit 蓝山雀；a greattit 大山雀

dove /dav/ any of various types of pigeon; a soft-voiced bird often used as a sign for peace 鸽（常作和平的象征）

nightingale /'naitin,geil/ any of several Euro-pean birds related to the robin, known for their beautiful song 夜莺

（其余见彩图）

A75 nouns 名词：common pet birds ［C］ 常见供玩赏的鸟类

parrot

A72 nouns 名词：seabirds［C］（见195页彩图）海鸟

seabird /'si:,b3:d/ any bird which lives mainly or generally over，on，or near the sea 海鸟（其余见彩图）

A73 nouns 名词：waterbirds［C］（见195页彩图）水鸟；水禽

waterbird/'wo:tə,ba:d/ any bird which lives mainly or generally in and around esp fresh water 水鸟；水禽

crane/krein/ a type of large tall bird with very long legs and neck,which spends much time walking in water catching fish in its very long beak 鹤

flamingo/flə'mingəu/ a tall tropical water bird with long thin legs, pink and red feathers,and a broad beak that curves downwards 红鹳；火烈鸟

（其余见彩图）

budgerigar ／＇bad3əri，ga：／ also 又作 infml budgie /'bad3i/ a small bright-coloured bird of Australian origin often kept as a cage bird in British houses 虎皮鹦鹉（原产澳洲，英国家庭多养于笼中）

canary/kə'neəri/ a type of yellow finch kept as a cage bird esp for its singing金丝雀

A76 nouns 名词：unusual birds ［C］ （见196页彩图）罕见的鸟类

kiwi/'ki:wi:/ a type of New Zealand bird that cannot fly, having very short wings, a long beak， strong legs， and grey hairlike feathers 鹬鸵（一种新西兰鸟，不能飞，短翅，长喙，健腿，灰羽）（其余见彩图）

A77 nouns 名词：birds which are hunted as game［C］为捕猎目标的野生飞禽

gamebird /'geim,b3:d/ any bird which is hunted for food 被捕猎的鸟；猎鸟［ALSO■E31］ grouse /graus/ [Wn3] any of several kinds of smallish fat birds with feathered feet,which

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A91 REPTILES ＆ AMPHIBIANS 爬行动物与两栖动物

are shot for food and sport 松鸡

partridge /'pa:trid3/ [Wn1] any of various middle-sized birds with a round body and short tail， shot for sport and food 鹧鸪

snipe /snaip/ [Wn2] any of severa1 birds with very long thin beaks, that live on the ground in wet places and are often shot for sport 鹬； 沙锥鸟

雉

A78 nouns 名词： birds of prey and

scavengers［C］（见196页彩图）食肉鸟及食腐飞禽

buzzard /'baz3:d/ any of various kinds of hawk with wide rounded wings 鹤鹛；秃鹰

kite /kait/ a large hawk with long narrow wings and a forked tail, that eats insects and small animals鸢

carrion crow /,kærən 'krəu/ a type of large black crow that eats dead flesh and small animals 以腐尸为食的大乌鸦

raven /'reivən/ a large shiny black kind of crow, with a black beak and a deep unmusical voice, sometimes thought to be unlucky 渡鸦

rook/rok/ a large black European crow which flies about in groups that build nests together in a rookery 白嘴鸦

（其余见彩图）

Reptiles and amphibians

爬行动物与两栖动物

A90 nouns 名词：snakes［C］蛇

蟒 蝰蛇；毒蛇

snake /snerk/ any of various types of long, legless,flesh-eating reptiles which crawl on the ground or move through trees 蛇：Many

snakes are poisonous,but others crush their prey to death.很多蛇都有毒，但另有一些蛇能把猎物缠死.

serpent ／＇s3：pənt／ lit ＆ fml a snake 蛇：The serpent persuaded Eve to eat the fruit.蛇说服了夏娃吃那禁果.serpentine［B］ like a serpent， esp in having twists 似蛇的；（尤指）蜿蜒的：They drove along a serpentine road.他们的车子沿着一条蜿蜒的路驶去.

