The king came with many attendants.国王带着许多随从到来．2 a person employed to lookafter and help visitors to a public place 侍者； 服务员：The museum attendants were very helpful.博物馆的服务人员非常帮忙.

retainer /rI'teinə/ (esp formerly) a servant,esp one who has always worked for a particular person or family（尤指为一人或一家工作多年的）仆人；侍从；随从；跟随：He called his faithful retainer and asked him to bring in the money. 他叫忠实的侍从把钱拿进来.

manservant/'mæn,s3:vənt/fml a male servant 男仆：A manservant answered the door.一个男仆应声来开门.

maidservant /'meid,s3:vənt/ fil a female servant， usu of another woman 女仆（通常侍候妇女）：Her maidservant attended to her needs. 她的女仆侍候她.

man ／mæn／ infml a male servant 男佣人：My man will look after my clothes.我的男佣人会照管我的衣服.

woman /'wumən/ infml a female servant or helper 女佣人；女佣工；女帮手：She has awoman who cleans for her twice a week.她有一个女帮工，每星期帮她打扫两次.

girl／g3：l／infml a（young） female servant（年轻） 女仆：The girl washes up.女仆清洗了餐具.

menial /'mi:nəl/ often deprec a servant, esp in a house, esp one who must do all the hardest work 家仆（尤指做粗重工作者）

C162 nouns 名词：specific kinds of servants ［C］专职仆人

butler /'batlə/ the head manservant in a large family house, in charge of valuables, wine,etc 男管家（主管酒类、膳食、贵重物品等）：Ring for thebutler.按铃叫男管家来.James，the butler， announced the guests.男管家詹姆斯通报来客的姓名.

steward /'stju:əd/ 1 the man, esp a servant, who controls supplies of food in a large house 管家（专管伙食）2 an official who does this for a club，college，etc（俱乐部、学院等的）伙食管理员；膳食管理员 3 one of a number of men whoarrange and control a public meeting（集会的） 干事；筹备人4 also 又作 ScotE factor a manwho is employed to look after a house and lands， such as a large farm 房地产管理人；管事人

valet /'vælit/ a gentleman's personal manser-vant who looks after his clothes，etc 男子的贴身男仆（管衣物等）

gentleman＇s gentleman euph a valet 男子的贴身男仆

footman/'futmən/ a manservant in special dress who opens the door of a carriage,car, etc and waits at table，etc 仆役（身穿制服，专责开车门和侍候宴席等）

groom／gru：m／1 old use a manservant 男仆2a man employed to look after horses 马夫：The grooms were busy rubbing the horses down.马

C164 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 社会阶层

夫都忙着给马刷洗.

chauffeur/'fəufə/ a person employed to drive someone＇s car 司机；汽车夫

chauffeuse／fəu＇f3：z／ a female chauffeur 女司机；女汽车夫

lackey/'læki/1 old use a manservant, esp one whose clothing showed by its colour and shape who his master was（尤指穿号衣的）男仆2 derog a person who behaves like a servant by obeying others without question 卑躬屈膝的人；走卒

nanny /'næni/ (esp formerly in rich families in Britain) a woman employed to take care of children 保姆：Some rich American parents like to have a British nanny for their children. 美国一些有钱的父母喜欢为孩子雇一位英国保姆.

(house)maid /('haus)meid/ a woman servant in a house 使女；女佣：Ring for the maid to take these things away.按铃叫女佣来把这些东西拿走.chambermaid /'tfeimbə,meid/ a maid, or wom-an in a hotel， who looks after bedrooms（旅馆中管理房间的）女服务员

C163 nouns 名词：slaves［C］奴隶

slave /sleiv/ a servant who is owned by a master 奴隶：Many ancient empires， such as Rome and Babylon. had large populations of slaves／large slave populations.古代许多帝国，如罗马和巴比伦，拥有大量的奴隶人口.TheAmerican Civil War began over the question of whether men should keep other men as slaves.人应否把他人当作奴隶，美国内战是因这个问题而打起来的.slavish［B］ deprec like a slave 奴隶般的-ly［adv］-ness［U］

serf /s3:f/ a slave, esp formerly when men worked on the land for a lord 农奴：The great lord was the master of thousands of serfs.大领主拥有数以千计的农奴.

chattel /'tfætəl/ usuderog (esp formerly) a slave 奴婢：I am your wife but I＇m not your chattel！我是你的妻子，不是你的奴婢！

bondsman /'bpndzmən/, bond(s)woman /'bpnd(z),wumən/, bond(s)maid /'bpnd(z)-,meid/ a slave who belongs to his or her master because of a written paper (bond) which gives possession（凭契约而拥有的）奴隶

C164 nouns 名词：service and slavery ［U］雇佣与奴役

(domestic) service /(də'mestik) 's3:vis/ the work which servants do in a house（家务）仆役； （家庭）雇佣：Fifty years ago there were few jobs for women, and most of these were in （domestic）service.五十年前，妇女能从事的职业很少，多数是当佣人.

slavery /'sleivəri/ 1 the condition of being a slave 奴隶状态；奴隶身分：The local people were reduced to slavery (= made into slaves) by their enemies．敌人使当地百姓沦为奴隶．2 the

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institution of having slaves 奴隶制度：The American Civil War was fought over slavery in the Southern States.美国内战是因南方各州的奴隶制度而引起的.Slavery has been abolished in most parts of the world.世界上大部分地区已废除奴隶制．3 hard work like that of a slave 苦役：Her life after her marriage was slavery to a cruel husband.她婚后的生活是为残酷的丈夫做苦役.

servitude／＇s3：vətju：d／fml slavery 奴役

servility /s3:'viləti/ the manner of a slave; obedience which is too great 奴颜婢膝；奴性servile ［B］ deprec like a slave 奴隶般的

bondage／＇bondid3／1 slavery 奴役 2 a state like this from which one cannot escape 束缚；囚禁状态：The local miners lived in bondage； none could leave the mines.当地的矿工在禁闭状态中生活；谁也不能离开矿井.Her father＇s selfishnesskept her in bondage until she married.她结婚前，父亲的自私使她受到牢牢的束缚.

C165 verbs， nouns，etc 动词、名词等：

freeing slaves 解放奴隶

free/fri:/[T1] 1 to let out of bondage, slavery, etc释放；解放；使自由：The slaves were freed.奴隶获解放．2［Wa1；B，B3］ not held or kept in one place or condition, or a prison, etc but able to go anywhere or most places and do most of the things one wants to do, without being stopped 自由的；无约束的：The men were free;they were free to go where they wanted. 这些人是自由的，他们可随意去自己愿意去的地方.A free nation will usually fight to stay free.一个自由的国家通常会为保持其自由而战.

freedom/'fri:dəm/ [U] the state of being free 自由：Their mistress gave the slaves their free-dom.女主人给了她的奴隶们自由.

set free [T1] to cause to become free (from slavery，etc）释放；解放：The black slaves on the West Indian plantations were at last set free.西印度群岛大农场的黑奴终于获解放了.

liberate /'libə,reit/ [T1] to make free (from some kind of bondage， tyranny， etc）解放；使获自由：These guerrillas believe they can liberate the people of this country.这些游击队员相信，他们能解放这个国家的人民.Many women want tobe liberated from the power of men.许多妇女都想从男人的控制中解放出来.

liberation /,lıbə'reıfən/ [U] the act of liberating or being liberated 解放：He was present at the allied liberation of Paris.盟军解放巴黎时他在场.

liberty /'libəti/ [U] freedom from a master or too powerful a government or from foreign rule 自由：The people have lost their liberty.人民已经失去了自由.

emancipate/r'mænsə,peit/[T1] tech to set free by legal means； to give more freedom to 解放（通过合法手段）：This Act will emancipate thousands of slaves.这道法令将使数以千计的奴隶获得解放.

emancipation /I,mænsə'perfən/ [U] the situ-ation of emancipating or being emancipated 解放：He worked for the greater emancipation of women.他致力于使妇女获得进一步的解放.

release/rr'li:s/ often fml 1 [T1] to free or set free 释放：He released the captured men.他把抓到的人释放了．2［S；U］act of freeing or being freed 释放：His release took place last Friday. 他于上星期五得到开释．［■C211］

C166 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：relating to the values ofsociety 有关社会道德标准的

respectable/rī'spektəbəl/ [B]showing or having character and standards acceptable to society 体面的；正派的；可敬的；有好声誉的；应受尊敬的：They are very respectable people indeed.他们的确是值得尊敬的人.This is a respectable houseand you will not shame it！这是名门世家，你可不要玷污了它的门楣！-bly［adv］-bility［U］

conventional /kən'venfənəl/ [B] living accord-ing to convention [→C182], following the usual ways, not new or unusual ways of doing things 依从俗例的；传统的；常规的；保守的：She israther conventional in her daily life.她的日常生活是相当守旧的.un-［neg］-ly［adv］

orthodox /'o:0ə,dpks/ [B] 1 generally accepted, wanted， used， thought，etc 传统的；惯常的2 having esp religious ideas that are generally accepted in a place， country， group，etc（尤指宗教方面）正统的；公认的 un-［neg］ orthodoxy［U］ the state of being orthodox 正统

conformist/kən'formist/ 1 [B] following only socially acceptable and established ways and standards 因袭的；正统的：She is pretty conformist in most things.她在大多数事情上都相当正统．2［C］a person who is conformist 遵奉传统者；墨守成规者：These people are allconformists；they won＇t change anything.这些人都因循守旧，他们不想改变任何东西.non-［neg］

bourgeois /bue3wa:/ 1 [B] of, related to, or typical of the middle class 中产阶级的；典型中产阶级的2［B］ deprec having or showing more interest in possessions and good manners than in ideas and feelings 具有资产阶级习气或意识的：She has some very bourgeois attitudes. 她的某些态度颇具资产阶级特色．3［C］a memberof the middle class 中产阶级的人4［C］deprec a bourgeois person 资产阶级分子

C167 adjectives 形容词：relating to social values and attitudes［B］有关社会准则与处事态度的

polite／pə＇lart／［Wa2］ 1 having good manners 有礼貌的：What a polite child； he always says ＇please＇and ＇thank you＇.多有礼貌的孩子，他总是说“请”和“谢谢你”.im-［neg］-ly ［adv］-ness [U] 2 pomp belonging (or pretending to

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belong) to a higher and therefore more desir-able social rank 上流的；文雅的：She is not welcome in polite society.她在上流社会不受欢迎.

civil /'sıvəl/ [Wa2] 1 (of others) as polite as one would wish（对人）有礼貌的：He was very civil to us when we went to see him.我们去看他时，他对我们非常有礼貌.It was civil of you to helpme yesterday.昨天多得你帮忙，你真好.Hewasn＇t very civil to her when they met.他们会面时，他对她不太礼貌．2 just polite enough to beacceptable，though not friendly 客气的；斯文的： Try to be civil to her, even if you don't like her.即使你不喜欢她，也要尽量对她客气一些.Keepa civil tongue in your head! (= stop speaking rudely）说话要斯文些！-ly［adv］civility［U］the state or manner of being civil 礼貌；客气 in-[neg]

well-mannered /'wel'mænəd/ having good manners；polite 举止得体的；有礼貌的：He＇s awell-mannered child.他是个有礼貌的孩子.

courteous／＇k3：tiəs／very polite，kind，etc 有礼貌的；谦恭的；体谅的：What a courteous man heis！他是个多么有礼貌的人啊！dis-［neg］-ly［adv］courtesy ［U；C］ polite and kind behaviour 礼貌；谦恭；体谅；谦恭有礼的举止：He showed usgreat courtesy; we were glad of his many courtesies.他对我们非常有礼貌；我们为受到他各种礼遇而感到高兴.（fml）Please do us the cour-tesy of trying (= be polite enough to try) to understand our difficulties.务请尽量体谅我们的难处.dis-［neg］

sophisticated /sə'fistı,keitid/sometimes deprec with highly developed (or over-civilized), not simple，social behaviour 老于世故的；老练的：I feel rather gauche [→C168] among all these sophisticated people.和这些老于世故的人在一起，我感到穷于应付.She is a person with very sO-phisticated ideas about sex and drugs.她这个人对性和毒品有相当精炼的见解.

refined/rr'faind/ having or showing delicacy of feeling， a certain kind of education，etc 文雅的； 有教养的：What a refined speaker he is！他谈吐多么文雅！Oh stop trying to be so refined and snobbish［→C159］！哦，别装得那么温文尔雅、架子十足了！

well-bred/'wel'bred/ usu apprec (thought to be) well-behaved and polite, probably as the result of being well brought up 有教养的：She＇s very well-bred and is never rude to anyone.她很有教养，从不对人无礼.

high-class/'har'kla:s/ infml belonging to the upper class 上流社会的；高级的：She＇s a high-class girl；she won＇t marry you！她是个上流社会女子，不会嫁给你的！

posh /pof/ sl esp BrE belonging to or similar in manner to the upper class 上流社会的；时髦的；高雅的；豪华的：That bloke ［→C4］ had a posh accent，didn＇t he？那家伙说话带上层社会腔调，是吧？She＇s very posh now that she＇s got some money.她现在有了几个钱，可时髦起来了.Wow，what a posh car！啊，多豪华的汽车！

cultivated /'kaltə,veitid/ usu apprec with good education and manners 有素养的；优雅的：He

C168 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATIONS 社会阶层

has a very cultivated mind.他很有素养.

cultured/'kaltfəd/ having a (high) degree of culture 有（文化）修养的；有教养的：What acultured girl she is; sheloves music and paint-ing.她是一个多么有教养的女孩，她喜欢音乐和绘画.

delicate /'deləkət/ refined, careful, and precise ［■N212］得体的；谨慎的：She expressed her opinion in a very delicate way, so as to ofend no one.她表达自己意见的方式很得体，谁也没有得罪.-ly ［adv］-cacy ［U］ the state of being deli-cate 谨慎；得体

C168 adjectives 形容词：showing social attitudes［B］表示各种社会阶层的态度的

common／＇komən／［Wa1］1 ordinary 普通的；一般的：The common man isn＇t usually interested in such matters.一般人对这种事通常都不感兴趣.2 usu deprec typical of the bad qualities or behaviour of uneducated people who have no feeling for art， beauty， good manners，etc 粗俗的；低劣的：The way she speaks is so common！ 她说话的方式真粗俗！His way of dressing-how common it is！他的打扮--可真够俗气的！-ness[U]

vulgar /'vAlgə/ 1 having or showing lack of education， delicacy of feeling， etc 粗俗的；庸俗的：What vulgar people they are！他们多么庸俗！ 2 relating to sex, the sex organs, and the body's waste products in a very or too direct a way 淫秽的；粗鄙的；下流的：I wish he＇d stoptelling all these vulgar jokes to my mother！我希望他不要再对我母亲讲那些粗俗的笑话了！-ly[adv] vulgarity 1 [U] the condition of being vulgar 粗俗；粗鄙2［C］a vulgar act 粗鄙的行为

coarse /ko:s/ [Wa1] socially rough and undesi-rable 粗鲁的；粗俗的；粗野的：What coarsebehaviour！多么粗鲁的行为！He spent the eve-ning getting very drunk and telling coarse jokes.他整晚喝得酩酊大醉，并讲些粗俗的笑话来消磨时间.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

ill-mannered ／＇il＇mænəd／， also 又作 bad-mannered /'bæd'mænəd/ having bad man-ners；impolite 举止粗鲁的；没礼貌的：What ill-mannered people they are！他们真是些没礼貌的人！

indelicate／ın＇deləkət／ euph coarse；vulgar 粗俗的；粗鄙的；不文雅的：I＇m afraid he used ratherindelicate language to describe her.他用来形容她的语言恐怕是相当粗鄙的.-ly［adv］-cacy［U］

rude /ru:d/ [Wal] not at all polite;wishing or serving to. insult 无礼的；粗野的：What rude language he uses！他用的语言多么粗野！It＇srude to say you don't like her food, when she took so much trouble prèparing it. 她费了好多功夫准备食物，你说不喜欢吃是很不礼貌的.Don＇tbe rude！不要粗鲁无礼！-ly［adv］-ness［U］

low-bred /'ləu'bred/ not respectable; rude; coming from the lowest social classes 粗野的； 出身低微的：He is a low-bred fellow， don＇t speak to him.他是个粗野的家伙，别跟他说话.

