D174 CLEANING ＆ CARE 清洁与护理

off his beard．他决定把胡子刮掉．2［T1；L9］ tocut all the hair from （a part of the body）剃掉（身体某部位的）毛发：She shaves her legs andunder her arms.她剃去腿上和腋下的汗毛.-shaven ［comb form］ shaved 修剪过的；修过面的：He has a clean-shaven face （＝ with no beard）.他的脸刮得很干净.

D174 nouns 名词：places and things relating to cleaning clothes，etc 有关洗衣服等的地方与物品

laundry /'b:ndri/ 1 [C] a place or business where clothes, sheets, etc, are washed (and ironed）洗衣店；洗衣业（包括熨衣服）2［U］clothes, sheets, etc, needing to be washed or that have just been washed （and ironed）要洗（熨）的或洗（熨）好的衣服、床单等：Bring in thelaundry，please.请把要洗的衣服拿进来.

laund（e）rette ／，lo：n＇dret／， also 又作 esp AmE laundromat/'lorndrəmæt/ [C] a place where the public may wash their clothes in machines that work when coins are put in them（投入硬币的）自助洗衣店

wash ／wof／ also 又作 washing／＇wofig／［U］ things to be washed, or being washed; laundry 要洗或正在洗的东西；洗好的衣物：Have you donethe wash yet？ 你洗完衣服了吗？Hang out thewashing to dry.把洗好的衣服晾到外面.in thewash being washed 正在洗：Your best shirt is in the wash； it isn＇t dry yet.你那件最好的衬衫正在洗，还没干呢.

(dry) cleaner's /(drar) 'kli:nəz/[(the) C] a place where clothes, material, etc, can be taken to be（dry-）cleaned for money 洗衣店；干洗店：If I take my suit to the cleaner＇s today it should be ready by Saturday.如果我今天把衣服送去干洗，星期六就可以取了.

shoeshine/'fu:,famn/ [C] an occasion of having one's shoes shined, esp by a person working at this in the street， a hotel，etc 擦皮鞋：Shoe-shine，sir？先生，擦皮鞋吗？

D175 verbs，etc 动词等：special actions in cleaning clothes，etc 衣物等的洗涤方法

launder /'b:ndə/ 1 [T1] to wash (and iron) （clothes，sheets，etc）洗（熨）（衣服，床单等）2 [IØ](of clothes, sheets, etc) to be able to be washed（and ironed）（指衣服、床单等）耐洗；耐熨

dry-clean /'drar 'kli:n/ [T1 usu pass] to clean (clothes, material, etc) with chemicals without using water 干洗（衣物）：I always have my suit dry-cleaned as it's not supposed to be washed. 我的衣服不宜用水洗，因此我总是拿去干洗.

iron/'aıən/1 [IØ] (of clothes) to become smooth by the action of an iron［D178］（指衣服）熨平：You wouldn＇t expect this pair of socks to iron well． 你难道以为这双袜子能熨平吗？2［T1；

Iø] to cause (clothes) to become smooth by using an iron（用熨斗把衣服）熨平：Your shirt is already ironed.你的衬衣已经熨好了.I＇ve been （doing the）ironing all day.我整天都在熨衣服.

press/pres/1 [T1; X7; L9] to (cause (cloth or clothes) to) receive and keep smoothness or a sharp fold (crease) by means of pressure with a hot iron（用熨斗）压平；压褶： She washed anddried the shirt and then pressed it with an electric iron.她把衬衣洗好晾干，然后用电熨斗把它熨平.This dress presses easily.这衣服很容易熨．2［S］infml an act of pressing 熨：Give these trousers a press with an iron.用熨斗熨熨这条裤子.

polish/'polif/1 [T1, (up); X7; L9, esp up; (IØ)] to make or become smooth and bright by continual rubbing 磨光；擦亮；（经擦拭后）变得光亮：Polish your shoes with a brush.用刷子把你的鞋擦亮.Silver polishes easily.银器很容易擦亮.She polished up the silver buttons.她把银钮扣擦亮.The buttons didn＇t polish up well.这些扣子擦得不很亮．Polish it clean．把它擦干净．2［S］an act of polishing 磨光；擦亮：He gave his shoes a quick polish. 他匆匆把鞋擦了擦.［H92,95]

shine／Jain／1 ［T1］ not fml to polish 擦亮：Shine your shoes before going out.出门前把你的鞋擦亮.He shined their shoes for them.他把他们的鞋子擦亮了．2［S］an act of shining 擦亮：Give your shoes a shine；they need it.你的鞋该擦擦了．3［S］the result of shining something 光亮； 光泽：What a beautiful shine on those shoes！ 那双鞋多光亮啊！

brush/brAf/1 [T1] to clean or smooth with a brush 刷净；刷平；刷亮：She brushed her teeth／hair／coat．她刷牙／头发／外衣．2［S］an act of brushing 刷： Give your clothes a good brush before you go out.你把衣服好好刷一刷再出去.

comb/kəum/1 [T1 (out)] to pass a comb [■> D178］ through（esp the hair，wool，etc）梳（头发、羊毛等）：She combed her hair.她梳头发.He combed the wool out. 他将羊毛梳理.Hecombed the pieces of dirt out of the wool.他把羊毛里的脏物梳掉．2［S］an act of combing 梳理：He gave his hair a comb.他梳了梳头发.

D176 verbs 动词：folding and creasing 折叠与成褶

[ALSO→D162]

fold/fəuld/[T1; IØ] to (cause to) bend so that one part is on or against another 折叠；折起： She folded the clothes carefully.她仔细将衣服叠好.This cloth doesn＇t fold well.这种布很难折叠.

crumple /'krampəl/ [IØ; T1: (up)] to (cause to) become full of irregular folds by pressing, crushing，etc 弄皱；起皱；压皱：This cloth isn＇t suitable for making clothes; it crumples up too easily.这种布不适宜做衣服；太容易打皱了.Take care not to crumple your dress by pack-ing it carelessly.当心不要因包装得不好而把你的衣裙弄皱了.

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crease/kri:s/1 [Wv5; T1] to make a line or lines appear on (a garment, paper, cloth, etc) by folding，crushing， or pressing 使（衣物、纸、布等）起折痕；弄皱；使有皱褶：Don＇t sit for toolong or you＇ll crease your new dress.别坐得太久，不然你的新衣服就会压皱了.She wanted towear her black dress but it was too creased.她想穿那条黑衣裙，可是它皱得太厉害了．2［Wv5；T1] to make a thin straight line appear down the back and front of each leg of (a pair of trousers） 折裤线：Don＇t put those trousers on until I＇ve creased them.等我压好裤线后才穿那条裤子．3［IØ］to become creased 起皱；变皱；成褶：This new material won＇t crease.这种新布料不会起皱.

D177 verbs 动词：cleaning and getting ready 清扫与整理

clean out [v adv T1] 1 to make (esp a room, box，drawer，etc） clean and tidy 清扫整理（房间、箱子、抽屉等）：The servants cleaned out the bedrooms．佣人把卧室打扫干净．2（fig）infml to take all the money, etc, from(someone) by stealing or winning 偷走或赢去（别人的）全部钱财：I got cleaned out playing cards.我玩牌把钱都输光了.The thieves cleaned out the store.窃贼把这家商店洗劫一空.cleanout ［C usu sing］infml an act of cleaning out 清扫；整理：Give the house a good cleanout.把这间房子好好打扫一下.

clean up [v adv] 1 [IØ; T1] to clean (a place) fully把（地方）彻底清扫；收拾干净：Clean up thisbroken glass on the floor.把地板上那些碎玻璃清理掉.It＇s your turn to clean （the bedroom） up．今天轮到你打扫（卧室）了．2［T1］（fig）infmlto gain （money） as profit 赚钱；发财：He cleaned up a fortune playing cards.他玩牌赢了一大笔钱.cleanup ［C usu sing］ infml an act of cleaning up 清理；扫除：Let＇s have a good cleanup today.今天我们大扫除吧.

tidy／＇taidi／［IØ； T1； （up， out）］ to make neat 使整洁；整理：Tidy up your room before going out. 把你的房间收拾好再出去.It took me all morningto tidy up in the kitchen.我花了整整一个上午来清理厨房.She tidied the room out while he was away.他不在家时她把房间收拾好了.

dust /dast/ [T1; Iø] 1 to remove dust from （something），esp when cleaning 除去···的灰尘； 清扫灰尘：She dusted the table.她擦掉桌上的灰尘．2［（with）］ to put dust， etc， on something （把粉末等）撒在···上：He dusted the surface of the table with chalk dust.他把粉笔灰撒在桌上.The cook dusted the cake with flour.厨师把面粉撒在糕点上.

get ready 1 [T1] to make (someone or some-thing） ready，clean，etc 使···准备好；使整洁：He got the children ready to go out.他替孩子们收拾妥当准备出门．2［IØ］ to make oneself ready （使自己）准备好：Are you getting ready to go out？-Yes，I＇m putting my dress on.你在为出门作准备吗？-是的，我在穿衣服.

D178 CLEANING ＆ CARE 清洁与护理

refresh/rr'fref/ [T1] to make frésh,new, strong, etc，again 使恢复（体力、精神等）；使精神爽快：Herefreshed himself with a glass of cold water, then went back to work.他喝了杯冷水提提神，然后又继续工作.Let me refresh your memory with some facts.让我用一些事实来帮你回忆吧.refreshment ［U］ the act of refreshing（体力、精神等的）恢复

freshen up [v adv]1[T1; IØ] to cause (oneself) to feel more comfortable by washing（梳洗）使（自己）觉得舒适；盥洗：I must just go andfreshen（myself）up before tea.我得先去梳洗一下再来喝茶．2［T1］ to cause （someone） to feel more comfortable by washing（因盥洗）使（某人）感觉舒服：That bath has freshened me up. 洗了个澡，我感觉舒服多了．3［T1］to make newerand more attractive 使焕然一新并更漂亮：He＇sfreshened up the house with a new coat of paint.他把房子油漆一新.

smarten up [v adv T1; IØ] to (cause (oneself) to） become clean， good-looking， neat，etc 使漂亮、潇洒；变得漂亮、潇洒；打扮：He smartenedhimself up before his guests arrived.客人到来之前，他把自己打扮了一番.Smarten（yourself）up-you look really untidy！快打扮一下吧--你看上去真邋遢！

spruce up [v adv T1] to smarten (someone or something） up a lot（把···）打扮整齐；把···装饰漂亮：He spruced himself up for the party.他为参加聚会把自己打扮得整整齐齐.Let＇s spruce upthe house with some paint.我们用油漆把房子修饰一下吧.

do up [v adv T1] not fml to get (someone) ready； make （someone） more beautiful， etc使（某人）准备好；使（某人）更漂亮：She has doneherself up for the party.她已经打扮好准备去参加聚会.

do out [v adv T1] esp BrE infml to clean thoroughly 彻底打扫；收拾：She did the room out while he was away.他不在家时，她把房间彻底打扫了一番.

D178 nouns 名词：things for cleaning with，etc 清洁用品等

[ALSO→H156]

cleaner/'kli:nə/ [C] a machine, apparatus,or substance used in cleaning 清洁用的机器、设备或洗涤剂

cleanser /'klenzə/ [C; U] a substance, such as a chemical liquid or powder, used for making cleaning easier and more effective（液体或粉状）清洁剂

scourer/'skauərə/ [C] a tool, esp a small ball of plastic wire or net, for cleaning cooking pots and pans（刷锅用的）锅刷

shaver/'fervə/ [C] a tool for shaving, esp an electric-powered instrument held in the hand for shaving hair off the face and body 刮须刀； 剃须器（尤指电动的）

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D179 CLEANING ＆ CARE 清洁与护理

neat； careful to keep clean 清洁的；爱清洁的：

Cats are one of the cleanliest animals there

are.猫是最爱清洁的动物之一.-liness［U］：Your

son＇s state of cleanliness is very good.你儿子

很注重清洁卫生.

tidy /'taidi/ [Wal; B] having everything well

arranged and in its right place 整齐的；有条不紊

的；整洁的：What a nice tidy room she has！她

那房间多么整洁啊！un-［neg］-ily［adv］ -iness

[U]

neat /ni:t/ [Wal; B] 1 in good order; arranged

well；showing care in appearance；tidy整齐的；

有条不紊的；整洁的：She has neat hair.她的头发

很整齐.He keeps the office neat.他把办公室整

理得井井有条．2 liking order and good arrange-

ment；orderly 有条理的；有秩序的；爱整洁的：

Cats are neat animals.猫是爱整洁的动物.She

has a neat mind.她头脑清晰.-ly［adv］-ness

[U]

orderly /'o:dəli/ [Wa2; B] liking everything kept

or done in the proper place, at the proper

time，etc有条理的；有秩序的；整齐的：He has an

orderly approach to life.他生活很有规律.The

room looked neat and orderly.这个房间看上去

干净整齐.dis-［neg］-liness［U］

smart/sma:t/[Wal; B] 1 neat and pleasing in

appearance or clothes（外表）潇洒的；（衣着）整

洁的；衣冠楚楚的：You＇re looking very smart in

that new suit.你穿上那套新西装看上去十分潇洒.

He has a very smart-looking new car.他有一辆

外形美观的新汽车．2 used by，concerning，etc，

very fashionable people 时髦人士所用的；时髦人

士的：They go to very smart restaurants.他们总

是到很时髦的餐馆吃饭.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

fashionable/'fæfənəbəl/[B] smart and wearing

the latest fashion［→D138］in clothes 衣着入时

的；时髦的：She looked very fashionable yester-

day，didn＇t she？ 她昨天打扮得真时髦，不是吗？

un-[neg]-bly [adv]:She was very fashionably

dressed.她穿得很时髦.

trim/trim/ [Wal; B but of persons usu F] (look-

ing） neat and tidy 整洁的；整齐的：She looked

very trim in her new dress.她穿起那件新衣服显

得十分整洁.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

spruce/spru:s/[Wa2; B] tidy and clean, esp in

appearance；smart；trim 整洁的；潇洒的；整齐的：

A banker in his spruce coat and hat was

walking along the street.一位衣冠楚楚的银行家

正在街上走.-ly ［adv］：He was very sprucely

dressed.他穿得很潇洒.-ness［U］

well-turned-out/'wel,t3:nd'aut/ [Wa2; F; (B)]

not fml well dressed 穿着漂亮的：They were all

looking very well-turned-out at the wedding.

他们打扮得漂漂亮亮出席婚礼.

spick-and-span /'spıkən'spæn/ [B] infml clean

and bright； like new 整齐清洁的；极干净的；崭新

的；新一般的：She keeps her home spick-and-

span.她把家收拾得很干净.

spotless／＇spptlis／［B］ completely clean 没有污

点的；纯洁的；极其清洁的：The room was spot-

less.这个房间一尘不染.-ly［adv］： What a spot-

lessly clean room！这个房间真是干净得一尘不

染！-ness ［U］

iron

熨斗

iron /'arən/ [C] a piece of equipment heated either by electricity or directly and used for making clothing and cloth smooth esp after washing 熨斗

brush /braf/ [C often in comb] an instrument for cleaning, smoothing, or painting,made of sticks， stiff hair，nylon，etc 刷子：clothesbrush 衣服刷子；toothbrush 牙刷；paintbrush 油漆刷子

hairbrush /'heə,braf/ [C] a brush used for pull-ing through the hair to get out dirt and make the hair smooth（见754页彩图）发刷

scrubbing brush /'skrabuj brAf [C] a stiff brush for heavy cleaning jobs (like scrubbing floors）（用于清扫工作的）硬毛刷子；地板刷

comb/kəum/ [C] a flat piece of plastic, rubber, metal,etc, with many separate parts(=teeth), usu held in the hand and used to arrange the hair smoothly（见754页彩图）梳子：Have you got a comb？你带梳子了吗？This comb has alot of teeth missing.这把梳子缺了很多齿.

sponge /spand3/ [C] a soft material full of holes，used for cleaning things（见 754 页彩图）海绵：Sponges fill with water when you use them.海绵在使用时是吸满水的.He washedhimself with soap，a sponge，and hot water.他用肥皂、海绵和热水洗澡.