cobra/'kəubrə/ a type of African or Asian poisonous snake that can spread the skin of its neck to make itself look bigger and more dangerous 眼镜蛇（非洲、亚洲产）

python /'paiθən/ any of several types of non-poisonous tropical snakes (constrictors) that kill small animals for food by winding round them and crushing them 大蟒；蚺蛇

rattlesnake ／＇rætl，sneik／， also 又作 esp AmE rattler /'rætlə/ a poisonous American snake that makes a noise with its tail when it is angry 响尾蛇

mamba/'mæmbə/ a type of large very poison-ous black or green African tree snake 非洲大毒蛇（色黑或绿）

adder/'ædə/ a small poisonous snake found in northern Europe and northernAsia 蝮蛇；蝰蛇（产于欧亚北部的小毒蛇）

A91 nouns 名词：lizards［C］蜥蜴类

lizard /'liz3:d/ any of various types of usu smaller reptiles with four short legs and a long tail 蜥蜴：À little brown lizard sat on the stone， without moving，watching an insect.一只褐色的小蜥蜴在石头上趴着，一动也不动，盯着一只小昆虫.Crocodiles and alligators are particularly large lizard-like reptiles.鳄鱼和短吻鳄是特大型类似蜥蜴的爬行动物.

chameleon /kə'mi:liən/1 any of varioustypes of small four-legged long-tailed lizards able to change their colour to match their surround-ings 变色蜥蜴2（fig）a person who changes his behavious, ideas, etc, to suit his own purpose 反复无常的人：He＇s a political chameleon， always changing his viewsto win votes.他在政治上反复无常，常常改变自己的观点以赢得选票.

alligator /ælr'geitə/ [Wn1] a large fierce cold-blooded animal like the crocodile that lives on land and in lakes and rivers in the hot wet parts of America and China 短吻鳄（产于美洲和中国的炎热潮湿地区）

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

boa constrictor viper

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A92 REPTILES ＆ AMPHIBIANS 爬行动物与两栖动物

A94 nouns 名词：amphibians（见196页彩

图）两栖动物 [→A32 DEFINITION]

crocodile [Wnl]

(Africa)

鳄鱼（非洲产）

chameleon

变色蜥蜴；变色龙

Fish and other water creatures

鱼和其它水生动物

A100 nouns 名词：common fish ［C］

（见293页彩图）常见的鱼 [→A32 DEFINITION]

GRAMMATICAL NOTE［语法注释］All these nouns

are [Wn2] except eel, sardine, and anchovy

上述彩图内的鱼均属［Wn2］；但eel（鳗鱼，鳝鱼），

sardine（沙丁鱼）及anchovy（鳀鱼）除外.

A92 nouns 名词：reptiles with shells ［C］ 带壳的爬行动物

A101 nouns 名词： larger and dangerous fish［C］（见294页彩图）大而危险的鱼

tortoise

龟；陆龟

ray /rei/ any of various types of large flat sea fish related to the shark that have a long pointed tail 魟；鳐（其余见彩图）

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turtle

甲鱼；鳖；海龟

A93 nouns 名词：reptiles that do not

exist［C］（见196页彩图）不存在于世的爬行动物

dragon /'drægən/ a large creature in stories, usu like a flying snake or lizard（故事中的）龙： In the story he kills a fire-breathing dragon and saves the beautiful princess.在故事里他杀死了一条喷火的龙，救了美丽的公主.

dinosaur /'dainə,so:/ any of several types of very large long-tailed reptiles that lived in very ancient times and no longer exist 恐龙（生活在远古，现已绝种）

（其余见彩图）

A102 nouns 名词：crustaceans［C］（见294 页彩图）甲壳类动物

[→A32 DEFINITION]

hermit crab /'h3:mit kræb/ a crab that lives in the empty shell of a mollusc [→A103] to protect itself 寄居蟹（其余见彩图）

A103 nouns 名词：molluscs BrE，

mollusks AmE［C］（见294 页彩图）软体动物

[→A32 DEFINITION]

A104 nouns 名词： other sea creatures （见327页彩图）其它海洋生物

sponge/spand3/1 [C]a sea animal which stays in one place and grows a rubber-like skeleton that can take in water 海绵2［U；C］（a piece of) the material of this skeleton or of rubber or plastic like it（用海绵组织或状似海绵的橡胶、塑料等制成的）海绵：Sponge rubber is useful for packing breakable things.海绵橡皮可用以包装易碎物品.