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low-class /'ləu'kla:s/ deprec belonging to the lower classes and therefore socially unsatis-factory 低贱的；低级的：What low-class people he has for friends！他找那么低级的人做朋友！

ill-bred /'il'bred/ showing that a person has been badly brought up 缺乏教养的：That was a very ill-bred remark，young man.年轻人，说这种话十分没有教养.

gauche／gəuf／［Wa2］ socially awkward 笨拙的； 无社交手腕的：He＇s rather gauche； he hasn＇t found his feet socially yet.他不太会交际，在社会上还未站住脚呢.-ness［U］

uncouth/An'ku:θ/ coarse, awkward, and uncul-tured 蠢笨的；粗鲁的；无教养的：What anuncouth fellow he is!-He never seems to say or do anything right.多笨拙的家伙！-他好像从来没有说对过一句话，或做对过一件事.-ly［adv］-ness [U]

boorish /'buərif/ uncouth; behaving like a boor ［→C169］土气的；举止粗野的：He is a very boor-ish fellow.他这个人很粗野.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

C169 nouns 名词：persons considered of low social standing［C］社会地位低下的人

ruffian /'rafiən/ a rough, bad, perhaps vioent man 恶棍；暴徒；流氓：He was attacked in the street by several ruffians.他在街上遭到几个恶棍袭击.

boor／buə／ a coarse，bad-mannered person 粗野的人：They are boors； they have no manners whatever.他们是粗人，什么礼貌都不懂.

lout /laut/ a rough, bad-mannered, awkward man 粗鄙的人；乡巴佬：He is a lout and doesn＇tunderstand these things.他是个乡下人，不懂这些事情.

hooligan /'hu:lıgən/ a noisy, rough person who causes trouble by fighting,breaking things,etc 流氓；歹徒

ragamuffin /'rægə,mafmn/ esp old use a dirty young child in torn clothes 衣衫褴褛、蓬头垢面的儿童

savage /'sævid3/ an uncivilized and undevel-oped person,esp one who is fierce and violent 野人；野蛮人：The savages who lived on that island used to eat people.住在那个岛上的野人以往是吃人的.

barbarian /ba'beəriən/ an uncivilized or uncul-tured person 野蛮人：Those people are barbar-ians; they have destroyed that beautiful build-ing.那些人很野蛮，把那座漂亮的建筑物毁坏了.

philistine /'filistam/ a person who does not understand (and actively dislikes) art, music, and beautiful things, and is proud or content to remain in this condition 兴趣低俗的人；门外汉；庸俗的人：As far as good music is con-cerned he＇s a philistine.说到优美的音乐这方面，他是一窍不通.

peasant/'pezənt/1 (now used only or mainly of under-developed countries or esp historically) a person who works on the land, esp one who

owns and lives on a small piece of land（现仅用于不发达国家，特别是历史上不发达的国家）农民：The local lords often treated the peasants badly.当地地主经常虐待农民.She was wearingcolourful peasant dress.她穿着色彩鲜艳的农民服装．2 derog a person without education or manners 乡巴佬（没有教养或礼貌的人）：Don＇tworry about what these peasants think.别为那些乡巴佬在想什么而操心.peasantry ［GU］ thepeasants of a place 农民（总称）

yokel /'jəukəl/ humor or derog a simple or fool-ish person living in the country 头脑简单的乡下人；乡巴佬：You don＇t expect these （country） yokels to understand，do you？你不是指望这些乡巴佬能理解，对吧？

C170 nouns 名词： persons with no fixed home［C］无固定家园的人

vagrant /'veigrənt/ 1 a person who leads a wandering life, usually without a job and often begging for food， shelter，etc 流浪者；飘泊者2 law anyone (such as a drunken person) who is found by the police wandering about without any lawful means of support 无业游民；流氓： The policeman arrested three vagrants.警察逮捕了三个流浪汉.vagrancy［U］ the offence of being a vagrant 流浪罪

vagabond /'vægə,bond/ a person who lives an irregular or wandering life, esp one who is thought to be lazy or worthless 流浪汉（特别是懒汉或无赖）：The townspeople threatened to put vagabonds in jail.市民威胁说要把流浪汉送进监狱.

tramp/træmp/ often derog a person who lives a wandering life，with no home or job 无家无业的飘泊者；流浪汉；无业游民

hobo／＇həubəu／also 又作bum ／bam／esp AmE a tramp 流浪汉；无业游民

beggar /'begə/ 1 a person who does not or cannot work to get money, food, etc but asks people to give them to him or her 乞丐；叫化子： The city streets were full of noisy beggars.城市街道上尽是些吵吵嚷嚷的乞丐．2 infml，some-times affec or deprec person； animal 家伙；动物：Poor beggar， he has a lot of troubles.可怜的家伙，他的麻烦事太多了.That dog＇s a friendlylittle beggar， isn＇t he？那条狗真是个友善的小东西，是吧？

dropout /'drop,aut/ a person who turns away from （drops out of） society 脱离社会的人：The old house was a home for dropouts taking drugs.这所旧房子是一些脱离社会的人常用来吸毒的地方.

hippie, hippy /'hi:pi/ sl a dropout, usu young, who wears unusual clothes and adopts unusua living habits to show his attitudes to conventional［→C166］people 嬉皮士；嬉痞

nomad/'nəumæd/1 a member of a tribe which travels about, esp to find grass for its animals to eat 游牧部落：The nomads of central Asia have travelled from place to place with their

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animals for thousands of years.几千年来，中亚细亚的游牧部落都带着他们的牲畜由一个地方迁徙到另一个地方．2 a person who habitually wanders 流浪者：He walked across Europe for three months, but in the end he got tired of being a nomad.他步行三个月穿越欧洲，但最后他不想做流浪者了.nomadic［B］ of or like anomad 游牧的；流浪的-ally［adv Wa4］

gipsy, gypsy /'d3ipsi/ 1 [sometimes cap] a person belonging to a tribe of people whose families can be found travelling in many parts of Europe 吉卜赛人：The Gipsies came orig-inally from India.吉卜赛人原本来自印度.Helikes gipsy music．他喜欢吉卜赛音乐．2 a personbehaving or looking like one of these; a nomad（def 2）像吉卜赛人的人；流浪者

C171 adjectives 形容词：relating to formality and dignity ［B］有关礼节与尊严

formal /'fo:məl/ keeping to the rules and con-ventions ［→C182］ of behaviour 正式的；传统的； 合乎习俗的；合乎礼仪的：He paid a formal callon the American ambassador, in return for the ambassador's formal visit earlier in the year.他正式拜望了美国大使，作为今年较早时大使对他的正式访问的回访.This ceremony is purelyformal；it has no practical value.这种仪式纯粹是礼节性的，没有什么实际价值.I＇ll write you aformal reply to your suggestions later, but will give you my ideas informally now.稍后我将对你的建议作出正式的书面答复，但现在我先非正式地给你谈谈我的意见．-ly ［adv］ formality 1 ［U］ thecondition of being formal 礼节；仪式2［C］any formal act or requirement 正式的手续；形式stiff／stif／ ［Wal］ formal and tense ［→B88］拘谨

的；生硬的：He gave a stiff little bow.他拘谨地稍稍鞠了躬.Her manner was stiff and artificial throughout the ceremony.在整个仪式上她的态度生硬不自然.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

dignified /'dıgnə,faıd/ calm, serious, and show-ing social importance 庄严的；威严的；威风的；显贵的：He walks in a very dignified way， like a king.他走路的样子很有威严，像个国王.You lookvery dignified in that uniform.你穿上那套制服看起来很威风. dignity ［U］ the state orcondition of being dignified 尊严：He is a man of great dignity.他是个很有尊严的人.

stately /'steitli/ grand and dignified (and there-fore slow in movement）庄严的；堂皇的；高贵的；稳重的（动作因而缓慢）：The duke lives in one ofthe stately homes of England.公爵住在英国一座堂皇的府邸里.The great ship continued its stately progress into the harbour.那艘大船继续堂而皇之地驶进港口.She has a very statelymanner.她的仪态非常端庄.-liness［U］

pompous /'pompəs/ so formal and/or dignified as to be (a little) silly; showing too much self-importance 傲慢的；自大的；装腔作势的：He wasvery pompous at the meeting， wasn＇t he？他在会上态度很傲慢，是不是？She behaves in a very

C180 LAW ＆ ORDER 法律与秩序

pompous way on these occasions.她在这些场合总是非常做作.-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］，pomposity ［U］ the condition of being pompous 自大；傲慢：The old man＇s pomposity annoyed us all. 那个老人的傲慢态度使我们都很生气.

majestic/mə'd3estrk/ having the style of a king, etc 庄严的；高贵的；宏大的：What a majesticplace the palace is！ 这座宫殿多么富丽堂皇！-ally [adv Wa4]

C172 adjectives 形容词：relating to informality［B］有关不拘礼仪的

informal /in'fo:məl/ not formal; without cere-mony; belonging to more relaxed social situations 非正式的；不拘礼仪的：What dressshould we wear at the party-formal or infor-mal？我们应当穿什么样的衣服出席这次聚会-礼服还是便服？He likes to keep these meetings informal and friendly.他喜欢使这些会议保持随便而友好的气氛.In informal situations people often use different words from those used in more formal situations.在非正式场合，人们的用语往往不同于比较正式的场合.-ly ［adv］ infor-mality ［U］ the state of being informal 非正式； 不拘礼节；简便

casual／＇kæ3uəl／very informal and relaxed 随便的；不经心的；不在意的：He prefers casualclothes; he doesn't like getting all dressed up. 他宁愿衣着随便，不喜欢盛装打扮.Her mannerwas casual; she didn't seem to think the matter important.她的态度漫不经心，好像并不把这件事放在心上.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

offhand /'pf'hænd/ so casual as to be impolite 随便的；简慢的：His reply was rather offhand； he obviously didn＇t think seriously about it.他的回答是随口说出的，显然没有认真考虑过.Don＇tbe so offhand and impolite to these people. 对这些人别这样简慢和没礼貌.-edly ［adv］-edness[U]

Law and order generally

一般法律与秩序用语

C180 nouns 名词：rules and laws 规则与法制

rule /ru:l/ [C] a principle or order which guides behaviour, says ĥow things are to be done, etc (and is expected to be obeyed for any reason）规则；规定；法规；常规：These are the rules of the game; if you play it any other way it＇s a different game.这些就是这个游戏的规则，如果你用别的方法玩，那就是另一种游戏了.Please keep to the club rules.请遵守俱乐部的规定.

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regulation /,regju'leıfən/ [C] an esp official rule or order 规则；条例；规例；法令：The regulations are quite clear; you cannot enter the building without permission.规例非常清楚，未经许可不能进入该楼宇.I am tired of all these rules and regulations telling me what I must and must not do！我讨厌所有这些规定和条例，一定要我做什么和不能做什么！

law /lo:/ 1 [C] a rule that is supported by the power of government and that governs the behaviour of members of society（一项）法律； 法令；法规：I haven＇t broken any law， have I？ 我并没有犯什么法，是不是？2［U；the R］ thewhole body of such rules in a country 法律： The law forbids stealing.法律禁止偷窃.English law is different from Scots law.英格兰的法律和苏格兰的法律不一样.It＇s against the law to dothat．那样做是违法的．3［U］ the condition of society when such a body of rules is generally respected and obeyed 法治；社会秩序：Law and order break(s) down when too many people are discontented.如果太多人心怀不满，法律和社会秩序就不能维持．4［U］ the whole body ofthese rules and the way in which they work法律学；法学：He is studying law.他正在学习法律.5 [U sometimes cap] the body of people who have studied these rules and whose job it is to see that they are put into effect properly 司法界；律师行业：You＇ll get into trouble with the law if you do that．你那样做会冒犯司法部门的．6[U] the operation of these rules in court, as in punishing criminals and deciding claims 执法： It is a question of law, not a question of fact. 这是个法律问题，不是事实真相问题．7［U］thebody of these rules concerned with a particu-lar subject 专门的法规：He＇s interested in busi-ness law．他对商业法有兴趣．8［C］a generally accepted rule of behaviour；a convention 习俗； 俗例：It＇s a social law that people don＇t stand too close to each other when talking.人们谈话时彼此站得不要太靠近，这是社会上的习惯做法．9[C] a rule of action in a sport, art, business, etc（体育运动、艺术、商业等的）规则；规定10［C］a statement expressing what has been seen always to happen in certain conditions 规律；定律：Boyle＇s law is a scientific principle.波义耳定律是一个科学原理．11 ［the GU sometimescap］ infml the police or a policeman 警方；警察：The law was／were there in force.大批警察曾在该处.

statute/'stætfu:/[C]fml an established law or rule, esp a written law made by a law-making body such as Parliament 成文法；法规：Their statutes cover most matters of importance to them.他们的成文法包含了大部分对他们很重要的事情.

decree/dr'kri:/[C] an order given by a ruler or a government and having the force of a law 法令；（统治者或政府所下的具有法律效力的）命令：The new government decrees forbid demon-strations[→C131] and demand hard work from the people.新政府法令禁止示威游行，要求人民刻苦工作.

ordinance /'o:dənəns/ [C] fml a law or decree

法令；条例：The emergency ordinances require people to be offthe streets by midnight.紧急法令条例规定市民午夜起不得外出.

by(e)law /'bai,b:/[C] a law or regulation made by an authority such as a town council, a rail-way company，etc 地方法；章程；细则；附则：Thelocal bylaws about dogs state that they must be locked up at night.当地规定狗只在夜间必须锁起来.

standing orders [P] rules and regulations (usu in an army, police force, etc) which remain in force until officially changed（军队、警察等的） 常规：Standing orders in the camp forbid smoking in these buildings.营地的常规是禁止在这些建筑物内吸烟.