D179 adjectives，etc 形容词等：clean，tidy， and pure 清洁、整洁与纯净的

[ALSO→B177]

clean /kli:n/ [Wal; B] 1 free from dirt, unwanted matter，disease，etc 清洁的；无灰尘、疾病等的；干净的：The water is clean.这水是干净的．He had clean hands．他双手很干净．2 notyet worn or used；fresh 未穿过的；未用过的；新的：She was wearing clean clothes.她穿着新的衣服．3（fig）morally pure； free from guilt 道德上纯洁的；清白的：He leads a clean life and tells clean jokes.他过着清纯的生活，不开下流的玩笑.He is a clean fighter.他是个讲职业道德的拳击手．4（fig）well-formed 整齐的；好看的；外形美观的：That aeroplane has a clean shape.那架飞机造型美观．5［adv］ so as to be clean； in a clean way 干净地；彻底地；纯洁地：Wash the cupsclean.把杯子洗干净.Play the game clean.规规矩矩地参与游戏.

cleanly /'kli:nli/ [Wal; B] personally clean and immaculate /I'mækjulit/ [Wa5; B] 1 clean and

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unspoilt 纯洁的；无污迹的；无瑕的：She waswearing immaculate white shoes.她穿了双洁白的鞋．2 pure； unmarked； without fault 纯净的； 毫无污点的；无缺点的：His immaculate behav-iour made him welcome everywhere.他那正直无瑕的举止使他到处受欢迎.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

stainless／＇steinlrs／［B］1 spotless 没有污点的；清白的：He lived a life ofstainless purity.他过着简单纯朴的生活．2 of a kind not easily brokendown chemically, esp rusted [→H29] by air and water 不易生锈的；不生锈的：Stainless steelcontains 12% or more of the metal chro-mium.不锈钢中含有百分之十二或以上的铬金属.She bought a set of stainless (steel) knives and forks.她买了一套不锈钢刀叉.

pure /pjuə/ [Wal; B] 1 clean; free from dirt, dust, bacteria [→A37], or any harmful matter 纯净的；洁净的；无垢的；无尘的；无菌的；无有害物质的：This is pure drinking water.这是洁净的饮用水.The air here is very pure and health.这里的空气很清新，有益健康．2（clean because）notmixed with any other substance 纯的；不含杂质的：The box is made of pure silver.这盒子是纯银制成的.Is this garment made of pure wool？ 这件衣服是纯羊毛的吗？-ly［adv］： Is thisgarment made purely of wool？这件衣服是纯羊毛做的吗？-ness ［U］

D180 adjectives 形容词：not clean 不干

净的

dirty／＇d3：ti／ ［Wal；B］1 not clean 脏的；肮脏的；龌龊的；不干净的：He has dirty hands.他双手很脏.This is a very dirty town, dirtier than the other one.这城镇很脏，比另外那个更脏.My dress isgetting dirty and needs washing.我的衣服脏了， 该洗了．2 causing people or things to become unclean 使（人或东西）变脏的；弄脏它物的：Repairing cars is a dirty job.修理汽车是脏活儿.3(fig) (of thoughts or words) concerned with sex in an unpleasant way（指思想或语言）下流的；淫秽的：They sat up drinking and telling dirty stories.他们坐在那里边喝酒边讲下流的故事.4 infml (of the weather) rough and unpleasant （指天气）恶劣的：The fishermen won＇t go out on such a dirty night.渔民不会在天气这么恶劣的晚上出海的.

soiled /soild/ [B] slightly dirty, esp on the surface（尤指在表面）有点脏的：These clothes are soiled；get them cleaned.这些衣服有些脏了， 拿去洗吧.

filthy/'fil0i/[Wal;B] 1 very dirty;covered with filth 极脏的；污秽的：Take those filthy boots off！把那双脏靴子脱掉！2 （esp fig） showing orcontaining filth（表现或内容）污秽的；肮脏的：What a filthy mind you＇ve got！你的思想多肮脏啊！Stop telling those filthy stories.别再讲那些肮脏的故事.-ily ［adv］-iness ［U］

foul /faul/ 1 [Wal; B] very dirty; unclean; impure；evil-smelling or evil-tasting 污秽的；不洁的；（气味或味道）恶臭的：The air in this roomis foul；open the window！这房间空气污浊不堪；

D181 CLEANING ＆ CARE 清洁与护理

快把窗子打开！What a foul-tasting medicine.这药真难吃.He has foul breath！他的口臭很难闻！2 [Wa5; A] (of a pipe, chimney, etc) blocked with dirt or waste matter, so that liquid, smoke，etc，cannot pass freely（指管子、烟囱等） 壅塞的；淤塞的3［Wal；B］（of weather）rough； stormy（指天气）恶劣的；暴风雨的：It＇s a foulnight tonight； its pouring with rain. 今晚天气极为恶劣；下着倾盆大雨．4［Wal；B］（fig）deprec evil；cruel；wicked；shameful 残忍的；邪恶的；罪恶的；可耻的：Murder is a foul deed.谋杀是犯罪行为.She has a foul temper； that＇s why she has so few friends.她脾气很坏，因此几乎没什么朋友．5［Wal；B］ （fig） deprec （of language） full of curses and swear words（指言语）粗鄙的；下流的6［Wa1；B］（fig） infml very bad； disagree-able；unpleasant 很坏的；讨厌的；令人不快的：I've had a foul morning; everything's gone wrong.我今天上午很不愉快，事事不对劲.Thatwas a foul meal to offer anybody.不管请谁吃， 这顿饭都够糟糕的.

sordid／＇so：did／ ［B］ 1 very dirty or poor 肮脏的； 贫穷的：sordid living conditions 肮脏的居住环境2 marked by unpleasantness and bad qualities 令人不舒服的；卑鄙的：He told them a sordidstory of dishonesty.他给他们讲了个诈骗的故事，听了令人不舒服.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

squalid /'skwplid/ [B] 1 very dirty and uncared for；filthy 肮脏的；邋遢的；污秽的；恶劣的：Theylive in squalid conditions.他们的生活条件很恶劣．2 having， expressing， or about low moral standards；sordid 卑鄙的；道德败坏的；下流的：What a squalid story of sex and violence！多么下流的色情和暴力故事！-ly［adv］

D181 verbs 动词：making things dirty 弄脏

dirty ／＇d3：ti／ ［T1］ to make dirty 弄脏；使变脏： Please try notto dirty the house.请不要把房屋弄脏.They dirtied the floor when they came in from the wet garden.他们从泥泞的花园进来时把地板弄脏了.

soil/soil/[T1; IØ] to make or become dirty, esp slightly or on the surface 弄脏（尤指轻微的或在表面）；（使）变脏：His shirt collar was badly soiled and would never be white again.他的衬衣领子弄得脏极了，不可能再变白了.These paperswon＇t soil when handled carefully.小心点拿这些纸就不会弄脏的.（fig）I wouldn＇t soilmy hands by accepting money from a person like him.我不会接受像他那种人的钱，免得弄脏我的手.foul／faul／［T1］ to make very dirty 使污秽不堪：

The cats fouled the room with their urine [→B64］．猫在房间撒尿，把房间弄得污秽不堪．

mark /ma:k/ [T1] to make or leave marks on 在···留下痕迹；标记：He marked the floor with his boots.他穿的靴子在地板上留下了痕迹.

stain /stemn/ [T1] to discolour [→>L28] in a way that is lasting or not easy to change 沾污；染色； 着色：His teeth are stained with years of smok-ing.他的牙齿因长年吸烟而变黄了.

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D182 CLEANING ＆ CARE 清洁与护理

pollute/pə'lu:t/ [T1] 1 to make (air, water, soil, etc) dangerously impure or unhealthy for use 污染（空气、水、土壤等）：Their drinking water is polluted；oil has got into the well.水井里弄进油了，他们的饮用水被污染了．2（fig）deprec todestroy the purity of（the mind）污染（心灵）： She thinks that books about sex pollutethe minds of children.她认为关于性的书籍会污染儿童的心灵．3 to make （esp a holy place） ceremonially unclean 亵渎（尤指圣地）［→B135］ defile /dr'fail/ [T1 often pass] to make unclean or impure 弄脏；玷污：Their evil words defiled

the holy place.他们那些污言秽语玷污了这个圣地.

mess/mes/[X9, esp up; L9,esp about] not fml to make a mess （of） 弄乱；搞乱：Who messed up my papers？ 是谁把我的文件弄乱了？Stopmessing about with my work！不要搞乱我的工作！

D182 nouns 名词： dirt and pollution 脏物与污染

[ALSO→H64]

dirt /d3:t/ [U] unclean material on a floor, furniture，etc 污垢；脏物：How did that dirt get on my clean kitchen floor？那些脏东西怎么会跑到我干干净净的厨房地板上的？

filth／filθ／［U］ very unclean material 污秽；污物： There's filth all over my clean kitchen floor! 我干净的厨房地板上到处都是污垢！（fig）Don＇tread that book；it＇s filth.别读那本书，那是淫书.

muck／mak／［U］ infml dirt 脏物；污秽：I＇ve got muck on my shoes.我弄了一鞋脏物.

mark /ma:k/[C] a small cut, stain, etc, on a surface which should be smooth 刻痕；污点；痕迹；标记；记号：He has made marks on the table with that knife！他用那把刀子在桌子上刻了记号！spot /sppt/[C] a small area of dirt or some

substance on a surface which should be clean 污点；斑点：There are （dirty） spots on the （clean）cloth.这块（干净）布上有些（污）渍.

stain／stem／［C］ a stained place； a large spot 污迹；（大的）污点：There are stains on the cloth； I think they are bloodstains (= stains of blood). 这块布上有污迹，我看是血迹.（fig）He has manydark stains on his character; he has led a bad life.他品格上有许多污点，生活一直很堕落.

pollution /pə'lu:fən/ [U] 1 the action of pollut-ing 污染：The pollution of rivers kills fish.河流污染使鱼类死亡．2 the state of being polluted 污染的情况：The pollution of our sea shores is very serious．我们的海岸污染得很严重．3 thingsthat pollute 污染物质：The pollution in the sea is very bad.海水中的污染物质极有害.

pollutant /pə'lu:tənt/ [C;U] a substance or thing that pollutes 污染物质：Smoke from factory chimneys is a pollutant.工厂烟囱冒出的烟是一种污染物质.

defilement/dr'faılmənt/1 [U] the act of defil-ing 玷污，污染2 ［C］ an example of this； some-thing that defiles 污染（指事例）；污染物

mess／mes／［U］ a dirty， untidy state 脏乱：What a mess the house is in！这房子又脏又乱！Who

made this mess？谁弄的这个烂摊子？The doghas made a mess on the floor.狗把地板弄脏了.

D183 nouns，etc 名词等：care for the hair 头发的护理

[ALSO→B51-3]

haircut/'heə,kAt/[C] the occasion of having the hair cut, or the style it is cut in, esp for men （尤指男性的）理发；发型：They＇ve both got thesame haircut.他们俩的发型一样.He needs ahaircut.他该理发了.

hairdo /'heə,du:/ [C] the occasion of a woman having her hair shaped, and the appearance that results（妇女）理发；（妇女的）发型：I don＇t like her new hairdo.我不喜欢她那新发型.

shampoo/Jæm'pu:/ [C] 1 a usu liquid soaplike product used for shampooing 洗发剂；洗发精： She uses a creamy shampoo for dry hair.她用一种专给干燥头发用的乳脂洗发液洗头．2 an actof shampooing 洗头；洗发：She had a shampoo and set at the hairdresser＇s.她在理发店洗发并做发型.

rinse /rins/ 1 [C9; U9] (a) liquid for colouring the hair 染发液：She bought a （bottle of） blue rinse．她买了一瓶蓝色染发液．2［C］ the act orresult of using this on the hair（用染发液）染发： She had a blue rinse.她用蓝色染发液染发.

crop／krop／1［S］hair cut very short 平头（剪得极短的发式）：With a crop like that you look as if you＇ve just come out of the army！你剪了那样的平头，就像刚从军队里出来似的！2［T1；X7］tocut （a person＇s hair or a horse＇s tail） short 剪短（人或马的）毛发：The barber cropped his hair（short）.理发师把他的头发剪短.

D184 nouns 名词：relating to the hair ［C］ 与头发有关的

wig/wig/ an arrangement of false hair to make a covering for the head, to hide one's real hair or lack of hair 假发：The actress wore a black wig over her fair hair. 女演员在她那金发上戴了一副黑色假发.Judges in Britain wear wigs in court.英国的法官在法庭上都戴假发.

hairpiece /'heə,pi:s/ a piece of false hair used to make a person＇s own hair seem thicker（遮秃）假发（使真发显得浓密些的一种假发）

toupee /tu:'pei/ a small wig or hairpiece specially shaped to fit exactly over a placeon a man's head where the hair no longer grows （特制专用以遮盖光秃部位的）假发

hairnet/'heə,net/ a net which stretches over the hair to keep it in place 发网

D185 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：cosmetics and special body care 化妆品及特别身体护理

cosmetic/koz'metik/ [C usu pl] a preparation

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such as a face-cream, body-powder, etc, in-tended to make the skin or hair more beauti-ful化妆品；美容、护肤用品：This chemist keeps alarge range of cosmetics.这间药房出售各种各样的化妆品.Mother has a special cosmetic（s） bag for keeping her cosmetics in.妈妈有一个化妆品袋专用来装放她的化妆品.

make-up/'meik,Ap/ [U; C usu sing] powder and paint, etc, used on the face, or the appearance produced by the use of this 化妆品；化妆效果；（演员的）化装用品；扮相；扮装：Toomuch make-up looks unnatural.使用过多化妆品会显得不自然.She changed her make-up.她改变了化妆式样.He was wearing make-up inthe play to make him look like an old man.他在剧中化装成老头儿.

make up [v adv T1; IØ] to use make-up on (the face of) (someone or oneself) so as to alter or improve the appearance 化妆；打扮；化装： She makes herselfuplmakes up her face in 10 minutes in the morning.她每天早上用十分钟的时间化妆．You have 10 minutes to make up．你有十分钟时间化妆.In the play he is made up asan old man.在剧中他装扮成一个老人.

massage /'mæsa:d3/ 1 [U] the system of treating the body by pressing and moving the hands (or feet) on it to take away pain or stiff-ness from the muscles and joints．按摩；推拿2 ［C］an example of this 按摩 3［T1］ to give a massage to （someone or a part of the body）给（某人或身体某部分）按摩：She massaged hisneck.她按摩他的脖子.

manicure/'mæni,kjuə/1 [U;C] (a) treatment for the hands and esp the fingernails, includ-ing cutting，cleaning，etc修（剪）指甲2［T1］to give a manicure to （the hands） 修···的指甲； 为···修指甲：She had newly manicured hands／

D186 CLEANING ＆ CARE 清洁与护理

nails.她新近修过指甲.

