with his collection of miniature farm animals. 那孩子在地板上玩他那套微型农场牲畜玩具．2［C(of)] a very small copy or representation of anything 缩影；缩样；缩小的模型 in miniaturevery like the stated thing or person, but much smaller 缩影的：That little boy is his father in miniaure.那个小男孩长得和他父亲一个模样.

minuscule/mı'nəskju:l/ [Wa5; B] very small indeed 微小的；极小的：What minuscule hand-writing！多小的字迹啊！

infinitesimal / infinə'tesəməl/ [Wa5; B] very small indeed 极微小的 -ly ［adv］： Atoms are infinitesimally small.原子是极其微小的.

microscopic / maikrə'skppik/ [Wa5; B] often infml very small 微小的；很小的；极微的：It＇simpossible to read his microscopic hand-writing.根本没法看清他那小小的字迹.-ally［advWa4]

N87 adjectives 形容词：small in special ways［Wa5］在特殊方面小的

small-scale /'smo:l'skeil/ [B] happening in small quantities to few people over a limited area，etc 小规模的：He runs a small-scale busi-ness locally.他在本地开一家小商店.

small-time /'smo:l'taim/ [B] not fml, often deprec relating to the lowest rank (esp in sport or the amusement business）（尤用于体育、娱乐业）劣等的；低水平的；平庸的：I＇m tiredof small-time acting！＇she said.她说：“我对低水平的表演感到厌倦！”

pygmy,pigmy/'pigmi/[A] often tech, humor, or deprec very small 非常小的：They have pigmy elephants in that country.那个国家出产矮小的象.Don＇t expect his pygmy brain to understand these scientific matters.不要指望他那智力低下的头脑能理解这些科学问题.

dwarf /dwo:f/ [A] sometimes tech small,less than the usual size 小的；矮小的：There is a dwarf apple tree in the garden.果园里有一棵矮小的苹果树.

N88 adjectives 形容词：neither big nor small［Wa5］不大不小的

average /'ævərid3/ [B] not specially big or small 一般的；普通的；中等的：He is of averageheight.他个子中等.His height is average.他是中等身材.

medium /'mi:diəm/ [A] often tech of middle size,amount, quality, value, etc; not great or small 中等的：The room is of medium size.这是一间中等大小的房间.He bought a medium-priced car.他买了一辆中等价格的汽车.

middling /'mıdəlny/ [B] not fml that is between large and small in size, degree, etc; that is neither good nor bad in quality， kind，etc 中等的；中号的；中级的；不好不坏的：The house islarge, but the rooms are only of middling size. 这幢房子很大，但里面的房间只是中等大小.His

N89 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

last book had a middling success.他最后出版的那本书获得一般的评价.She enjoyed herholiday, though the weather was only mid-dling.虽然天气一般，但她的假期过得很愉快.

N89 adjectives 形容词：big，esp in importance大的；（尤指）重要的

major /'meid3ə/ [Wa5; A] greater when com-pared with others in size, number, or impor-tance 较大的；较重要的：The car needs major repairs.这辆汽车需要大修.The play is a majorsuccess.这个剧获得了巨大的成功.There hasbeen a major improvement in his work.他的工作已有较大的改进.

main /mein/ [Wa5; A] first in importance or size 主要的；最重要的；最大的：This is a busymain road.这是一条繁忙的交通要道.Our mainmeal is in the evening.我们的主餐在晚上吃.Note down the main points of the speech.请把讲话的要点记下来.Soldiers guarded the maingates.士兵看守着主要的入口处.The main bodyof walkers got separated from the ones at the back.步行者的大队伍与走在后面的人分隔开了.-ly [adv]:There were mainly women in the room.房间里多数是妇女.He＇s mainly interested in money.他主要对钱感兴趣.

principal /'prınsəpəl/[Wa5;A] often fml main; most important； of highest rank 主要的；最重要的；首要的：The Nile is one of the principal rivers of Africa.尼罗河是非洲的主要河流之一.The principal need of this village is a pure water supply.这个村庄最需要的是洁净的水源.-ly[adv Wa4]: They are principally concerned with making more money.他们主要关心的是挣更多的钱.

chief／tfi：f／［Wa5； A］ not fml main；principal 主要的；首要的：Their chief aim is to make more money.他们的主要目的是赚更多的钱.Our chiefhope is to help people. 我们的主要愿望是帮助人.-ly［adv］：He＇s chiefly interested in sex.他主要对性感兴趣.

senior/'si:nə/1[B (to)] (esp of people) more important（尤指人）更重要的；更高级的：He isthe senior officer；let＇s ask him.他是高级军官， 我们问问他吧．2［C］ a person who is older，or of higher rank，etc（than another）年长者；前辈； 上级：He is my senior by three years／in the office.他比我大三岁／他是我的上司.

superior /su:'pıərə/ 1 [Wa5; A] fml & tech higher in position 地位较高的2［Wa5；B（to）］ (of people and things) of greater importance, quality，or value，etc（指人或物）高于的；优于的： I want to speak to your superior officer.我要和你们的上级军官谈谈.This is a superior cloth；it＇s much better than the others.这是高级衣料， 比其它的好得多．3［C］a person who is higher inposition （than another） 上级：He is my superior and I must do what he says.他是我的上级，我必须按他说的去做.superiority［U］ thestate of being superior 优越（性）：The superior-ity of these goods to the others is easy to see. 这些货物显然要比其它那些好.

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N90 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

N90 adjectives 形容词：small，esp in importance ［usu Wa5］小的；（尤指）较不重要的

minor/'mamə/ [B] less when compared with others，in size，number， or importance 较小的； 较少的；次要的：The car needs a few minorrepairs.这辆汽车有几处地方需要稍加修理.Therehave only been minor improvements in his work.他的工作只有一些较小的改进.

lesser/'lesə/ [A] not so great in worth, degree, size，etc；smaller 更少的；较小的：To go there is the lesser evil/lesser of two evils; to stay here would be worse.去那里固然不好，但留在这儿就更糟.

subsidiary /səb'sidiəri/ [B (to)] of second importance to the main company, plan,work, etc.附属的；次要的：They have a subsidiary factory in the south.他们在南方有一家附属工厂.dependent /dr'pendənt/ [B (on)] that depends on 依赖的；依靠的；取决于···的：Success is depen-dent on the results of this examination.成功与否取决于这次考试的结果.Have you any depen-dent children？你有要赡养的孩子吗？

subordinate /sə'bo:dinət/ [B (to)] of a lower rank or position 从属的；下级的：a subordinate worker 下属工作人员；Your wishes are subordi-nate to the company＇s aims.你的愿望要符合公司的宗旨.

junior/'d3uiniə/ 1 [B (to)] (esp of people) less important（尤指人）级别较低的；资历较浅的：Hespoke to a junior official and got no real help. 他对一个级别较低的官员谈了这件事，但没有得到任何切实的帮助．2［C］a person who is younger or of lower rank etc（than another）（年纪）较小的； （地位）较低的：He is my junior by three years／in the office.他比我小三岁／他是我的下级.

inferior /in'fiərıə/ [B (to)] 1 fml & tech lower in position 地位低的2（of people and things） not good or less good in importance,quality,or value（指人或物）差的；（质量）低劣的：inferiorwork 差劲的工作；His work is inferior to mine. 他的工作不如我.He＇s so clever，he makes me feel inferior.他是如此的聪明；在他面前我感到自已很差劲.inferiority ［U］ the condition of being or feeling inferior 下等；劣等；下级：inferi-ority to others 不如他人；a sense of one＇s inferi-ority 自卑感

negligible /'neglid3əbal/ [B] very small;too small to be worth bothering about 很小的；微不足道的：It is a negligible amount of money.这点钱是微不足道的.-bly［adv］

N91 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：maximum，minimum，and optimum 最大、最小与最适宜

maximum /'mæksəməm/[C (of); A] the largest number，amount，etc 最大量（的）；最大数（的）； 最高点（的）：What＇s the maximum distance you＇ve ever walked？ 你走过的最远距离是多少？

Today we reached the maximum temperature this year.今天我们这儿的气温达到了今年的最高点.He smokes a maximum of ten cigarettes a day.他每天最多抽十支香烟.The lamp will giveyou the maximum of light.这盏灯会给你最大的光亮度.The sound has reached its maximum （＝its loudest）.这声音已达到最响的极限.

maximal /'mæksəməl/ [Wa5; B] as greatas possible 最大的；最高的：The plant reaches maximal size in two months.这棵植物两个月内长到它的极限.-ly［adv］

minimum /'mınəməm/ [C (of); A] the least,or the smallest possible, quantity, number, or degree 最小量（的）；最小数（的）；最低程度（的）：This price is his minimum; he refuses to lower it further.这是他的最低价，他不肯再降低了.Hecouldn't avoid losing some money in his busi-ness，but he kept his losses to a minimum.他的生意无法避免亏损，但他使亏损保持在最低限度.The minimum pass mark in this examination is 40 out of 100．这次考试的最低及格分数线是100分中得40分．He couldn＇t join the police， because he was below the minimum height allowed by the rules.他不能当警察，因为他的身高没有达到规定的最低高度.

minimal /'miniməl/ [Wa5; B] of the smallest possible amount，degree，or size 最小的；最少的；极微的；最低（限度）的：Fortunately，the storm only did minimal damage to the farmer's crops.幸亏暴风雨对农夫的庄稼只造成极小的损失.Her clothing was minimal.她几乎没穿衣服.-ly [adv]

optimum /'pptəməm/ [C; A] best or most favourable 最适宜的；最佳的；最理想的；最适宜的条件；最适量：The optimum rainfall for growing rubber is about 100 inches a year．种植橡胶最适宜的年降雨量大约是一百英寸.The optimum is100 inches a year．最适量是全年一百英寸．

optimal /'pptiməl/ [Wa5; B] relating to the best 最好的；最理想的：The optimal rainfall is about 100 inches a year．最理想的降雨量是一年约一百英寸．100 inches is optimal．一百英寸最为理想．-ly [adv]

N92 verbs 动词： growing and getting bigger 成长与逐渐变大

[ALSO→N15]

grow／grəu／［IØ；T1］ to （cause to） get bigger（使） 变大；成长：The plant began to grow （larger and larger）.这棵植物开始生长（长得越来越大）.Can you grow any plants here?-No,very little grows here.这里能种东西吗？-不能，这里什么也不长.The little plant grew into a tree.幼苗长成为一棵树.He has grown into a man.他已长大成人.As the weeks went on his troubles grew.几个星期过去了，他的烦恼也随之增多.