C181 nouns 名词：bills and acts 议案与法案

bill /bil/ [C] the form or draft (= first written form) of a new law going before a legislature ［→C187］议案（待立法机关通过的法律初稿）：TheMembers of Parliament voted on the new bill. 国会议员对新议案进行了投票.

act／ækt／［C］ a law made by a legislature 法案： The bill is now an act andpart of the law of the land.现在议案已成法案，是国内法的一部分.The Reform Act of 1832 was very important in British history．1832 年的改革法案在英国历史上十分重要.

constitution /,konstə'tju:fən/ [C] the laws and principles according to which a state is governed 宪法：Great Britain has an unwritten constitution,while the United States, like most. other countries, has a written consti-tution.英国有不成文宪法，而美国则像其它大多数国家一样，有成文宪法．constitutional［Wa5；B］ of or concerning a constitution 宪法的 un-[neg]-ly [adv]

code／kəud／［C］ 1 an official body of laws 法典； 法规：The legal code clearly indicates the penalities for such behaviour.法典清楚地订明对这种行为的处罚方法.Have you studied theHighway Code?-You need to know it to pass your driving test.你研究过公路法规吗？-你要通过驾驶考试就需要懂得这些规则．2 a set ofoften unwritten conventions by which people work or live（不成文的）章程；规则：The police force has its own special code of conduct.警察部队在行为操守方面，有他们自己的特别规则.

jurisprudence /,d3vərıs'pru:dəns/ [U] fml the science or knowledge of law 法理学

jurisdiction /,d3uəris'dıkfən/ [U] 1 the power held by an official or an official body, esp in a court of law 审判权；司法权：That official has no jurisdiction outside the city.那个官员对这个城市以外的地方没有司法权．2 the right to usesuch power 裁判权：The prisoner refused to accept the jurisdiction of the court.囚犯拒绝承认法庭的裁判权．3 the limits of this right 权限(esp in the phrs within/outside someone's jurisdiction 在某人权限之内／外）：The minister

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［U］ the way of using words，language，etc（语言的）用法：Usage changes as time passes.语言的用法随着时间的推移而改变．3［C］ a way inwhich words， etc are used 惯用法：Many English usages are difficult for foreigners to understand.英语的许多惯用法外国人很难懂.

principle /'prinsəpal/1[C,C5] a general truth or belief that is used as a base for reasoning or action or for the development of furter ideas 基本信条；原则：the principle of freedom of speech 言论自由的原则；One of the principles of this book is that explanations should be in simple language.这本书的原则之一就是解释用语应该浅白.Reasoning from the false principle that the earth was flat, people formerly thought there was a danger of falling off its edge.从前人们根据地球是平面这一错误信念推理，认为会有从地球边缘掉下去的危险．2［C，C5］aalaw of nature as scientifically discovered and stated 原理：the principle of Archimedes 阿基米德原理 b such a law as governing the making or working of a machine， apparatus， etc 原则； 原理：A bicycle and a motorbike are built on the same principle though the force that moves them is different.脚踏车和摩托车是用同一原理造成的，尽管驱动它们的动力不同．3［C，C5］a rule used by a person as a guide for action; habit based on some fixed belief（行动的）准则； 常规；诫条：It＇s a principle of mine not toeat between meals.我的一个诫条是两顿饭之间不吃东西.She acts on the principle that it＇s pleasanter to make others wait than to be early and wait for them.她奉行的信条是：让别人等她比她早到而等别人要来得更愉快些．4［U］strong belief in and practice of honourable behaviour 正直；节操：My father was a man of principle who would never do anything dishonest or unfuir.我父亲是一个正直的人，他从不做不诚实和不公正的事情.

standard /stændəd/ [C] a principle or condition, often in judging, measuring, etc, by which various things can be judged 标准：The standard of length in France is the metre.法国的长度标准是米.Sweden has a high standard of living.瑞典的生活水准很高.What standards does he have in life； is he honest？他生活中的道德标准是什么？他诚实吗？Those houses arebadly built; they are well below stan-dard／below the necessary standard.那些房屋建筑质量很差，远远达不到标准／起码的标准.substandard [Wa5; B] below the necesary standard 不够标准的：He builds substandard houses；don＇t buy one.他造的房子都不够标准，千万别买.

criterion/krar'tiəriən/ [C] a standard by which one can judge something（判断的）标准；准则； 准绳：By what criteria do you judge a good cook？你评定优秀厨师的标准是什么？

C183 verbs 动词：ruling and ordering 裁决与命令

rule ／ru：l／ ［T5； L9］ to give （as） a decision 裁决：

cannot help you in a case that lies outside his jurisdiction.部长对他权限以外的案件帮不了你忙.

C182 nouns 名词：conventions， orders， and precedents 习俗、命令与先例

convention /kən'venfən/ [C;U] a general agreement, not talked about much,to do something in a certain way 习俗；俗例；惯例：It used to be (the) convention for women to wear hats in church.按照过去的习俗，妇女在教堂里要戴帽子.Many old conventions have been replaced by new ones.许多旧的习俗都被新的代替了.

order /'o:də/ [C; by U] any spoken or written statement which must be obeyed 命令：You have your orders； carry them out.你接到了命令，照命令执行吧.The work was done by orderof the king.这项工作已经根据国王的命令做了.

ruling /'ru:l/ [C] a decision by a judge, chair-man, etc, which is accepted by everyone concerned 裁定；判决：The judge gave his ruling on the matter.法官对此事作出了裁决.

precedent/'presədənt/[C] an earlier happening, ruling, order, or law which can be taken as an example or rule for what comes later 先例；前例；案例：There is no precedent in law for this kind of thing.这种事在法律上没有先例.Thisaction will establish a bad precedent for others.这一行动将给其他人开一个不良的先例.What he has done is without precedent.他所做的事没有先例可援． unprecedented ［Wa5；B］having no precedent 无先例的：This action is quite unprecedented.这一行动是史无前例的.

custom /'kastəm/ 1 [U] things as they are usually done in a society 习俗；风俗：Custom affects people strongly; most of us don't like going against custom.风俗对人的影响极大；我们大多数人都不喜欢违反风俗．2［C］ any actionwhich is usu done in a society or by a person 习惯；习俗：Shaking hands when people meet is much more the custom in France than in Britain.人们见面时握手的习惯流行于法国多于在英国.It is her custom to go there once a month.她习惯一个月到那里去一次.He isinterested in old local customs.他对古老的地方习俗很感兴趣．3 ［U］ the habit of going to aparticular shop to buy things（顾客对商店等经常性的）惠顾；光顾：You＇ll lose a lot of custom if you raise the prices so much.如果你把价格提得那么高，就会失去许多顾客.

institution /Instə'tju:fən/ [C] fml a custom, habit, etc which has been in existence for a long time 惯例；风俗；制度：Marriage is an insti-tution in most societies.在大多数社会里，婚姻是一项制度.（fig ＆ humor） That old man has been coming here so long that he's become a local institution！那老人来这里来得那么久，他简直已成了当地的名人了！

usage/'ju:sid3/1 [U] the way in which a thing is done，esp socially；custom 习惯；惯例；习俗：It isn't the usage here to do that; local usage is different．那样做不是这儿的习俗；本地习俗不同．2

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The chairman ruled on the matter, and his decision was accepted. 主席对这件事作出裁决，他的决定已被接纳.He ruled that the money bereturned to the woman.他作出裁决，将钱归还那个妇人.

decree/dr'kri:/[T1, 5] to state in or by means of a decree 命令；颁令：The king decreed the use of the army.国王命令调用军队.He decreedthat there would be no further taxes on salt. 他颁令不再征盐税.

order／＇o：də／［T1,5］to state as an order 指令；命令：He ordered the men＇s imprisonment.他下令把那些人关押起来.He ordered that the menbe put in prison.他命令把那些人关进监狱.

C184 verbs 动词：making laws 立法

enact /r'nækt/ [T1 often pass] to make (some-thing） into a law 制定（法律）：This new law was enacted last year.这项新法律是去年制定的.enactment 1［U］ the act of enacting 制定法律2［C］ something enacted；a law 制定的法律或法令

legislate /'led3isleit/ [IØ] to make a law or laws 制定法律；立法：We must legislate against these practices.我们必须立例禁止这些做法.Parlia-ment legislates for the nation.国会为国家立法.

pass／pa：s／［T1］ to make （a law）通过（法令、议案）：The legislature passed the Reform Bill and it is now the Reform Act.立法机关通过了改革议案，现在已成为改革法案.New laws havebeen passed to protect our citizens.已经通过了新的法律来保护我们的公民.

dispense ／dr＇spens／［T1］ to provide 执行：The judges dispensed the law impartially, favour-ing no one.法官们秉公执法，对谁都不偏私.dispensation 1［U］ the act of dispensing 执行； 实施：The proper dispensation of the law is important．正确执行法律很重要．2［C］anexample or result of this 执法、执行（的事例或结果）3［C］ a special statement of permission to do something which is normally not allowed 特许

repeal/rI'pi:l/[T1] to put an official end to a law 废止：The legislature repealed the unpopular Rent Act.立法机关废止了不得人心的租务法案.

annul /ə'nal/ [T1] to make no longer legal or legitimate［→C189］取消；宣告作废：Her marriage has been annulled.她的婚姻已宣告无效.This unjust law must be annulled.这项不公正的法律必须废止．annulment 1［U］ the act ofannulling something 取消；作废：She is hoping for the annulment of her marriage.她希望废除她的婚约．2［C］an example or result of this 取消、作废（的事例或结果）：She got an annulment（of her marriage）.她的婚约得以废除.

C185 verbs 动词：keeping the law ［T1］守法

keep/ki:p/ to make sure that (law and order,

etc） continue 遵守；履行；维持（法律、命令等）：The police are employed to keep law and order.雇佣警察就是要维持法律与秩序.Thepoliceman advised the man to keep the peace and to go home quietly.警察劝那人要守法，乖乖地回家去.

maintain ／mein＇tein／ also 又作 uphold ／Ap-＇həuld／ fml to keep 维持；维护：It is a police-man＇s job to maintain law and order.警察的工作就是维护法律和社会秩序.He has upheld thelaw in these parts for many years.他在这一带维持法纪已很多年了.maintenance ［U］ theaction of maintaining esp the law 维持（尤指法律）

enforce/mn'fo:s/emph to keep by using force if necessary 实行；强制执行；实施（法律）：Thepolice exist to enforce the law.警察存在的目的就是为了施行法律.enforcement［U］the act or intention of enforcing esp the law 强制执行（尤指法律）；实施：The police are a law-enforcement organization.警队是实施法律的机构.

C186 verbs 动词：not keeping the law

［T1］不守法

break /breik/ not to keep (a law, etc); to go actively against 违反；违背（法律等）：If you do this，you will be breaking the law.如果你这样做，就会违反法律.He broke the speed limit bydriving his car at 80 mph．他以八十英里的时速开车，违反了车速限制的规定.

contravene / kontrə'vi:n/ fml & tech to go against；break 违反；触犯；抵触：The policeman told the hotel-keeper that he had contravened the fire regulations for small hotels by locking the doors.警察告诉旅馆主人，由于他把门锁上，违反了有关小旅馆的防火法规.contravention［U；C］ the act or an act of contravening 违反；触犯； 抵触（的行为）

commit/kə'mit/ tech to do (something wrong) 犯（错、罪行等）：He was arrested for commit-ting several crimes.他因犯了几项罪而被捕.Shehas committed murder and must be punished. 她犯了谋杀罪，必须受到惩罚.

C187 nouns 名词：justice and law-making 公正与立法

justice/'d3Astrs/ [U] 1 the quality of being right and fair，esp in law 公正；正义（尤指法律上）：The king was famous for his justice.这位国王以公正闻名．2 the law and its administration ［→C100］司法；（法律的）执行 3 the action orpower of the law 依法制裁；审判；法律的权力：The police brought the criminals to justice.警察将罪犯缉拿归案．injustice 1 ［U］ lack ofjustice 不公正；不公平；不讲道义2［C］anyinstance of such a lack of justice 不公正的行为； 不义的行为：＇These injustices must end！＇he cried.他叫喊道：“这些不公正的行为必须终止！”

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law-making /'b:,meiku/ [U] the business of making or passing laws 立法；制定法律；通过法律：Parliament is a body engaged in law-making／a law-making body.议会是负责立法的机构.

legislation /,led3Is'lerfən/ [U] fml 1 law-making 立法；制定法律；通过法律：Parliament isnormally engaged in legislation and debating. 议会通常从事立法和辩论．2 the laws made 法律：This new legislation will help the poor.这项新法律将对穷人有利．legislative［Wa5；B］ for the purpose of making laws（为了）立法的

legislature /'led3is,leItfə/ 1 [C] a law-making body 立法机关：Parliament is the British legis-lature and Congress is the US legislature.议会是英国的立法机关，国会是美国的立法机关．2［U］fml ＆ tech rare law-making 法律制定：Has there been any recent legislature on this matter？有关这方面的事情，最近定出了什么法律了没有？[→C103]

C188 nouns 名词： order and disorder in societies 社会秩序与混乱

order/'o:də/ [U] a condition of the least possi-ble social trouble; a state of controlled plan-ning，behaviour，etc 秩序；规矩：The news could disturb the whole social order.这个消息会扰乱整个社会秩序.Their behaviour is con-trary togood military order and discipline.他们的行为与良好的军规军纪是不相容的.

law and order [U;P] a condition of good government and social order 法律和秩序： Criminals operate against the forces oflaw and order.罪犯与治安力量作对.

martial law /,ma:jal 'b:/ [U] government under special laws by the army, esp when there has been fighting against the usual government 戒严法；戒严令；军事管制法：The governor of theprovince declared （a state of） martial law.省长宣布实施戒严法.The province was undermartial law for a month.该省实施戒严法达一个月.

disorder /dis'o:də/ [U] a condition of social trouble and lack of organization 无秩序；骚乱： The riots led to greater national disorder.暴动在全国引起更大的骚乱.

anarchy /'ænəki/ [U] absence of government, control, or order; lawlessness and social and political disorder 无政府（状态）；无秩序；混乱：The country is in a state of increasing anar-chy.全国处于越来越严重的无政府状态.anar-chic, anarchical [B] of,concerning, or like anarchy无政府（状态）的；无秩序的

chaos／＇keips／ ［U］ complete disorder 纷乱；混乱； 骚乱：The country slowly sank into chaos.国家慢慢陷入混乱之中.The administration is in astate of chaos because of strikes.行政管理因罢工而陷于一片混乱.chaotic［B］ of，concernng， or like chaos 混乱的；一团糟的-ally［adv Wa4］

civil war /,sivəl 'wo:/[U; C] a war or state of war between opposing groups of people in the

C189 LAW ＆ ORDER 法律与秩序

same country 内战：Civil war is a terrible thing.内战是件可怕的事情.That country hashad many civil wars.那个国家发生过多次内战.

civil strife /,sıvəl 'strarf/ [U] trouble in a country which comes close to or includes civil war 内乱

C189 adjectives 形容词：relating to the

law 有关法制的

legal/'li:gəl/ [Wa5; B] 1 allowed or made by law 法定的；合法的：Is it legal for boys of that age to drink alcohol（＝alcoholic drinks）？那个年龄的男孩喝含酒精的饮料合法吗？2 of，concern-ing，or using the law 法律的；法律上的：All his legal business is handled by a New York law firm.他的一切法律事务都由一家纽约法律事务所办理．-ly ［adv］ -ity ［U］ legalize，-ise ［T1］ to make legal 使合法化：Abortion ［→B181］has been legalized in many countries.堕胎在许多国家都已合法化.