D186 nouns 名词：persons looking after hair，skin，clothes，etc［C］护理头发、皮肤、衣服等的人

barber /'ba:bə/ a person (usu a man) who cuts men＇s hair and shaves them 理发师（尤指为男性理发刮胡须的男理发师）：He went to thebarber／barber＇s for a haircut.他到理发师那儿理发.

hairdresser /'heə,dresə/ someone who shapes the hair into a style,by cutting, setting,etc,or （usu of women＇s hair） changes its colour 理发师（尤指专为女性服务的）；发型师：She fixed atime to see her hairdresser.她和理发师约定时间去理发.

hair stylist /'heə ,stailist/euph & pomp a hair-dresser 理发师；发型师

beautician /bju:'tifan/ a person who gives beauty treatment (as to skin and hair and nails）美容师 beauty parlour a place where women are given beauty treatments 美容院

masseur /mæ's3:/ Fr a person who massages others 男按摩师

masseuse／mæ＇s3：z／ Fr a female masseur 女按摩师

manicurist/'mænr,kjuərist/ a person who man-icures nails 修甲师

laundress/'lo:ndris/ a woman whose work it is to wash and iron clothes（洗熨衣物的）女工

washerwoman/'wofə,wumən/ esp formerly & often deprec a woman who washes clothes 洗衣女工

E

Food, drink, and farming

食物、饮料与农业

Food generally

食物（总称）

E1 nouns 名词：food and diet 食物与饮食

[→E141 ANIMAL FOODS IN FARMING]

food/fu:d/[U;C] anything to be eaten or that can be eaten (and/or drunk); solid substances generally that can be eaten; anything nourish-ing［→É5］食物；食品：Food and drink are necessary to keep us alive.食物和饮料是我们维持生命所必需的.The food＇s good at thisrestaurant.这家餐馆的食品很不错.They sellquite a wide choice of foods at this shop.这家商店出售的食品种类繁多.Milk is a good food.牛奶是有益的食品.We＇ve no food of any kindin the house.我们家里一点吃的东西都没有了.

foodstuff/'fu:d,staf/[U;C]tech any substance used as food, esp in large amounts before cooking，etc 食品（原料）；食料；粮食：Where do they store the foodstuff？他们把食品储存在哪里？The price of foodstuffs is going up.粮食价格不断上涨.

fare/feə/ [U] food, esp as provided (in large quantities） at a meal， party，in hotels，etc 伙食； （尤指进餐时、聚会上、旅馆里供应的）食物：Thefare here is simple but good.这里的伙食虽简单却很不错.What splendid fare she provided at the party.她为聚会预备的食物真是好极了.

l [n] dwod puf /sueueisvs/ food (and drink) when seen as sustaining life （＝ keeping people，etc， alive）（维持生命的）食物；粮食 2 the qualities of food （and drink） which keep people，etc，alive 营养

eats／i：ts／［P］infml things to eat 食物：Have you brought the eats？你带吃的了没有？

eatables /'i:təbəlz/ [P] usu infml things that can be eaten 可吃的东西；食物：All the eatables are in the basket.所有食物都在篮子里.

provisions /prə'vı3ənz/ [P] substances provided as food 粮食；食物：Have we enough provisions for the journey／the winter？我们旅行时／冬天的粮食足够吗？

diet /'darət/1 [U; C] the sort of food and drink usually taken （by a person or a group）（个人或群体的）日常饮食；日常食物：Proper diet andexercise are both important for health.适当的饮食和运动对于健康都很重要.The Irish used to

live on a diet largely of potatoes.爱尔兰人过去用马铃薯作为主食．2 ［C usu sing］ a limited listof food and drink that one is allowed, esp by a doctor（尤指按医生吩咐）规定的饮食；限制饮食：The doctor ordered him a diet without sugar. 医生嘱咐他不要吃带糖的食物.He＇s on a diet inorder to reduce his weight.他正节食以减轻体重.The doctor put him on a diet.医生要他节食／按规定饮食.She went on a diet to try to slim（＝ in order not to become fat, or to lose weight). 为了身材苗条，她实行节食.

staple/'steipəl/ [C; A] a chief food or product of a country， people，etc 主要粮食；主要产品：Rice is the staple （diet） in southern India.大米是印度南部的主要粮食.

grub／grab／［U］ esp BrE infml food 食物；食品： Is the grub ready yet？食物准备好了吗？

bulk /bAlk/ [U] rough food often eaten to help the movement of the bowels 含丰富纤维的粗糙食物；纤维食品：There isn＇t enough bulk in the food you eat.你吃的食物中纤维并不足够.

roughage /'rafid3/ [U] coarse matter which does not feed, but which helps the bowels to work；bulk 含丰富纤维的粗糙食物；纤维食品：Potato skins provide valuable roughage. 马铃薯皮是一种有价值的纤维食品.

E2 nouns 名词：drinks 饮料 [ALSO→E60]

drink /drıgk/ [U; C] liquid that can be drunk;an amount of liquid in a glass，etc，to be drunk 饮料；饮料的一杯或一份：Food and drink will beserved soon.食物和饮料一会儿就拿来.Can Ihave a drink（of water），please？请给我一杯饮料（一杯水）好吗？Bring the drinks over to this table.把饮料拿到这张桌子上来.

beverage /'bevərıd3/ [C] fml a drink, esp if not water（尤指水以外的）饮料：He always has analcoholic beverage at this time.他总是在这个时候喝杯酒.The shop sells several kinds of hot beverage.这家商店出售各种热饮料.

potion /'pəufən/ [C] esp lit a single drink of a liquid mixture, intended as a medicine, poison, or a charm 一剂药水；（药水、毒药或巫药的）一剂；一服：The doctor gave her a sleeping potion.医生给她一服安眠药水．The witch ［→C356］prepared a love potion.女巫配制了一服春药.brew /bru:/ [C usu sing] (the quality of) a drink

made by brewing ［→È101］酿造或冲泡的饮料；

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（酿造或冲泡饮料的）品质：That＇s a good brew oftea.这茶沏得很好.I don＇t like these brews she makes.我不喜欢她准备的这些饮料.The brew isready now.饮料已经冲泡好了.

E3 general verbs 一般的动词：eating and drinking 吃与喝

eat/i:t/1 [T1; IØ] to take in through the mouth and swallow （solid food or soup）吃；喝（汤）： Eat your dinner！吃你的饭吧！John eats too quickly.约翰吃得太快.He ate an apple.他吃了一个苹果.Eat／Drink your soup while it is still hot.你趁热把汤喝了吧.（fig）That big house just eats money.那幢大房子开支之巨实在惊人.You look so nice I could eat you！你太漂亮了， 我恨不得把你一口吞下去！2［IØ］to have a meal吃饭：What time do we eat？我们什么时候吃饭？Have you eaten yet？ 你吃饭了吗？eat one＇s head off (of people and esp of animals) to eat large and expensive quantities of food（指人及尤指动物）吃得很多；大吃特吃 eat someone outof house and home (of people) to eat a lot of food that someone else must pay for（指人）把另一人吃穷了eater［C］a person who eats in a stated way 吃···的人（esp in the phr a big eater a person who habitually eats a lot 吃得多的人） feed／fi：d／1［T1］ to cause to eat and drink 喂；使

吃或喝：Have you fed the baby／cows yet？你喂过孩子／牛了吗？2［IØ］ infml or humor to take food；eat and drink 吃；喝：Have you people fed yet？-Yes，we fed an hour ago.你们都吃过饭了吗？-吃了，我们一小时前就吃了.feed on［v prep T1］ to live by eating 以···为食物：Foxes feed on small animals.狐狸以小动物为食.

drink /drik/ [T1; IØ] to take in through the mouth and swallow (liquid food, liquids, soup, etc）喝；饮：He was so thirsty he nearly drank the whole bottle of milk.他渴极了，几乎把整瓶牛奶都喝光了.They were drinking beer when I last saw them.我上一次看见他们时，他们正在喝啤酒.Drink this medicine.把这药喝了.（fig）My car just drinks petrol; it's costing me too much to run.我的汽车真费汽油，用这部车令我花费太大了.drinker ［C］ a person who drinks， esp alcohol，in a stated way 饮（尤指酒）的人(esp in the phr a heavy drinker a person who drinks a lot of alcohol 酒鬼；酗酒者）

eat/drink up [v adv]1 [IØ] to eat/drink more of anything or (more) quickly, in order to finish 很快地吃／喝：Èat up；we must leave soon.快吃， 我们很快就要出发了.Come on，drink up now；we＇re late.快点喝吧，我们已经晚了.Hurry！Eatyour food up！快把你的食物吃完！2 to eat／drinkall of or the rest of 把···吃／喝光：The child ate up all her food nicely.这孩子乖乖地把食物吃完了.Drink up your milk！把你的牛奶喝完！（fig） This car just drinks up petrol.这辆汽车真耗油. He just sat there,eating her up with his eyes. 他只是坐在那儿，贪婪地盯着她.

imbibe／Im＇baib／［T1］ fml to drink 喝；饮：The doctor said that the patient had imbibed too

much alcohol.医生说这个病人喝酒喝得过多了.drain／drein／［T1］ to drink all of 喝干；喝光：He drained his glass and asked for more beer.他把杯中的啤酒喝干了，然后要求再来一杯.

take /terk/ [T1] to introduce into the body through the mouth； eat or drink 吃；喝：She took the medicine the doctor had given her.她服了医生给她的药.Take a deep drink of this；it＇ll help you feel better.你把这喝一大口，它会使你舒服点的.He took a bite out of the apple.他咬了一口苹果．Take a sip［→E8］of this wine． 呷一口这种葡萄酒.

have/hæv/[T1] to eat, drink, or take into the body 吃；喝；吸（烟）：We were having breakfast when he arrived.他来的时候我们正在吃早餐.Have another drink！再喝一杯！He has three cigarettes every morning.他每天上午抽三支烟. When do you usually have your lunch？你通常在什么时候吃午饭？He had a piece of the cake.他吃了块蛋糕.Have a drink from this glass.喝一口这杯酒.

E4 informal verbs 非正式动词：eating and drinking 吃与喝

get down [v adv T1] to swallow,usu unwillingly 吞下（通常不情愿地）；咽下：She got the fooddown somehow，although she felt sick.尽管她感到不舒服，她还是把食物勉强吞了下去.

go down [v adv IØ] to be swallowed; pass down to the stomach 被吞下；被咽下；吃进肚子里：Well，that meal went down very nicely.好，那顿饭吃得很适意.A mouthful of food went down the wrong way (= into the windpipe, the passage through which one breathes）.那口食物咽到气管里去了.

keep down [v adv T1] to keep in the stomach after swallowing（把咽下的食物）保留（在胃里）；不使（胃里食物）吐出：I was sick last week： 1just couldn＇t keep anything down.我上星期病了，吃什么吐什么.

dig in also 又作 tuck in ［v adv IØ］ to start eating 开始吃：Okay friends， dig／tuck in and enjoy yourselves！好吧，朋友们，开始尽情地吃吧！put away also 又作 tuck away ［v adv T1］ to eat

吃：Well，he certainly tucks away a lot of food！ 嗨，他可真能吃啊！

peck at [v prep T1] to eat in small amounts, usu without much interest（通常指无食欲地）吃得很少：She didn＇t feel hungry and just pecked at her food.她并不觉得饿，所以她那份食物只是吃了一点点.

finish off [v adv T1] to eat until nothing is left 吃光：The boys finished off the ice cream at great speed.男孩子们很快就把冰淇淋吃光了.

polish off ［v adv T1］ to finish off 吃光：They polished offall the food.他们将食物全吃光了.

toss off [v adv T1] to swallow (a liquid) quickly （快速地）喝光；喝干：He tossed off his drink and walked out.他把饮料喝光，然后走了出去.

knock back [v adv T1] to drink quickly, usu in a single movement（一口）喝掉：He knocked

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back two double whiskies in quick succession. 他一口气连着干了两杯双份威士忌.

scoff /skpf/ [T1] sometimes deprec to eat eagerly and fast 贪婪地吃；狼吞虎咽地吃：Hescoffed all the food and left none for us.他把所有的食物一扫而光，没有剩下一点给我们.

E5 formal ＆ technical verbs ＆ nouns 正式的和专用的动词和名词：eating anddrinking 吃与喝

consume /kən'sju:m/ [T1] to eat or drink; take into the body 吃；喝：They consumed a lot of food and drink at that party.他们在那次聚会中吃了大量食物和喝了很多饮料.consumption ［U］the action or result of consuming 消耗（量）： The consumption of food has gone up.食物的消耗量已增加了.

nourish /'narif/ [Wv4; T1] to cause to stay alive or grow by giving food, water, etc; keep alive and healthy （with food）；give food to 养育；滋养；给···营养；饲养：This is nourishing soup.这汤营养很丰富.These foods will nourish you as well as anything.这些食物对你的身体非常有益.That＇s a well-nourished baby. 那是个养育得很好的婴儿.The rain nourished the grass.雨水滋润了青草.（fig）His speech nourished our hopes that the government would act soon.他的讲话使我们满怀希望，相信政府将会很快采取行动.She nourished a strong dislike for him.她对他怀有强烈的反感．nourishment ［U］1 some-thing that nourishes；food 营养品；食物：The man refused all nourishment although the doctor had told him to eat.尽管医生已经嘱咐这个人要吃东西，但他还是不肯吃．2 the act ofnourishing or condition of being nourished 养育；滋养；被养育

nutrition/nju:'trifən/ [U] 1 the action of getting or giving nourishment（得到或给予）营养2 the science of food values 营养学 nutritious ［B］ nourishing；helping to nourish 有营养的；滋养的nutriment［U；C］ nourishing food 营养品；营养的食物 malnutrition ［U］ poor insufficient nourishment 营养不良

digest/də'd3est/ [T1] 1 to change (food, etc) in the stomach and bowels, so as to be used to nourish the body 消化（食物）：Food and drink are digested in the stomach.食物和饮料在胃里消化．2 （fig） to think about and （try to） under-stand，deal with，etc 理解；领悟；领会：We are still digesting the information; we haven't decided what to do.我们仍在思考这些资料，还未决定怎么办.He needed time to digest the bad news.他需要时间来想想这个坏消息.digestion[U] the action or result of digesting; ability to digest food 消化（作用）；消化力：Some kinds of food actively help in digestion.某些食物能积极帮助消化.The proper digestion of food is a matter which interests doctors.食物的正常消化是医生们感兴趣的问题．digestive ［Wa5； B］ relat-ing to or helping digestion 消化的；消化力的；帮助消化的：It is important to have a healthy

digestive system. 有健康的消化系统是很重要的.The digestive processes [→I22] begin in the mouth. 消化过程是从口腔开始的.indigestion[U] illness or pain caused by the stomach being unable to digest food 消化不良症；消化不良的不适感：He suffers very badly from indiges-tion.他患有严重的消化不良症.

assimilate /ə'siməleit/[T1]1 to take (food) into the body after eating；digest（将食物）吸收；消化：Babies can only assimilate milk.婴儿只能吸收乳汁．2［IØ］（of food） to be taken into the body；be digested（食物）被吸收；被消化：Some fats do not assimilate easily.有些脂肪不容易消化.assimilation ［U］

subsist on ［v prep T1］ to stay alive by eating 以吃···为生；靠吃···维持生命：The people in thatcountry subsist （mainly） on rice and beans.那个国家的人（主要）以大米和豆类为食粮.subsis-tence [U] the condition of subsisting on any kind of food（靠任何食物）生存；生计

absorb /əb'so:b/ [T1] 1 to take (esp a liquid) in, esp through many small holes 吸收（尤指液体）： This kind of material absorbs water easily.这种材料容易吸收水分.Plants absorb sunlight.植物吸收阳光．2（fig） to study and learn （some-thing，esp information） well 吸收（知识）；学会： She absorbed everything in the book.她把书中的一切都弄懂了．3 ［usu pass（in）］（fig）to get the full interest of （someone）使全神贯注；吸引···的兴趣；使专心：The lesson absorbed every-one.这堂课使学生全神贯注.They were absorbedin their work.他们专心地工作.absorbent ［B］ able to absorb 有吸收力的；吸收液体的：Thismaterial is highly absorbent.这种材料吸水力很强．absorption ［U］ 1 the action of absorbing 吸收；吸收作用2［（in）］（fig）great interest 全神贯注；专心致志