sprout/spraut/[IØ; T1] to (cause to) begin to grow（使）开始生长；发芽：The seeds began to sprout.种子开始发芽了.The young tree sprouted leaves. 小树长出了叶子.（fig infml） That boy is really sprouting！那男孩长得真快！

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（fig）The idea sprouted quickly.这思想很快地萌发出来了.He began to sprout ideas.他开始产生各种想法.

develop /dr'veləp/ 1 [T1;IØ:(from, into)] to (cause to) grow, increase, or become larger or more complete（使）成长；（使）发育；增加；扩大；发展；发达：It has developed from a seed into a plant.它已从一粒种子长成一棵幼苗.That enginedevelops a lot of heat.那台机器产生大量的热.Different conditions develop different sides of a person＇s character.不同的条件使个人性格的不同方面得到发展.He has gradually developed a liking for that fruit.他逐渐喜欢起那种水果来.Achild develops rapidly between the ages of 13 and 16．孩子在十三至十六岁之间发育很快．2［T1］to study or think out fully； present fully 发挥； 详尽阐述：I＇d like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point.在谈下一点之前，我想更充分地阐述这个观点．3［T1］to bring out the possibilities of (esp land or natural substances）开发（尤指土地或自然资源）：We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.我们应当开发我国所有能使我们致富的自然资源.Look atall that empty land just waiting to be devel-oped！请看所有那些有待开发的荒地！4［T1；IØ］to(cause to) begin to be seen, become active,or show signs of（使）发生；（逐渐）显现出；活跃起来：Trouble is developing among the sailors.水手中已出现骚动的苗头.He seems to be developingan illness.他看样子是生病了.

spread /spred/ 1 [T1; IØ:(out)] to stretch or extend in space or time（空间上）扩展；伸开；分散（在一段时间内）：He stood up and spread（out） his arms.他站起来，伸开了双臂.His visitsto Canada were spread (out) over five years. 他的几次加拿大之行是分散在五年中进行的．2［D1with／on］ to put （a covering） on （a surface） 涂在···表面上：She spread butter on the bread.她在面包上涂了黄油．3［IØ］ to extend to cover alarger area 扩展；蔓延：In the last hundred years the city has spread greatly.在近一百年里这个城市扩展了很多.The water spread slowlyacross the ground.水在地上慢慢地流开来.

swell /swel/ [Wv5 swollen] 1[IØ (up)] to increase in fullness and roundness 肿胀；膨胀： Her ankle swelled after the fall.她跌倒后脚踝子便肿了．2［T1］ to increase the size or amount of 增长；增大：He took a job to swell his pocket／ funds （＝ money）．他找了一份工作以增加收入．3［T1；IØ］（fig） to fill（使）充满；（使）得意洋洋： Her heart swelled with pride.她心中充满了自豪. Pride swelled her heart． 她沾沾自喜．4 ［T1 （out）］ to fill， giving a round shape 使隆起：The cat's stomach was swelled with milk/swollen with milk.那只猫的肚子被牛奶撑得鼓鼓的.

inflate/in'fleit/[Wa5; T1] 1 to cause to swell with gas，air，etc 使充气：He inflated the plastic ball．他给气球充气．2（fig）to feel greater，more important, etc than necessary, desirable, etc 使得意；使骄傲：They are inflated with their own power.他们因自己有了权力而神气活现.

blow up ［v adv T1］ infml to inflate（def 1）使充气；打气：He blew up the plastic ball.他给塑料

N92 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

球吹气.Blow the bicycle tyres up.请给自行车轮胎打气.

increase /mn'kri:s/ [T1;IØ] often fml to make or become larger in amount or number 使增加；增长：The population of this town has increasd. 这个城镇的人口增长了.I increased the amountof water to be added during cooking.我增加了烹煮时要加进去的水量.

wax／wæks／ rare 1 ［IØ］ to grow 增大；变圆：The moon waxes at this time of the month.每月这个时候月亮都要变圆．2［L7］ old use（of aperson）to become（指人）变为···（usu in the phr wax merry／happy， etc 变得快乐／高兴等）： He waxed merry as he drank.他几杯下肚，就高兴起来.

expand /ik'spænd/ 1 [IØ; T1: (by, into)] to （cause to） grow larger（使）膨胀；（使）扩张； （使）扩大：Iron expands when it is heated.铁受热就膨胀.He breathed deeply and expanded his chest.他深呼吸并鼓起了胸脯.The narrowpath expanded into a wide road.狭窄的小道扩大成了宽阔的公路.You should expand thisshort story by 50 pages．你应该把这篇短篇小说再扩充五十页．2［I0］（of a person） to become more friendly and willing to talk（指人）变得和蔼可亲并健谈：This quiet young man expands only when he is among friends.这个文静的青年只有和朋友们在一起时才变得和气健谈.

prolong ／prə＇lpg／ ［T1］ to make longer 延长： Some people have tried to find a means of prolonging life.有些人在设法寻找延年益寿的办法.prolongation ［U； C］ the action or result of prolonging 延长

extend /ik'stend/1 [L9] (of space, land or time) to reach，stretch， or continue（指空间、陆地或时间）延伸；延续：The Roman Empire extended to／as far as the Atlantic Ocean.罗马帝国一直延伸到大西洋.The hot weather extended into October．热天气一直延续到十月份．2［T1］ tomake longer or greater, esp so as to reach a desired point 扩大；延长：He wants to extend his garden/extend the railway to the next town.他想把他的花园扩大／铁路延长到下一个城镇.The US has greatly extended its influencein world affairs.美国在世界事务中已大大地扩大了自己的影响．3［T1］ to stretch out to the limit （a part of one＇s body）伸出；拉开（身体的某个部分）：a bird with its wings extended一只展开翅膀的鸟；He refused to take the hand I extended in friendship．我友好地向他伸出手去，但他不握．4[D1 (to); T1] fml to give or offer (help, friend-ship，etc）to（someone）给予或表示（帮助、友谊等）：She extended a warm welcome to him.她向他表示热烈欢迎.She extended him a warmwelcome.她向他表示热烈欢迎.Government help will be extended where it is needed.政府将向需要帮助的地方提供援助.The bank willextend you credit (= the right to borrow money）．银行将给你提供信用贷款．5［T1 usupass］ to cause to use all possible power 使竭尽全力；使拼命：The horse won the race easily without being fully extended.那匹马并未竭尽全力便轻易地赢得了比赛.

enlarge/In'la:d3/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) grow

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N93 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

larger or wider（使）扩大；放大；扩展；增大：This photograph probably won＇t enlarge well.这张照片放大可能效果不好.They built three newrooms to enlarge the school.为了扩充学校，他们新建了三个室.（fig）Travel enlarges the mind. 旅游能开扩眼界.

magnify /'mægnifai/ [T1] to make (something) appear larger than in reality 放大；扩大：Cells of the body must be magnified several times before they can be seen.身体的细胞必须放大好多倍才能看得见.（fig） There is no need tomagnify your difficulties.没有必要夸大你的困难.He is an official of low rank， though he magnifies his own importance.他只是个小官， 尽管他夸大自己的重要性.

multiply ／＇maltə，plar／1 ［T1； IØ］ to increase 增加； 增多：to multiply one＇s chances of success 增加某人成功的机会；Our chances multiplied.我们的机会增多了．2［IØ］to breed 繁殖；增殖：Whenanimals have more food, they generally multi-ply faster.动物如果吃得多，通常繁殖就快.

amplify /'æmplifai/ 1 [T1] to make larger or greater 扩大；扩展 2［T1］ to increase the strength of (something, esp sound coming through electrical instruments）（尤指通过电器设备对声音等）加强；放大；增大3［T1；IØ（on，upon）］ to explain in greater detail 详细阐述；进一步阐发：He amplified on his remarks with drawings and figures.他用图表和数字对自己的话详加解说.

maximize,-ise/'mæksə,maiz/ [T1] to make as large as possible to increase to the maximum ［→N91］使增加（或扩大）到最大限度：We mustmaximize our profits next year.明年我们必须尽量提高我们的利润.

add to [v prep T1, 6] to increase by adding one thing to another 增加；增进：Can you add to what you have paid？你能在已付的钱上有所增加吗？Your carelessness adds to our problems. 你的疏忽增加了我们的问题.

augment /oxg'ment/[T1; (IØ)] usu fml & tech to make or become bigger, more valuable, better，etc 扩大；增加；增长；使更好：He augments his earnings by growing his own food. 他自己种粮食以增加收入.

supplement/'saplə,ment/[T1(by, with)] fml to add to 补充；增补：She supplements her diet／ rations (=food) with eggs and fruit from the farm.她用农场生产的蛋和水果来补充她的食物.He supplemented his income by working in the evenings.他用晚间工作来补充他的收入.supplementary [Wa5;B] in the nature or for the purposes of a supplement； added；extra 补充的；增补的

swamp/swpmp/[T1often pass(with)] to give too much of （something）使应接不暇；使不得脱身；使穷于应付：We were swamped with letters from people wanting work.人们的求职信多得使我们应接不暇.They swamped us with work； there was more than we could do.他们把大量的工作堆在我们身上，使我们无法应付.

exceed/rk'si:d/[T1] to be greater or do more than 比···大；超过；胜过：His ability exceeds hers.他的能力比她强.The driver was exceeding

the speed limit in the town and the police took his name and address.那位司机开车超过了市内行车速度的限制，警察把他的姓名和住址记了下来.exceedingly ［adv］ esp fml very much 非常地：I＇m exceedingly pleased to meet you.见到你我非常高兴.It was exceedingly good of you to come！你来了，这太好了！

dwarf /dwo:f/ [T1] to make (something) seem small 使显得矮小；使相形见绌：That new build-ing is so big that it dwarfs all the others.那座新楼这么高，相形之下，所有其它楼房都显得很矮小.