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coral /'kprəl/ [U] a very small sea animal which lives in one place, with a hard skeleton which combines into a solid mass with others of the same kind, and is often used for making jewellery 珊瑚

（其余见彩图）

Insects and similar creatures

昆虫与同类生物

A110 nouns 名词：common insects ［C］

（见327页彩图）常见的昆虫

[→A32 DEFINITION]

bumblebee/'bambəlbi:/ a type of large hairy bee which makes a loud noise when flying 大蜂；野蜂（体大，多毛，飞行时嗡声响亮）

hornet/'ho:nit/ a type of large stinging insect related to the wasp 大黄蜂

cricket /'krikit/ a type of small brown insect similar to the grasshopper, the male of which makes loud short noises by rubbing its leath-ery wings together 蟋蟀

cicada/sr'ka:də/ a type of tropical insect with a large wide head and large transparent wings. It makes a special loud shrill noise, esp in hot weather蝉

horsefly /'hors,flai/ a type pf large fly that stings horses and cattle 虻；马蝇

greenfly /'gri:nflai/ [Wn2] a very small green insect which feeds on the juice from young plants 绿色蚜虫

louse/laus/ any of several types of small insects that live on the skin and in the hair of people and animals， esp when they are dirty 虱子

bedbug /'bed,bag/ a type of wingless blood-sucking insects that lives in houses and esp beds 臭虫

（其余见彩图）

A111 nouns 名词：stages in the lives of

insects［C］（见327页彩图）昆虫的成长阶段

grub/grab/ an insect in the first stage of life after it comes out of the egg 蛴螬；蛆

larva／＇la：və／ tech a grub 昆虫的幼虫；幼体 larval ［Wa2；B］幼虫的；幼体的

caterpillar /'kætə,pilə/ the grub of a butterfly or moth 毛虫（蝴蝶或蛾的幼虫）

chrysalis/'krisəlis/1 the resting (larval) stage in an insect's life, between being a grub and flying as a moth，butterfly，etc 蝶蛹；蛹（蛾、蝶等介于幼虫与成虫之间的阶段）2 the case whichcovers it during this time 茧；蛹壳

pupa／＇pju：pə／tech a chrysalis 蛹（其余见彩图）

A121 PARTS OF ANIMALS 动物的各部分

A112 nouns 名词： creatures similar to

insects［C］（见328页彩图）类似昆虫的动

物

A113 nouns 名词：worms and similar

creatures［C］（见 328 页彩图）蠕虫与同类动物

worm/w3:m/ a long thin creature with no back-bone or limbs, like a round tube of flesh, esp the earthworm which lives in and moves through earth 蠕虫（尤指 earthworm 蚯蚓）

snail /sneil/ a small animal with a soft body, no limbs, and a hard shell on its back and thin horns on its head 蜗牛

leech /li:tf/ a small wormlike creature living in wet places that pricks the skin of animals and drinks their blood, formerly used to lower the blood pressure of sick people 水蛭；蚂蟥

slug/slng/ a small animal with a soft body and no limbs which is often a pest [→>A38] in gardens 蛞蝓（其余见彩图）

Parts of animals 动物的各部分

[ALSO→B1,10,20,THE BODY]

A120 nouns 名词：parts around the head and neck［C］头和颈及有关各部

[→pictures at A51,A53,A54,A59,A74,A91]

head/hed/that part of a living creature's body which contains the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth-in animals at the front of the body, in man on top头

neck/nek/ that part of the body of many living creatures which connects the head and the rest of the body， on which the head turns 颈

eye/ai/ the organ of sight, usu two in number 眼

ear／rə／the organ of hearing， two in number 耳

A121 nouns 名词：things growing from the head and face 长在头上和脸上的部分

horn/ho:n/1 [C] a hard pointed growth found in a pai on the top of the heads of deer, cattle，sheep，goats，etc（见30页、64页及161 页彩图）（鹿、牛、羊等动物的）角：Bulls havehorns．公牛有角．2［U］ the material a horn is made of 动物角的物质：The handle of the knife is made of horn.这刀把是动物的角做的.Theknife has a horn handle.这刀子有角做的把手.