E6 verbs，nouns，etc 动词、名词等：biting and chewing 咬与咀嚼

bite/bait/ 1 [IØ; T1] to cut, crush, or seize （something） with the teeth 咬；咬断；咬碎；咬住： Does that dog bite？那只狗咬人吗？That child just bit me on the hand.那孩子刚在我手上咬了一口.He bit （into） the cake and began to chew.他咬了一口蛋糕，开始嚼起来.The little boybit into the big cake.这小男孩在大蛋糕上咬了一口.（fig） This new tax is going to bite（deeply） into my income.这项新税收将要（大大的）减少我的收入.Bite a piece off and tell me whether you like it or not.你咬一口尝尝，告诉我你爱不爱吃.She bit off a piece of cheese and chewed it slowly．她咬了一口干酪，然后慢慢地咀嚼．2［X9］to cause to exist in this way 咬（使留下痕迹）；咬成：The dog has bitten a hole in my trousers. 那只狗在我的裤子上咬了一个洞．3［IØ；T1］（ofsnakes, insects, etc) to prick the skin (of) and draw blood（蛇或昆虫等）咬；叮；吸血：A snakewill not bite you ifyou leave it alone.如果你不去惹蛇，它就不会咬你．4［IØ］（of fish）to acceptfood on a fisherman＇s hook（指鱼）上钩；吃饵：

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I've sat here for hours but the fish are not biting today.我在这儿已坐了几个小时，可是今天鱼儿不上钩.（fig）I hoped she would be interested in my plan， but she didn＇t bite.我希望她会对我的计划感兴趣，但是她无反应．5［C］anact of biting 咬；咬去：The dog gave its owner＇s hand a playful bite.那只狗嬉戏地轻轻咬了一下主人的手.He took a bite out of the apple.他咬了一口苹果．6 ［C］a wound made by biting 咬伤；叮伤：Her face was covered in insect bites.她的脸上满是虫咬的伤痕.He was taken to the hospi-tal to be treated for snakebite.他被蛇咬伤，给送到医院去治疗．7［C］a piece bitten off 咬下的一块；一口：I found there was a large bite taken out of the apple．我发现苹果被咬掉了一大块．8［S］ infml something to eat 食物；吃的东西：He＇s hungry because he hasn't had a bite (to eat) all day.他很饿，因为他已经一整天什么也没吃过.[■B130 WOUND,CUT,BITE]

chew/tfu:/1[IØ;T1] to move and crush (some-thing） in the mouth with the teeth 咀嚼；嚼碎： Always chew (your food) well before swal-lowing．咽下食物之前要细细咀嚼．2［C］an act ofchewing 咀嚼；嚼碎：He had a few chews but found the meat too tough to eat.他咀嚼了几下但发觉这肉嚼不烂，没法吃．chew up［v adv T1］tochew fully； reduce to pieces by chewing（彻底地）嚼碎；咬碎：The dog chewed up the meat and the puppy (= young dog) chewed up the slippers.大狗把肉嚼碎了，小狗却把拖鞋咬破了.

masticate /'mæstə,kert/ [IØ; T1] tech & fml to chew 咀嚼；咬碎：Food should always be masticated thoroughly.应该充分咀嚼食物. mastication ［U］ the action of masticating 咀嚼；咬碎

crop/krop/ [T1; X7] (of an animal) to bite off and eat the tops of （grass，plants，etc）（指牲畜）咬啮（青草、植物等）的尖端：The sheepcropped the grass short.羊把草吃得短短的.

gnaw /no:/[IØ (at); T1] to bite steadily and continuously，esp rubbing with the teeth（不停地）咬；啃：The dog gnawed（at）the bone.那狗啃着骨头.She gnawed her fingernails with anxiety.她焦虑不安地咬着自己的指甲.（fig）Hunger gnawed at them.饥饿折磨着他们.

nibble /'nibal/ 1 [IØ (at); T1] to bite gently, with small movements of the mouth（一点一点地） 咬；细咬：The boy was nibbling （at） a biscuit. 那男孩一点一点地咬着饼干.The rabbit nibbledthe leaves．兔子小口小口地咬叶子．2［C］an actof nibbling（一点一点地）咬；细咬：He had anibble at the cake.他咬了一小口蛋糕.

munch/mantf/[T1 (up); IØ] to chew with strong movements of the mouth 用力地咀嚼；猛嚼：The cattle munched （up） their food.牛使劲地嚼着饲料.The child was munching （the sweets） happily.那小孩高兴地猛嚼着（糖果）.

away ／ə＇wei／ ［adv］ 1 continuously；steadily 不停地；连续不断地：He munched away at his food. 他不停地使劲咀嚼食物.The rats nibbled away atthe woodwork.老鼠不断地一点点啃着木器.Theanimal gnawed away at the tree.那牲畜不断啃着那棵树．2 to an end； to nothing 毁掉；（吃）光：The woodwork has been chewed away by rats.

E8 FOOD 食物

这件木器已被老鼠啃掉了.

E7 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：swallowing and gobbling 吞咽

swallow/'swpləu/1 [T1; IØ] to cause to or let （something） go down the throat 吞下；咽下：He tried to swallow， but his throat was too dry.他设法咽下去，但他的喉咙太干了.She swallowedher medicine with the help of some water.她借助一点水把药咽下去．2［T1］ deprec to eatwithout chewing 未经咀嚼而囫囵吞下：He justswallows his food；he＇s always in a hurry.他只顾大口大口地吞下食物；他总是这么匆匆忙忙．3［C］an act of swallowing 吞下；咽下：He had a few swallows of tea and then hurried out.他喝了几口茶，便匆忙出去了.

bolt/bəult/[T1 (down)] to eat or swallow very or too quickly 快速地吃；匆匆吞咽：He boltedhis food and hurried out.他大口地吞下食物便匆忙地出去了.That child just bolts his food down.那小孩简直是狼吞虎咽地把食物吞下去.

gobble/'gpbal/ [T1 (up)] to eat (greedily [→F180］），noisily，and quickly（贪婪地）发出声音而且大口大口地吃；狼吞虎咽：They gobbled all thefood（up）before I could get any.我还没来得及吃，他已把食物一扫而光.

guzzle /'gazəl/ [T1; IØ] 1 to drink greedily, nois-ily，and quickly 狂饮；大声地喝；大口地喝2 BrEto eat in this way 狂吃；大声地吃；大口地吃：Shedoesn't like watching him guzzle/guzzling his food.她不喜欢看他狂吃滥饮那种样子.Sheguzzles a lot of food， doesn＇t she？她可真能吃， 是吧？

wolf /wulf/ [T1 (down)] to eat quickly and greedily，like a wolf （＝ a large wild dog） 狼吞虎咽地大吃：He just wolfs his food（down）； you＇d think we didn＇t feed him enough.他就是这样狼吞虎咽地吃东西，人家还以为我们不让他吃饱呢.

gorge／go：d3／［T1］ to fill （oneself） with food（用食物把自己）塞饱；填饱：He gorged himself oncakes.他饱吃了一顿蛋糕.

E8 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：sucking and licking 吮吸与舔吃

suck/sAk/1 [T1] to draw (liquid,gas,etc) from something into the mouth, through closed or tightened lips 吮吸（液体、气体等）；吸进：He wassucking his drink through a straw.他用一支饮管吸着饮料.He sucked in air， then went under the water again.他吸了口空气，又潜入水中.Theelephant sucked up all the water with its trunk［→A122］．大象用长鼻子把水都吸干了．2[T1] to hold (something) in the mouth, while drawing liquid from it 吮；咂；啜：The boyhad a sweet in his mouth and was sucking it （hard）．那男孩嘴里有一块糖，正（使劲地）吮着．3［C］ esp infml an act of sucking 吮吸；吮；啜：

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＇Have a suck of my orange！＇the child said.那孩子说：“吮一口我的橙子吧！”

sip /sip/1 [T1] to drink (something) a little at a time 啜（一小口）；一点一点地喝：She sipped herdrink slowly, to make it last/because it was hot.她慢慢地啜着饮料，想喝的时间长一些／因为它很烫．2［C］ an act of sipping or an amount sipped 啜饮；一啜之量；一小口（饮料）：He had afew sips of the strange drink.他啜了几小口那奇特的饮料.Take a sip of my drink and see if you like it.喝一口我的饮料，看你是否喜欢.

lick／lik／1［T1］a to pass the tongue over 舔；舐b to consume by doing this 舔吃；舔食：The child licked the ice cream.那孩子舔吃着冰淇淋.Thedog licked up the salt．那狗把盐舐光了．2［C］an act of licking 舔；舐：He had a lick at the ice cream.他舔了一下冰淇淋.

lap up /'læp Ap/ [v adv T1] to lift up with the tongue（用舌头）舔起；舐：The cat lapped up the milk.猫舔吃牛奶.（fig）She just laps up（＝ enjoys）praise.她就是爱听别人的赞语.

E9 verbs 动词：feeding and watering ［T1］ 喂食与给水

feed/fi:d/ to give food to; nourish [→E5] 喂食；给予食物；饲养：It＇s time to feed thebaby／the chickens.该喂孩子／鸡了.Does she feed her husband properly？她让丈夫吃得好吗？ She was in the park，feeding the birds.她在公园里喂鸟.What do you feed the cat on？你用什么东西喂猫？We＇ll have to feed you up after your illness.你病愈后，我们得把你喂胖.（fig）Good books feed the mind.好书能充实人的头脑.He fed them a lot of false information.他向他们提供了许多假资料.

water／＇wo：tə／to take or give water to 给予饮水； 给···喝水；浇水；洒水：It＇s time to water the horses.该饮马了.He was in the garden watering the plants.他在花园里给植物浇水.

E10 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：not taking or having food or drink 不吃不喝或没有吃的喝的

diet /'daiət/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) live on a diet ［E1］（使）按规定进食；（使）节食：He＇s alwaysdieting，but he＇s still too fat.他一直在节食，但还是太胖了.

fast/fa:st/1[IØ]to refuse or avoid food, esp for a religious reason（尤指因宗教原因）斋戒；禁食；绝食：Muslims have to fast between sunrise and sunset during the month of Ramadan.在斋月中，伊斯兰教徒从日出到日落必须禁食．2［C］an act or occasion of fasting 斋戒；禁食；斋戒期； 禁食期：The religious leader went on a fast to influence his followers.这位宗教领袖进行禁食以感化他的信徒.

starve /sta:v/ [IØ; T1] 1 to (cause to) die from lack of food（使）饿死：Those animals will

starve (to death) if someone doesn't get food to them soon.如果不赶快拿东西给那些动物吃，它们很快就会饿死的．2 to（cause to） have no foodover a long period（使）饥饿；（使）挨饿：He starved himself to try to lose weight.他为减轻体重而挨饿.

hunger／＇hangə／［IØ（for）］ lit to feel hunger 挨饿；饥饿：They hungered and thirsted.他们又饥又渴.（fig）He hungered for a chance to prove his abilities.他渴望能有机会证实自己的能力.

thirst ／03：st／ ［IØ （for）］ lit to feel thirst 口渴： They thirsted in the desert.他们在沙漠中感到口干唇焦.（fig）He thirsts for knowledge.他渴求知识.

E11 nouns 名词：hunger and thirst 饥饿与口渴

hunger/'hangə/1[U] the wish or necd for food 饿；饥饿：They felt weak with hunger.他们饿得浑身无力．2［U］lack of food 缺粮；饥荒：There ishunger in many parts of the world.世界上许多地方都在闹饥荒．3［S］（fig）any strong wish（强烈的）渴望；渴求；欲望：His hunger for excite-ment got him into a lot of trouble.他寻求刺激的欲望给他带来了许多麻烦.

famine/'fæmin/ [C; U] (a case of) very serious shortage of food 饥荒；饥荒的事例：Manypeople died during the famine.许多人在这次饥荒中死去.India has experienced many famines.印度已经历了多次饥荒.It was a time offamine and hardship.那是个饥荒和困难的时期.starvation /sta:'veifən/ [U] the condition of

starving； lack of food over a long period 饥饿； 饿死；饥荒：The poor people in that land often suffer from starvation.那地方的穷人经常挨饿.He died of starvation. 他是饿死的.Those people live in starvation conditions.那些人生活在饥饿线上.

appetite /'æpə,tait/ [U; C] 1 a desire or wish, esp for food（尤指对食物的）欲望；食欲；胃口：Don't eat anything that will spoil your appe-tite for dinner.不要吃那些会影响你正餐胃口的东西.（fig）He had no appetite forhard work.他不愿做艰苦的工作． 2 a desire to satisfy anybodily want 肉体上的欲望；肉欲：His sexualappetites were great. 他性欲强烈.whet one＇s appetite for to make eager to enjoy or have more of 激起某人的欲望；引发某人的兴趣：Thatstory whetted our appetite for more details.那个故事促使我们想知道更多的细节.

thirst /θ3:st/1 [U] the wish or need for some-thing to drink 渴；口渴：Thirst in a hot climate can be a terrible experience.在炎热的天气里口渴是非常难受的．2［C］a wish or need for some-thing to drink 渴；口渴：I have a terrific thirst. 我渴得要命.Their thirsts were only satisfied by a long cool beer each.他们每人喝了一大杯冰凉的啤酒才算解了渴.

drought /draut/ [C] a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water 旱灾； 干旱；干旱时期；久旱：The crops and cattle died

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during last year＇s drought.大批农作物和牲畜在去年的干旱中死亡.（fig）This place suffers from a musical drought.这地方很缺乏音乐的熏陶.

E12 adjectives 形容词：hungry and thirsty ［B］饥饿与口渴的

hungry/'hangri/ [Wal] 1 feeling or showing hunger 饥饿的；显得饥饿的：I＇m hungry after mylong walk.走了这么长的路，我感到很饿.He hada hungry look on his face.他脸上露出饥饿的神情.If you don＇t eat this food you can go hungry （＝remain without food）.你要是不吃这些食物，可就没东西给你吃了.（fig）We＇re hungryfor news about our brother.我们渴望得到弟弟的消息．2 causing hunger 使人饥饿的：This ishungry work.这是容易令人饥饿的工作.-rily[Ape]

ravenous ／＇rævənəs／ very hungry 饿极了的；很饿的：After all that work you must be ravenous. 做了那么多的工作之后，你一定饿极了.-ly［adv］

starving／＇sta：vin／ also 又作 famished／＇fæmift／ infml very hungry 饿极了的；很饿的：I＇m starv-ing！What＇s for dinner？我饿极了！晚饭吃什么？You must be famished; come in and eat something.你一定很饿了，进来吃点东西吧.

thirsty /'θ3:sti/ [Wal] 1 feeling or showing thirst 口渴的；显得口渴的：I＇m thirsty after running so far．跑了这么远的路，我感到很渴．2 causig thirst使人口渴的：This is thirsty work.这是容易令人口渴的工作.-tily［adv］

parched／pa：tft／ infml very thirsty 渴极了的：I＇m parched；I need a long cool drink.我渴极了，我要一大杯冷饮.

dry／drai／［Wal］infml very thirsty；parched 渴极了的

E13 nouns 名词：kinds of meals 各种膳食

meal/mi:l/ [C] 1 an amount of food eaten at one time 一餐（之量）；一顿饭：She cooks a.hot meal in the evenings.晚上她总会烧一顿热饭菜.When did you last have a good meal？你最近一次是什么时候吃过一顿像样的饭？2 theoccasion of eating a meal 进餐；用膳：The family have their meals together.他们全家一起进餐.a square meal a meal which satisfies丰盛的一餐；一顿丰盛的饭菜：When did you lasthave a square meal？你最近一次是什么时候吃过一顿丰盛的饭菜？

repast／ri＇pa：st／［C］fml a meal 餐；宴；膳食：That was an excellent repast.那真是上佳的一餐.

snack ／snæk／［C］ a light informal meal 快餐；小吃；点心：We only have time for a quick snack. 我们只有时间去吃顿快餐.