N93 nouns 名词：growing and getting bigger 成长与逐渐变大

growth／grəuθ／1［U］the act of growing 生长；成长：The garden looks good； there＇s been plenty of growth this year.花园很美，今年花草长得很茂盛.The growth of real democracy is slow.真正的民主成长得很缓慢．2［C usu sing］ an act orresult of growing 生长；成长；生长物；产物：Hehas a good growth of hair.他有一头长得很好的头发.

development/dr'veləpmənt/ 1 [U] the act of developing 发展；开发；开展；成长：The develop-ment of our country is a matter of the first importance，＇he said.他说：“我国的发展是首要问题．”2 ［C］ an example of this； something new 进展；发展（指事例）；新事物：What developmentshave there been in the matter since I left!-No fresh developments.自从我离开以来事情有什么进展？---没有新的进展.

spread/spred/ [C usu sing] the amount by which something spreads 传播（量）；普及；传布； 蔓延：The spread of civilization has been slow. 文化的普及很缓慢.

expansion /ik'spænfən/ [U] the act of expand-ing 膨胀；扩张；扩大：People have known about the expansion of iron due to heat for a long time.人们很久以来就懂得铁受热能膨胀.Thisroad needs expansion.这条马路需要加宽.

inflation／m＇fleifən／［U］ the act of inflating 膨胀extension/ik'stenfən/1 [U] the act of extend-ing 延长；延伸；扩大：They hope for the exten-sion of the road to reach their village. 他们希望把这条路延长到他们的村庄．2［C］an exampleor result of this；anything extended 延长部分； 扩大部分；增设部分：He built an extension ontohis house. 他给房子加建了一翼.We need anextension of time to pay the money back.我们需要延长还钱期限.

extent /ik'stent/ [U] the amount by which something extends or is extended 宽度；长度； 程度；限度：Do you know the extent of the damage to the house？你知道房子损坏的程度有多大吗？To what extent（＝by how much） have they changed the law？他对法律做了多大的修改？extensive ［B］having a great extent 广大的； 广泛的；大量的：They have made extensive changes in the law.他们对法律做了大量修改.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

addition /ə'difən/1 [U] the act of adding, esp of

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adding numbers together 加；（尤指数字）加起来2 ［C］ something added 增加（物）：A newly bomn child is often called an addition to the family.人们常把新生的婴孩叫作家庭的新成员.

enlargement /m'la:d3mənt/ 1 [U] the act of enlarging 扩大；扩展（指行动）2 ［C］an example of this；anything enlarged 扩大；扩展（指事例）； 扩大的部分；扩大物；增补物

increase ／＇ikri：s／ ［C；U］ more of anything 增加；增长：We need increases in money.我们需要增加资金.There has been an increase in the amount of water in the lake.湖中水量增加了.Crime there is on the increase (= increasing). 那里的犯罪活动不断增加.

increment /'ikrəmənt/ [C] fml an increase, esp in money paid for work done 增加额（尤指工钱）：He got an increment of £50．他的工资增加了五十英镑.

magnification/,mægnəfə'kerfən/1[U] the act of magnifying 放大 2 ［C］ an example of this； anything magnified; tech the amount by which anything is or can be magnified 放大（指事例）； 放大了的东西；放大率（或倍数）

multiplication / maltəplə'kerfən/ usu fml [U] the act or result of multiplying 倍增：The mul-tiplication in the number of rabbits in Austra-lia worried the farmers.在澳大利亚兔子的数量成倍增长使农民担忧.

amplification / æmpləfə'keifən/ usu fml [U] the act or result of amplifying 扩大；增强；放大； 详述：Your remarks will need some amplifi-cation by means of drawings or photographs. 你的评论需要用图表或照片详加说明.

augmentation/o:gmen'teifən/ usu fml 1 [U] the act of increasing or of being increased in size or amount 增加；扩大；增长2［C］that which is added to something； an increase 增加物：He received an augmentation of £2000 a year.他一年增收二千英镑.

supplement /'sapləmənt/ [C] 1 an additional amount of something 增补；补充：She has been ill and must have supplements to her ordinary food．她有病，应当补充些营养食品．2 an addi-tional written part, at the end of a book, or as a separate part of a newspaper, magazine, etc （书籍的）补遗或附录；（报刊等的）副刊（或增刊）：The big Sunday papers have colour supple-ments,often called the Sunday supplements. 星期天出版的大型报纸都有彩色增刊，通常叫做星期日增刊.

N94 verbs 动词：growing and getting smaller 逐渐变小

lessen/'lesən/ [IØ; T1] to become or make less （使）变小；减少；减轻：The noise lessened.嘈杂声减少了.Lessen the noise，please！请别那么吵！

grow less ［v adv IØ］ to become less 渐少：The noise slowly grew less.噪音逐渐减少了.

diminish /də'minıf/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become or seem smaller（使）减少；缩小：His illness diminished his strength.疾病使他的体力

N94 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

减弱.That country＇s money is diminishing in value.该国的货币正在贬值.The power ofthe Crown has increased, is increasing and ought to be diminished (from a speech in Parliament，1780）．王室权力已经扩大了，现在仍在扩大，应当把它削弱（引自1780年英国议会的一篇发言）.

dwindle /'dwindl/ [IØ (away)] often emot to become smaller and smaller or less and less, usu slowly 逐渐变小；慢慢减少：The number ofpeople helping us dwindled steadily until there were only four left.帮助我们的人逐渐减少，最后只剩下四个人.

decrease /dr'kri:s/ [T1; Iø] to (cause to) become less in size, number, strength, amount，or quality（使）减少；（使）减小；减弱；降低：Our sales are decreasing.我们的销售额正在减少.I shall have to decrease your wages.我将不得不减少你的工资.

decline /dr'klain/ [IØ] 1 to move from a better to a worse position 下降；衰落；衰退：His power／ health/influence has begun to decline now that he is old.由于年纪大了，他的权力／健康／影响力开始衰退.The old man declined rapidly and soon died.那老人衰老得很快，不久便死了.Thatold lady wants to spend her declining years by the sea.那位老太太想在海边度过她的晚年.Romereached a position of great power and then slowly declined.罗马帝国的权势发展到顶峰，之后就慢慢地衰落下去了.Standards of quality aredeclining everywhere，＇ he said.他说：“质量水准到处都在下降．”2 fml or lit to slope or movedownwards 倾斜；下降：About 2 miles east，the land begins to decline towards the river.往东大约二英里，土地开始向河边倾斜.The sun wasdeclining in the west.太阳从西边落下.

wane /wein/ rare [Wv4; IØ (away)] to grow gradually less until becoming nothing（渐渐） 减少；变少；减弱；消逝：The moon waned.月亏了.（fig）Their hopes waned （away）.他们的希望破灭了.

shrink /frigk/ 1 [Iø; T1]to (cause to) become smaller, as from the effect of heat or water （使）收缩；（使）缩小：Washing wool in hot water will shrink it／ make it shrink.羊毛线用热水洗会收缩.Meat shrinks by losing some of its fat in cooking.肉在烹调中因部分脂肪流失而会缩小.The value of money shrinks faster in some countries than others.有些国家的货币比其它国家的贬值得快．2［L9］to move back and away 退缩；畏缩：Fearing a beating； the dog shrank into a corner.那狗怕挨打，缩到墙角里去了.shrunken ［B］ having shrunk 皱缩的：His face looked shrunken from lack of food and sleep. 由于缺吃少睡，他的脸看上去干瘪瘪的.

deflate /di:'fleit/[T1]1 to let air, gas, etc out of 放出···中的气：He deflated the tyres of the car. 他放掉汽车轮胎里的气．2（fig）to make（some-one) feel smaller, less important, etc than necessary，desirable，etc 挫（某人的）锐气；降低···的重要性；使泄气：She really deflated him with her nasty remarks about his clothes.她对他的衣着恶言挑剔，实在使他大为泄气.

let down ［v adv T1］ infml to deflate （def 1）放

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N95 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

气：Someone let down my bicycle tyres！有人把我自行车轮胎里的气放掉了！

reduce /rr'dju:s/1 [T1; (IØ)] often fml to (cause to） become smaller or less 减少；缩减：He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们可以花的钱的数量.Herweight needs reducing．她需要减肥．2［X9］ to cause to do， feel，etc（a stated thing）使做出···； 使感到···；使处于···：He reduced her to tears.他弄得她哭了.Her words reduced him to angry silence.她的话气得他一言不发.

minimize, -ise /'mınə,maiz/[T1] to make as small as possible; reduce to the minimum [ N91］使减到最少（最小）：He hopes to minimize the amount of work he does.他希望将他所做的工作量减少到最低限度.

condense /kən'dens/ [Wv5; T1] to make (esp books, etc) smaller, esp by reducing the number of words 缩短；浓缩（书本等）：This is acondensed version of the book; it's only half as long as the original book.这是该书的缩写本，只有原书的一半.He condensed his speech to half its original length.他把演讲词压缩到原来的一半.

contract/kən'trækt/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become smaller， esp in mass（使）收缩；（使）缩小：Metals contract when they lose heat.金属冷却后会收缩.The animal contracted its body. 那动物把身体收缩起来．contraction 1 ［U］ theact of contracting 收缩；缩小2［C］ the shortened form of something, esp a word or phrase（尤指词或词组的）缩写形式3［C］an actof contracting 收缩；缩小

telescope /'telə skəup/ 1 [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become shorter by crushing, as in a violent accident 使···（相撞而）嵌入；（由于相撞而）嵌进；（使）叠缩：The two buses telescoped together killing all the passengers.两辆公共汽车相撞而叠嵌在一起，使乘客全部丧生.The railway carriagewas telescoped in the accident but luckily there were no passengers inside.那节车厢在事故中压扁了，幸亏里面没有乘客．2［IØ］to becomeshorter by one part sliding over another 套叠（一部分缩进另一部分而变短）：This instrumentwill telescope small enough to fit into this box.这个仪器套叠起来便可装进这个盒子里.

cut down [v adv IØ (on)] esp infml & emot to reduce 削减；减少：We must cut down on our spending.我们必须削减开支.

N95 nouns 名词： growing and getting smaller 逐渐变小

diminution /,drmə'nju:fən/ fml 1 [U] an act of diminishing 减少；缩小；缩减 2 ［C usu sing］ an example of this 减少；缩小（指事例）：The new law caused a diminution in the power of the Church.新法令使教会的权力缩小了.

decrease /'di:krixs/ [U; C] an act or result of decreasing 减少；减小；降低：Crime is on the decrease in that city.那个城市的犯罪案件正在减少.We need a great decrease in the number of

deaths on the roads.我们要大大减少公路车祸的死亡人数.

decline /dr'klain/ [C usu sing] a period or amount of declining, esp as something or someone gets near the end 下降；衰落；衰退（尤指趋于衰亡）：Edward Gibbon wrote The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire＇.爱德华·吉本写了《罗马帝国的衰亡》一书.There is asharp decline in interest in sports in our town. 我们镇的人对体育活动的兴趣急剧下降.She wentinto a decline and soon died.她的身体渐渐衰弱，不久就死了.on the decline declining 在衰退中；正在下降：In our town interest in sports is on the decline.我们镇的人对体育活动的兴趣正在下降.

shrinkage /'frikid3/1 [U] the act of shrinking 收缩；缩小；减缩：This kind of cloth isn＇t af-fected by shrinkage when washed.这种布洗的时候不缩水．2［C］（esp fig） an example of this 缩小；减少：There has been a shrinkage in the numbers of people going there.到那里去的人数减少了.

deflation／di：＇flerfən／［U］ the act of deflating 缩小reduction/r'dakfən/1 [U] the act of reducing 减少；缩小：The reduction in the numbers of people working in the factory has caused diffi-culties.这个工厂由于工作人员减少已出现许多困难．2［C］ an example or result of this 缩小；减少；缩减量；减少量：They made reductions in the number of people working in the factory.他们裁减了这个工厂的工作人员.

condensation /,kpnden'seıfən/1 [U] the act of condensing 压缩；缩短：The condensation of a book like that is difficult. 这样一本书压缩到那个样子是困难的．2［C］ an example or result ofcondensing 压缩；经节缩的作品：I read a con-densation of the book.我读过这本书的缩写本.