antler /'æntlə/[C] the branched horn of the stag，elk，etc（见64页彩图）（雄鹿、麋等动物的）分叉的角

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A122 PARTS OF ANIMALS 动物的各部分

mane/mein/[C]1 the mass of long hair on the neck of a horse，lion，etc（见29页及30页彩图）（马或雄狮的）鬃毛2 any similar mass ofhair，esp on a human being 浓密的毛发；（尤指）人的浓发

crest/krest/[C]1 the feathers that stand up on the head of such birds as the lark and cocka-too（见196页彩图）鸟（如百灵、大鹦鹉等）头上的 冠毛2 the comb of any fowl（鸟、禽的）冠

comb/kəum/[C] the red fleshy crest on a fowl, esp a cock（见 162页彩图）肉冠；（尤指雄鸡的）鸡冠

whisker/'hwiskə/ [C] one of the long stiff hairs growing near the mouth of a cat, rat, etc （见30页彩图）（猫、鼠等动物的）须

feeler/'fi:lə/[C]the organ of certain creatures, esp insects, with which they test things by touch（见327页彩图）（昆虫等的）触须；触角antenna／æn＇tenə／［C］tech a feeler 触须；触角

A122 nouns 名词：the mouth and related parts of different creatures ［C］各种动物的嘴与有关各部

nose/nəuz/1 the organ of smell and its general area above the mouth in the face of an animal （见29页及30页彩图）鼻［ALSO→B23，B25］2（fig） the pointed front of something 鼻状物； 突出部分：the nose of an aeroplane 飞机的机首

mouth /mauθ/ 1 the opening in the face through which an animal may take food into the body, and by which it makes sounds and may breathe（见29页及30 页彩图）口；嘴［ALSO→B26］2（fig） any similar opening 口状物：the mouth of a cave，river，etc 洞口、河口等

snout/snaut/ 1 the nose, esp if large, of an animal（动物的）长鼻2 the nose， mouth，and jaws of some animals， such as the pig （见 64 页彩图）（猪等的）口鼻部（包括嘴、鼻及上下颚）3（fig） the pointed front of anything 突出部分： the snout of a submarine 潜艇伸出水面的通气管trunk/trank/ the long nose of an elephant or

similar animal（见161 页彩图）（象或类似动物的）长鼻：The elephant lifted the piece of wood with its trunk.大象用鼻子把那块木头举了起来.

muzzle /'mazəl/1 the nose and mouth of a dog or similar animal（见63页彩图）狗或同类动物的口鼻部：He caught hold of the dog by its muzzle．他抓住了那只狗的嘴部．2 an apparatuswhich covers the muzzle of a dog, to prevent it biting people 狗的口套

mask /ma:sk/ the face or head of a usu wild dog，cat，or similar animal（野狗、野猫或同类动物的）脸或头：He found himself looking into the terrible mask of a hungry tiger.他发现自己正面对着一只饿虎的可怕的脸.

beak/bi:k/1 the hard horny upper and lower parts of a bird's mouth, esp if it is curved （见195页及196页彩图）（尤指弯曲的）鸟嘴；鸟喙 2 any similar part of any other creature＇s face such as a turtle 任何其它动物头上类似鸟嘴的部分3（fig）anything which looks like a beak

鸟嘴状物：He has a great beak of a nose.他长了个大鹰钩鼻子.