refreshments /rr'frefmənts/ [P] light snacks usu sold or given out in a public place（在公共场所出售或供应的）点心；小吃；茶点：Refreshments are usually served after the meeting.茶点通常在会后供应.The sign at the

E13 FOOD 食物

station said ＇refreshments＇.车站那块牌子上写着“小吃部”.

feast/fi:st/[C] a large meal with plenty to eat and drink; a very large, splendid, and some-times barbaric［→C169］meal 盛宴；筵席；豪华的宴会：What a feast she provided！她准备的筵席多么丰盛啊！Most of the chiefs came to the great feast.大多数首长都出席了这次盛大的宴会.

banquet／＇bænkwit／［C］ 1 a rich feast 丰盛的筵席；豪华的宴会：Everything you cook for me is a banquet，darling！亲爱的，你为我做的所有饭菜都是丰盛的筵席！2 a dinner for many people inhonour of a special person or occasion, esp one at which speeches are made（为一特殊事件或特殊人物而举行的）宴会（尤指会上有致词的）

buffet/'bufei/[C]1 (a place, esp a long table or sideboard [→D117] where one can get) food, usu cold, to be eaten standing up or sitting down somewhere else 自助餐；放置自取食物的地方（尤指长餐桌或餐具柜）：They ate a buffetlunch．他们吃了一顿自助午餐．2 a bar for lunch，refreshments，etc， in a railway station，etc（火车站等处的）快餐部；小吃店

spread/spred/[C] infml a table, etc, spread with plenty of food and drink 摆满一桌的美酒佳肴；丰盛的酒席：What a spread she provided； it was terrific.她准备了一桌多么丰盛的宴席啊，真是太好了.

picnic /'piknrk/ [C] 1 a pleasure trip in which (cold) food is taken to be eaten somewhere in the country or by the sea（自备食物的）郊游；野餐：They went on／for a picnic with their friends.他们和朋友一起去野餐.They ate apicnic lunch. 午饭时他们吃野餐.The food＇s inthe picnic basket．食物放在野餐篮子里．2 themeal itself 郊游时所带的便餐；野餐：That was agood picnic！那次野餐真不错！3［usu sing］（fig） infml something especially easy or pleasant to do 愉快的事；轻松的工作：It＇s no picnic havingto look after small children all day.整天照看小孩可不是件轻松的事情.

barbecue /'ba:bikju:/ [C] a meal,usu outdoors, where meat is cooked over an open fire（通常户外举行的）烤肉餐；烤肉野宴；烧烤：Let＇s have abarbecue on the beach.我们到海滩去烧烤吧.[ALSO=E100]

dinner /'dinə/1 [C; U] the main meal of the day, eaten either at midday or in the evening （在中午或晚上吃的）正餐；主餐：I＇m busycooking（the）dinner.我正忙着烧饭.It＇s dinner-time／time for dinner. 是吃正餐的时候了.I＇ve cooked you a nice hot dinner.我给你做了一顿可口的热饭菜.Dinner＇s ready！晚饭准备好了！What are we having for dinner？我们晚饭吃什么？They ordered two hot dinners.他们点了两份热饭菜.John and Mary are giving a dinner party．约翰和玛丽将举行一次晚宴．2［C］a formaloccasion in the evening when this meal is eaten 正式的晚宴：The firm are having an important dinner on Tuesday and I must be there.公司在星期二有个重要的晚宴，我必须参加.He's been to quite a lot of public dinners lately.他最近经常出席公众宴会.

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E14 FOOD 食物

E14 nouns 名词：times for meals in

Britain 英国的进餐时间

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| among theEnglish middleclass,and theupper classgenerally一般英国的中上等阶层 | amongtheEnglishworkingclass,andinScotlandgenerally一般英国的劳动阶层，及在苏格兰地区 | time(approximately)（大约）时间 |
| breakfast早餐 | in the morning,on getting outof bed早晨起床之后 |
| lunchfml luncheon午餐 | dinner正餐 | 12 noon(1200hrs)-2 pm(1400 hrs)中午十二时至下午二时 |
| (afternoon) tea午后茶点 | a cup oftea一杯茶 | 4 pm (1600 hrs)-5pm (1700 hrs)下午四时至五时 |
|  | (high)tea黄昏茶点 | 5 pm (1700 hrs)-6pm(1800hrs),a cookedmeal,but lessthan dinner下午五时至六时，经烹煮的一餐，但比正餐简单 |
| dinner,supper正餐；晚餐 |  | 7 pm (1900 hrs)-8.30pm(2030hrs),a largecooked meal,usu the mainmeal of the day下午七时至八时三十分，经烹煮的丰富一餐，通常是一天的主餐 |
|  | supper晚餐 | 9pm (2100 hrs)-10 pm(2200hrs),a smallmeal beforegoing to bed晚上九时至十时，上床前简单的一餐 |

E15 verbs 动词：having a meal 进餐

breakfast／＇brekfəst／［IØ］ to have breakfast 吃早餐：They breakfasted early／late／at 7．他们早餐吃得早／晚／在七点钟吃.

lunch ／Antf［IØ］ to have lunch 吃午餐；吃午饭： He usually lunches at a little restaurant round the corner.他通常在马路拐角处的小餐馆里吃午饭.She lunches out （＝ out of the office， college,etc) but the other girl lunches in (= in the office，college，etc）.她常常在外面（办公室、学校等以外）吃午饭，而另一个女孩子则留在里面（办公室、学校等里面）吃午饭.

dine／dain／［IØ］ often fml to have dinner 用餐；进膳；吃正餐：They dined at eight with the Smiths.他们八点钟与史密斯一家一起吃饭.Shedined in， but he dined out （ofcollege）.她留在（学校）里面吃饭，但他到外面吃．diner［C］1aperson who is dining in a place 用餐者；进膳的人 2 a small restaurant， esp one beside a road （尤指路旁的）小餐馆：We ate at Fred＇s Diner inBlackett Street.我们在布莱克特街的弗雷德小餐馆吃饭.

banquet/'bærkwit/ 1 [Iø] to take part in a banquet ［→E13］参加宴会；饮宴：They ban-queted until the early hours of the morning.他们通宵饮宴直至清晨．2 ［T1］ to arrange or have abanquet for（someone）设宴（招待某人）；举行宴会；宴请（某人）：They banqueted her royally when she became director of the company.她成为公司的董事后，他们为她举行了盛大的宴会.

picnic／＇piknik／［IØ］ to go on or have a picnic 去野餐；（带备食物）去郊游；野餐：We＇re picnickingtomorrow.明天我们要去野餐.They picnicked under the trees.他们在树下野餐.picnicker ［C］ a person on a picnic 野餐者；郊游者

feast／fi：st／［IØ （on）］ to eat a lot of food 大吃大喝；饱餐：They feasted on chicken and rice.他们饱餐了一顿鸡和饭.

serve /s3:v/ [T1] 1 to give food to (people eating）给（人）端上食物；侍候（别人用膳）：Thisis a buffet lunch；please serve yourselves.这是自助午餐，请自己动手吧．2 to put（food）on thetable，on plates，etc 把（食物）端上餐桌；上菜；把（食物）盛在各人的碟子里：She served the wholemeal herself.整顿饭她都亲自上菜.

dish out [v adv T1 (to)] infml to serve(food) to a number of people 把（食物）分配给各人：She dished out plenty of food to everybody.她为每人盛了大量的食物.

dish up [v adv T1] infml to serve (food) into dishes，ready to be eaten 把（食物）盛到盘子中：Dish up the food while it is still hot.趁热把菜肴盛到盘子里.

E16 nouns 名词：parts of meals［C］餐类的组成

dish/drf/(an amount of)cooked food of one kind一道菜；一盘菜；一道菜的量：Baked applesare his favourite dish.烤苹果是他最喜爱的一道

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E18 FOOD 食物

make people want to eat 开胃的饮料或食品（如

果汁、水果、海鲜等，在开始用膳时供应）：This is

just an appetizer；don＇t eat too much.这只是

开胃食品，别吃得太多.

soup /su:p/ [U;C] the usu first course in a

（formal） dinner or meal 汤（正餐或正式宴会中

通常上的第一道菜）［→E38］

fish/fif/ [U] the fish course in a formal meal,

usu served after the soup and before the

entrée 鱼（在正式宴会中，通常在汤之后主菜之前

上）

main course/,mein 'ko:s/ [C] the chief course,

usu a hot meat dish, in a (formal) dinner or

meal主菜（在正餐或正式宴会中，通常是热的肉类）

entrée /'ontrei/ [C] Fr the main course of a

meal, usually the third course in a formal

dinner， generally a hot meat dish 正餐的主菜

（在正式宴会中常为第三道菜，一般是热的肉类）

dessert /dr'z3:t/ [C;U] sweet food served

towards the end of a meal（用餐结束前上的）

甜食

sweet/swi:t/[U;C] BrE a sweet dish, usu a

pudding [→E51] or made with fruit, usu

served after the main course in a meal 甜食；甜

品（常为布丁或水果制的甜食，在主菜之后上）

pudding /'pudr/ [U;C] also pud /pud/ BrE

infml dessert 甜食；布丁

afters /'a:ftəz/ [P] BrE infml the part of a meal

that comes after the main dish, usu something

sweet 主菜之后的食品（通常为甜食）：What＇s for

afters？-Chocolate cake.主菜后的甜品是什

么？-巧克力蛋糕.

cheese and biscults [GU] a selection of

cheeses and biscuits [→E44], esp served at

the end of a formal dinner（尤指在正式宴会之

后上的）各种干酪与饼干

delicacy /'deləkəsi/ [C] something pleasing to

eat that is （considered） rare or expensive（罕

见或昂贵的）精美食品；珍馐：That food is a great

delicacy here.那种食物是这里的珍贵佳肴.

savoury BrE, savory AmE/'servəri/[C] some-

thing pleasant to eat but with a salty rather

than a sweet taste; last course in a formal

meal美味食品（味咸，在正式宴会中是最后一道菜）

coffee/'kofi/[U] the last stage of most present-

day European and American dinner parties,

where coffee is taken either at the table or in

the living room 咖啡（在现时欧洲式或美式宴会中

是最后一项，可在餐桌上或在起居室喝）

leftovers /'left,əuvəz/ [P] food remaining un-

eaten after a meal, esp when served at a later

meal剩菜（尤指在下一顿饭时再拿出来吃的）

E18 nouns，etc 名词等：cutlery 餐具

cutlery/'katləri/ [U] knives, forks,and spoons

used when eating 餐具（指刀、叉、匙）

fork/fo:k/ [C] an instrument for holding food

or carrying it to the mouth, having a handle at

one end and two or more points at the other

叉；餐叉

seafood, etc, at the beginning of a meal to knife /narf/ [C] a blade fixed in a handle, used

菜.I like Italian dishes.我喜欢吃意大利菜.What was the main dish／course？主菜是什么？

portion /'po:fən/ a quantity of food for one person as served in a restaurant，etc（餐馆等地方盛的食物的）一份；一客（食物）：He was hungryand ordered two portions of fish.他很饿，要了两份鱼.

helping／＇helrn／ not fml a portion of food一份食物；一客饭菜：I＇d like a second helping， please.请给我再来一份.（或：请再给我添一点.）The helpings are generous in that restaurant. 那家餐馆给的饭菜很多.

seconds/'sekəndz/ [P] infml second helpings 第二份食物；第二次拿的菜

serving／＇sз：vI／1 a portion or helping（食物的） 一份；一客2also 又作 sitting （at large gather-ings) a first or second opportunity to be served food（在大型聚会中）第一或第二次上菜：Those who missed the first serving/sitting ate later， at the second serving／sitting.错过第一次上菜的人要在第二次上菜时才吃.

course/ko:s/ a part or stage of a meal, often served formally and often described according to the main food provided (as in the fish course, meat course, but usu not in the sweet，coffee，etc）一道菜（通常是正式的，而且常根据该道菜的主要食物而命名，如一道鱼、一道肉，但通常不用来指称甜品、咖啡等）：The number ofcourses in a meal varies according to the formality and the size of the meal.宴会上有多少道菜是根据宴会的隆重程度和规模大小而有所不同.It was a four-course meal.这顿饭有四道菜.

ration /'ræfən/ the amount,esp of food,given to one person or animal at one time 定量（尤指一次配给一个人或动物的食物定额）；配给量：Thisis the prisoner＇s ration for today.这是囚犯今天的伙食定量.The soldiers＇ rations arrived.兵士们的口粮已送来了.

menu/'menju:/1 the list of dishes, etc, avail-able in a restaurant，hotel，etc（餐馆、旅馆的） 菜单；菜谱：What is today＇s menu？今天的菜谱是什么？2 the card， paper， or booklet in which the menu is printed or written 印上或写上菜单的卡片、纸张或小册子：Pass me a menu，please.请把菜单递给我.The new menus have just beenprinted.新的菜单刚刚印好.

E17 nouns 名词：courses in meals 餐类的菜式

aperitif /ə,perr'ti:f/ [C] Fr a small alcoholic drink served to increase the appetite [→E11] before a meal（餐前的）开胃酒；饭前酒：Wouldyou care for an aperitif？来一杯开胃酒，好吗？

hors d'oeuvre /o:'d3:v/ [C usu pl] Fr one of several types of tasty food offered in small quantities at the beginning of a meal（餐前的） 美味小吃：The hors d＇oeuvres were excellent.那些餐前小吃美味极了.

appetizer, -iser /'æpə,taizə/ also infml starter /'sta:tə/ [C] a small serving of juice, fruit,

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E30 FOOD 食物

for cutting 刀；餐刀

spoon/spu:n/[C often in comb] an instrument with a small bowl and a handle used for taking food, liquid, etc esp to the mouth when eating 匙；调羹 spoonful［C］ the amount that can be taken in a spoon 一匙的量；一满匙：Heput two spoonfuls of sugar in his tea.他在茶里放了两匙糖.

teaspoon /'ti:,spu:n/ [C] a small spoon used when taking tea 茶匙 teaspoonful ［C］ the amount that can be taken in a teaspoon 一茶匙的量；一满茶匙

tablespoon /'teibəl,spu:n/ [C] a larger spoon used esp for soup，etc 餐匙；汤匙；大调羹 table-spoonful [C] the amount that can be taken in a tablespoon 一餐匙的量；一满餐匙：Take atablespoonful of the medicine before meals. 这种药每顿饭之前服用一餐匙.

ladle /'leidl/ 1 [C] a large deep spoon with a long handle， used for serving liquids 长柄勺子（用来盛汤等）2［T1］ to serve by using a ladle （用勺子）舀；以勺舀取：He ladled the soup intoher plate.他用勺子把汤舀到她的碟子里.