N96 determiners ＆ adverbials，etc 限定词和状语等：much，many，etc大量的、许多的等

much/matf/ 1 [det] (usu in neg sentences and questions) great in quantity, amount, degree （常用于否定和疑问句）大量的；很多的：I haven＇tgot much interest in cooking.我对烹调不太感兴趣.I don＇t have very much time.我没有很多时间．2 ［det］ （in all types of sentences， express-ing amount）（用于各类句子中，表示数量）：Howmuch time have we got？ 我们还有多少时间？Ihave too much work to do.我要做的工作太多了．3 ［adv Wa5］ （usu in neg sentences and questions）（常用于否定句和疑问句）a often 常常：I don't read much because I don't have the time.我不常看书，因为没有时间.b to a greatdegree 非常；很；太：I don＇t like that idea much.我不太喜欢那种想法.（esp fml）I＇m muchsurprised to hear that.听到此事我感到非常吃惊.Much to my surprise/displeasure she forgot our meeting (= surprising/displeasing me greatly by that）.使我大吃一惊／很不高兴的是，她忘了我们的会议．4 ［adv Wa5］（in all types of

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sentences in the phrs how much? too much,

very much， expressing amount 用于包含 how

much， too much，very much 词组的各类句子中，

表示量）：How much do you like him？-I like

him very much.你喜欢他到什么程度？-我非常

喜欢他.I＇ve been walking too much in the hot

sun．我在炎热的太阳下走得太多了．5［adv Wa5］

（with compar ＆ superl） by a large amount （和

比较级与最高级连用）多；更···：It was much

worse than I thought．这比我想的坏得多．6［adv

Wa5］ by a large degree 在很大程度上：She is

much the quickest worker.她在很大程度上是干

活最快的工人．7［adv Wa5］nearly 几乎；差不多：

In most ways she is much the same as usual.

在大多数情况下，她和平常几乎一样.Today was

much like yesterday．今天和昨天差不多一样．8

[adv Wa5] much more/less and even more/

less so 更加／更不用说；何况：I can hardly bear to

walk， much less run.我走都走不动了，更不用说

跑了．9［pron］（esp in neg sentences or ques-

tions） a large quantity， amount，etc（尤用于否

定句和疑问句）大量；许多：Some was lost，but

much was saved.有些损失了，但大部分都保存下

来了.We haven＇t seen much of you （＝ you

haven＇t visited us） recently.我们最近不大见到

你.Much of the work is already finished.大部

分工作已经完成.I borrowed the book but I

haven＇t read very much（of it）yet.我借了那本

书，但还没看多少.not much good at not very

good at 不太善于···：He＇s not much good at

games.他不擅长体育运动.not up to much not

very good or well 不太好：The film＇s not up to

much，although the actors are good.这部电影

不太好，虽然演员不错.I don＇t feel up to much

after my cold.感冒之后我身体感觉不太好.not

much of a not a very good 不太好的：It＇s not

much of a day （＝ bad weather） for a walk. 这

不是散步的好天气.as much again twice the

amount 多一倍：I got £10 but he got as much

again！我得到十英镑，但他得到的要多一倍！I

thought as much I expected that (esp some-

thing bad）我已这样想（尤指不好的事情）：So

they found out he's been cheating. I thought

as much.他们发现他原来一直作弊，我早就料到了.

as much as one can do the most possible尽

最大可能去做 without so much as not doing or

saying even so little as 甚至于不···：She went

off without so much as telling me.她甚至不告

诉我一声就走掉了.this／that much the particu-

lar amount or words 这样／那样多；这样／那样说：

I'll sa this much, he's a good worker (al-

though I don＇t like him personally）.我可以这

么说，他是个好工人（虽然我个人并不喜欢他）.too

much for having too many difficulties; too

hard for 非···能力所及；对···太难了：Climbing

the smallest hill is too much for her since her

illness.她自生病以来，连最小的山都爬不上.as

much as the amount that 同样多；像···那样多：

When you cook meat, there's never as much

as when you bought it.肉烧好了以后，绝不会和

买来时那样多.

more/mo:/1 [adv Wa5 (than)] (used for form-

ing the compar of most adjectives and adverbs that have more than two syllables, and of

N96 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

many that have only two）（用于构成许多双音节及大多数多音节形容词和副词的比较级）：Hisillness was more serious than the doctor first thought.他的病比医生当初想的更为严重.I askedhim if he could explain the matter more simply.我问他能否把事情解释得更加简单些.Thefirst question is more difficult than the second．第一个问题比第二个难．2［adv Wa5(than)] to or in a greater degree; for a longer space of time 更多地；更大程度地；更大范围内：He'll never be a good games player if he doesn＇t practise more.他如果不进行更多的练习，就永远不会成为一名好的运动员.He seems tocare more for his dogs than for his children. 他似乎关心他的狗多于关心他的孩子.Surprisingly，her face had more the appearance of anger than pleasure.奇怪的是，她脸上的表情看上去气愤多于喜悦．3［adv］again 再；另外（in the phrsany more 还；更，once more 再一次，no more 不再）：The old man stays in his village now； he doesn＇t travel any more （＝ any longer）.那位老人现在留在村里，不再外出旅行了.Theteacher said he'd repeat the question once more.老师说他会再重复一次这个问题.The shipsank below the waves, and was seen no more （＝no longer， never again）.那条船沉进波浪里， 再也看不见了．4［U］ a greater amount，quan-tity，part，etc 更大的量；较多的数量；更大的部分（esp in the phrs more than 多过；大过，even more 更多）：As he grows older， he spends more of his time in bed.他越来越老，卧床的时间也就越来越多.He owns more of this land than any other member of his family.这块土地他所拥有的面积多于他家里的任何人.He already ownshalf the land； now he wants even more.他已拥有土地的一半，可是他现在还想要得更多.I＇ve gotmore than you．我的比你的多．5［U］ an addi-tional amount， quantity， part，etc 额外的数量（或部分）；另外一些：I＇ve given you all you asked for；what more d＇you want？你要的我都给你了， 你还要什么？Have you had enough to eat，or would you like some more?-Yes;give me some more of that cake.你吃饱了吗？还要不要再来一点？-要，请再给我一点蛋糕.If you stayat that hotel, you'll have to pay a little more. 如果你住那家旅馆，就得多付点钱.He＇d like toknow more about the young man his daughter wishes to marry.他想多了解一点他女儿想嫁的那个青年的情况.Tell me·more！（＝I＇m interested in what you say）再给我多讲一讲！6［pron］a greater number of people or things 数量更多的人或物（esp in the phrs more than 多过，even more 更多）：Many people support the govern-ment，but more are against it.许多人支持这个政府，但反对它的人更多.How many rooms arethere in this house？-More than in mine.这所房子里有多少个房间？-比我家的多．7［det］agreater number or amount of 更大量的：There are more cars on the road in summer than in winter.夏天马路上的汽车比冬天多.and what ismore also and more importantly, seriously, etc 更有甚者；更重要的是；而且：You＇ve comelate for school and what's more you've lost your books.你不但上学迟到了，而且还把书丢了.

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N96 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

more and more to or in a degree that continues， to increase；increasingly 越来越···： As time went on, he found it more and more difficult to support his family.他日渐发觉要养活一家人是越来越难了. more than a littlepomp or fml very 非常；很：If you tell your father what you've done, he'll be more than a little angry.你如果把自己所做的事告诉你父亲，他会很生气的.no more neither 也不；都不：Hecan＇t afford a new car， and no more can 1．他买不起新汽车，我也买不起.no more...than in nogreater degree...than 和···一样不：He＇s no more fit to be a minister than a schoolboy would be.他和小学生一样不配当部长.themore...,the more/less to the degree that..., to an equal／less degree（指程度）越是···越是／越不···：The more angry he became， the more she laughed at him.他越是生气，她就越嘲笑他.The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them.问题越难，我就越不大可能解答.more than meets theeye additional things which make the matter less simple than it appears 在表面现象后面还隐藏着一些东西：There＇s more in her refusal than meets the eye; I think she's trying to hide something.她的拒绝背后有文章，我想她是在设法隐瞒什么.see more of someone to meet someone again，or more often 再见到某人；更多地见到某人：He liked the girl and thought he＇d like to see more of her.他喜欢那女孩，想多见见她.the more...，the more／less by the amount that...，by a greater／less amount（指数量）越··· 越···／越不···：The more he gives his children， the more they want.他给孩子们的越多，他们就要得越多.The more I see of him， the less I like him.我见他越多，就越不喜欢他.

most/məust/1 [(the) det] greatest in number, quantity，or degree（数量）最多的；最大的；（程度）最高的：The money should be shared among those who have (the) most need of it. 这些钱应该在那些最急需的人中分配.Theyoungest of his children takes (the) most interest in his lessons.他最小的孩子对学习最感兴趣.The storm did most damage to the houses on the edge of the cliff.(= those houses were damaged more than others）.风暴对悬崖边上的房屋造成的破坏最大.Which is most-10,20，or 30？10,20和30中哪个最大？2［det］nearly all 大多数的：He＇s visited most countries in Europe.他访问了欧洲大部分国家.MostEnglish words form their plural by adding s. 大多数英语单数词都是在词尾加s构成复数的．3[adv Wa5] (forming the superl of adjectives and adverbs with more than one syllable）（和双音节或多音节的形容词和副词连用构成最高级）：Which do you think is the most comfortable hotel in this town？你认为这个镇上最舒适的旅馆是哪一家？All the questions were difficult，but which did you think was most difficult？所有的问题都难，不过你认为哪一道题最难？4［advWa5] in the greatest or highest degree;more than anything else 最： What people most like about the doctor is his kindness.那位医生最得人们喜欢的，是他的亲切态度.I like all kinds of