bill／bil／1 a bird＇s beak， esp if it is straight（尤指直的）鸟嘴；鸟喙2 any similar part of any other creature＇s face 任何其它动物头上类似鸟嘴的部分

crop /krpp/ a baglike part of a bird's throat where food is stored and partly changed into simpler forms by the body's chemical action （鸟类的）嗉囊

mandible /'mændəbəl/1 the movable usu lower jaw [→B21] of an animal or fish, or its jawbone 下颚；下颚骨2 the upper or lower part of a bird＇s beak 鸟喙的上部或下部3 one of thetwo biting or holding parts on insects and crabs（见327页彩图）（昆虫的）大颚；（蟹的）螯

proboscis/prə'bosis/ 1 the long part of the mouth of such insects as the mosquito （见 327 页彩图）（蚊的）吸管2 tech the trunk of theelephant象鼻3 humor any nose 鼻子

gill /gil/ [usu pl] the organ with which a fish breathes，one on either side of the head（见293页彩图）鳃

A123 nouns 名词： the teeth of different creatures［C］各种动物的牙[ALSO→B26]

tooth /tu:0/ one of the small hard bony objects growing in the upper and lower jaws of most animals, which are used for biting and tearing food（见161页彩图）牙；牙齿

fang/fæn/1 one of two teeth in a snake along which its poison passes 毒蛇的毒牙 2 a long sharp tooth， esp of dogs and wolves （见 196 页彩图）（狼、狗等的）尖牙；尖齿：The wolfshowed its fangs in a vicious snarl.狼凶恶地咆哮起来，露出了尖利的牙齿.

tusk/task/ a very large long pointed tooth, usu one of a pair coming out from the closed mouth of certain animals （见64页及161页彩图）（动物的）长牙；獠牙：The elephant had very large tusks.象长着又粗又长的牙.

A124 nouns 名词：the feet of different creatures［C］各种动物的脚

[ALSO→B44]

leg/leg/1 a limb on which an animal walks and which supports its body 腿： Tigers have four legs but monkeys have only two.老虎有四条腿而猴子只有两条．2 that part of this limb abovethe foot 胫；小腿：The cat hurt its foot but not its leg.猫伤了脚爪；没有伤着小腿.

foot/fut the movable part at the end of the leg, on which an animal walks and stands 脚；足：A bird's foot is very different from a monkey's. 鸟的爪与猴的脚大不相同.

toe /təu/ one of two to five small parts on the end of the foot of many animals, which can usu bend at their joints（见29 页、161页

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及195页彩图）趾：Birds＇feet have three toes while monkeys＇feet have five.鸟爪有三个趾而猴的脚却有五个趾.

hoof/hu:f/the hard hornlike part of the foot of a horse， cow，deer，etc（见 29 页彩图）蹄cloven hoof the divided hoof of the cow, goat，and sheep 分趾蹄；偶蹄

paw/po:/the foot of such animals as the dog and cat, which is soft and has claws or nails （见63页彩图）动物的脚爪；脚掌

pad/pæd/the sof fleshy underpart of a paw or similar kind of foot 肉趾：A cat＇s claws can move in and out of its pads.猫爪能缩到肉趾里去或从肉趾伸出来.

claw /klo:/ the pointed and usu curved nail on the feet of such animals as the cat and all birds（见30页及195页彩图）（某些兽类或鸟类的）尖爪

talon /'tælən/ a large curved claw esp of a beast or bird of prey（见196页彩图）猛兽或猛禽的爪：The eagle held the lamb in its talons.鹰用爪抓住了羔羊.

web/web/skin joining the toes of waterbirds, bats，frogs， and some other water animals 蹼web-footed/toed [Wa5;B] having web feet/ toes 蹼足的；蹼趾的 webbed［Wa5；B］having the toes joined by webs 有蹼的：webbed feet 蹼足

sucker/'sakə/ an organ in some animals which allows them to rest on a surface or to hold on to something by sucking out the air between the sucker and the surface 吸盘：Some sea animals have suckers which help them hold on the other largeranimals.有些海洋动物有吸盘，可以使它们吸附在其它大型动物身上.