lawful/'lo:fəl/ [Wa5; B]1 often emot allowed by law 合法的；守法的；法律许可的：I don＇t know ifit＇s lawful for you to be in this place.我不知道你到这个地方来是否合法．2 tech recognized bylaw 法律承认的；合法的：Is their marriagelawful？他们的婚姻合法吗？This building is a place of lawful assembly.这座楼宇是合法集会的地点.He was going about his lawful business when it happened.此事发生时，他正忙于他的合法商业事务.-ly［adv］-mess ［U］

legitimate ／lr＇d3ıtəmit／ ［B］ 1 allowed by law 合法的；正当的：Their actions were perfectly legit-imate，and the police cannot stop them.他们的行动完全合法，警察不能制止他们．2［Wa5］bornto a mother who is married 合法婚姻所生的；婚生的：He has three legitimate children and two bastards［→C3］．他有三个孩子是婚生的，两个是私生的.-acy［U］

licit/'lsit/ [Wa5; B] rare & fml legal; permitted 合法的；正当的；准许的

forensic /fə'rensik/ [Wa5; A] relating to or used in courts of law 法庭的；用于法庭的：He isan expert in forensic medicine.他是一位法医学专家.

judicial /d3u:'drfəl/ [B] 1 [Wa5] relating to or done by a court of law，a judge，etc 法庭的；司法的；审判上的：This is a judicial and not amedical matter: you need a lawyer, not a doctor.这是个司法问题不是医学问题；你需要的是律师，不是医生. Judicial proceedings in courts of law are often slow.法院的审判程序往往是很慢的．2 having the qualities of a judge 法官似的；公正的；公平的：He has a very judicialapproach to such matters.他对这类事情的处理方法十分公正.-ly［adv］

juridical/d3uə'ridrkəl/[Wa5; B] fml & tech of or related to the law or to judges 法律上的；司法上的

official /ə'fifəl/ [B] being done because of or having some special legal authority, esp from or in a government， organization，etc 官方的； 公务上的；正式的：The chief minister made an

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official visit to the town.首席部长对这个城市进行了正式访问.She received an official letter from the committee.她接到委员会的正式函件.[Ape] AI-[8əu]-un

C190 adjectives 形容词：against the law 违法的

illegal /r'li:gəl/ [Wa5; B] clearly against the law 违法的；犯法的：These are illegal acts and will lead to your arrest.这些都是犯法行为，会使你遭到逮捕的.-ly［adv］-ity［U］

illegitimate / ilr'd3ıtəmit/ [B] 1 against the law 违法的：Seizing his ship was an illegitimate act．夺取他的船是违法行为．2 not allowed by therules 不符合规定的：It＇s illegitimate to use force in a situation like this.在这样的情况下使用暴力是违反规定的．3 ［Wa5］ born to a mother who isnot married 私生的：The child is illegitimate and we don＇t know who the father is.这孩子是私生的，我们不知道他的父亲是谁.[■C3BASTARD]

illicit/r'lisit/ [Wa5; B] not acceptable in law or convention［＝＞C182］非法的；不正当的；违反习俗的：He engaged in àn illicit love affair.他有过不正当的恋爱关系.-ly［adv］

unlawful /An'b:fəl/[B]esp emot & tech against the law 非法的；不法的；违法的：He was arrestedfor the unlawful possession of firears.他由于非法藏有枪支而被捕.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

lawless /'b:ləs/ [B] 1 (of a country or place) not governed by laws; not obeying the (or any）law（s）（指国家或地方）没有法律的；法律无法实行的：Your life isn＇t safe on those lawless mountain roads.在那些法律管不着的山路上，你会很不安全的．2 uncontrolled目无法纪的；无法无天的：He is a wild， lawless fellow； be careful not to anger him.他是个无法无天的野家伙，当心别触怒他.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

disorderly /dis'o:dəli/ [B] 1 (esp of people) behaving badly，esp in public 不守秩序的；骚动的：The football crowds were very disorderly. 足球观众很不守秩序．2（of things and persons）untidy 不整齐的；无秩序的；混乱的：What adisorderly room; she must be pretty disorderly herself！多乱的房间呀，她本人也一定不怎么整洁！

C191 adjectives 形容词：required by law， etc ［Wa5；B］有关法律规定的

statutory/'stætfutəri/ (to be done) according to a statute or law 法定的；依照法规的；依照法令的：The government have a statutory obligation to collect taxes.收税是政府的法定职责.

obligatory /ə'bligətəri/ which must be done; necessary under the law 义务的；必须做的：Is it obligatory to have a safety belt in a car？在车上是不是必须配备安全带？-rily ［adv］［→F63OBLIGATION]

compulsory /kəm'palsəri/ which must be done

for any reason 强制的；必须做的：You must go；it's compulsory and you'll be fined if you don＇t.你必须去，这是强制性的；如果不去，就要罚款.-rily［adv］

mandatory /'mændə,təri/1 which must be done or must be so.强迫性的；强制的；必须履行的：It＇smandatory to pay these debts within a certain period of time.这些债务在一定期限内非还清不可．2 containing or carrying a command 带有命令的

enforceable /m'fo:səbal/ that can be enforced （esp by law）（尤指法律）可强制执行的；可实施的：I'm afraid these laws aren't enforceable;we just don't have enough inspectors/policemen to do it.恐怕这些法律无法强制实施，因为我们没有足够的巡官／警察来执行.

binding /'baindin/ which must be done or kept to because of an earlier agreement 有约束力的； 应遵守的：These clauses of the contract were legally binding the moment you signed the paper.你一经签署了合同，这些条款就具有法律的约束力.

voluntary/'vpləntəri/ 1 (of a person or his actions) acting or done willingly, without payment and/or without (the doer) being forced 自愿的；志愿的；义务的：She＇s a voluntaryworker at the hospital.她在医院做义务工作.Shedoes voluntary work looking after old people. 她做义务工作，照看老人.His offer was entirelyvoluntary；nobody pushed him.他的提议完全出于自愿，没有人强迫他.He made a voluntarystatement to the police， admitting his guilt.他自愿向警察作供，承认罪行．2［A］ controlled orsupported by people who give their money, services，etc of their own free will 靠自愿捐助支持的：Many social services are still provided by voluntary societies.许多社会服务项目仍然是由志愿团体提供的.-ly［adv］

C192 verbs 动词：letting and allowing 允许与准许

let／let／［V2； T1］ to allow （to do or happen）让： Let him go.让他走吧.Let me see it.让我看一看.Don＇t let her leave.别让她走开.The police let them have the book.警察让他们拥有那本书.

allow /ə'lau/ 1 [T1, 4; V3] often fml to let (somebody) do something or let (something) be done 允许；容许： They do not allow smoking in this place／you to smoke in this place.这里禁止抽烟／他们不允许你在这里抽烟.You areallowed into the room.你获准进入室内.I have spent more （money） than I was allowed.我花的钱超过了允许的数目.We must allow him tobe a member of our team.我们应当允许他成为我们队的成员．2［T1；V3］to make possible； provide 让···得到；允许：This plan allows 20 minutes for lunch.按照这个计划，午饭时间定为二十分钟.Your gift allows me to buy a car.你的馈赠让我得以买一辆车子．3［D1；T1］ to give（esp money or time）给予（特别指钱或时间）：Myfather allows me some money for books.父亲

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A59： other large animals 其它大型动物

Indian elephant [Wnl]

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给我一些钱买书．I can allow you 10％ off theprice if you pay now.如果你现在付款，我可以照价给你九折．The bank allows 5％ on money kept with them.这银行给予存款五厘的利息.

permit／p3：＇mit／1［T1； V3］ usu fml to allow 允许；容许：I cannot permit such cruelty.我不能容许这样的残酷行为.I have too much to do topermit my going on holiday.我要做的事情太多，不容许我去度假.（polite）Permit me to inform you that you are wrong.请允许我告诉你，你错了.2 [IØ] to make it possible for a stated thing to happen（情况）容许；（条件）许可：I will come in June if my health permits.如果健康情况许可，我将在六月份来.Weather permitting（＝ if the weather is good enough), we'll come and see you．如果天气好，我们就来看你．3［X9］to allowto be or tocome，etc 让；准···：She won＇t permit dogs in the house.她不让狗入屋.

license，also sometimes 又作 licence ／＇laisəns／ ［T1］ to allow officially（官方）许可；特许：They have licensed the restaurant for the sale of alcoholic drinks.他们特许这家饭馆卖含酒精的饮料.Is this shop licensed （for the sale of fire-arms）？这家商店是否获特许（出售枪械）？

authorize, -ise /'o:0ə,raiz/ 1 [T1; V3] to give power to 授权：I authorized him to act for me while I was away.我授权给他在我外出时代理我的工作．2［T1］to permit by some special power 认可；批准：I authorized the payment of this bill.我批准支付这张帐单上的款项.

grant/gra:nt/[D1; T1] to agree to give, allow, authorize，etc 答应；准许；允许；赐予；授予：Thegovernor granted the prisoner one request.州长答应犯人一个请求.He has been granted hisfreedom on condition he leaves the country. 他可以获得自由，条件是他要离开这个国家.Shewas granted a widow's pension when her hushand was accidentally killed.她丈夫意外死亡后，她领到了寡妇抚恤金.They grantedpermission to build the house.他们准许建造那所房子.

sanction／＇sænkfən／［T1］ fml to permit 批准；认可：They officially sanctioned the work.他们正式批准了这项工作.

warrant/'wprənt/ [Wv6; T1] to give someone a reason for doing or thinking (a stated.thing); have a right to do （a stated thing）证明···为正当；使人有理由做或想（某事）；有权做（某事）：Yourplan certainly warrants careful attention.你的计划当然值得我们仔细研究.His position in thegovernment does not warrant these actions; they are against the law.他在政府中的职位并不能证明这些行动是正当的，因为它们是违法的.

C193 verbs 动词：not letting or allowing 不允许或不准许

refuse /rr'fju:z/ [T1, 3; D1; IØ] to say or show that one will not（accept，do， or give）拒绝；谢绝：We asked him but he refused to go.我们邀请他去，但他谢绝了.She refused.她拒绝了.Herefused me the book. 他拒绝给我那本书.The

C194 LAW ＆ ORDER 法律与秩序

government have refused (them) permission to build here.政府没有批准（他们）在这儿盖房子.deny／dr＇nai／ ［D1；T1］ to refuse to grant．拒绝（给予或答应）：His request for help was denied.他请求援助，但被拒绝了.The government hasdenied the local authorities' requests for more money.地方当局要求更多的拨款，但被政府拒绝了.revoke /ri'vəuk/ [T1] to take away or back (any special freedom，permission，etc）取消；废除；撤销；宣布···无效（指某种特殊的自由、许可等）：Hislicence to trade here has been revoked by the local officials; he must stop trading immedi-ately.他在这儿进行贸易的执照被当地官员吊销了；他必须立即停止贸易活动.

C194 nouns 名词： licences and permits 执照与许可证

licence BrE, license AmE /'larsəns/1 [C, C3] an official paper, card, etc, showing that permission has been given to do something, usu in return for a fixed payment 执照；许可证； 特许证：Can I see your driving licence， please？ 请出示驾驶执照.He has a licence for hisgun／dog．他的枪／狗是领有执照的．2［U］ officialpermission to do something（正式）许可：We manufacture these goods under licence from (= with the permission of) the original makers.我们生产这些商品得到了创制人的正式许．可．3［U，U3］ freedom of action， speech， thought，etc 许可（言论、行动和思想的自由）：Wedo not have as much licence to say these things in our country as in yours.我们国家不像你们国家那样可以容许谈论这些事情．4［U］deprecmisuse of freedom, esp in causing harm or damage； uncontrolled behaviour 放肆；放纵： His actions weren't moderate; they were acts of licence.他的行为没有节制，简直是放肆.

permit /'p3:mit/ [C, C3] an official written statement giving one the right to do some-thing 许可证；执照：You can＇t enter the military camp without a permit.你没有许可证，不能进入军营.Who issued the permits for entering the camp？进入军营的许可证是谁签发的？Themotorists show their parking permits on the windscreens of their cars.汽车驾驶员在汽车的挡风玻璃上出示他们的停车许可证.

permission /pə'mifən/ [U, U3] the act of permitting or being permitted 许可；允许；准许： Do you have permission to visit him in hospi-tal？你是否得到允许去医院探望他？He wentthere without our permission.他未经我们许可就到那儿去了.With your permission I＇ll leave now.你同意的话，我现在要走了.

authority /o:'Oprəti/ [U, U3] right given to someone to do something 权力；权势；权威；职权：He has the authority to put them in prison. 他有权把他们关进监狱.By whose authority haveyou come here？你到这里来是得到谁的许可？Hedid it on his own authority; no one told him to.他是自作主张的，没有人叫他这样做.They hadthe authority of the Government behind them.

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他们有政府作后台.

authorization,-isation/o:θərar'zerfən/1 [U, U3] the right or official power to do some-thing 授权；委任：I have the owner＇s authorization to use the house.房主授权给我， 让我使用这所房子．2［C，C3］a paper giving thisright 委任状；授权书：Show me your official authorizations，please.请让我看一看你的正式授权书.

sanction /'sænkfən/ [U] permission by some-one in authority to do something 批准；认可： The work was done with/without official sanction.这件工作是经正式批准／未经正式批准而完成的.

pass/pa:s/ [C] a piece of paper with printing, which shows that one is permitted to do a certain thing (such as travel on a railway, leave an àrmy camp for a short time,etc) esp without paying 通行证；出入证；（免费）乘车券：Show me your pass，please.请把通行证给我看一看.He entered the camp without a proper pass.他没有正式的通行证就进了营房.

passport /'pa:s,po:t/ [C] 1 a small official book, obtained from a government by one of its citizens,to be shown when entering or coming back from a foreign country，etc 护照2［（to）］ (fig) something (a quality,connection,name, etc) that permits a person easily to do or get something else（达到某种目的之）手段：Hethought that money was a passport to happi-ness.他以为有了钱就有幸福.

visa /'vi:zə/ [C] a stamp or signed note in a passport or a paper, which shows that a person is free to enter and/or leave a place, usu a foreign country 签证：You need a visa to go to that country.你到那个国家去需要办理签证.He has an entry permit／visa.他有入境许可证／签证.

warrant/'wprənt/1 [C(for), C3] a written legal permit to do something 令状；授权书；委任状：He has a warrant to search the house.他持有搜查这所房子的令状.Does he have a searchwarrant？他有没有搜查令？The police have a warrant for his arrest ［→C226］．警察持有拘捕他的逮捕令.The governor of the prison made out the death warrants for the condemned [→G106］men．狱长给死刑犯签发了死刑证书．2［U（for），U3］ authority or right 权利；正当的理由： What warrant do you have for these actions? 你有什么权利采取这些行动？You have nowarrant for saying those things.你没有权说那种话.

charter /'tfa:tə/ [C] a written or printed state-ment made, esp formerly, by some authority which gives someone a particular power, right，etc 特许状：The town＇s charter goes back to the time of King James and it gives the town a number of special rights.这个城市的特许状可追溯到詹姆士国王的时代，它给这个城市许多特权．chartered［Wa5；A；（B）］ having a char-ter，licence，etc 有特许状的；特许的：He is achartered accountant (= he can officially work as an accountant）.他是特许会计师.