books, but most of all I like books about history.我喜欢各种各样的书，但最喜欢的还是关于历史方面的书.You can help me most bypreparing the vegetables for dinner.你把晚餐吃的蔬菜准备好，就是帮了我的大忙．5 ［adv Wa5］（used for giving force）（用于加重语气）a（to an adjective） very（修饰形容词）非常；极其：Hethanked his host for a most enjoyable party. 他感谢主人请他参加了一个非常愉快的聚会.It＇smost dangerous to play with explosives.玩爆炸品是极其危险的.b（to an adverb） quite；very （修饰副词）十分；完全地：Whatever happens，I shall most certainly attend the meeting.不管发生什么事，我都会来参加这个会.He＇ll most prob-ably sell the house and go and live with his daughter.他完全有可能卖掉房子到他女儿那里去住．6［adv Wa5］ esp infml AmE almost 几乎： He plays cards most every evening.他儿乎天天晚上打牌.Most everyone in this small town possesses a car.这个小镇上几乎人人都有一辆汽车．7［the R］ the greatest amount 最大量；最大限度：We tried to stop the house burning down, but the most we could do was to save some of the pictures and furniture.我们曾尽力挽救那所房子不让它烧毁，但我们所能做的只是保全了一些画和家具．8 ［pron］ the greatest number， quantity，part，etc；nearly all 最大量；大部分；几乎全部：Most of the children in this school come from poor homes.这所学校的大部分孩子都来自穷苦人家.Most of his time is spent trav-elling.他的大部分时间都用于旅行.A few peoplewere killed in the fire，but most were saved.有几个人在火灾中丧生，但大多数人都获救.at（the）most/at the very most not more than (the stated amount）至多；最多；不超过：She＇s at most 25 years old．她至多二十五岁．It＇ll takean hour， at the very most，to drive home.开车回家最多用一小时.for the most part nearlycompletely; mainly; in almost all cases or respects 基本上；绝大部分；多半：Summers in thesouth of France are for the most part dry and sunny.法国南部的夏天绝大部分时间都干燥而阳光充足.I agree for the most part with what you say.我基本上同意你所说的.make the most ofto get the best use or greatest gain from 充分利用：Make the most of your free time； don＇t waste it in sleep.充分利用你的空闲时间，不要把它浪费在睡觉上.He doesn＇t do well because he doesn＇t make the most of his ability.他做不好是因为他没有尽力发挥自己的才华.Make themost of your appearance/yourself, and people will find you attractive.发挥你外貌／自己的长处，人们就会觉得你迷人.

many／＇meni／1［det］ a great number of 许多的； 很多：How many letters are there in the alpha-bet？字母表里有多少个字母？Were there manypeople at the play？ 看戏的人多吗？You have too many books on that shelf.你那个书架上放的书太多了.There are so many flowers that I can＇t choose.花多眼乱，我简直没法挑选.（fml）Manypeople would like to take holidays abroad.很多人喜欢到国外度假.He ate three cakes in asmany seconds（＝ one a second）.他三秒钟就吃了三块蛋糕．2 ［pron］ a great number 许多（人或

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物）：Take more apples； I don＇t want many for myself.多拿点苹果，我自己要不了很多.Howmany are there？有多少？He ate three and said he could eat as many again （＝three more）.他吃了三个，而且说还能再吃三个．3［P of］ a greatnumber 很多；多数：Not many of us will pass the examination.我们中间不会有很多人通得过这次考试的.Many of us will live to see great changes.我们当中很多人将会活着目睹那些巨大的变化.a good／great many infml a large number 许许多多 many a man， hour，etc many men，hours，etc 很多人，很多小时等one， two,three,etc too many one (etc) more than is needed 多出来一个（两个、三个等等）many＇sthe time,day, etc that there have been many times，days，etc 有许多时候，有许多天等one toomany for (somebody) clever enough to beat 比某人高明；胜过某人 the many（only comparedto the few) the large numbers of people who possess little（只和the few 相比）贫穷的大多数a lot genl ＆ infml 1 much 很 （多）： I like it a lot．

我很喜欢它．2（used with of） a large number （和of连用）许多；很多：A lot of people comehere.许多人到这里来.

a number of some；many 若干；许多：He knows a number of people here.他认识这里不少人.

numerous /'nju:mərəs/ [B] fml being very many 许多的：I spoke to him about it on numerous occasions（＝often）.我多次和他谈过这件事.

majority /mə'd3prəti/ [(the) GC (of)] the greater number (of persons, things, etc);more than half 大多数；大半：The majority（of the people）want／wants peace.大多数人希望和平.

very /'veri/ [Wa5] 1 [adv] (used to make a state-ment stronger or to emphasize an adjective) （用于加强语气或强调形容词）：It is very hottoday.今天很热.He drives very fast.他开车开得很快.She＇s very pretty，isn＇t she？她很漂亮，是不是？He is looking very much better now. 他现在看来好多了.It is his very own car.这正是他自己的汽车．2［A］this（person， thing， etc） and no other同一的；正是那一个的；就是那个；甚至于；连：You are the very person I wanted to meet.你正是我想见的人.The very idea of doing itangered him.做这件事的想法本身已令他十分气愤．3［A］（used to emphasize a noun）（用于强调名词）：It happened at the very beginning／end of the meeting.这事发生在会议正要开始／结束的时候.

indeed/mn'di:d/[adv Wa5]1 (used after very + adjective to make the meaning even stronger) （用在 very之后＋形容词等，以加强语气）：Thecrowds were very large indeed.那些人群确实很大．2 often derog （used to show surprise and interest）（用于表示惊奇和兴趣）：Did he，indeed？他真的这样吗？

N97 determiners ＆ adverbials 限定词和副词：not much，many，etc 不多、不很多等

little /'lrtl/[det; pron; U] (of mass nouns) not much；not enough（指物质名词）不多；不足；少

N97 SIZE＆IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

量：The little I have is not worth giving.我那一点点拿不出手.I have very little（money，food， etc）left.我剩下的（钱、食物等）不多了.I under-stood little of what he said.他讲的话我没听懂多少.She has so little time to enjoy herself. 她消遣的时间太少了.I had little difficulty in finding the house（＝I found it easily）.我没费什么力气就找到了这所房子.little by little gradually 一点点地；慢慢地；逐渐地

a little 1 a small amount， but at least some 一点； 少量：She had a few eggs and a little milk left. 她还剩下几只鸡蛋和一点牛奶.Give me a little ofthat wine.给我一·点那种葡萄酒.Would you likesome more cake？-Just a little，thank you.你想再吃点蛋糕吗？--再要一点点，谢谢.I had alittle difficulty in finding the house (= it wasn't so easy to find the house）.我费了点劲才找到这所房子.She speaks a little French； not much. 她能讲一点法语，但不多.Does she speak anyFrench？-A little.她会说法语吗？-会一点点.2 a short time 短暂的时间：He came back after a little.他一会儿就回来了.Can＇t you stay alittle longer？ 你不能多待一会儿吗？In a littleover 10 years life in that city was very diffe-rent.在十年多一点的时间里，那个城市的生活起了很大变化.Let＇s walk for a little.我们稍稍走一走吧．3 also 又作infml a little bit to some degree； rather一些；一点点：I was a little annoyed.我有点生气了.It＇s a little bit silly，isn＇t it？这有点愚蠢，是不是？

few/fju:/[det; pron; Wal; GU] not many; not enough 没有儿个；不多；很少：Few people came. 没有多少人来.How few？-Very few indeed.少到什么程度？--实在太少了.I have very few（chocolates）left.我没剩多少（巧克力）了.Few of the children were tired.没几个孩子感到累.There are so few that I can't give you one/any. 太少了，我不能给你一个／一个也不能给你.She hasso few chances to enjoy herself. 她消遣的机会太少了.There were no fewer than a hundred cars there (= There were 100, or more, cars there.）那里的汽车不下一百辆.Which of youhas the fewest mistakes？ 你们当中谁的错误最少？There were too few machines for the work. 用于这项工作的机器太少了.We are many andthey are few.我们人多，他们人少.For the lastfew years he has been abroad.过去几年里他一直在国外.few and far between rare；not happening often 稀少；隔很久才发生的：Holidays are few and far between.假期太少. the few (compared to the many) the small number of people with special needs or desires（和 the many 相比较）有特殊需求或欲望的少数人：Only the few are likely to enjoy this music.可能只有少数人会欣赏这种音乐.

a few a small number， but at least some 少数；有几个：She had a few eggs and a little milk.她有几只鸡蛋和一点牛奶.There are only a very fewleft.只剩下很少几个了.Pm keeping a few forhim.我留下几个给他.Let＇s invite a few friends to come with us.我们邀请几位朋友和我们一起去吧.Here are a few more chocolates.这儿还有几块巧克力.Can you stay for a few days longer？ 你能多待几天吗？quite a few，also 又作emph a

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N98 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

good few several；more than a few 相当多；不少：Quite a few of us are worried.我们不少人很担心.You＇ll have to wait a good few weeks for more！你还得等上好多个星期呢！

less/les/ [(than)] (comp of little) not as much （little 的比较级）更少的；较少的：I have somebread，but he has less.我还有点面包，但他没多少了.There is less time than I thought.时间比我想象的要少.She wanted to do more for you； she certainly couldn't do less (than she did). 她想为你多做点事，她当然不能做得（比实际做的）更少.（ironical）He couldn＇t possibly have done less than he did (= He did almost nothing）.他做的事少得不能再少了.

least／li：st／（superl of little）（little 的最高级）1 the smallest in size, amount, degree, measure, etc 最小；最少：He has the least money of us all.我们当中他的钱最少.He was the leastsurprised of us all.他是我们当中最不感到惊奇的.2 slightest 最轻微的；最微小的：He＇s not theleast bit worried．他一点也不担心．3［the U］ the smallest thing， amount， degree，etc 最小量；最小的事情；最低程度：Giving him food was theleast we could do.给他饭吃是我们最低限度能做的事情.at least if nothing else 至少；起码：The food wasn＇t good， but at least it was cheap.这食物虽然不好吃，不过至少它很便宜.at（the）least not less than 至少；起码；无论如何：It costsat least 5 pounds．它至少值五英镑．At the least， it costs 5 pounds．它起码值五英镑．least of all especially not 最不；尤其是：I don＇t want anyone to come， least of all him！我不要任何人来，尤其是他！

minority /mar'nprəti/ [GC usu sing] 1 the smaller number (of persons, things, etc);less than half 少数（人或物）；不过半数：A minority ofthe people want／wants war.只有少数人希望战争．2 a group of people， things， etc that is smaller than others 少数民族（东西等）：Black people are a minority in the United States.黑人在美国属少数民族.