A125 nouns 名词： special parts of

different creatures ［C］各种动物特有的各部

wing/wny/ one of usu two organs by which a bird， bat， or insect flies（见162页及195页彩图）（鸟、蝙蝠或昆虫的）翅膀：If pigs had wings，they would fly.假如猪长了翅膀，就能飞了.

tail /terl/ the movable part extending from the backbone at the back or end of the body of many animals and birds（见29页、30页、63页、64页及74 页彩图）尾；尾巴：She cutoff the heads and tails of the fish.她把鱼头 和鱼尾切了下来. That bird has lost its tail（feathers）.那只鸟尾部的羽毛掉了.

brush／braf／ the thick hairy tail of a fox 狐狸尾巴fin/fin/1 one of those parts of a fish which can be moved to help it to swim （见293页彩图） 鳍2（fig）anything shaped or used like a fin 鳍状物：an aeroplane＇s tail-fin 飞机的直尾翅

flipper/'flipə/ the limb of some of the larger sea animals, which is flat for usein swimming （见64页彩图）（海狮、海象等海兽的）鳍状肢

A126 PARTS OF ANIMALS 动物的各部分

A126 nouns 名词： the skin，hair，and

related parts of different creatures 各种动物的皮、毛和有关各部

[ALSO→B50--51,H88]

skin/skin/1 [U] the smooth outer covering of the body of animals,in which hair may grow 皮肤；皮2［C］the whole skin with hair，fur， etc，which has been cut off an animal 兽皮；毛皮：He collected a large number of animal skins.他收集了大量兽皮.-skin［comb form］the skin of that particular creature（某种动物的） 皮：bearskin 熊皮，sheepskin 羊皮，crocodile skin，etc 鳄鱼皮等

hide/haid/1[C] an animal's skin, etc, esp if it is thick or rough（厚的、粗的）兽皮2［U；C］ the material of such a hide when it is used for making things 皮革： The bag was made of hide.这个提包是皮革做的.The material is cow-hide.原料是牛皮.

pelt／pelt／ ［C］ 1 the skin of a dead animal 兽皮； 生皮 a with the fur or hair still on it 带毛的兽皮b with the fur or hair removed, ready to be prepared as leather 去毛的兽皮 2 the fur or hair of a living animal（活的动物的）毛：The dog had a fine silky pelt.这只狗的毛细软而有光泽.

hair/heə/1 [C] a fine threadlike growth from the skin of animals; a similar growth on certain plants 毛；毛发2［U］ such hairs collec-tively 毛发（通称）hairy ［Wal； B］ covered in hair长有毛的；多毛的：Monkeys are hairy ani-mals.猿猴是多毛动物.shaggy［Wal；B］ having a lot of rough thick hair 身上长着粗浓毛的：Thefield was full of shaggy cattle.田野里到处都是身上长着粗毛的牛.

bristle／＇brisəl／ ［C；U］ stiff hair 硬毛；鬃：The boar (= male pig) has bristles along its back. 公猪背上长着鬃毛.Paint brushes are made ofboar＇s bristle.画笔和漆刷都是用猪鬃制的.

fur /f3:/ 1 [U] thick hair which covers such animals as rabbits， bears， and cats（兔、熊、猫等兽类的）软毛；细毛：That cat has beautifulfur．那只猫身上的毛很好看．2［C；U］an animalskin with fur on it 毛皮：He sold them some furs.他卖给他们一些毛皮.What kind of fur isthat？那是什么毛皮？She bought a fur coat.她买了一件毛皮外衣.What a lovely fox fur！这狐狸毛皮多好看啊！furry［Wal；B］like or covered with fur 像毛皮的；覆以毛皮的：She likes smallfurry animals.她喜欢毛绒绒的小动物.

fleece/fli:s/[C]1 the whole covering of a sheep or similar animal（一只羊身上的全部）羊毛：That sheep has a very thick fleece.那只羊身上的毛很厚．2 the whole skin cut from such an animal一只羊一次剪得的毛：These are very finefleeces.这些都是很好的羊毛.The rug is madefrom the fleece of a goat.地毯是山羊毛织成的.fleecy[Wal;B] like or covered with a fleece 似羊毛的；覆以羊毛的：These sheep are veryfleecy.这些羊长着厚厚的毛.She bought a pairof gloves with a fleecy lining.她买了一副羊毛衬里的手套.

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