C195 verbs 动词：forbidding and banning things 禁止与不准许

forbid /fə'bid/1 [V3] to order (esp someone) not to do something 禁止：I forbade him to go. 我禁止他去．2［T1,4］to refuse to allow 不准：Iforbid this marriage！ 我不准许办这门婚事！Entry is forbidden to unauthorized people.未经许可不得入内.

prohibit/prə'hibit/ [T1] fml & official to forbid 禁止：Smoking is prohibited in these buildings. 这些楼宇内禁止吸烟.

ban/bæn/ [T1] to make unlawful; to order not to be done，used，etc（从法律上）禁止；取缔；查禁：The government has banned demonstra-tions.政府禁止游行示威.Those books should be banned.那些书应当查禁.The play wasbanned by the censor［→C196］．这出话剧被审查官禁演了.

outlaw /'aut,lo:/ [T1] 1 esp formerly to declare to be an outlaw［→C228］宣告···失去法律保障；将···逐出社会：They outlawed him because of his crimes．由于他犯下的罪行，他们把他放逐了．2to declare unlawful 宣布···为非法：Drugs like opium [→E87] have been outlawed except for medical purposes.除作医药用途外，鸦片之类的麻醉品已被宣布为违禁品.

censor /'sensə/ [T1] (of books, films, etc) to prevent being seen or to cut out parts which are not considered suitable 查禁（书籍、影片等）；删去（书籍、影片等的不当部分）：His bookhas been censored; it is impossible to get copies of it.他的书已被查禁，不可能弄到了.'These films full of sex and violence should be properly censored，＇he said.他说：“这些影片充满色情和暴力，应当查禁.”

ostracize,-ise /'pstrə,saiz/ [T1] to refuse to have social dealings with 不理睬；孤立；排斥：He was ostracized by the people in the town.镇上的人全都不理睬他.

shun/jAn/[T1,4] emot to avoid seeing, havig, etc 躲开；避免：She shunned him when she heard what terrible things he had done.当她听到他做过那些可怕的事之后，就总是躲开他.Heshuns meat; he only eats vegetables and fruit. 他不吃肉，只吃蔬菜和水果.

C196 nouns，etc 名词等：banning things 禁止

prohibition / prəuhr'bifən/ 1 [U] the act of prohibiting 禁止：The prohibition of smoking in these places has improved people's health considerably.这些地方禁止抽烟，已明显地改善了人们的健康.Prohibition was a period in US history when alcohol was prohibited.禁制时期是指美国历史上实行禁酒的那个时期．2［C］an actor order prohibiting anything 禁制；禁令；禁律： She's tired ofhis various prohibitions on what she can do and where she can go.他对她诸多禁制，规定她可以做什么，可以去什么地方，这使她感到厌烦.

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C201 COURTS OF LAW 法院

a place where （criminal） cases are heard 法院；

法庭：You will be fairly tried in a court of law.

你将在法庭上受到公正的审判.The law courts are

situated near the city centre.法院位于市中心附

近.The prisoner is in court now.囚犯正在出庭

受审.

courtroom/'ko:t,ru:m/ [C] a room in which a

（criminal） case is being heard 法庭；审判室：

The judge entered the courtroom.法官进入审判

室.

tribunal /trar'bju:nəl/ [C] 1 a special courtof law,

esp in an army，etc（专门的）法庭（如军队中的）：

A military tribunal sentenced the terrorists to

death．军事法庭判处那些恐怖分子死刑．2 a court

with specially appointed people as judges with

powers to deal with particular matters 裁判所：

The tenant [→D64]took her case to the rents

tribunal so that a fair rent would be fixed for

the flat.那个房客将她的案子呈交租务审裁处审理，

要求给那套房间规定合理的租金.

bench /bentf/ [the R]1 the area where a judge

sits 法官席2（fig）judges generally 法官（总称）

bar /ba:/ [the R] a railing or barrier in a law

court, between the part where the legal busi-

ness is done and the part where people can

watch and listen（法庭上的）围栏（将审判席与旁

听席隔开）prisoner at the bar the accused［

C207］ person 被告人 to be tried at the bar to

be tried in an open court，not secretly 在法庭

（公开）审判

dock/dpk/[the R] the closed area in a criminal

court where the prisoner is kept 刑事法庭上的

被告席

C201 nouns 名词：lawyers，etc［C］律师等

lawyer /'lo:jə/ a person whose business it is to

advise people about laws and to represent

them in court 律师：I want to speak to my

lawyer before I sign these papers.在签署这些文

件之前我想和我的律师谈一谈.

solicitor /sə'lısətə/ (esp i England) a lawyer

who advises his customers on matters of law,

appears in the lower courts, and prepares

written agreements and cases for the higher

courts（尤指在英国）律师；事务律师

attorney ／ə＇t3：ni／ esp AmE a lawyer 律师 power

of attorney the power to act for another

person, esp in matters of law and business,

given by means of an official warrant [→C194]

（letter of attorney）委托权（尤指在法律或商务上

通过委任状所赋予的代理权力）

barrister /'bæristə/1 (esp in England) a lawyer

who has the right of speaking and arguing in

the higher courts of law（尤指在英国）有资格在

高等法庭发言和辩护的律师；大律师；讼务律师 2

[the GU,cap] a (in Britain) (the members of)

the profession of barrister（在英国）大律师

（barrister）的职业 b（in the USA）（the mem-

bers of） the profession of lawyer（在美国）律师

（lawyer）的职业 be called to the bar to

become a barrister／lawyer 当律师

court （of law） also 又作 law court ［C；prep U］ advocate/'ædvəkeit/1 a person, esp a lawyer,

ban／bæn／ ［C］ an order which bans 禁令：There＇s a ban on books like that.对那类的书现在有禁令.The government has lifted the ban on buying and selling gold.政府已经撤销了买卖黄金的禁令.

ostracism /'pstrəsizəm/ [U] the situation of ostracizing or being ostracized 孤立；不理睬；摈弃：Socialostracism can be a terrible thing.被社会摈弃会是一件可怕的事情.

taboo /tə'bu:/ [C;B] (something) which is forbidden by religious belief，law，etc 禁忌；忌讳；戒律；禁忌的：Among Hindus thereis a taboo against killing cows.印度教教徒有一戒律是不可杀牛.Killing cows is taboolis a taboo act among the Hindus.杀牛是印度教的禁忌.

censor /'sensə/ [C] an official with the authori-ty to examine and censor books, letters, films, etc（书、信、电影等的）检查官；审查官：Theboard of film censors studied the film care-fully and ordered several cuts.影片审查委员会仔细地研究了那部影片，并下令剪掉几个镜头.

censorship /'sensə fip/ [U] the position,duties, etc of a censor； the act of censoring 审查官的职位、任务；审查；检查：Censorship is generally a difficult thing to do well.一般来说，审查这项工作很难做得好.

C197 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：

blockades and sanctions 封锁与制裁

blockade /blp'keid/1 [C] the act of surround-ing a town, area, etc to stop people or food etc moving in or out 封锁：The enemy block-ade caused much suffering in the city.敌人的封锁使这个城市的人吃了许多苦头．2［T1］tosurround in this way 封锁：The enemy ships blockaded the harbour.敌人船只封锁了港口.

boycott/'bor,kpt/1[T1] to join in an agreement not to work with, talk to, do business with, etc （a person， group， or country）联合抵制：They boycotted the other country＇s goods.他们联合抵制了另一国的货物．2［C］an act of boycotting联合抵制：They have placed a boycott on our goods.他们联合抵制我们的货物.

embargo /Im'ba:gəu/ [C] an official order which forbids trade etc with people,a country, etc 禁止（通商等）；禁运：There is an embargo on trade with that country.有禁运令，规定不得和那个国家通商.

sanctions /'sænkfənz/ [P] actions taken against one country by others as punishment, usu including not doing business with that country （对一个国家的）制裁（通常包括断绝商务交往）

Courts of law and legal work

法院与法律事务

C200 nouns 名词：in the courtroom 在法庭上

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C202 COURTS OF LAW 法院

who speaks in defence of or in favour of another person 辩护者（尤指律师）2（inScotland）a barrister（苏格兰）（出庭辩护的）律师 3［（of）］ a person who speaks for or supports an idea， way of life，etc 鼓吹者；拥护者；提倡者：He is an advocate of cold baths in the morning.他提倡早晨洗冷水澡.

counsel/'kaunsəl/ [GU] one or more lawyers acting for someone in a court of law（一个或多个）法律顾问；律师：He asked counsel for the defence to explain the point.他要求辩护律师说明这一点.

jurist/'d3uərist/ a person,usu a lawyer,with a thorough knowledge of law 法学家：They consulted a leading jurist on the matter.他们就这件事咨询了第一流的法学家.

notary (public) /'nəutəri ('pablik)/ an official who has the authority to act as an official witness to the signing of papers，etc（签署文件等时的）公证人

C202 nouns 名词：judges and juries ［C］ 法官与陪审团

judge/d3Ad3/1 a public official who has the power to decide questions brought before a court of law 法官；审判官：He is a judge of the High Court／a High Court judge.他是高等法院法官．2 a person who has the right to make a decision，esp in a competition 裁判员；仲裁人： He has often been a judge in these flower shows．他常常担任这些花卉展览会的评判员．3 aperson who has the knowledge and experi-ence to give valuable opinions 鉴定人；鉴赏家： I'm no judge of music, but I know what I like. 我对音乐是外行，但在音乐方面也有自己的爱好.

magistrate/'mæd3is,treit/ an official who has the power to judge cases in the lowest courts of law，esp a police court 地方法官（有权在地方法庭、违警罪法庭审案）；裁判司：The boy comesup before the magistrate next week.下星期那个男孩由地方法官提审.

Justice of the Peace tech a magistrate 地方执法官；治安官：He spoke to severalJustices of the Peace.他和几个治安官谈过话.JPabbrev

justice/'d3Astis/1 AmE a judge (of a law court) （法院）法官 2 a judge of high rank， in aSupreme Court 最高法院法官：The Lord Chief Justice will give his decision shortly.最高法院首席法官很快就会作出判决．3（used as a part ofthe title of a judge of a law court） （称呼）法官： Mr Justice Smith has been made Chief Justice.法官史密斯先生已被任命为首席法官.

squire /skwarə/ (the title of) a local justice of the peace or judge in a country district or small town in the USA 美国的地方法官（的称谓）；治安官

sheriff /'ferif/1 an official who is in charge of justice in a county in the USA 美国各县的司法行政长官 2 the chief judge of a district in Scotland 苏格兰地区的首席法官3（in England，

formerly) a judge appointed by the king in each county（从前在英格兰）国王在每个郡任命的法官

jury/'d3uəri/ [GC] 1 a group of usu 12 people chosen to decide questions of fact in a court of law, and who have solemnly promised to give an honest opinion 陪审团（通常由十二人组成）：Members of the jury， you must now give your verdict［→C204］．诸位陪审员，现在你们必须作出裁决．2 a group of people chosen to judge a competition of any kind, and pick the winner 评判委员会；评选团：He was on the TVjury which picked the winning girls.他参加了电视评选团，负责挑选获胜的女孩子.（fig）He facedthe jury of public opinion.他面临舆论的裁决.juror，juryman a member of a jury 陪审员；评判委员 jury box the enclosed place where the jury sit during a law case 陪审团的席位

C203 verbs 动词：taking someone to court 控告某人

sue/su:/ [IØ; T1] to bring a claim in law against, esp for an amount of money 控告（尤指有关金钱）；控诉：If you do that，I＇ll sue （you）.如果你那样做，我就控告（你）.

go to law [IØ] to begin a case in law on a matter that concerns one 起诉；诉之于法： Please don't go to law over this business; it isn＇t worth it.请不要为这事打官司，那是不值得的.take...to court infml to sue 控告；控诉：She took them to court to get her money back.她为了追回自己的钱，向法院控告了他们.

litigate /'litə,geit/ [IØ] fml & tech to go to law; to make a claim in a court of law 起诉；诉讼litigant ［C］ a person engaged in a lawsuit诉讼当事人

charge /tfa:d3/ [T1, 5] to declare officially and openly that one thinks (someone) has broken the law or done something wrong 控告；公开指责：The police are going to charge him with murder.警方准备控告他犯了谋杀罪.

accuse /ə'kju:z/ [Wv5; T1 (of)] to charge (someone) with doing wrong or breaking the law；blame 控诉；指责；谴责：The police accused him （of murder）.警方控告他（犯了谋杀罪）.Hewas accused of running away when the enemy attacked.人们谴责他在敌人进攻时临阵逃跑.Theangry man gave her an accusing look.那个愤怒的男子狠狠地瞪了她一眼.The accused manstood up.被指控的男人站了起来.

C204 nouns 名词：lawsuits and pleas 诉讼与抗辩

lawsuit/'lo:,sju:t/ [C] a non-criminal [→C228] case in a court of law（非刑事的）诉讼（案）

(legal/court) action [C] a process of law in a court of law 诉讼

(legal) proceedings /(,li:gəl) prə'si:dnz/ [P] legal action 诉讼程序：He has taken legal

166

proceedings against her and is suing for divorce.他已采取法律行动对她提出控诉，要求离婚.

litigation/,litə'gerfən/ [U] fml & tech action in law, as in making and defending claims in court诉讼；起诉

case/keis/[C] a matter which a judge or other person in a court of law decides on 讼案；案件： This is one of the most interesting cases in legal history.这是法律史上最有趣的案件之一.The lawyer put the case simply.律师简单地说了案情.This is a case of murder／a murder case. 这是一起谋杀案件.

charge/tfa:d3/ [C] a statement that a person has done wrong (esp as made by the police or in a court of law）指责；（尤指）控告；指控：Whatis the charge?-The charge is dangerous driv-ing.控罪是什么？-控罪是危险驾驶.

accusation /ækju'zerfən/ 1 [U] the act of accusing or being accused 非难；指责；指控2 ［C］ a charge of doing wrong 控告（的罪名）：The accusation was that he had murdered a man. 控罪指他杀了人.She made several acusations against me.她向我提出几项指控.

writ/rit/[C] an official paper given in law to tell someone to do or not to do a particular thing 令状（正式的法律文件）

(court) injunction /(ko:t) mn'd3Agkfən/[C,C3] an esp written order, stronger than a writ, from a court of law, demanding that some-thing will or will not be done 强制令；禁止令；禁制令：I＇ll get an injunction to stop you doing that！我要申请禁制令，制止你那样做！

interdict /'Intə,dikt/ (in Scotland) an injunction （苏格兰）禁令

plea/pli:/ [C] alegal statemènt made by or for a person charged in a court of law（在法庭上对于被指控的罪名所作的）答辩；抗辩；辩护：TheAnin8 tou, som pald səuosud “不服罪”.

verdict/'v3:dikt/ [C] the official decision made by a jury in a court of law, declared to the judge at the end of a trial（陪审团的）裁决；判决：Ladies and gentlemen of thejury，what is your verdict-guilty or not guilty？陪审团各位先生、女士，你们的裁决是什么，有罪还是无罪？（figinfml) The general verdict was that her party was most enjoyable.大家总的看法是：她举行的那个聚会非常有趣.