N98 determiners ＆ pronouns 限定词和代词： some and any一些与任何一个

a／ei／［det］（an beforea vowel sound）（元音前用an） 1 one in particular 一 （个）： He bought a bottle of wine．他买了一瓶酒．2 any one（of a number）任何一个：We need a new house；this one is too small for us now that we have chil-dren.我们需要一所新房子，因为我们有了孩子，这所房子对我们来说就太小了．3genl one一：Can Ihave a piece of cake/a pound of butter, please？请给我一块蛋糕／一磅黄油好吗？4 foreach（one）每一：It costs 10p a pound（＝for each pound）．每磅十便士．5（with someone＇s name） one whom I have not met before（和某人的名字连用）以前未见过的一个人：There is aMr Jones to see you，sir.先生，有一位叫琼斯的先生要见你．6（with someone＇s name） someone of the same kind as（和某人的名字连用）像···一样的人：What is the chance of a second Einstein？出现第二个爱因斯坦的可能性有多大？

some/sAm/1 [det] a certain amount or number of一些；若干：Have some（more）wine.（再）喝点酒.He bought some cakes.他买了一些蛋糕.Some people came to see her.有些人来看她. He had to wait some time before he came.他不得不等了些时候他才到.Would you like some(more) bread?-Yes, I'll have somela little more，thanks.你想（再）吃点面包吗？-好的，给我（再）来一点，谢谢．2［det］ quite a largeamount of 相当多的；不少的：He has beenwaiting here （for）some time.他已在这儿等了好一会儿了．3 ［det］ infml a very good 好极的；非常好的：I really enjoyed myself； that was some party！那次聚会好极了，我实在玩得痛快！4［det］infml a very bad 很不好的：Some party that was； I didn＇t enjoy myselfat all！那次聚会糟透了，我玩得一点都不愉快！5 ［det］ not known orimportant 某一（不知道或不重要）的（esp in thephr some...or other 某一的）：I read it in some book or other.我以前在某本书上看到过.Somefellow told me; I can't remember who/his name.有个人告诉过我，我记不得是谁／他叫什么名字了．6 ［pron （of）］ a number or amount 一些： Some of the men came.有些男人来了.She gave some of the meat to the cat.她把一些肉给猫吃了.Can I have some，please？请问我可以要一些吗？

several /'sevərəl/ 1 [det] more than two but fewer than many 几个的；数个的：I know several people named Green.我认得好几个姓格林的人.I make several visits each year to London.我每年都到伦敦几次．2［Wa5；A］ esp old use andfml (with plural nouns) of the stated people or things； separate；respective（和复数名词连用）所说的人或事物的；个别的；各个的：Theystated their several opinions one at a time.他们逐个陈述了各自的意见.They shook hands andwent their several ways.他们握过手之后就各走各的路了．3［Wa5；A］lit various；different 各不相同的；种种的：The walls were built at several times by different people.这些城墙是不同的人在不同时期修建的．4［pron］ a few but not many；some 数个；几个；数人：Several of the apples are bad and several more have worm holes.有几个苹果是坏的，有几个还有虫眼.

any/'eni/1 [det] one or some of whatever kind; every 任何；无论哪个；每一个：Any child wouldknow that. 任何一个孩子都知道这个道理.Askany man you meet.问你遇到的任何一个人.Come any time you want（to）.你什么时候想来就来．2［det；pron （of）］ one or more others； one or more among 一个或几个其他的；在···中的一个或多个：Have you any （other） books besides these？除这些书之外，你还有别的什么书吗？Do you want any of these？-Yes； I＇d like some.这里面的你有没有想要的？-要，我想要点.Have you any bread?-Yes; a little/Yes; plenty.你有面包吗？-有一点／有很多.

N99 adverbs，etc 副词等：scarcely，hardly， and only［Wa5］几乎不、简直不与只有

only /'əunli/1 [adv] and nothing more;and no

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one else 仅；只：Only five minutes more， please！请注意，只剩五分钟了！Ladies only（notice）.只限女士（布告）.Only ladies can come in here.只许女士进来.He only sits and looks out of the window.他只是坐着凝视着窗外.It was something known only to us.这事只有我们知道.He saw only five men.他只看到五个人.Only five of the men did he see.他只看到其中的五个人.It is made from fresh fruit only.这是用纯新鲜水果制成的.Not only he but the wholefamily went.不只他去了，全家人都去了.I sawhim only yesterday（＝and no longer ago）.我只是昨天才见到他（＝不是更早时候）.Only a doctorcan do that．只有医生才能那样做．2［conj］but，esp 但是；可是；要不是，尤指 a（before limitingconditions）（在限制条件前）：You may go，only come back early. 你可以去，但要早点回来.b（before unfortunate events）（在倒霉事件前）： He wants to go，only he can＇t.他倒是想去，可是不能去.c also 又作 BrE only that（before the reason why something will probably not happen）（后面接着说明某事不大可能发生的理由）只不过；只是：I＇d do it with pleasure， only I＇m too lazy.我很乐意做这件事，只是我太懒了.He＇dsucceed，only he＇s rather lazy.他本可成功，可是他相当懒.if only （expressing a strong wish or desire）（表达强烈的愿望）只要；但愿：Ifonly shewould come！ 但愿她能来！If she would only come！但愿她能来！

only too very 非常；很：I＇m only too happy to come.我很高兴来.It was only too true，I＇m afraid.恐怕这是千真万确的.

only just 1 almost not 几乎不；恰好：I＇ve only just enough money.我的钱刚好够.They only just caught the train. 他们刚好赶上火车.He wasonly just able to walk．他几乎不能走动．2 just amoment before 刚刚；一会儿之前：They＇ve only just（now） arrived！他们刚刚才到！We＇d only just got home when he called.他来电话时我们刚刚到家.

just／d3ast／［adv］ 1 not fml only 仅仅；只：He＇s just a boy； he can＇t do all that work.他只是个孩子，做不了那么多工作.She just stood there，saying nothing．她只是站在那儿，一言不发．2almost not; to the amount needed, but not more than 几乎不；差一点就不；只需：The fallingtree just missed the house.那棵树倒下来的时候差一点就砸在房子上.I need just another hourto finish the work.只要多一个小时我就能完成这项工作．3 almost （at once）；very soon 刚刚；正要；方才；即时：He was just leaving when you came.你来的时候他正要走.We left just afterthey did.他们一走，我们也离开了.She was justabout to write to them．她正打算写信给他们．4ashort time ago 刚才：He has just arrived from London．他刚从伦敦来．5 not fml exactly 正好；恰好：Tell me just what you did， no more.就告诉我你做了些什么，别的不用说了.This book isjust right for him．这本书对他正合适．6 withouta doubt 确实；真正：The trip was just wonder-ful！这次旅行确实好极了！

hardly /'ha:dli/ [adv] 1 almost not; with diffi-culty 几乎不；简直不：I could hardly wait to hear.the news.我简直等不及听那个消息了.I

N100 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

could hardly speak for laughing.我笑得简直说不出话来．2 only just；not really 仅；才；不十分；还没有：I hardly know the people I work with. 我不大认识和我一起工作的人.I＇ve hardlyfinished；I can＇t come out.我还没有做完，不能出来．3 not at all；not really一点不；完全不；简直不：I can hardly ask him directly for more money.我简直不能直接向他再要钱了.This ishardly the time for buying new clothes; I've only got just enough money for food.这根本不是买新衣服的时候；我只有刚够吃饭的钱.You canhardly blame me if you didn't like the place, as you were the one who begged me to take you there.如果你不喜欢这地方，那完全怪不得我，因为是你自己要求我把你带到这儿来的.It＇s hardlyfair to punish the child when she didn't know she was doing wrong.孩子不知道自己做错事，如果处罚她，那完全是不公平的．4（in time）onlyjust（指时间）刚刚：We＇d hardly arrived before we had to go back．我们刚到就得回去．5 almostnot 几乎不：I hardly ever go out these days （＝ never）.这些日子我几乎不出门.You＇ve hardlyeaten anything.你几乎没有吃东西.You＇ve eaten hardly anything（＝nothing）.你几乎什么东西也没吃.Hardly anybody likes him， because he＇s so rude（＝nobody）.几乎没有人喜欢他，因为他太粗暴了.

scarcely/'skeəsli/[adv] often fml 1 almost not 几乎不：She spoke scarcely a word of English. 她几乎连一个英文字都不会说.I really couldn＇tlend him £10；I scarcely know him！我确实不能借给他十英镑，因为我几乎不认识他！2 esp pomp（almost） certainly not 一定不；决不；的确没有：Did you go in a taxi?- Scarcely that; I hadn't any money even for a bus.你是坐计程车去的吗？-那儿的话，我连坐公共汽车的钱都没有哩.You could scarcely have found a better person for the job than Miss Winkle.你的确不可能找到一个比怀特小姐更胜任这工作的人.

barely /'beəli/ [adv] emph hardly; just and no more 几乎不；勉强：He was barely able to walk. 他只能勉强走路.

N100 adverbials 状语：too，also，besides， etc ［adv Wa5］太，也，而且等

too /tu:/ 1 [(for, 3)] (before adjectives and adverbs) more than enough; to a higher degree than is necessary or good （在形容词和副词前）太；过于：You＇re going（much） too fast； slow down！你走得太快，慢一点！This dress is（a bit) too small (= not big enough) for me; I'l have to get a bigger one.这件衣服我穿太小了，我得找一件大点的.If the coffee＇s too hot，leave it to get cool.要是咖啡太热，就让它凉一凉.There＇sbeen (far) too little rain lately and the crops are dying through lack of water.最近雨下得太少；由于缺水庄稼都快枯死了.It＇s too soon（forus) to tell whether you'll be found guilt or not.会不会给你定罪，现在（我们）下断语还过早.It＇s too hot a day to work.天气实在太热，简直没法工作.He＇s too much of a coward（＝too

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cowardly） to fight．他太胆小，不会去打架的．2(not at the beginning of a clause) in addition; as well（不在子句前头）而且；也；还；又：I candance and sing too.我会跳舞，也会唱歌.I candance；I can sing too.我既会跳舞，也会唱歌.（compare 比较：I can＇t dance； I can＇t sing either.我既不会跳舞，也不会唱歌.）When I toldher I'd been to Paris too (= as well as London, Rome，etc）she was very jealous.当我告诉她我还到过巴黎（除伦敦、罗马等地外）她非常羡慕.Have you been to Paris too? (= as well as me) 你也去过巴黎么？（像我一样）It snowed yester-day；in July too！昨天下雪了，还居然在七月！3infml esp AmE indeed；so 确实；实在：I won＇t do it.-You will too！我不做这种事.-你会做的！only too very 非常：I＇m only too pleased to be able to help you.我能帮助你感到非常高兴.

as well (not at the beginning of a clause) not fml too（不在子句前头）也；又：He＇s going andI＇m going as well.他去我也去.

as well as in addition to（being）除···之外（也）； 和；既···又···：He was kind as well as sensible. 他既厚道又通情达理.As well as walking he likesfishing and shooting.他除散步之外还喜欢钓鱼和打猎.