Food

食物

E30 A general note on vegetables, etc 蔬菜等的综述

[→ A134 FRUIT, BERRIS, NUTS, GRAIN, SEEDS]

[→A136 VEGETABLES]

vegetarian/,ved3ə'teərən/ [C; Wa5; B] (of) a person who does not eat meat 素食者（的）；蔬食者（的）：They like eating in that vegetarian restaurant although they aren't vegetarians themselves.虽然他们不是素食者，但他们却喜欢到那家素菜馆吃饭.vegetarianism ［U］ the ideas， way of life，etc，of a vegetarian 素食主义；素食的生活方式

The same word is used for vegetables when growing and when being cooked or eaten,but some words are usu [U] and others[C],and some are both, depending on how they are cooked and served， as in the following lists 蔬菜在种植时、烹调时和食用时用的是同一个名词，但有些属于［U］，有些属于［C］，有些则两者皆属，主要取决于这些蔬菜是如何烹调和食用的，如下表所示：

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| always [U]总是不可数 | [C]; in cookingor as food [U]可数；烹调时或作食物时不可数 | [C usu pl]可数，常为复数 |
| asparagus芦筍；龙须菜celery芹菜spinach 菠菜 | aubergine BrE/egg plant AmE茄子beetroot [Wn2]甜菜根cabbage卷心菜；甘蓝cauliflower花椰菜；菜花cucumber黄瓜；胡瓜lettuce生菜；莴苣marrow BrE/squash AmE葫芦onion洋葱potato马铃薯；土豆tomato番茄；西红柿turnip萝卜；芜菁 | bean豆子；菜豆brusselssprout球芽甘蓝carrot胡萝卜leek韭菜；韭葱lentil扁豆mushroom蘑菇pea豌豆radish小萝卜 |
| Note［注释］：All these words can be［A］所有这些词语都可用作［A］：Would you like asparagussoup，onion soup， or lentil soup？你想要芦筍汤、洋葱汤还是扁豆汤？ |

Examples 例如：Have some more asparagus. 再吃点芦筍吧.We＇ve got lots of cabbages in the garden, but we don't like boiled cabbage very much.我们在园里种了许多卷心菜，可是我们不喜欢吃煮卷心菜.Carrots are very cheap-it＇s good for you to eat carrots.胡萝卜很便宜-吃胡萝卜对你有好处.

E31 nouns 名词：meat，etc 肉类等

meat/mi:t/[U;C] the flesh [■B4] of animals, apart from fish and birds，which is eaten（供食用的）动物的肉（不包括鱼及禽类的肉）：This meatis tough；it＇s hard to eat.这肉很老，吃起来很费劲.The butcher sells different kinds of meat／ different meats.肉商出售各种各样的肉.Twomeat pies ［→E46］，please． 请来两个肉馅饼． Some people are meat-eaters; others are vege-tarians.有些人是肉食者，有些人是素食者.

fowl／faul／［U］ the flesh of birds as food（供食用的）禽肉：Roast［→E100］fowl was served at the dinner.正餐吃的是烤禽肉.

poultry /'pəultri/ [U] birds kept as a source of food，such as chickens and geese（供食用的）家禽（如鸡、鹅等）：They eat a lot of poultry.他们时常吃家禽.

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fish/fif/ [U] the parts of fish that can be eaten

鱼肉：They had fish for tea.用茶点时他们吃了鱼.kipper/'kipə/ [C] a salted herring (= a kind of sea fish) either smoked or dried so that it will not go bad 熏制或晾干的盐腌鲱鱼

egg/eg/1 [U] the parts inside the shell of an egg，esp of a hen， esp when eaten（尤指鸡蛋及在进食时）蛋壳内的蛋黄蛋白部分：The child gotegg on his face while eating.这小孩吃东西时把蛋沾在脸上了.Is there egg in this pudding？这布丁里有鸡蛋吗？2［C］an egg，esp of a hen，esp as for eating 蛋（尤指供食用的鸡蛋）：Can Ihave bacon and two fried eggs，please？请给我来一份熏肉和两个煎鸡蛋.She had a boiled eggfor breakfast.早餐时她吃了一个煮鸡蛋.

game/geim/ [U] (the meat of) any animal living wild or hunted for its meat 猎物；猎物的·肉；野味：This is very good game soup.这个野味汤很不错.

E32 nouns 名词：kinds of meat ［U］ 各种肉类

[→A52-7 ANIMALS]

beef／bi：f／1 the meat of farm cattle 牛肉：They had a meal of boiled beef and potatoes.他们吃了一顿马铃薯煮牛肉．2 any form of cattle， espan ox， when fattened to produce meat 供食用的牛；菜牛：He raises beefon his farm.他在农场里饲养菜牛.

pork／po：k／fresh meat from pigs 猪肉：It＇s roast ［→E100］ pork for dinner．正餐吃烤猪肉．Can I have a pork pie ［→E46］，please？请给我一个猪肉馅饼好吗？

ham/hæm/ meat from a pig's leg, esp if salted, or smoked 猪的大腿肉（尤指经盐腌或熏制的）；火腿：She likes boiled ham.她喜欢吃煮火腿.

bacon/'beikən/ salted or smoked meat from the back and sides of a pig 腌或熏的猪肉（脊部或肋部的肉）；咸猪肉：He likes bacon and eggs.他喜欢吃熏猪肉加煎蛋.A kilo of bacon please.请给我一公斤熏猪肉.

gammon/'gæmən/ BrE the lower end of a side of bacon腌或熏的猪后腿

mutton／＇matən／ the meat of the sheep 羊肉： She got some mutton from the butcher.她从肉商那里买了一些羊肉. Two mutton chops ［E33］，please．请来两块羊排．

lamb ／læm／ the meat of a young sheep 小羊肉：Roast lamb is one of his favourite dishes／ meals.烤小羊肉是他最喜爱吃的菜／餐.

veal／vi：l／the meat of a calf（＝young cow）小牛肉

venison／＇venəsən／ the meat of the deer 鹿肉： Venison is considered a delicacy by many.许多人认为鹿肉是珍贵佳肴.

NOTE 1［注释1］For most other animals，birds， and fish the same word is used for both the meat［U］ and the creature［C］其余大多数动物、禽类和鱼类都用同一个词表示肉类［U］和生物［C］：chicken， from a chicken 鸡肉；salmon，from a salmon 鲑鱼肉；rabbit，from a rabbit，etc 兔肉等等

E35 FOOD 食物

NOTE 2［注释2］The organs of an animal＇s body when prepared as a food generally keep the same name ［U］动物的器官在作为食物时一般保留原有名称［U］：liver，from the liver 肝；heart， from the heart 心；chicken liver， from a chicken＇s liver，etc 鸡肝等等

E33 nouns 名词：ways of cutting meat for cooking 烹煮用肉类的切割方式

cut /kAt/ [C] a piece of meat got by cutting it from the dead animal 切下来的肉块：He sold her several nice cuts of beef.他卖给她几块上好的牛肉.

joint/d3oint/ [C] any part of an animal body,as cut up by a butcher for cooking（屠夫切好供煮食用的）动物的任何部分；大块肉：That＇s a nicejoint of beef.那块牛肉真好.

slice /slais/[C] a thin piece cut from the body of an edible ［→E108］animal（食用动物的肉的） 薄片：Two slices of veal，please.请给我两薄片小牛肉.

cutlet/'katlit/[C] a slice of meat, fish,etc(for one person）（供一人用的）肉片或鱼片

steak /sterk/1 [C; U] a (usu large) thick cut of meat or fish（通常大块的）肉排或鱼块：Heenjoys a good（beef）steak.他喜欢吃好的牛排. What's for dinner?-Cod steaks(= steaks of cod，a large sea fish）．正餐吃什么？-鳕鱼块．2[U] BrE chopped meat prepared by stewing ［E100］，etc（已切好的）用来炖煮的肉块：A kiloof your best stewing steak，please.请给我一公斤上好的用来炖煮的肉块.

chop/tfop/[C] a small thick piece of meat,usu containing a bone，for one person to eat（供一人吃的）一厚块带骨的肉；（一份）排骨肉：We＇rehaving lamb chops for dinner.正餐我们将吃小羊肉排.

fillet /'filit/ [C;U] 1 a piece of meat without bones（不带骨的）肉块；肉片2 the flesh of a fishwith the bones removed（去骨的）鱼片

side/said/ [C] a large piece cut from the side of an edible animal（供食用动物的）半边躯体：Hebought a whole side of pork.他买了整整半边猪.flitch／flitf／［C］a side of bacon 腌或熏的猪肋肉

rasher /'ræfə/ [C] a slice of bacon or ham to be fried or grilled［→E100］（待煎或烤的）腌或熏猪肉片；火腿片

leg /leg/ [C; U] the leg of a fleshy animal as food（食用动物的）腿：That＇s a nice leg of lamb.这条小羊腿很好.

E34 nouns 名词： cuts of meat［C；U］（见787页彩图）各部位的肉

E35 nouns 名词：offal and other meats 食用肉的下脚料及其它肉类

offal/'pfəl/ [U] esp BrE parts of an animal (the

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heart, liver, kidneys, brains,etc) which are sometimes not considered as good as the flesh for food 动物身上被认为不如其肉好吃的部分（如心、肝、腰子、脑等）；内脏；食用肉的下脚料

tripe /traip/ [U] the lining or walls of the stomach of a bullock［→A52］used as food（供食用的）牛肚

giblets /'d3iblits/[P] the inner parts of poultry (neck, heart, liver, etc), usu used for soup and stock［→E39］禽类内脏等的杂碎（如颈、心、肝等，常用来做汤或作汤料）

tongue/tan/ [U] the tongue of an animal, usu a cow or sheep， prepared as food（牛或羊等供食用的）舌头

oxtail/'pksteil/[U;C] the tail of a cow or ox, used esp fr stews and soups 牛尾（常用来炖或做汤）

E36 nouns 名词：ways of presenting meat as food 肉的烹调方式

[ALSO→E100]

stew /stju:/[U;C] stewed [→E100] meat of any kind（任何）炖煮的肉；炖肉：She＇s good atmaking tasty stews.她善于煮美味的炖肉.What＇s for lunch？-Beef stew.午餐吃什么？-炖牛肉.

mince /mins/ BrE, ground beef /graund 'bif/ AmE [U] minced [→E103] meat,used for stews，etc 绞碎的肉；肉末：Mince and potatoes is a popular dish in Scotland.在苏格兰，肉末烧马铃薯是很受欢迎的一道菜.

roast/rəust/ [C usu sing] meat when it is to be, or has been， roasted 准备烤的肉；烤好的肉：We＇re having a roast for dinner tonight.我们今天晚餐吃烤肉.

curry /'kari/ [U;C] a type of food in and from India made to taste hot with spices［→E49］咖喱食品：Curry can have meat or vegetablesor both in it.咖喱食品里可以有肉类或蔬菜，或两者都有.He enjoys South Indian curries.他喜欢吃印度南方的咖喱菜肴.That＇s a nice chicken curry. 那咖喱鸡很好吃.

E37 nouns 名词： sausages and similar foods 香肠与同类食品

sausage/'spsid3/1 [C] pork [→E32] or other meat,minced [→E103] and packed tightly into tubes (skins) usu made from the gut [→B35] of an animal, sometimes fried [→E100] and eaten hot, sometimes cut up and eaten cold 香肠；腊肠：He likes German sausages.他喜欢吃德国香肠.She ate a meal of sausages and potatoes．她这一餐吃的是香肠烧马铃薯．2［U］also 又作 sausage meat the kind of minced meat, seasoning [→E49],etc, usu put in tubes of this kind 用来做香肠（或腊肠）的碎肉和调味品等

sausage roll /,spsıd3 'rəul/[C] a cooked roll of pastry with sausage meat inside（外面裹上油酥

面皮的）香肠卷；腊肠卷

rissole/'risəul/ [C] minced meat made into a cake or ball， fried ［→E100］ in fat 炸肉饼；炸肉丸子

frankfurter/'frænkf3:tə/ [C]a sausage of minced pork, lightly smoked and usu about 20 cm in length 熏猪肉香肠（通常约长二十厘米）；法兰克福香肠

hamburger／＇hæmb3：gə／ also 又作 beefburger /'bi:f,bз:gə/ [C] a cake of minced beef[→E32], fried or grilled and sometimes served with fried onions and eaten in a bread roll 汉堡包（在圆面包中间夹着煎或烤牛肉饼的食品）

hot dog/'hpt ,dpg/[C] esp AmE a frankfurter sausage boiled and put in a soft bread roll and served hot 热狗（在长圆形面包内夹着熏猪肉香肠并趁热吃的食品）

haggis/'hægis/[U;C] esp ScotE a seasoned [→E105] mixture of liver, heart, etc, mixed with oatmeal [→E43] and cooked in a bag made from the stomach of a sheep 用动物的肝、心等杂碎加香料调制后与麦片混合，然后放入用羊肚制成的袋内煮成的食物

pudding ／＇pudin／ ［U9； C9］1 also 又作 pud／pud／ infml BrE an unsweetened dish of a mixture of flour, fat, etc, either covering or enclosing meat and boiled with it（不甜的）肉布丁：I love steak and kidney pud（ding）.我爱吃牛肉和腰子做的布丁．2 a type of sausage filled with meat cut small 一种肉丁香肠：She likes black pud-ding.她喜欢吃黑香肠.

pizza /'pi:tsə/ [C; U] a plate-shaped piece of dough [→E43] or pastry baked with a mixture of cheese，tomatoes，etc，on top 意大利薄饼（把干酪、番茄等铺在上面烤成的圆饼）

stuffing/'stafuy/ [U] any mixture (such as saus-age meat, minced pork, herbs [→A136],rice, breadcrumbs, and vegetables) chopped [ E33] or minced and seasoned, with which meat, poultry, or game [→E31] is filled （stuffed）（任何）馅；填料

E38 nouns 名词：soups 汤类

soup/su:p/ [U;C] 1 a liquid food, usu served before solid food, made by cooking meat and/or vegetables in water, etc, and usu named according to the main things in it 汤；羹汤：He likes chicken soup but my favourite is mushroom soup.他喜欢鸡汤但我最喜欢蘑菇汤.Her mother＇s tomato soups are delicious.她母亲做的番茄汤味道鲜美．2（fig）anything thickand full of various things， like soup 任何像汤那样浓稠并混有不同材料的东西

broth /brpθ/ [U; C] a thick soup, usu made with bones, with vegetables, flour, etc, added to thicken it 浓汤；骨头汤（通常加上菜和面粉等使它浓稠）：That＇s a nice beef broth.那牛肉汤味道很好.

consommé/kən'spmei/ [U; C] Fr a clear soup, often obtained from bones（通常用骨头煮的）清汤

cream／kri：m／ ［U of］ a strong thick soup 奶油浓

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A100：common fish 常见的鱼

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A101：larger and dangerous fish 大而危险的鱼

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汤：She likes cream of chicken soup.她喜欢喝奶油鸡汤.