C205 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：trials and hearings 审讯与听讼

trial/'traiəl/ [C] an examination of a person or a point of law in a court 审问；审讯；审判：Histrial is fixed for the 19th of the month．他的案子定于本月十九日开始审讯.The book describesa number of famous murder trials.这本书描述了几起著名谋杀案的审讯过程.

court-martial /'ko:t'ma:fəl/1 [C; by U] the trial of a person in the armed forces for a military offence 军法审判；军事法庭：There have beenseveral court-martials this year.今年已有过几次

C206 COURTS OF LAW 法院

军法审判.He was tried by court-martial and found guilty．他受到军事法庭审判并被判有罪．2［T1］ to put through a court-martial 进行军法审判：The officer was court-martialled for deserting ［→C282］his men in the battle．这位军官由于在战斗中背弃部下逃走而受到军法审判：

hearing /'həri/ [C] an occasion or chance to be heard， esp in pleading ［→C206］ a case 被倾听（申诉）的机会；（尤指）听讼；审问；聆讯：Pleasegive him a fair hearing！请给他一个公平地申诉的机会！The judicial［→C189］hearings will be held in public.法庭将举行公开审讯.

bail/beil/ [U] money left with a court of law so that a prisoner may be set free until his trial 保释金：He stood bail of £1,000 for his friend． 他交了一千英镑保释他的朋友.The prisoner wasreleased on bail.犯人交付保释金后已获保释.bail out [v adv T1] to pay the bail of (some-one held by the police）（付保释金）保释（被警方拘留的人）：We need £100 to bail her out．我们需要一百英镑保释金来保释她.

C206 verbs 动词：relating to lawsuits 有关诉讼的

try /trai/[T1 often pass] to examine in law (a person or case） 审问；审判：He was tried for murder.他因谋杀罪而受审.The case was tried in London.那案件是在伦敦审判的.We can＇t trythis man； he is mentally unfit to plead.我们不能审判这个人，他的精神不健全，不能进行辩护.

hear/hiə/[T1] tech to listen to (something,esp a case or evidence) as part of a trial, hearing, etc 听讼；审问；聆讯；审理：The court heard theevidence for the accused.法庭听取了被告的证词.Which judge is to hear the case？哪位法官审讯这宗案件？

plead/pli:d/tech 1 [T1] (of lawyers) to present （someone＇s case） to a court of law（指律师在法庭上）为···辩护：He needs a good lawyer to plead his case.他需要一位好律师来为他的案件辩护．2［IØ：T1］ to put forward （as） a plea 提出．．． 为口实；抗辩：We must plead insanity；other-wise he will be convicted and executed.我们一定要以他精神不正常为理由进行辩护，否则他将被定罪处死.＇How do you plead？＇the judge asked. -Not guilty，my Lord／your Honour.＇“你服不服罪？”法官问道．-“不服罪，大人．”3［IØ］toaddress a court of law as an advocate（律师在法庭上）辩护：He will plead for the defence.他将为被告辩护.plead guilty／not guilty to admit／deny that one is guilty（被告）服罪／不服罪

defend /dr'fend/ [T1; IØ] to act as a lawyer for （the person who has been charged） in court 作（被告的）辩护律师：The barrister defended him in court.那位律师在法庭上为他辩护.Who isdefending in this case？谁做这宗案件的辩护律师？

prosecute /'prosi,kju:t/ 1 [T1; IØ] to bring a criminal charge against (someone) in a court of law 告发；检举；起诉；控告：He was prosecutedfor stealing．他因偷窃而被检举．2［IØ］ （of a

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C207 COURTS OF LAW 法院

lawyer) to represent in court the person who is bringing the criminal charge against some-one（指律师）（代表委托人）对（某人）提起公诉：Who is prosecuting in this case？谁对这宗案件提起公诉？

C207 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：relating to courts of law 有关法庭的

appeal/ə'pi:l/1 [IØ] to call on a higher court to change the decision of a lower court 上诉：I will appeal against his being found guilty.我对他被判有罪不服，将提出上诉.She intends toappeal（to a higher court）.她打算（向上一级法院）上诉．2［C］an act of appealing 上诉：His appeal will be heard next month. 下月将审理他的上诉.She lost her appeal， and had to pay the fine.她的上诉被驳回，只好付罚款.

prosecution / prosr'kju:fən/1 [U] an action of prosecuting or state of being prosecuted by law 起诉；告发；控告；检举；被起诉：If you breakinto that building you will risk prosecution.如果你闯入那座楼宇，就有被起诉的危险．2［C］anexample of this 起诉；告发；控告；检举（的事例）：A number of prosecutions have been started against this man but he always gets off.这人曾几次被起诉，但他总是逃脱了处罚．3［（the）GU］the person or group who are concerned with bringing a criminal charge against someone in a court 原告；起诉人；控方：A famous lawyer isappearing for the prosecution.一位著名律师将代表原告出庭.She is a witness for the pros-ecution／a prosecution witness.她是控方的证人. defence BrE,defense AmE/dr'fens/1 [U]the legal argument used to defend someone or something in a court of law（被告的）答辩；辩护：The defence was weak and the prosecution easily destroyed it.答辩理由不充分，原告很容易就把它驳倒了．2［（the） GU］ the person or group who are concerned in defending a criminal charge in a court 辩方；被告方（包括被告及辩护律师）：A famous lawyer is appearing for the defence.一位著名律师将出庭为被告辩护.She is a witness for the defence/a defence witness.她是辩方的证人.

plaintiff/'pleintif/[C] a person who brings a charge against somebody in court 原告；起诉人

defendant /dr'fendənt/ [C] a person against whom a legal action is brought 被告：The defendant was found guilty.被告被判定有罪.

accused /ə'kju:zd/ [Wa5; the + GU] a person charged with a crime，etc 被告：The judge asked the accused to stand up.法官叫被告站起来.Several of the accused were found guilty. 被告中有好几个被裁定有罪.

witness /'witnis/ [C] 1 a person who is present when something happens 目击者：She was a witness of the accident.她是那次意外事件的目击者.There were no witnesses，I＇m afraid.我恐怕当时没有目击者在场．2 a person who tells in acourt of law what he saw， etc happening（法庭上作证的）证人：The judge asked the witness to speak louder.法官要证人说话大声一点.

C208 nouns 名词：evidence and

behaviour in court 法庭上的证据与行为

evidence /'evədəns/ [U] anything which helps to prove something in a court of law 证据：The evidence strongly suggests that he was involved in the crime.证据有力地表明他牵涉入那件罪案内.

testimony /'testəməni/ [U; C] a statement,esp in court, telling what happened in a situation, etc 证言；证词；口供：The witness＇s testimony sounded convincing； we believed it／him.证人的证词听起来令人信服；我们相信它／他.

perjury/'pз:d3əri/1 [U] the act of telling lies on purpose， esp in a court of law 作伪证：A person found guilty of perjury might be sent to prison．被裁定犯伪证罪的人可能被判入狱．2［C］alie told on purpose， esp in a court of law 伪证perjure oneself to commit perjury 犯伪证罪： Don＇t perjure yourself for his sake.不要为了他而犯伪证罪.

contempt (of court) [U] the offence of behav-ing badly in words or actions in a court of law, esp by disobeying an order 藐视法庭：He was found guilty of contempt of court, because he shouted repeatedly at the judge.他被裁定犯了藐视法庭罪，因为他一再向法官大声喊叫.

C209 adjectives 形容词：responsible，

guilty，and innocent 应负责任的、有罪的与无罪的

responsible/rI'sppnsəbəl/1 [F(for,to)]being in control of or causing anything so as to be blamed if things do not go well afterwards （对···）承担责任的；应负责任的：He is the captainof the ship and is responsible for (the safety of）everyone on board.他是船长，对船上每一个人（的安全）都负有责任.I am not responsiblefor her behaviour！我对她的行为不负责！Youwill be held fully responsible for anything that happens.无论发生什么事情，你都要承担一切责任.2 [B] showing a willingness to be given trust or authority 可信赖的；可靠的：She is a respon-sible adult and can be given the job.她是一个可靠的成年人，这工作可交给她做.The child isvery responsible for his age and looks after his sister well.这个孩子年纪虽小，办事倒很负责，把妹妹照顾得很好.-bly ［adv］：She behaves very responsibly.她表现得很有责任心.responsibility 1 ［U］ the state of being responsible 责任；责任心：You must accept full responsibility if anything happens to the child.如果孩子发生什么事情，你必须负全部责任.She has no sense ofresponsibility； don＇t ask her to help.她丝毫没有责任感；不要找她帮忙．2［C］something one isresponsible for 职责；任务：Keeping the house clean is one of his responsibilities.保持房子清洁是他的职责之一.ir-［neg］-bility［U］

guilty /'gilti/1 [Wal; B] responsible for a crime 有罪的：He was found guilty and charged.他被认定有罪而受到控告.The defendant pleaded

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＇not guilty.＇被告答称“不服罪”.They are guilty men and must be punished，＇he said.他说：“他们是有罪的，必须受到惩罚．”2［Wal；A］showingthat one is guilty 心虚的；内疚的：The man had a guilty look on his face when they found him in the room.他们在房间发现那男人时，他脸上露出心虚的神色.-ily ［adv］ guilt ［U］ the condition of being guilty 罪；犯罪；有罪：His guilt was obvious to everybody.人人都很清楚他的罪行.guiltless [Wa5; B] emot & lit not guity; inno-cent无罪的；无辜的

innocent/'mnəsənt/ [B] 1 [Wa5](of people) not responsible for a crime（指人）无罪的；无辜的； 清白的：He was charged with murder but they found him innocent （of the charge）.他被控谋杀，但他们判定他无罪.He is an innocent man！＇she cried．她大声喊道：“他是无辜的！”2（ofthings） not causing harm（指事物）无害的；单纯的：It was just innocent fun； they meant no harm.那纯粹是开开玩笑而已，他们并无恶意.-ly[adv]-nce [U]

answerable /'a:nsərəbal/ [Wa5; F (for,to)] having to explain or defend one＇s actions 有责任的；应负责的；须作出交代的：I cannot do as Ilike; I am answerable to the government for any decision I make.我不能随意行事，我做的任何决定都要向政府负责.If you do this I won＇t beanswerable for the results.如果你这样做，有什么后果我不负责任.

liable/'larəbəl/ [Wa5; F] 1 [(for)] responsible, esp in law， for paying for something 对···应负责的；负有责任的（尤指在法律上应付的款项）：Hedeclared that he was not liable for his wife's debts．他声明对他妻子的债务不负责任．2［to］likely to get 会···的；可能遭受···的：Thieves are liable to imprisonment if caught.窃贼被抓到会被判坐牢.People who walk on the grass here are liable to a fine of £5．在这里践踏草地的人会被罚款五英镑．liability 1［U］ the state of being liable 义务；责任：It＇s our liability if the car is damaged；we must pay.如果汽车有损坏，我们有责任赔偿.He has no liability in the matter；the liability is hers.在这件事情上他没有义务，有义务的是她．2［C］ a person or thing that causes trouble 带来麻烦的人或事物：These big cars area real liability； they cost too much to run.这些大轿车确实是个负担；开这种车花费太大.In thiskind of work he would be a liability; we don't want him 他做这类工作会带来麻烦，我们不要他.

accountable/ə'kauntəbəl/[Wa5;F(for,to)] with the duty of having to give an explanation; responsible 有责任解释的；负有责任的：Ifanything happens to the boy I will hold you accountable.这男孩若有个三长两短，我就唯你是问. He is accountable in law for what happens here.他对这儿发生的事情负有法律上的责任.I＇mnot accountable to you for my actions.我自己的行动无需向你交代.-bility［U］

culpable／＇kalpəbəl／［B］ fml deserving blame 应受谴责的；应受惩罚的：He is guilty of culpablehomicide, and will be tried by a court of law. 他犯有杀人罪，应受惩罚，将受到法庭审判.-bly[adv]-bility [U]

blameworthy /blerm,w3:ði/ [B] deserving

C211 COURTS OF LAW 法院

blame 该受责难的：His blameworthy behaviour led to his appearance in court.他因行为不检而要出庭受审.un-［neg］-iness［U］

C210 verbs 动词：punishing and fining

［T1］惩罚与罚款 [ALSO →C250-63]

punish/'panif/ to cause (someone) to suffer for （a crime， misdeed ［→C227］，or fault）处罚；惩罚：His father punished him for stealing.他因偷东西而受到父亲的惩罚.Dangerous drivingshould be punished in some way.危险驾驶应受到某种处罚.

convict /kən'vikt/ [(of)] to find (a person) guilty in court 判为有罪；定罪：He wasconvicted of dangerous driving.他被判犯有危险驾驶罪.If the court convicts him， he could get five years in prison.如果法院判他罪，他可能要坐五年牢.

sentence /'sentəns/ [(to) often pass] to give a punishment to 宣判；判决：He was tried and sentenced.他受审并被判了刑.They sentenced him to three years＇ imprisonment.他们判他三年监禁.In those days people could be sentenced to death for stealing a sheep.那年代，偷一只羊就可以被判死刑.

fine ／fain／ ［also 又作 D1 often pass］ to take （money） from （someone） as a punishment 罚款；处以罚金：They fined him heavily for the offence.他们对他的违法行为罚以重金.He wasfined £200．他被罚款两百英镑．

C211 verbs 动词：not punishing 不作惩罚

let off [v adv T1] to excuse (someone) from punishment， duty， etc使（某人）免于处罚；原谅： P'll let you off with a warning this time,but next time you will be punished.这次只给你警告而不作处分，但下次就得处罚了.

get off ［v adv IØ］ to escape being punished 免受处罚：He got off with a warning that he would be severely punished if he did it again.他没受处罚，但被警告如果再犯就要受严惩.

release／rr＇li：s／［T1］ to allow to go；set free 释放； 开释：The king released all his political prisoners.国王把所有的政治犯都开释了.She wasreleased from jail after serving only two years of a four-year sentence.她被判入狱四年，但只关了两年就被释放了．［→C165］

acquit／ə＇kwit／［T1］ tech to let off or release 宣判无罪；开释：The prisoner was acquitted because of lack of evidence against him.由于缺乏犯罪的证据，犯人被宣判无罪.The juryreturned a verdict of 'not guilty' and the pris-oner was acquitted.陪审团判决“无罪”，犯人就被开释了.acquittal ［U；C］ the act or result of acquitting or being acquitted 宣告无罪；无罪开释：There have been several acquittals lately； there wasn't enough evidence to convict them. 最近有好几次宣判被告无罪的事件，因为没有足够的证据将他们定罪.

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C212 COURTS OF LAW 法院

discharge/dis'tfa:d3/[T1 (from)] to allow (a person） to go 开释；放行：The judge discharged the prisoner.法官开释了犯人.The aircraft discharged its passengers.飞机卸客.I was discharged from the army at the end of the war.战争结束后，我退役了.discharge ［U；C］the act, occasion, or result of discharging or being discharged 释放；放行

pardon ／＇pa：dən／［T1］ to forgive completely 赦免：He has been pardoned and set free.他已被赦免释放.The king pardoned the rebels，but warned them not to give him trouble again.国王赦免了叛乱分子，但警告他们不要再给他找麻烦.

clear/klrə/[T1] to show that (someone) is not guilty 证明（或宣告）···无罪：The lawyer cleared him of the charge of murder.律师证明他没有犯谋杀罪.He＇s been cleared and can＇t be tried again for the same offence.他已被宣布无罪，不能再以原罪审判他.

drop /drop/ [T1] infml to give up (a case in law, etc）；not continue with 中断（案件等）；终止：The lawyer decided to drop the case.律师决定终止办理这一案件.Proceedings against him have been dropped through lack of evidence.对他的起诉已由于缺乏证据而终止了.

exonerate /ig'zpnəreit/ [T1] to remove all blame from 撤销（对某人的）指控；证明无罪；昭雪：After an enquiry， he was exonerated from all blame.经过调查之后，对他的指责全被免除了.