also ／＇o：lsəu／ more fml 1 as well；too也；亦： Were you at the film？ I was also there.你去看电影了吗？我也在那儿．2in addition除了···还；而且：As well as seeing the film I also went for a meal.除了看电影之外我还去吃了一顿饭.notonly X but （also）Y both X and Y 不但X而且Y: It was not only colourful but (also) noisy. 它不但丰富多彩而且喧闹.

additionally /ə'dıfənəli/ fml as one more (per-son，thing）；too 此外；又：Additionally，we want you to come. 此外，我们还希望你来.He said，additionally， that you should come.他补充说你应该来.

in addition（to） fml additionally 另外；加之；除··· 之外（还）：In addition， we want you to come. 另外，我们还希望你来.You are to come in addi-tion to the others.除了其他人之外，你也得来.

moreover /mo:'rəuvə/ often fml & emph in addition (to that which has been stated);also 此外；并且；又：The price is too high， and more-over， the house isn＇t in a suitable position.价钱太高，并且房子的地点也不合适.

besides／br＇saidz／1 in addition；also 另外；而且： I don＇t want to go， （and） besides I＇m tired.我不想去，而且我很累.This car belongs to Smith，and he has two others besides.这辆车是史密斯的，他另外还有两辆.I don＇t like those bluesocks； what have you got besides？我不喜欢那些蓝袜子，你们有没有别的？2［prep］ in additionto 除···之外（还）：There were three others pres-ent at the meeting besides us.除我们之外还有其他三个人出席会议.

by the way (introducing a new subject or one that has not been mentioned earlier) as some-thing more（用来引出新的话题）顺便说；附带说说：By the way，what do you think of her new dress？顺便问一下，你觉得她的新连衣裙怎样？

incidentally / ınsə'dentəli/ (used to add some-thing interesting to what was said before,

either on that or another subject); by the way （用于补充前面说过的事）顺便说一句：I must gonow; incidentally, if you want that book I'll bring it next time.我得走了，顺便说一句，如果你想要那本书，我下次带来.

furthermore /'f3:ðə,mo:/ fml & emph (used to introduce additional matter into an argument) also；in addition（用来补充新的论据）而且；此外：The house isn't big enough for us and further-more，it＇s too far from the town.这所房子对我们来说不够大，而且离城太远.

over and above usu emph in addition to 除··· 以外（还）：Over and above this， we need more time.除此之外，我们需要更多的时间.

even/'iivən/1 (used just before the surprising part of a statement, to add to its strength) which is more than might be expected（放在表示惊讶的词前，以加强语气）甚至；连（···都）：EvenJohn doesn't go out in the summer(so certainly nobody else does）.在夏天连约翰都不出去（所以肯定其他人谁也不出去）.John doesn＇tgo out even in the summer (so certainly not in the winter）.约翰连夏天都不外出（所以冬天也肯定不外出）.John doesn＇t even go out in the summer (so he certainly won't go swimming). 约翰在夏天连门都不出（所以他肯定不会去游泳）.He passed me in the street and he never even spoke to me (= he didn't even speak to me). 他在街上碰着我，连话都不跟我说．2（used foradding force to an expression) indeed; (and) one might almost say（加强语气）确实；甚至可以说：He looked happy，even gay.他喜形于色，甚至可说是笑逐颜开.（infml）He looked happy， gay even．他显得很高兴，简直可以说是心花怒放．3（used before a comparative） still；yet（后接比较级）甚至（比···）更；还：It was cold yesterday， but it＇s even colder today.昨天很冷，但今天更冷.He finished his work even more quickly than usual.他的工作完成得甚至比往常还要快.even asjust at the same moment as 恰恰在···的时候：He fell even as I stretched out my hand to help him.恰好在我伸手去帮他的时候，他跌倒了.evenif／though though 即使···也：Even if you don＇t like wine (= though you may not like wine), try a glass of this！即使你不喜欢喝酒，也尝尝这一杯吧！（compare 比较：If you like wine，try a glass of this！假如你喜欢喝酒，请尝这一杯！）evennow/so/then in spite of what has/had happened；though that is true 即使在现在／虽然如此／即使在那时；尽管这样（那样）：I（have）explained everything, but even now/then she doesn＇t／didn＇t understand.我什么都解释了， 但是尽管这样，她还是不懂.It＇s raining；even so，I think we should go.下雨了；虽然如此，我想我们还是应该走.

N101 determiners，etc 限定词等：both， each，either，etc 两者、各个、两者之一的等等

both／bəuθ／1［det］being two 两；双：Both his eyes were hurt in the accident.他的两只眼睛都在事

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故中受伤了.She learned to use both hands equally well．她学会两只手都能同样灵活工作．2［pron］ the one as well as the other 两者；两人； 双方：Both of us.are coming.我们俩都来.Both of his eyes were hurt.他的两只眼睛都受伤了.Weare both well.我们两人都很好.John and Mary have both won prizes.约翰和玛丽两人都获奖了.John and Mary both have won prizes.约翰和玛丽两人都获奖了.Why not use both？为什么不两个都用？Why not do both？干嘛不两件事都做？both...and...not only but also...不但···而且···； 既···又···：She spoke with both kindness and understanding.她说话不仅和气而且能体谅人.Heboth speaks and writes Swahili.他既会说也会写斯瓦希里语.She is well known both for her kindness and for her understanding.她的和蔼可亲与通情达理是尽人皆知的.

every／＇evri／ ［det］ all， but esp one by one 所有的；（尤指）每一的；每个：He talked to everyperson at the meeting.他同每个参加会议的人都谈了话.Every person spoke to him.所有人都同他说过话.She used to come every day but now she only comes once a week.她过去每天都来，但现在每星期只来一次.Drink some of thismedicine every three hours (= let three hours pass before you take any more）.此药每三小时服一次.

each／i：tf／1［det］ every one separately 每；各个的：a（esp before a singular［C］ noun）（特别是用在单数可数名词前）：She cut the cake intopieces and gave one to each （good） child.她把蛋糕切成小块，然后分给每个（好）孩子一块.Each（good） child gets one piece of cake.每个（好） 孩子分得一块蛋糕.each one of the（good）children 每一个（好）孩子 b（after esp plural nouns，pronouns）（尤用在复数名词、代词之后）：(The boys) John, Peter and Bill each say they came first in the race.约翰、彼得和比尔（这几个孩子）个个都说自己在比赛中跑了第一.They eachlive in a big city; one in London and the other in New York.他们各自住在大城市里；一个住在伦敦，一个住在纽约.They each want to do some-thing different． 他们各自都想做些不同的事．2[pron] both or all (of two or more) separately 各个；各人：She cuts the cake into pieces and gives one to each of the（good）children.她把蛋糕切成小块，然后分给（好）孩子们每人一块.John and Mary never agree; each wants to do something different.约翰和玛丽意见从来不一致，各人都想做不同的事.He tells each of us onlywhat we have to know.他只把我们各人必须知道的事情告诉我们．3 ［adv Wa5］ for or to everyone 各个地；每个；每件：The tickets are fl each. 这些票每张一英镑.

else /els/ [adv Wa5] (after question words, some pronouns and adverbs）（在疑问词、某些代词和副词后）1 besides；in addition 此外；别的：I've said I'm sorry. What else can I say?(= What more）我已说过对不起了，还能说些什么呢？Who else (= which other person) did you see? 你还见到别的什么人了吗？Where else did he go？他还去过哪里？Does anybody else want to look at this book？ 还有别的人想看一看这本书吗？Idon't know the answer. You must ask some-

N101 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

body else.我不知道答案.你应当请教其他人.There isn＇t much else I can do to help you. 我帮不上你别的什么忙了.This is someone else＇sbicycle，not mine．这是别人的自行车，不是我的．2in/at a different place, time, or way; apart from that mentioned 另外；其它（时间、地点、方式）：I can＇t come on Tuesday. When else can we meet？我星期二来不了.我们还可在另外什么时候会面呢？Everybody else but me has gone to the party．除了我其他人都去参加晚会了．or else 1or otherwise；or if not 否则；要不然：He must pay £100 or else go to prison．他必须付一百英镑，否则要去坐牢.The book must be here，orelse you＇ve lost it.那本书一定是在这儿，要不然就是给你弄丢了．2（used alone for expressing a threat）（单独使用表示威胁）：Do what I tell youor else！照我吩咐的去做，不然有你好瞧的！

either／＇aiðə／1 ［det］ one or the other of two 二者之一的；（两者中）任一的：He＇s lived inLondon and Manchester but he doesn't like either city very much.他在伦敦和曼彻斯特都住过，但是这两个城市他都不很喜欢.I＇ve cut thecake in two；you can have either half.我已把蛋糕切成两半，你可以任选一半．2［det］ one andthe other of two；each（两者之中）每一方的：He sat in the car with a policeman on either side of him． 他坐在汽车里，两边各坐着一名警察．3［pron］ one or the other of two 两者中的任何一个：He has lived in London and Manchester， but he doesn＇t like either （of them）.他在伦敦和曼彻斯特都住过，但是他哪个都不喜欢.Either ofthese two dictionaries is／are useful.这两本辞典哪一本都有用．4［conj］（used before the first of two or more choices which are expressed by like noun phrases, verb phrases, etc, separated by or）（用于由类似名词、动词等词组所表达的二个以上可以选择的事物中的第一个之前，后用or来分开）：It＇s either a boy or girl.那不是男孩就是个女孩.He must either sing a song ortell a funny story.他要么唱首歌，要么讲个有趣的故事.Choose either red （or）black or green.要么选择红的，要么选择黑的或绿的.You either lovehim or hate him．你不是爱他，就是恨他．5［adv］（used with neg expressions） also（和否定语连用）也：I haven＇t read this book， and my brother hasn't either (= both haven't read it). 我没读过这本书，我的兄弟也没读过.I can＇t swim！-I can't either!(=I, too, am unable to swim）.我不会游泳！-我也不会！Didn＇t herecognize you either？ 他也认不出你来吗？They're not going down but they're not going up either；they＇re sort of steady.他们没有降，也没有升，算是稳定.

or /o:/ [conj] 1 (used between two or more choices after either）（用于二个以上选择，在either之后）：The water is either too hot or too cold，never just right！水不是太烫就是太凉，从来不会冷热正好！2（used for a choice like this but without either）（表示选择但不和 either 连用）：You can go or stay；decide now.你或走或留，现在就得决定.They can come on Monday or Tuesday or Friday, but not on Wednesday or Thursday.他们可以在星期一或星期二或星期五来，但不能在星期三或星期四来．3 （used to show a