E39 nouns 名词：juices and gravies ［U；C］肉汁与肉卤

juice／d3u：s／the liquid in meats 肉汁

gravy/'greivi/1 the juie which comes out of meats when cooked, usu flavoured with stock and thickened with flour, usu served with or added to a meat dish 肉汁（烹煮肉类时流出的汁液，通常再加上汤料、面粉调制而成）；肉卤2 anysimilar （meat） juice 任何类似肉汁的汁液

stock/stpk/ the juice of boiled bones,etc,used in making soup and gravy and often kept specially for this purpose（由骨头烹煮而成，用于做汤和肉汁的）汤料；原汤

sauce/so:s/ a (sweet or salty) liquid served with or on food（甜或咸的）调味汁；酱汁

E40 nouns 名词：fats and oils ［U］ 脂肪与油

fat／fæt／the fat of animals used for cooking （供烹饪用的）动物油脂；食用动物油：She fried［E100］ the potatoes in deep fat．她用许多动物油来炸马铃薯.fatty ［Wal；B］ of or like fat； containing a lot of fat 油脂的；像油脂的；含大量油脂的；油腻的-tiness［U］

lard /lard/ the fat of the pig made pure by melting， used in cooking（供烹饪用的）猪油

suet／＇su：t／hard fat used for cooking（供烹饪用的）硬脂肪；板油

oil /oil/ [often in comb] any of several types of fatty liquids (from animars, plants, or under the ground） used for cooking（供烹饪用的）油： She always cooks in corn oil.她总是用玉米油烧菜.oily ［Wal；B］ of or like oil； containing a lot of oil 油的；像油的；含大量油的；油腻的-iness[U]

dripping /'dripi/ fat and juices which come from meat during cooking 烹煮肉类时流出的油脂或汁液

ghee,ghi/gi:/butter in liquid form, as used in India for cooking（印度）酥油；液状牛油

grease /gri:s/ animal fat when soft after being melted 熔化的软动物脂；油脂：You never get thegrease off the plates if you don't wash them properly.如果你不用正确方法洗这些碟子，就无法把上面的油脂洗掉.greasy［Wal；B］ of or likegrease； containing a lot of grease 油脂的；似油脂的；含大量油脂的；油腻的 -sily ［adv］ -siness[U]

E41 nouns 名词：milk and milk products， etc 奶及奶制品等

milk /milk/ [U] 1 a white liquid produced by human or animal females for the feeding of their young,and (of certain animals such as

E42 FOOD 食物

the cow or goat) drunk by human beings or made into other foods 奶；乳：Drink your milk. 把你的牛奶喝掉.That＇s a nice milk pudding.那牛奶布丁很好吃．2 a whitish liquid or juiceobtained from certain plants and trees,such as coconut milk 白色的植物汁液、树液或果汁（如椰子汁）

cream /krim/ 1 [U] that part of milk which contains the most fat and which rises to the top when milk is left to stand 奶油；乳脂；乳皮（牛奶上层的脂肪）2［the R］（fig） the best ofanything 最好的东西；精华；精粹：Those children are the cream of the school.那些孩子是学校里的精华.

butter /'batə/ [U] 1 fat, usu yellow, madefrom milk， spread on bread， used in cooking， etc 黄油；奶油；牛油2［U9］a substance like butter made from something else 似黄油的东西：He likes peanut［→A153］butter．他喜欢吃花生酱．

margarine /'ma:d3ə,ri:n/, also esp BrE infml marge /ma:d3/ [U] a food like butter but made esp from vegetable oils 人造黄油（奶油）； 植物黄油（奶油）：He doesn＇t eat butter and only has margarine on his bread.他不吃黄油，只在面包上涂些人造黄油.

cheese /tfi:z/ [U;C] a solid food made from sour milk and made in both hard and soft forms 干酪；乳酪；奶酪：There are many kinds of cheese and French and Italian cheeses are famous.干酪有很多种，法国和意大利的干酪都很著名.

yoghurt,yogurt,yoghourt /'jogət/ [U] milk that has turned thick and slightly acid through the action of certain bacteria [→A37],often eaten with fruit 酸乳酪；酸奶（常和水果一起吃）

curds /k3:dz/ [P] a thick soft near-liquid food formed from sour milk 凝乳；凝乳食品 curdle [Iø] (of liquids, esp milk) to separate when sour to form a thick substance (curds) on top and thin liquid （whey） underneath 使上层变酸的凝乳与下层的乳清分开；使（尤指牛奶）结成凝乳

skimmed milk ／skimd ＇milk／ also 又作 skim milk [U] milk from which the cream has been removed 脱脂牛奶

buttermilk /'batə,milk/ [U] the liquid that remains after butter is made from milk 制黄油（奶油）后剩下的牛奶

milk shake /'milk Jeik/[C] a drink of milk and usu ice cream shaken up and tasting of fruit, chocolate，etc 奶昔（牛奶加冰淇淋等搅打而成的饮料）

E42 verbs 动词：relating to milk 与奶有关的

milk /milk/ 1 [T1; IØ] to take the milk from(a cow，goat，or other animal）挤（牛、羊或其它动物的）奶；挤奶：On modern farms cows are no longer milked by hand.现代化的农场不再用手挤牛奶.The farmer sang as he milked.那位农夫一边挤奶一边唱歌．2［T1］（fig）to get money，knowledge of a secret, etc, from (someone or

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E43 FOOD 食物

something） by clever or dishonest means （用聪明或不诚实的手段）榨取（某人的）金钱；套出（秘密）：He milked his rich aunt until she hadn＇t a penny left.他把他富有的姑母的钱全榨光了，直到她分文不剩.

butter /'batə/ [T1] to spread with or as if with butter 涂黄油（奶油）在···上面：She buttered some bread for the children.她把黄油涂在面包上给孩子们吃.

cream/kri:m/ [Wv5; T1] to beat (some food, such as potatoes） until creamy 把（食物，例如马铃薯）搅拌成奶油状

pasteurize, -ise /'pa:stfəraiz/ [Wv5;T1] to heat (esp milk) in a certain way in order to destroy bacteria 用巴斯德法消灭（尤指牛奶的）病菌；对（尤指牛奶）进行低温杀菌：pasteurized milk 经低温杀菌处理的牛奶；消毒牛奶

homogenize,-ise/hə'mpd3ənaiz/ [Wv5; T1] to make (parts of a whole) become evenly spread使均质（使各物质均匀分布）：homogenizedmilk (= where there is no cream, because the fat is broken up all through the liquid）均质牛奶（油脂粒搅碎后均匀分布的牛奶）

E43 nouns 名词：flour and dough ［U；（C）］ 面粉和生面团

[ALSO→A134,152 GRAIN]

flour /flauə/ powder made from grain, esp wheat,and used for baking bread, cakes,etc （谷物磨成的）粉；（尤指小麦磨成的）面粉

meal／mi：l／coarse flour（未经细磨的）粗粉

oatmeal /'əutmi:l/ meal made from oats[■A152］燕麦粉；燕麦片

dough/dəu/ flour mixed with water and ready for baking（用面粉和水揉好的）生面团

yeast /ji:st/ a type of very small plant life (fungus) that is used to make bread light and soft and to produce alcohol in beer and wine 酵母；酵母菌

leaven /'levən/ 1 a yeast acting on dough to make it rise（放入生面团的）酵母；酵素2a massof dough and leaven kept to produce similar effects in new dough（留下来作新揉生面团发酵用的）发酵的面团；面肥；老面3（fig）anythingthat acts in any other thing to produce a change 任何使别的事物起变化的东西；潜在作用leavened ［Wa5；B］ treated with leaven 加了酵母的；发了酵的un-［neg］

amount of leavened dough baked in a ball 小圆面包：She ordered a dozen rolls.她要了一打小圆面包.

cake/keik/1 [C;U often in comb] a shaped piece of baked dough, esp leavened and usu sweetened and soft and one of many kinds 蛋糕；糕饼： She served them tea and cakes.她给他们端来茶和糕饼.Have some fruitcake.吃点水果蛋糕吧.Have another rice cake.再来一块米糕．2 ［C］ any baked piece of dough of any kind 任何用生面团烤成的食品3［C］a flattened massof material formed by pressing or drying and not necessarily for eating 任何块状物：a cake of soap 一块肥皂

biscuit/'biskit/ [C] 1 BrE any of many types of flat dry unleavened cakes, sweetened or unsweetened and baked hard, as sold in tins or packets（甜或咸的）饼干2AmE a scone 软烤饼

bun/ban/ [C] 1 a small round soft sweet cake, made of leavened dough 小而甜的圆面包：Hehad some tea and buns.他吃了一些茶和几个小圆面包．2 esp AmE a bread roll （as for hamburgers ［■E37］）小圆面包（如作汉堡包用的）

cookle ／＇kuki／ ［C］ 1 esp AmE a biscuit 饼干；曲奇饼2 ScotE a bun 小而甜的圆面包

pancake/'pænkeik/ [C] a thin soft flat cake made of flour, milk, eggs, etc, cooked in an open pan and usu eaten hot（用面粉、牛奶、鸡蛋等做的）薄煎饼

scone/skəun/ [C] BrE a soft cake of flour,fat, and eggs（用面粉、脂肪、鸡蛋做的）软烤饼：Shegave them tea and hot buttered scones.她给他们茶和热的黄油软烤饼.

oatcake／＇əutkeik／ also 又作 bannock ／＇bænək／ ScotE & N EngE a thin hard dry flat cake of unleavened oatmeal or barley meal [→E43] （薄而硬的）燕麦饼或大麦饼

toast /təust/ [U] bread in slices which have been toasted 烤面包片；土司：Have some more toast.再来几片烤面包.

E45 nouns 名词：a loaf of bread and its parts一条面包及其组成部分

E44 nouns 名词：bread and cakes

面包与蛋糕

bread /bred/ [U often in comb] a common food made of baked flour, either leavened [→E43] or not 面包：He put butter and jam on his bread.他在面包上涂黄油和果酱.I prefer brownbread to white bread.我喜欢吃黑面包而不大喜欢吃白面包.

roll ／rəul／ also 又作 bread roll ［C］ a small

面包屑 面包皮

loaf/ləuf/ [C] a mass of bread baked as a sepa-rate amount and sold or eaten separately 一条（可以分成几块出售或食用的）面包：Two loaves

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and a pint of milk，please.请给我两条面包和一品脱牛奶.

crust/krast/[C; U] the harder top or outer part of a loaf 面包皮

slice /slars/[C] a wide flat piece cut from a loaf 一片面包

(bread)crumbs /('bred)kramz/ [P] small pieces of bread, esp as used in cooking, to cover meatballs，fish，etc，for cooking in hot fat 面包屑；面包糠（尤用于裹住食物来油炸）

E46 nouns 名词： pastry and pastries

油酥面皮和糕点

pastry /'perstri/1 [U] a firm mixture made of flour, fat, and liquid, eaten when baked,used esp to enclose other foods（面粉、油脂等制成的）油酥皮；油酥面皮；馅饼皮：Her pastry isalways lovely and light.她做的油酥面皮总是那么松脆可口．2［C］an article of food （esp a small sweet cake） made wholly or partly of this 油酥面馅饼；油酥面点心：That baker sells a lot ofdifferent pastries.那位面包师出售各种各样的油酥面点心．3［U］ these articles in general 油酥面馅饼（或点心）类

paste/peist/ [U; C] a mixture of flour, fat, and a small amount of liquid，for making pastry（面粉、油脂和少许水揉成的）面团（用来制油酥面皮）

pie /pai/ [C;U] an often round pastry case filled with meat or fruit, baked usu in a deep dish（pie dish）馅饼（以肉或水果为馅的烤饼）：He ate a meat pie and an apple pie.他吃了一个肉馅饼和一个苹果馅饼.Hae some more pie.再吃点馅饼吧.

tart/ta:t/ [C] a circle of pastry baked in an open rather flat dish, and covered with fruit or jam ［→E47］（用油酥面烤成盘形并覆上水果或果酱的）水果小馅饼：She made some jam tarts for tea. 她为下午茶餐做了一些果酱馅饼.

batter /'bætə/[U] a mixture of flour, eggs, milk, etc, for cooking in hot fat, esp covering other food（面粉、鸡蛋、牛奶等做成的）糊状物（用来裹上食物以便油炸）；面糊：The fish was fried inbatter.鱼是蘸上面糊后炸的.

fritter/'fritə/ [C] a thin piece of fruit, meat,or vegetable, covered with batter and cooked in hot fat 水果片、肉片或蔬菜蘸上面糊炸成的食品：He likes apple fritters.他喜欢吃油炸苹果片.

wafer/'weifə/ [C] flour, sugar, etc, cooked in the form of a very thin flat cake 薄饼；威化饼： The ice cream was shaped like a ball and had a wafer in it.冰淇淋是球形的，里面有一块薄饼.

noodle /'nu:dl/ [C] a usu long piece of a paste made from flour， water， and eggs 面条：The noodles are boiled until soft and eaten in soups，with meat，etc.面条煮软后加汤和肉等一起吃.

E47 nouns 名词：jams and spreads 果酱和涂抹面包的食品

jam/d3æm/ [U;C] fruit boiled in sugar until it

E49 FOOD 食物

can be spread on bread 果酱：Have some more bread and jam.再吃点果酱面包吧.That＇s nice strawberryjam.那草莓酱非常好吃.

marmalade /'ma:məleid/ [U; C] a type of jam made from oranges or other citrus fruit[ A150］（用橙或其它柑橘属水果制成的）果酱；柑橘酱

jelly /'d3eli/ [U; C] fruit (or other) juice boiled with sugar until soft, clear, and fairly solid, used for eating on bread or with meat，etc 果子冻：Jelly is clear and has no solid pieces of fruit in it; jam is cloudy and can contain pieces of fruit.果子冻是透明的，里面没有小块水果；而果酱是浑浊的，里面可能含有小块水果.

honey/'hani/[U] the sweet sticky soft material produced by bees, which is usu eaten on bread蜂蜜（常抹在面包上吃）

paste /peist/ [U;C] a food made by crushing solid foods into a smooth soft mass, used for spreading on bread（抹面包用的）捣烂的糊状食物；酱状食物：He put fish paste on his sand-wiches.他把鱼酱涂在三明治上.What kind ofmeat paste is this？这是什么肉酱？

spread/spred/ [U; C] a food made soft enough to spread on bread 涂抹（面包的）食品：Havesome cheese spread；it＇s very nice.吃点干酪酱吧；它的味道很好.This salmon（＝a large kind of fish） spread is excellent.这种鲑鱼酱真是很不错.

E48 nouns 名词：forms of potatoes as food 马铃薯的食用方式

mashed potatoes／mæft pə＇tertəuz／［P］ also 又作 mash esp EngE ［U］ potatoes mashed （＝ crushed） into a soft mass 马铃薯泥（捣成糊状的马铃薯）：He likes mashed potatoes with his stew.他喜欢把炖肉和马铃薯泥一起吃.She madethem sausages and mash.她为他们做了香肠和马铃薯泥.

chip /tfip/ BrE, French fry, French fried potato AmE [C usu pl] a piece of cut-up potato cooked in hot deep fat 油炸马铃薯片或马铃薯条：He had fish and chips for his tea.吃茶点时他吃了鱼和炸马铃薯条.

crisp /krisp/ BrE, chip /tfip/ AmE [C] a thin slice of potato cooked in hot fat until hard 油炸马铃薯片：He bought a packet of （potato） crisps／chips.他买了一袋油炸马铃薯片.

E49 nouns 名词：condiments 调味品

condiment/'kondəmənt/ [C] fml a substance such as salt or pepper used at the table（餐桌上的）调味品（如盐、胡椒粉等）

salt/so:lt/ [U] salt kept on the table or in he kitchen for use in or on food 盐： Pass the salt， please.请把盐递过来.There＇s too much salt in this soup.这汤里放的盐太多了.salty［Wal；B］ of or like salt； having the taste of salt 盐的；似盐的；咸的 -iness［U］ saltcellar ［C］ a

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E50 FOOD 食物

salad.把沙拉递过来.That＇s a nice cheese salad

（cheese served with salad）.那种干酪沙拉很不错.

salad dressing /'sæləd 'dresi/ [U] a liquid

mixture such as mayonnaise added to salad to

improve the taste 沙拉调味汁（如蛋黄酱）

mayonnaise/,meiə'neiz/1 [U] a thick yellow-

ish liquid with eggs, oil, vinegar, etc, in it,

which may be poured over cold foods 蛋黄酱 2

[U9] a dish which contains solid food in a

liquid of this type 用蛋黄酱调制的食品：He likes

egg mayonnaise.他喜欢吃蛋黄酱拌鸡蛋.

French dressing / frentf 'dresIg/ [U] a liquid

made of oil and vinegar, used for putting on

salads（用植物油和醋制成的）沙拉调味汁

sandwich /'sændwitf/ [C] usu two slices of

bread with some kind of food spread over one

slice and then covered by the other, eaten in a

light meal or on a picnic， etc 三明治（两片中间

夹有食物的面包）：He had some chicken

sandwiches in his bag.他的提袋里有几份鸡肉三

明治.

roll /rəol/ [C9] a small loaf for one person,cut

and filled with the stated food（中间切开并夹有

食物的）小圆面包：He had some cheese rolls in

his bag.他的提袋里有一些干酪小圆面包.

E51 nouns 名词：puddings，jellies，and

ices 布丁、果子冻与冰淇淋

pudding /'pudin/ [C; U] a usu solid sweet dish

based on pastry, grain, bread, etc, with fat and

(dried) fruit or other substances added to it.