C212 verbs 动词：inheriting and

bequeathing 继承与遗赠

inherit/in'herit/1 [T1] to receive (a property, a title，etc） left by someone who has died 接受遗赠；继承（财产、头衔等）：He inherited a lot ofmoney from his uncle.他从他叔叔那里继承了一大笔钱．2［IØ］to be the one who receives what is left, or to take possession of what one has a right to 成为继承人；接受遗产：John inherits andhis three sisters get nothing.约翰成了继承人，而他的三个姊妹却什么也没有得到.He inheritswhen he＇s 21．他二十一岁时就成了遗产继承人．3[T1] to receive (qualities of mind or body) from one＇s parents，etc 由遗传而得（性格、体貌等）：He inherited his good looks from his mother.他从母亲那里继承了一副好相貌.

leave /li:v/ [D1 (to); T1] to give through a will after the death of the giver（立遗嘱）把···留给； 把···遗赠给：She left him the house and £5,000． 她遗赠给他那所房子和五千英镑.She left every-thing to a home for cats.她把一切都遗赠给一所猫收养院.

bequeath／br＇kwi：ð／［T1］ fml ＆ tech to leave 遗赠；遗留：She bequeathed everything to him.她把一切都遗留给他.

hand down also 又作 pass on［v adv T1］ to pass from one generation ［■C17］to the next 传给（下一代或后代）：These customs have been handed down from father to son for centuries. 这些风俗父子代代相传已有好几百年了.She haspassed on her love of music to her children. 她已经把爱好音乐的性格传给了孩子.These things

have been handed down through seven generations.这些东西已经传了七代人了.

entitle /mn'taitl/ [V3; D1 to usu pass] to give someone the rightto something, although he or she may not have or get that thing 赋予···权利（资格）：He is entitled to get the land；it was his father＇s.他有权得到那块土地，那是他父亲的.She was fully entitled to the money,but she never got it.她完全有权得到这笔钱，但她从未拿到手.This ticket entitles you to enter the sports ground， but it does not entitle you to a seat.凭这张票你可以进入运动场，但不能得到座位.

C213 nouns 名词：inheriting and

bequeathing继承与遗赠

inheritance /in'herətəns/ 1 [U] the act of inheriting 继承 2［C］a property， title， or qual-ity of mind and body received by inheritance 继承物（如财产、头衔、品性、体貌等）：The lawyertold him to claim his inheritance as soon as possible.律师告诉他应尽快提出继承遗产的要求.

will/wil/[C] the wishes of a person in regard to sharing his property among other people after his death， esp in an official written form 遗嘱： The lawyer read out the old man＇s will.律师宣读了老人的遗嘱.last will and testament ［C］ fml a will 遗嘱

legacy /'legəsi/ [C] 1 money or personal possessions that pass to someone on the death of the owner according to his will 遗赠物；遗产：He received a small legacy in his father＇s will.他根据父亲的遗嘱接受了一小笔遗产.2 something passed on or left behind by someone else 传给之物；遗物：This house is her legacy from earlier generations.这所房子是她的祖辈传下来给她的.

bequest/br'kwest/1[U] the act of bequeathing 遗赠2［C］ something bequeathed 遗物；遗产： He left several bequests to his servants and to favourite charities.他留下好几件遗物给他的仆人和他最喜欢的慈善团体.

(family) heirloom /(,fæməli) 'eə'lu:m/ [C] something handed down in a family for several generations 传家宝：These paintings are old family heirlooms.这些画是古老的传家宝.entitlement /mn'taitlmənt/ 1 [U] the state of

being entitled to something 有权2 ［C］some-thing to which one is entitled 有权利或资格得到的东西：The money is one of your entitlements. 这笔钱是你有权得到的东西之一.

C214 nouns 名词： persons inheriting and bequeathing［C］继承人与遗赠人

benefactor /'benə,fæktə/ a person doing good to others, esp by leaving money,property,etc in a will 行善的人；施主（尤指遗赠人）

beneficiary/,benə'fifəri/ a person who receives something in a will 遗嘱的受益者：All the beneficiaries (of the will) gathered in the solicitor＇s office.（这分遗嘱的）全体受益人都集合

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在律师事务所里.

heir /eə/ [(to)] a person legally receiving prop-erty,money,a title, etc when another person dies（合法）继承人：He is my son and heir.他是我的儿子和继承人.He left little to his heirs.他没有留下什么东西给他的继承人.He fell heir（＝became the heir） to a great fortune.他成为一大笔财产的继承人.The prince is heir to thethrone （＝ will become the king）.这位王子是王位的继承人.

heiress/'eəris/ a female heir, esp a woman who is heir to a fortune 女继承人：The criminals kidnapped［C232］a wealthy heiress．那些罪犯绑架了一个富有的女继承人.

legatee/,legə'ti:/ a person to whom a legacy has been left 遗产继承人；受遗赠者

inheritor /m'herətə/ a person who inherits something 继承人

C215 nouns，etc 名词等：mortgages and covenants 抵押与契约

mortgage /'mo:gid3/ 1 [C] an agreement to lend money in which a piece of property is to pass to the lender if the money is not properly paid back（以财产作抵押的）抵押借款契约：Hemust get a mortgage on his house in order to keep his business going.为了维持生意，他必须把房子抵押出去．2［C］ an agreement to lend money, esp to help someone buy a house, in which the house will belong to the lender if the money is not properly paid back（借钱购房产，但要以欲买之房产作抵押的）房产抵押契约：Ican't get a mortgage, so I can't buy the house. 我弄不到抵押借款，所以买不了这所房子．3［C］themoney lent on a mortgage 抵押（财产）而得到的借款：Mortgages are available for these new houses.购买这些新房子的人可获提供抵押借款.He has a big mortgage repayment every month．他每月要付一大笔钱来偿还抵押借款．4［T1］ to get a mortgage on 抵押：I＇ll have to mortgage the house in order to keep my busi-ness going.我得把这所房子抵押出去以维持我的生意.

conveyancing /kən'veiənsij/ [U] the job of preparing official papers in law for changes of ownership of property 财产转让的法律事务

covenant/'kavənənt/ [C] an agreement in writing, esp to pay money regularly to a society for hose who need it（尤指定期捐款给慈善机构的）契约书

The police,security services, crime, and criminals

警察、保安部门、罪案与罪犯

C220 nouns 名词：the police 警察

police /pə'li:s/ [GU] the group of people,

C220 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

mainly in uniform, who are paid to look after law and order in a city, county, region, state, etc 警察；警方：The New York police are world famous.纽约警察举世闻名.Send for the police quickly；someone has taken the money！马上叫警察来，有人把钱偷走了！This is a police matter；I＇ll phone them.这件事要由警方处置，我来打电话给他们.

police force /pə'li:s fors/ [C] a police organiza-tion 警察部队：The Metropolitan Police Force looks after law and order in London.首都警察部队负责在伦敦维持治安.Most police forcesthroughout the world work together on important cases.凡遇重大案件，全世界大部分警察部队都会合作破案.

policeman /pə'li:smən/ [C] a man who is a member of a police force, of any rank but esp of the lowest 警察（不论职级，但尤指职级最低的）

policewoman /pə'li:s,wumən/ [C] a. woman who is a member of a police force,of any rank but esp of the lowest 女警察（不论职级，但尤指职级最低的）

(police) constable /(pə,li:s) 'kanstəbəl/[C; A] esp BrE (the title of) a policeman of the lowest rank 警员（的称呼）：Constable Smith was sent to the house to get some infor-mation.史密斯警员被派到那所房子去了解情况.Several constables were injured in the riot.数名警察在暴乱中受伤.

patrolman /pə'trəulmən/ [C; A] esp AmE (the title of) the lowest rank of policeman;a policeman who regularly patrols a particular district 警察（的称呼）；巡警：Patrolman O＇Hara saw the crime take place.欧哈拉巡警目睹罪案发生.

police officer /pə'li:s ,pfəsə/ [C] often fml a policeman of any rank（不论职级）警官；警察：Who are you? - I am a police officer, Madam.你是谁？-夫人，我是警察.

officer /'pfəsə/ [N; C; A] a policeman, esp when spoken to; the title of a police officer in some forces 警察；警官（尤用于称呼警察）：Excuse me，officer；I need your help.对不起，警官，我需要你的帮助.Officer Smith will help you， ma＇am.夫人，史密斯警官会帮助你.

|  |
| --- |
| Higher ranks and titles common to manypolice forces警察部队常用的高级职级 |
| （police）sergeant 警佐；警长（police）inspector 巡官；督察superintendent （of police）警察长；警司commissioner（of police）警察局长；警务处处长 | lower较低职级higher较高职级 |

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C221 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

C221 nouns 名词： informal names for

policemen［C］警察的非正式称呼

cop／kpp／esp.AmE a policeman 警察：Call the cops！叫警察来！

copper／＇kppə／ esp BrE a policeman 警察：A copper in uniform was standing at the comer. 一位身穿制服的警察站在街角.

bobby／＇bpbi／ esp BrE a police constable 警察： Tourists seem to like London bobbies.游客看来都喜欢伦敦的警察.

C222 nouns 名词：persons connected with or similar to policemen［C］与警察有关或同类的人

sheriff／＇ferif／ ［also 又作 N； A］（the title of） the officer who enforces the law in a county in the USA（美国）县治安官（司法行政长官）：SheriffSmith was a well-known local lawman.史密斯治安官是当地著名的执法人员.

marshal ／＇ma：fəl／ ［also 又作 N； A］ （in the USA） （在美国）1（the title of） an official who carries out the judgements given in a court of law;a person who has the duties of a sheriff 联邦司法区的执法官；县执法官：A US marshal is comingto take the prisoners away.一位美国执法官要来带走犯人.Marshal Smith attended the court session．史密斯执法官出席了法院这次开庭审讯．2a chief officer of a police or fire-fighting force 警察局长；消防队长

lawman/'lo:mən/ esp AmE any officer of the law；policeman，sheriff，etc 执法者（警察、治安官等）：Wyatt Earp was a famous lawman.怀阿特·厄普是一位著名的执法官.

detective /dr'tektrv/ a person, usu a police offi-cer， who investigates ［→N360］ crime 侦探： Police detectives were searching the house for clues as to the murderer＇s identity.警方的侦探正在搜查这所住宅，寻找凶手身分的线索.

private investigator/detective a person who is paid privately to do work similar to that of the police and who usu has a licence [→C194] to do so 私家侦探

private eye /praivit 'ar/ infml esp AmE a private investigator 私家侦探

plain clothes policeman/detective, etc a policeman/detective, etc who does not wear a uniform on duty 便衣警察；便衣侦探等

C223 nouns 名词： guards and wardens

［C］警卫与看守

guard/ga:d/a person, usu paid, whose duty it is to protect a person， group， or place 警卫；卫兵：The guards shot two of the robbers.卫兵们开枪打死两名强盗.A bank guard was hurtwhen the bank was held up.银行被抢劫时，一名警卫受了伤.The officer posted soldiers as

guards at every door of the building.军官在大楼所有的入口处都布置了卫兵.The soldiers wereon guard duty.士兵们在站岗值勤.The prisonguards stopped the men from escaping.监狱警卫制止了犯人逃跑.

guardian /'ga:dıən/ usu fml a guard or protec-tor 保护人；监护人：The priest is the guardian of their ancient customs.那位牧师是他们古老习俗的捍卫者.

warden /'wo:dən/ 1 a person, usu paid, who looks after a place （and people） 看守人；守护人：She is the warden of an old people＇s home. 她是一所养老院的看守人.He was an air-raidwarden in London during the war.战争期间， 他是伦敦市的民间防空员.The school appointssome of the pupils as fire wardens.学校指定一些学生担任消防监护员．2 an official who helpsto see that certain laws are obeyed（监督某些法规执行的）监督官；管理员：He is a local trafficwarden; he makes sure people don't park their cars in the wrong places.他是当地一名交通监督员，职责是确保人们不在不适当的地方停放车辆.The game wardens in that reserve protect the animals well.那个动物保护区的管理员把动物保护得很好.

watchman /'wotfmən/ a guard, esp of a build-ing or area with buildings on it（尤指房子的）看守人；守夜人：The company employs watchmen on a 24-hour basis．公司雇佣看守人每天二十四小时值班.The night-watchman was found sleeping while on duty.那守夜人被发现在值班时睡觉.

custodian /kA'stəudiən/ fml a person who guards， esp a public place， custom，etc（尤指公共地方、风俗等的）看管人；管理人；监护人；保管人：The custodians of the museum have decided to close this part of the museum because there were too many thefts.由于博物馆接连被盗，管理人员决定关闭馆内这部分.（fig）Hedoesn't like us to see that kind of film; he thinks he is the custodian of our morals.他不愿让我们看那种电影，他认为自己是我们的道德监护人.

keeper/'ki:pə/ 1 a person who guards or protects 保护人；看守人：The keepers in the Zoo look after the animals very well.动物园的管理员把动物照料得很好.I＇m not her keeper；she＇sold enough to look after herself.我不是她的监护人，她不小了，完全可以照管好自己．2［in comb］a person who is in charge of or who has special duties in relation to the stated thing 负责人；管理人：The shopkeeper closed his shp. 店主关门打烊了.The doorkeeper was told not to let any strangers in.看门人奉命不准让陌生人进来.

bodyguard /'bpdi,ga:d/ a person whose duty it is to keep someone else safe 保镖；侍卫：The President is constantly attended by armed bodyguards.总统时刻都有武装侍卫跟随着.Hispersonal bodyguard checks all his visitors for guns.他的贴身保镖检查所有来访者，看他们是否带着枪.

caretaker /'keə,teikə/ 1 a person employed to look after a house or land, etc when the

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owner is absent（主人不在时）看管房屋或土地的人：He has appointed a caretaker to look after the estate.他委派了一名管理人来看管房地产.(fig) We have a caretaker government tillthe elections next month.在下个月大选之前，我们有一个看守政府．2 esp EngE a person employed to look after a school or other usu large public building and to be responsible for small repairs，cleaning，etc（学校等公共建筑物的）管理员（并负责清扫和小修）

janitor /'d3ænətə/ esp AmE and ScotE a care-taker（def 2）（建筑物的）管理员

sentry /'sentri/ a soldier or other person guarding a place 步哨；哨兵；警卫：The captain posted sentries round the camp.上尉在兵营周围布置了哨岗.The criminals posted sentries to keep watch for the police.罪犯派人放哨，监视着警察的动静.

sentinel ／＇sentinəl／ fml ＆ old a sentry 步哨；哨兵：No one will pass our sentinels； they are too watchful.谁也逃不过我们的哨兵；他们的监视极为严密.

warder／＇wo：də／a guard，esp in a prison（尤指监狱的）看守人；狱吏

C224 nouns 名词： relating to the police and guards 有关警察与卫兵

（police） station ／（pə＇li：s） ＇sterfən／， also 又作 esp AmE (police) headquarters /(pə'li:s) 'hed-'kwo:təz/ [C;R] the building(s) where the police have their central organization in any district 警察（总）局：I must ask you to come to the（police）station with me.我必须请你和我一起去一趟警察局.Get back to headquarters and collect the photographs.回警察局把照片拿来.