It is then baked, boiled, or steamed, and

served hot 布丁（一种热食的甜食）：We had an

apple pudding for dessert.我们吃苹果布了作为

餐后的甜食.She loves rice pudding.她喜欢吃大

米布丁.Mum makes wonderful puddings！妈妈

做的布丁非常美味！

mincemeat/'mins,mi:t/ [U] a mixture of dried

fruit, dried orange skin, and other things, all

cut into very small pieces, that is used as a

sweet food to put inside pastry（用干果、干橙皮

等切碎而成的）百果馅 mince pie ［C］ a kind of

small pie containing mincemeat 百果馅饼

jelly /'d3eli/ [U;C] 1 AmE usu (tdmk) jello

/'d3eləu/ a sweet soft food substance that

shakes when moved, made with gelatin[

H9］果子冻 2 other substances that are not

sweet（不甜的）冻类食物

ice cream /,ais'kri:m/ [U; C] a sweet mixture

which is frozen and eaten cold 冰淇淋：Let＇s

buy some ice cream.我们买点冰淇淋吧！Two

ice creams, please-one strawberry ice cream

and one chocolate ice cream.请来两份冰淇

淋-一份草莓的和一份巧克力的.

ice／ais／［C］ an ice cream（一份）冰淇淋：These

ices are very nice.这些冰淇淋很好吃.

ice-lolly /'ais,lpli/ AmE usu popsicle /'pppsrkl/

tdmk [C] a piece of ice on a stick, which tastes

of fruit， etc 冰棒；冰棍：The children were

licking ice-lollies.孩子们在舔着冰棒.

（用新鲜蔬菜等凉拌而成）；凉拌生菜：Pass the vanilla／və＇nılə／［U］ a substance from a plant of

container for salt on a table, usu with one or more holes in the top（餐桌上的）盐瓶

pepper /'pepə/ [U] 1 a hot-tasting, greyish, black, or pale yellowish powder made from the crushed seeds of certain plants (black pepper; white pepper) used to make food more tasty（黑胡椒、白胡椒磨成的）胡椒粉2asimilar powder made from certain other plants，such as paprika（用干红椒等制成的）辣椒粉 peppery［Wa2；B］ of or like pepper； having the taste of pepper 胡椒的；似胡椒的；胡椒味的 pepper pot also 又作 pepperbox AmE a container with small holes in the top, used for shaking pepper onto food 胡椒粉瓶

mustard /'mastəd/ [U; C] a yellow or brown powder made from the seeds of the mustard plant, mixed with water or vinegar and used as seasoning 芥末酱：He likes English mustard but she prefers French mustards.他爱吃英国的芥末酱，而她却爱吃法国芥末酱.

vinegar /'vınıgə/ [U] a kind of weak acid made from wine, cider [→E67], beer, etc, and used to preserve or flavour food 醋： He sprinkled ［→M59］ vinegar on his fish and chips．他在鱼和炸马铃薯条上洒了点醋．vinegary［Wa2； B］ ofor like vinegar； having the taste of vinegar 醋的；似醋的；醋味的

cruet/'krunt/ [C] 1 a metal stand or holder for containers of salt, pepper, mustard, vinegar, etc（放盐、胡椒粉、芥末酱、醋等的）调味瓶架；五味架 2 any of these containers placed on the table 餐桌上装有调味品的容器；调味瓶

seasoning /'si:zənm/ [U;C] a substance or substances that improve the taste of food 调味料；调味品：There is a lot of seasoning in this soup.这汤里放了许多调味品.

spice /spais/ 1 [C;U] a substance, usu a powder, made from dried vegetables, used to improve the taste of food 香料：Ginger is a spice．姜是一种香料．2［U］（fig）excitement； greater interest 刺激；趣味；情趣：Adventure adds spice to life. 冒险使生活更有味道.spiced［B］treated with spices 加香料的spicy［Wal；B］ of or like spice；tasting of spice 香料的；香料似的；香料味的-iness［U］

pickle／＇pikəl／［U］ also 又作 pickles／＇pikalz／［P］ vegetables, fruit, etc, which have been pickled ［→E107］ and are served as a condiment（用水果、蔬菜腌制的）酸菜；泡菜；腌菜：Have somelemon pickle.请吃点酸柠檬.

（tomato） ketchup ／（tə＇ma：təu） ＇ketfəp／ also 又作 catsup／＇kætsəp／［U］ a thick red sour liquid used to give a pleasant taste to food, prepared from tomatoes 番茄酱

E50 nouns 名词：salads and

sandwiches，etc 沙拉与三明治等

salad /'sæləd/ [U;C] any dish made up (mainly) of raw vegetables and served alone with or without cold meat， or with cheese 沙拉

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the same name, that is used to give a special pleasant taste to food such as ice cream and puddings 香草精；香草：vanilla ice cream 香草冰淇淋

E52 nouns 名词：forms of sugar 各式的糖

sugar /'fugə/ [U;C] a sweet substance,usu a powder, obtained from the juice of certain plants (sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum, and the maple tree) and used to sweeten foods and to ferment [→E70] alcoholic drinks 糖（由甘蔗、甜菜根、蜀黍、槭树等制成）：He puttwo spoonfuls of sugar in his tea.他在茶里放了两匙糖．sugary［Wa2；B］1 of or like sugar 糖的；似糖的2（fig）deprec too sweet 太甜的；过分甜蜜的-iness［U］

syrup /'sirəp/ [U;C] any thick sweet liquid made from sugar，fruit，etc 糖浆 syrupy［Wa2； B］ of or like syrup； fig deprec too sweet 糖浆的；似糖浆的；过分甜蜜的；过分多情的

treacle /'tri:kəl/ BrE, molasses /mə'læsız/ AmE [U] a thick dark syrup obtained when making sugar（制糖时提取的）浓糖浆；糖蜜 treacly［Wal；B］ of or like treacle 浓糖浆的；像浓糖浆的

icing /'aisı/ [U] a thick paste of sugar used for putting on cakes（铺于糕点上的）糖霜

icing sugar /'aisı 'Jugə/ [U] the loose pow-dery sugar used in making icing（制作糖霜的） 糖霜粉

E60 DRINKS 饮料

for giving a special taste to sweet foods and drinks 可可粉（可制甜食及各种饮料之用）［ALSO→E62 COCOA]

(chewing) gum/('tfu:in) gam/ [U] a gum[→H9], usu sweetened, etc, made to be kept in the mouth and chewed [→E6] steadily but not swallowed 口香糖；香口胶

toffee／＇tpfi／，also 又作 taffy／＇tæfi／AmE ［U；C］ a sweet made from sugar or molasses to be chewed 太妃乳脂糖；太妃糖：Have some toffee. 吃太妃糖吧.These are nice toffees.这是一些很好的太妃糖.

lollipop／＇lpli，ppp／ also 又作 lolly／＇lpli／ infml BrE [C] a hard toffee or similar sweet on a stick 硬太妃棒糖；棒棒糖：The child put out histongue and licked his lollipop.那孩子伸出舌头舔着棒棒糖.

caramel/'kærəməl/1 [U; B] (of, concerning,or like) a sweet substance made from sugar which has been slightly burnt 焦糖；焦糖的；似焦糖的2［C］a piece of this substance eaten as a sweet（焦糖制的）糖；卡拉梅尔糖：Have somecaramels.吃点糖吧.

Drinks

饮料

E53 nouns 名词：sweets and candies 各种糖果

E60 nouns 名词：kinds of drink generally一般饮料的类别

[ALSO→E2]

sweet/swi:t/[C] esp EngE something sweet, usu made of sugar， to eat or to suck 糖果：The child had a big bag of sweets.这孩子吃了一大袋糖果.May I have a sweet？我可以吃块糖吗？

candy /'kændi/ 1 [C; U] esp AmE (a shaped piece of) various types of boiled sugar sweets or chocolates（一定形状的）各类糖果或巧克力糖2 ［U］ a very sweet soft sugary food 甜食：He eats too much candy； it＇ll make him sick.他吃太多甜食；那会使他不舒服的.

confectionery /kən'fekfənəri/ [U] sweets and candies generally 糖果（总称）：The shop sells newspapers，tobacco，and confectionery.这家商店出售报纸、烟草和糖果.

sweetmeat／＇swi：t，mi：t／［C］old use a sweet 糖果sweetie /'swi:ti/ [C] BrE (used esp by or to children）＆ ScotE a sweet（尤指儿童用语）糖果

chocolaté /'tfokəlit/ 1 [U] a solid sweet brown substance made from the crushed seeds of a tropical American tree (cacao), eaten as a sweet 巧克力（糖）（用可可的种子制成）：Haveanother piece of chocolate.再吃一块巧克力糖吧．2 ［C］ a small sweet made by covering a centre，such as a nut， with this substance 巧克力夹心糖：Never eat chocolates before dinner. 吃饭前不要吃巧克力糖．3 ［U］ a sweet brownpowder made by crushing this substance, used

drink/drngk/ [U;C] a liquid suitable for swal-lowing 饮料

draught, AmE usu draft/dra:ft/[C]1 an act of swallowing liquid or the amount of liquid swallowed at one time，usu large（大口地）喝： He drank the glass of water in one draught.他将杯子里的水一饮而尽．2 lit a liquid fordrinking， esp a medicine 一份饮料（尤指药水）：He took a sleeping draught.他喝了一服安眠药水. on draught （of liquids） drawn from a large container such as a barrel （指饮料）从大容器（例如桶）中汲出的 draught beer ［U］ beer ondraught 桶装啤酒；生啤酒

hot/cold drink [Ć] a drink which is served or taken hot／cold 热／冷饮料

alcoholic drink/beverage /,ælkə'hplik drnk/ 'bevərid3/ [C] a drink/beverage with alcohol in it含酒精的饮料

strong drink /'stron drijk/ [U] alcoholic drinks generally（总称）酒

non-alcoholic drink /,nonælkə'hplik drigk/[C] a drink without alcohol in it 不含酒精的饮料

soft drink /'spft drink/ [C] a non-alcoholic drink 不含酒精的饮料；软饮料：They are onlyallowed to sell/provide soft drinks at school dances.在学校的舞会上他们只获准出售／提供不含酒精的饮料.

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E61 DRINKS 饮料

E61 nouns 名词：cold non-alcoholic drinks 不含酒精的冷饮料

(fruit) juice /(fru:t) d3u:s/ [U;C; often in comb］ the juice ofa fruit taken as a drink（果） 汁；果汁饮料：Have some more （orange） juice. 再喝点（橙）果汁吧.

lemonade /,lemə'neid/ [U; C] 1 BrE a drink made from sugar, water, and lemon [→A150] flavouring，with added gas（用糖、水、柠檬香料制成并加入气体的）柠檬汽水 2 AmE a drinkfrom fresh lemons，sugar，and water（用新鲜柠檬、糖、水制成的）柠檬水3 BrE lemon squash柠檬汁饮料

pop/ppp/ [U; C] a usu sweet drink with added gas 汽水

 /(e:cm,) epnes,/ (əем) epos which contains carbon dioxide [→H74], often drunk mixed with whisky［→E65］苏打水：Two whisky and sodas，please.劳驾，来两杯加苏打水的威士忌．2 esp AmE pop 汽水

tonic (water)/'tpnik('wo:tə)/[U;C] water which contains a substance (quinine) and carbon dioxide, usu taken in cocktails [→E67］，or with gin［→E65］奎宁水（加了奎宁的苏打水，通常与鸡尾酒或杜松子酒混合同饮）：Two ginand tonics，please.请来两杯杜松子酒加奎宁水.

squash/skwof [U; C] BrE a drink made from sweetened fruit juice which is mixed with water before serving（掺水的）果汁饮料

mineral water /'mınərəl 'wo:tə/1 [U; C usu pl] water that comes from a natural spring and contains minerals, often drunk for health rea-sons 矿泉水：Visitors to this town drink its mineral water.到这个城镇来的旅游者都喝这里的矿泉水．2［U；C］ BrE a drink containing gas， often sweetened and given a particular taste （as of oranges）， mostly sold in bottles（瓶装的） 汽水

cola/'kəulə/ [U; C] a drink made with the juice of the cola nut 可乐（可乐树子制成的饮料）

Coca cola /,kəukə 'kəulə/ [U; C] tdmk a cola drink containing carbon dioxide 可口可乐（一种含二氧化碳的饮料）

coke／kəuk／［U；C］infml Coca cola 可口可乐ginger ale/beer/'d3mnd3ə eil/brə/ [U;C] a gassy drink made with ginger 姜汁汽水；姜汁啤酒

E62 nouns 名词：warm non-alcoholic drinks 不含酒精的热饮料

tea /ti:/1 [U] a drink, usu served hot, made from the leaves of the tea bush 茶： She likes her tea with milk and sugar in it.她喜欢在茶里加牛奶和糖.Is that Indian or China tea？那是印度茶还是中国茶？2［C］tea in a cup一杯茶：Twoteas，please.请来两杯茶.

coffee /'kofi/ 1 [U] a drink served hot, made from the dried bean of the coffee tree 咖啡： He likes his coffee without milk.他喜欢喝不加奶的咖啡.They sell all kinds of coffee in that shop.那家商店出售各种咖啡.Would you like

your coffee black (= without milk) or white (= with milk），Sir？先生，你的咖啡要不要加牛奶？2［C］ coffee in a cup 一杯咖啡：Two coffees， please.请来两杯咖啡.

cocoa／＇kəukəu／ also 又作 hot／drinking choco-late 1 [U] chocolate powder which can be mixed with hot milk (and water) to make a hot drink（可可粉加热牛奶和水的）热可可：Twocups of chocolate， please．请来两杯热可可．2 [C] (a cupful of) a drink made from these substances 一杯可可：I had a coffee and she had a chocolate.我喝了一杯咖啡，而她喝了一杯可可.

E63 nouns， etc 名词等：alcoholic drinks generally一般含酒精的饮料

alcohol /'ælkə,hpl/ [U] 1 the pure colourless liquid present in (and responsible for) drinks that can make a person drunk, such as wine, beer，and spirits 酒精 2 the drinks containing this 含有酒精的饮料 alcoholic 1 ［B］ containing alcohol 含有酒精的2［B］ of， concerning，or caused by alcohol 酒精的；与酒精有关的；由酒精引起的3［C］ a person who cannot break the habit of drinking alcoholic drinks too much, esp one whose health is damaged because of this 酒鬼；酗酒者4［B］of or like an alcoholic 酒鬼的；酒鬼似的 alcoholism［U］ the habit or illness of an alcoholic 喝酒成瘾；酒精中毒

drink /drik/ 1 [U] alcoholic drinks generally （总称）酒精饮料：He took to drink when his business failed．他生意失败后便开始饮酒．2［C］an alcoholic drink 一杯酒精饮料：Can I buy you a drink？我能请你喝杯酒吗？

booze／bu：z／ sl 1［U］ alcoholic drink 酒2［IØ］ to drinkalcohol，esp too much alcohol（尤指过量）饮酒；痛饮：He spends every night boozing with his friends.他每天晚上都和朋友们一起暴饮.

liquor/'likə/ [U] 1 BrE fml or tech alcoholic drink 酒 2 AmE strong alcoholic drink，such as whisky 烈性酒（如威士忌）

tot/tpt/ [Ć] a small measure of drink, esp of an alcoholic drink， esp of whisky，etc 少量的饮料（尤指威士忌等酒类）

E64 nouns 名词：spirits generally 烈性酒通称

spirits/'spirits/ [P] strong alcoholic drink, esp such distilled [→E70] drinks as whisky, brandy，and gin 烈酒（如威士忌、白兰地等）

liqueur /Ir'kjuə/ [U;C] Fr an alcoholic drink made by mixing (esp) brandy with sugar and other substances to give it a special taste（尤指白兰地加糖和其它成分的）烈性酒

E65 nouns 名词：particular spirits，etc 特殊的烈性酒等

whisky /'wiski/ 1 [U;C] a strong alcoholic

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