(police) precinct /(pə'li:s) 'pri:sijkt/ [C] AmE an area esp of a city where a local police group operates; the police headquarters in that area警察管区；（该管区内的）警察总局

squad /skwpd/ [GC] a small group of police-men working together; a police organization with particular work to do 警察小分队；警察特勤小队：Send a squad to deal with the riot.派一小分队去对付那场骚乱．The Drugs［→E80］Squad are working on the problem now.缉毒小队正在处理那个问题.

patrol /pə'trəul/ [GC; on U] a group of police-men, soldiers, etc which moves through an area for any reason（警察或军队的）巡逻队；警备队：Send some two-man patrols to protect the area.派出一些两人一组的巡逻队去保护那个地区.One of their foot patrols was attacked.他们的一支步兵巡逻队遭到袭击.He is on patroltonight.他今晚执行巡逻任务.

beat /bi:t/ [C] the area where a policeman regularly works and patrols 警察的巡逻地区： The constable was on his beat.那警员正在自己的巡逻区内执勤.This isn＇t my beat；it＇s his.这不是我的巡逻区，是他的巡逻区.

patrol/squad car [C] a car used by the police for patrolling roads 巡逻车

C226 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

Black Maria／，blæk mə＇rarə／， also 又作 patrol／ police wagon AmE [C] an enclosed veĥicle in which the police take prisoners from place to place 运送囚犯的警车；囚车

C225 verbs 动词：guarding and

protecting［T1］警戒与保卫

guard/ga:d/to keep danger away from;to put guards on or act as a guard, esp to keep safe or to prevent from escaping 保卫；防卫；看守： Guard these men and see that nothing happens to them.保护这些人，别让他们出什么事.He guarded the valuable jewels.他守卫着这些贵重的珠宝.The men guarded their prisoners well.这些人对囚犯看管得很严.

protect/prə'tekt/ to keep safe against attack, etc 保护：The soldiers were there to protect the people and their property.士兵在那里保护人民的生命财产.She has always protected her chil-dren against the real world. 她一直保护自己的孩子，不让他们受现实世界的影响.This coat willprotect you from the cold.你穿上这件外衣就能御寒.

patrol／pə＇trəul／［also 又作 IØ］ to go at regular times round (a district, building, etc) to see that there is no trouble, that no one is trying to get in or out or do anything unlawfully, etc 巡逻：How many policemen are patrolling tonight？ 今晚有多少警察在巡逻？The coast isregularly patrolled to catch smugglers [→C231］．海边经常有人巡逻以捉拿走私犯．

cordon off [v adv] to guard an area so that no one can enter or leave it, esp with policemen or soldiers around it 布设警戒线（尤指由警察或士兵包围）；以警戒线封锁：The building has beencompletely cordoned off.这座楼四周已布设了警戒线.

C226 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：arresting and cautioning 逮捕与警告

arrest /ə'rest/1 [T1] to seize in the name of the law and usu put in prison 逮捕；拘捕：The policeman arrested the thief.警察逮捕了那个小偷．Arrest that man！逮捕那个人！2［C］an occasion when someone is arrested 逮捕；拘捕： The police have made two arrests in connec-tion with the murder.警察逮捕了两名与凶杀案有关的人.An arrest is expected soon.很快就要开始抓人了.

apprehend／，æpri＇hend／［T1］fml to arrest 逮捕： He did not stop when told to do so and I therefore apprehended him，sir.长官，我叫他站住时他不听话，所以我就逮捕了他.The criminalshave all been apprehended.所有的罪犯都已逮捕归案.

pinch ／pintf／［T1］ esp． BrE infml to arrest 逮捕； 拘捕：She＇s been pinched twice for shoplifting ［→C230］．她因在商店行窃而两次被捕．

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C227 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

pick up [v adv T1] infml (of the police) to take to the police station and perhaps arrest （指警察）把···带往警察局；逮捕：The police pickedhim up last night for questioning.警察昨晚抓他去审问.

caution/'ko:fən/ tech 1 [T1] to speak a warning to (a person who has done something wrong or broken the law) that a repetition will be more severely punished, or that what he says will be used as evidence[→C208] of guilt in court 警告；告诫（警告犯事者若再犯将受严重惩罚或他所作的口供将作呈堂的证据）：The policemancautioned the angry driver.警察警告那个愤怒的司机. The policeman said， I must caution you that anything you say may be used against you（at your trial）.＇警察说：“我必须告诫你，你讲的任何话都有可能（在审讯时）被用来指控你．”2［C］an example of this 警告；告诫：He got off with a caution; the policeman told him not to do it again.他没受到处罚，只受到警告，警察说下不为例.book /buk/ [T1 often pass] esp BrE infml (of the police) to record a formal charge against （警察）把···的违法行为登记在案作为检控之用：Hegot booked for driving too fast.他因超速驾驶而被警察记录在册.Book him for driving too fast. 他违例超速驾驶，把他登记下来.

C227 nouns 名词：crimes and offences 犯罪与犯法

crime/krarm/1[C] an act which is against the law 罪；罪行：These crimes will be punished.犯了这些罪行必将受到惩罚.Theft is a crime.行窃是一种犯罪行为．2［U］ unlawful action 犯罪；罪恶：Crime doesn＇t pay.犯罪不会有好下场.Thepolice fight（against）crime.警察扑灭罪行.

petty crime [U; C] crime or a crime which is of a minor kind 轻罪： He isn＇t a dangerous crimi-nal；he lives off petty crimes.他不是个凶恶的罪犯，只是靠小偷小摸为生.

offence BrE,offense AmE/ə'fens/[C] tech & emot a crime or wrong thing done 罪行；违法行为；错事：It is an offence to drive a car while under the influence of alcohol.酒后开车是一种违法行为.Murder was once a capital offence （＝Murderers were once killed）.从前杀人要判死刑.Your offences are not serious： I forgive you.你做的错事不严重，我原谅你.offend ［IØ(against)] often tech to do wrong, esp by breaking the law 犯过错；（尤指）违法；犯罪：'People who offend against the law must be punished，＇he said.他说：“违法的人一定要受到惩罚.”

misdemeanour BrE, misdemeanor AmE /,misdr'mi:nə/[C] 1 a bad or improper act that is not very serious 不轨行为；行为失检：I canforgive his various misdemeanours; they harm no one but himself. 我可以原谅他的种种不轨行为，他的所作所为并未伤害他人，受害的只是他自己.2 tech a crime that is less serious than, for example， murder or theft 轻罪；小罪： Misdemeanours like traffic offences are

punishable with a fine.违反交通规则这类轻微违法行为只会处以罚款.

villainy /'viləni/ often emot 1 [U] wicked or criminal behaviour 罪恶；邪恶：Your villainy will not go unpunished！你的罪恶一定会受到惩罚！2［C usu pl］ an act of this kind 罪恶行为：History records his many villainies.历史记载着他的种种劣行.

delinquency /dr'lıkwənsi/ [U] often fml & euph crime 罪行；犯罪：He led a life of delin-quency.他过的是犯罪生涯.

law-breaking /'lo:,breikn/ [] the action of breaking the law 违法；犯法：By entering the house without the owner's permission you are in fact guilty of law-breaking.你未经房主允许而私自闯入他人住宅，事实上就是违法.

wrongdoing\_/'ron'du:I/ [U] esp emot bad behaviour which is morally or legally wrong 做坏事；违法：You are guilty of wrongdoing and must be punished，young man.年轻人，你做了坏事，一定要受到惩罚.

misdeed /mis'di:d/ [C] often euph a crime or act of wrongdoing 恶劣行为；罪行：Young man， your misdeeds are becoming well known locally！年轻人，你的胡作非为在此地快要人尽皆知了！

breach/bri:tf [C;U: of] an act of breaking, not obeying, or not fulfilling a law, agreement, custom，etc（对法律、协议或习俗等的）破坏；违反；不履行：Your action is a breach of our agree-ment.你的行为违反了我们的协定.He is inbreach of （his） contract if he does that.如果他那样做，就是违约.These actions are a breach of military regulations and must be punished.这些行为触犯了军事条例，必须受到惩罚.He waspunished for various breaches of discipline.他由于多次违反纪律而受罚.

C228 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：relating to persons committing crimes 关于犯罪的人的

criminal/'krımənəl/1 [C]a person who engages in crime， usu as an occupation 罪犯；犯人： These criminals must be punished for their crimes.这些罪犯因所犯罪行而必须受到惩罚.Heis a hardened criminal and prison won't change him.他是个死硬的罪犯，坐牢也改造不了他．2［B］relating to crime 犯罪的：His criminal behaviour is well-known.他的犯罪行为是众所周知的.It＇s criminal to do a thing like that！做这种事情是犯罪的！-ly［adv］： This is a hospital for the criminally insane.这是一座为犯罪的精神病患者设立的医院．［→G52］

offender /ə'fendə/ [C] 1 a person who offends, esp by breaking a law 犯法者；冒犯者：They are offenders against the laws of God!' he cried. 他大声地说：“他们都是触犯上帝戒律的人！”2eupha criminal 罪犯；犯人：The building is an insti-tution for young offenders.这座大楼是少年犯的收容所.

crook／kruk／［C］ infml a criminal 罪犯；歹徒：

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This club is a meeting place for all kinds of crooks.这个俱乐部是形形色色的歹徒聚会的场所.He's a crook; he'll cheat you out of your money.他是一个骗子，会把你的钱骗去的.

villain /'vilən/ [C] 1 esp lit a person who does evil things 恶棍；坏蛋：That wicked villain wants to kidnap ［→C232］the princess！那个卑鄙的坏蛋竟想绑架公主！2 esp BrE a criminal 罪犯：＇We＇ll bring the villains to justice， Madam，＇ said the policeman.警察说：“夫人，我们会把罪犯缉拿归案的.”villainous ［B］ in the manner of or like a villain 邪恶的；卑劣的：What villainous behaviour！多么卑劣的行径啊！-ly［adv］

culprit /'kalprit/ [C] a person who should be blamed for a crime， bad happening，etc 犯罪者；做坏事的人：He＇s the culprit； arrest him，not me！他是罪犯，抓他呀，别抓我！We＇ll catch theculprits，never fear.别担心，我们会逮住罪犯的.

outlaw /'aut,lo:/ [C] a criminal, esp formerly one who was not protected by law and/or who was forced to live outside normal society 不法之徒；法外的人（尤指以前不受法律保护而且／或被迫脱离正常社会的人）：Robin Hood led a band ofoutlaws who lived in Sherwood Forest.罗宾汉率领着一帮生活在舍伍德大森林里的法外之人.

wrongdoer /'ron'du:ə/ [C] esp euph or emot a person who commits or has commited one or more crimes 做坏事的人；罪犯：We must try tomake these poor wrongdoers see the error of their ways.我们应尽力使那些可怜的干了坏事的人认识自己行为的错误.The wrongdoers will bepunished！干坏事的总会受到惩罚！

delinquent /dr'ligkwənt/1 [C] a (young) wrong-doer（少年）罪犯：This court deals with juve-nile［→C9］delinquents．本法院负责审理少年犯． 2 [B] not having obeyed the law or done one's duty 违法的；不尽责的：He has been delinquent in paying his debts.他一直拖欠债务.The delin-quent children come from broken homes.这些犯法的孩子都来自父母离异的家庭．3［Wa5；B］（ofdebts，etc） not having been paid （in time）（指债务等）（过期）未付的

law-breaker/'lox,breikə/ [C] a person who breaks the law in any way 犯法者：Criminals are law-breakers, but all law-breakers are not necessarily criminals.罪犯都是违法的，但是违法的人并不一定都是罪犯.

C229 nouns 名词： criminals， usually in gangs［C］罪犯匪帮

gangster /'gænstə/ a criminal who is a member of a gang of criminals 匪徒；歹徒：The gangsters attacked and killed most of the members of the other gang.这帮匪徒袭击并杀死了另一帮匪徒中的大部分人.He likes gangster films（＝films about gangsters）.他喜欢看有关盗匪的电影.

mobster /'mpbstə/ esp AmE infml a gangster 暴徒；匪徒

hoodlum／＇hu：dləm／ esp AmE sl a gangster 恶棍；匪徒；流氓

thug /θ^g/ a violent man who commits violent

C230 THE POLICE ＆ CRIME 警察与罪案

crimes 凶恶的罪犯；暴徒：She was attacked by two young thugs who stole her handbag.她遭到两名年轻歹徒袭击，他们偷走了她的手提包.thuggery ［U］ the actionof a thug 行凶；暴行

vandal /'vændəl/ a person who intentionally damages or destroys beautiful or useful things belonging to others, makes beautiful places ugly，etc 故意破坏（美丽或有用物品、美景等）的人；故意破坏他人（或公共）财产者：The walls hadbeen covered with paint by young vandals.那些故意破坏的青年人用油漆在墙上胡抹乱画.vandalize, -ise [T1] to destroy or damage for no good reason 恶意破坏；肆意毁坏：The youthsvandalized the empty house for fun.那些年轻人为了寻欢作乐硬是把那座空房子破坏了.［C237]

C230 nouns 名词：acts of stealing 偷盗行为

theft /θeft/ 1 [U] the act of taking\_someone else＇s property；stealing 偷窃；盗窃：Petty theft (= theft of small things) is increasing among out-of-work youths.无业青年中犯小偷小摸罪行的人越来越多．2［C］an example of this 盗窃案：These thefts have been going on for a long time.长期以来，这类盗窃案一直不断发生.

robbery/'rpbəri/1 [U] theft, esp if it is done violently 抢劫：She was arrested for armed robbery．她因持械抢劫而被逮捕．2［C］anexample of this 抢劫案：He took part in an unsuccessful bank robbery.他参与了一次未遂的银行抢劫案.The robberies were done without killing anyone.那些抢劫案发生时没有导致任何人死亡.

larceny/'la:sni/ [U;C] tech stealing or an act of stealing 偷窃；偷窃罪：He was convicted of larceny and sent to jail.他被判偷窃罪而被关进监狱.Her crimes are just petty larceny （＝ minor thefts), but his amount to grand larceny （＝ major thefts）.她的罪行不过是小偷小摸，但他犯的却构成了重大盗窃罪.

burglary /'ba:gləri/1 [U] the crime of entering a building, esp a home,by force,in order to steal 入屋行窃：He engaged in burglary as a night-time activity while during the day he was a clerk.他白天是办事员，到了夜间就从事入屋行窃活动．2［C］an example of this 入屋行窃案：We have had three burglaries in this neighbourhood in one week.这一带一周之内就发生了三起入屋行窃案.

housebreaking/'haus,breikn/[U;C] less fml burglary 入屋行窃

breaking and entering ［U］ tech burglary 侵入住宅（罪）：He was charged with breaking and entering.他被控闯入他人居所.

break-in／＇breik，in／［C］ infml a burglary 入屋行窃：There were several break-ins last night.昨天夜里发生数起入屋行窃案.

shoplifting/'Sop,lrftin/ [U] the act or crime of taking goods from a shop without paying for them 在商店偷窃；店内盗窃：She was caught and

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