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N101 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

result） otherwise；if not（表示结果）否则；要不然：You must work or go hungry.你必须工作，否则就得挨饿．4 that is；which means换句话说；也就是：He believes in democracy or the rule of the people, by the people, and for the people. 他信仰民主，也就是信仰民有、民治、民享的政治.

either-or /'aıðə'o:/ an unavoidable choice be-tween only two possibilities 非此即彼（的）；两者择一的（选择）：You may both be right in what you say；it＇s not a simple either-or.你们俩说的可能都对，这并不是一个简单的非此即彼的问题.Wefight， or we don＇t； it＇s an either-or decision.我们要么打，要么不打，两者必择其一.

neither /'naıðə/ 1 [det; pron] not one and not the other of two 两者都不：Which of the books did you like?-Neither(of them);they were both dull！这两本书你喜欢哪一本？-（两本）都不喜欢，它们都一样枯燥无味！Neither road outof town is good, but this one is better than the other.城外的两条公路都不好，不过这条比另一条好一点.two books that are neither of them very good（＝ neither is good） 两本都不太好的书；（They）neither of them wanted to go.（他们）两人都不想去．2［conj］（used before the 1st of two or more choices which are expressed by like noun phrases, verb phrases, etc,separated by nor） not either（用于两个或以上选择中第一个的前面，这些选择通常用类似名词、动词等词组表达，后和nor连用）既不···也不···：They went neither by day nor by night（＝never）.他们既不是白天走也不是夜间走.He neither ate， drank， nor smoked; he liked neither the meal nor the cigarettes.他不吃、不喝、也不抽烟；他既不想吃饭也不想抽烟．3［adv］ （used after an expression or sentence with no, not,never,etc) nor;no more；also not（和带有 no，not，never 等的词语或句子连用）也不：I can＇t swim.-Neither can I！（infml）Me neither！（＝I can＇t either）我不会游泳.-我也不会！

nor /no:/ [conj] 1 (used between the two or more choices after neither）（用于两个以上选择， 在neither 之后）也不：It's just warm, neither cold nor hot．天气暖和，不冷也不热．2（usedbefore the 2nd, 3rd, etc choices after not) and／or not（用于第二、第三等选择之前，在not之后）···也不；（···没有）···也没有：The job cannot be done by you nor (by) me, nor (by) anyone else.这个工作你做不了，我也做不了，任何别的人也做不了．3 （used at the beginning of an expression just before a verb) and also...not （用在一个语句之首，后面紧跟动词）而且···也不；但不：I don＇t want to go； nor will I （＝ and I won＇t）.我不想去，而且我也不会去.We havemany enemies; nor can we be sure of all our friends／（BrE also 又作） and nor can we be sure of our friends.我们有许多敌人，而且也不能对所有的朋友都深信无疑.The meal didn＇t costmuch nor was it very good／（BrE also 又作） and nor was it very good.这顿饭花钱不多，但也不大好吃.

USAGE［用法说明］：BrE uses and and but before nor (def 3). AmE does not. Both BrE and AmE can use and and but before neither 英国英语在nor 之前用and和but（见释义3）；美国英

语不用.英国和美国英语都可在neither之前用and和 but，如：...but／and neither was it very good.···但是／而且也不很好.

neutral /'nju:trəl/ 1 [B] not taking or belonging to either side in a war， argument， etc 中立的； 不偏袒任何一方的：He wants to stay neutral intheir quarrel．他想在他们的争吵中保持中立．2［B］not strong 不鲜艳的；不鲜明的；微弱的：She likesneutral colours， not bright reds and blues.她喜欢淡颜色，不喜欢鲜红和鲜蓝色．3 ［C］a personor country that is neutral 中立的人；中立国：We were neutrals in that war.在那场战争中我们是中立者.neutrality ［U］ the state or condition of being neutral 中立： The USA＇s neutrality in the Second World War ended when she was attacked.在第二次世界大战中，美国受到攻击时就放弃了中立．neutralize， -ise ［T1］ to make neutral；to take away the special effects of 使中立化；使中和：neutralizing an area of land ／a poison 使某地区中立化／中和毒药 neutraliza-tion, -isation [U] the act or result of neutral-izing 中立状态；中和

otherwise ／＇Aðə，waiz／1 ［conj］ or else；if not 不然；否则：Go now； otherwise you won＇t get there tonight.现在就动身吧，否则你今晚赶不到那里：Do it now； otherwise， don＇t do it at all.现在就做，不然就干脆别做．2［adv Wa5］ in otherways 在别的方面：She＇s not very clever， but otherwise she＇s a nice girl.她不很聪明，但从别的方面看她是个好女孩．3［adv Wa5］ usu fml inanother way 另方面；另外：He asked to see you but I said he couldn't; you were otherwise engaged (= busy with someone or something else） at the time.他要求见你，但我告诉他不行，因为你那时正忙于别的事.

each other also 又作 one another ［pron］（not subject of a clause) each of two or more does something to the other（s）（不作主语）互相；彼此：Susan and Robert kissed each other （＝ Susan kissed Robert and Robert kissed Susan）.苏珊和罗伯特互相亲吻.They givepresents only to each other， not to me.他们只互相赠送礼品，没给我.John and Peter weareach other＇s shirts.约翰和彼得两人把衬衫互相交换着穿.

USAGE［用法说明］：Some people like to say each other about two people or things, and one another about more than two, but this is not a strict rule.有些人喜欢用 each other 表示两个人或两件事，one another 表示两个以上的人或事，不过这不是一条严格的规则.

mutual /'mju:tfuəl/ [Wa5; B] 1 equally shared by each one 共同的；共有的：They have mutual interests and a mutual love of flowers.他们有共同的爱好，并且都喜欢花.I saw our mutualfriends，the Smiths.我见到了我们都相识的朋友史密斯一家．2 equally so， one towards the other 相互的；彼此的：They are mutual enemies. 他们彼此为敌.-ly［adv］

rest/rest/ [the GU (of)] what is left; the ones that still remain 剩下的部分；其余的部分：We＇lleat some of the butter and keep the rest (of it) for breakfast.我们吃一部分黄油，把剩下的留到早餐时吃.He＇s only got one shirt， because all the

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rest（of them）are being washed.他只有一件衬衫，因为其它的都在洗.John＇s English and therest of us are Welsh.我们之中约翰是英格兰人，其他人是威尔士人.

N102 adjectives，etc 形容词等：enough and sufficient 足够的与充分的

enough /r'naf/1 [A; E: (for, 3)] as much of (a

quantity) or as many of (a plural) as may be

necessary 足够的；充足的：The child doesn＇t

drink enough milk.那孩子牛奶喝得不够.We

have enough seats for everyone.我们有足够座

位给大家坐.She has enough money／money

enough to buy a car．她的钱够买一辆汽车．2

[adv Wa5 (for, 3)] to the necessary amount or

degree 足够地；充分地：It＇s warm enough（to

swim）.够暖和的（可以游泳）.He didn＇t run fast

enough（to catch the train）.他跑得不够快（没赶

上火车）.The child has been punished enough.

这孩子受罚够多的了.Is he old enough for the

army？他够年龄当兵吗？I was foolish enough to

believe his lies believed them）.我真傻，竟

相信了他的谎言．3［adv Wa5］ not very but only

rather 还可以；相当地：She cooks well enough

and she would cook very well indeed if she

took more trouble.她做菜的功夫还可以，如果她

肯多下苦功还会做得很好．4［pron］ a quantity or

number which satisfies need 足够；充分：I have

enough to do.我有足够的事要做.Not enough is

known about this subject.人们对这个问题的了

解还不够充分.I＇ve had enough（＝too much） of

your rudeness！我已经受够了你的无礼态度！

oddly/curiously/strangely enough although

this is odd／curious／strange 说来也奇怪；奇怪的

是：He＇s lived in France for years， but strange-

ly enough he can＇t speak a word of French.他

在法国住了好几年，但是很奇怪，他连一句法语都不

会说.sure enough infml as expected 确实；果

然：He said he would come， and sure enough

he came.他说过他要来，果然他来了.fair

enough infml all right; satisfactory and

reasonable 还不错；还可以；还合理：You can eat

the ones I don't want.-That's fair enough!

你可以吃我不想吃的那些.-那还算合理！

enough and to spare more than is necessary

足够而且有余；绰绰有余：You may pick some

apples from our tree; we have enough and to

spare.你可以从我们的树上摘些苹果，我们绰绰有

余.more than enough more than is neces-

sary； too much 太多： Don＇t give him any more

cake； he＇s had more than enough.不要再给他

蛋糕了，他已吃得太多.enough of a fool foolish

enough 够愚蠢的：He＇s enough of a fool to do

it！他做这事真是够愚蠢的了！enough of a man

manly enough 足够的胆量（有足够的男子汉气

魄）：Are you enough of a man for this danger-

ous job？你有足够的胆量来做这项危险的工作吗？

USAGE［用法说明］：1 Enough can come before

or after a plural or a [U] noun (enough money/people, money/people enough) but must come after a singular [C] noun (fool

N103 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

enough）.enough 可用在一个复数或不可数的名词之前或之后（如 enough money／people， money／people enough），但必须用在单数可数名词之后（如 fool enough）．2 Enough ＋that (He's old enough that he can do it) is quite common, particularly in AmE, but teachers and examiners do not like it. enough + that （He＇s old enough that he can do it 他年龄够大了，可以做这件事）很常用，尤在美国英语中，但教师和考官不喜欢这种用法．3 Sufficient has thesame meaning as enough (defs 1, 4) but is more formal. It is more often used for degree (sufficient reason) while enough is used for quantity. Sufficiently has the same meaning as enough．sufficient 具有和enough（释义1,4）相同的意思，但更正式，它更常用于表示程度（如sufficient reason 充分的理由），而enough 表示数量.sufficiently和enough意思相同.

sufficient/sə'ffənt/[Wa5; B (for),3] often fml enough 足够的；充分的：There is sufficient food for everybody.有足够的东西给大家吃.We havesufficient to feed everybody.我们有充裕的食品， 大家都可吃饱.in-［neg］-ly ［adv］ sufficiency [U] often fml 1 the state of being or having enough 充足 2［S（of）］ a supply which satisfies 足量：We have a sufficiency of coal.我们有足够的煤.in-［neg］

adequate /'ædikwit/ [B] 1 [(for)] enough for the purpose 足够的：We took adequate food for the short holiday.我们带的食品足够在这个短短的假日里吃的．2 only just enough 仅仅够的：We had adequate food but none to waste.我们的食物仅仅够吃，一点都不能浪费．3［（to）］having the necessary ability or qualities 胜任的；适当的：I hope you will prove adequate to the job．我希望你能证明自己胜任这项工作．4［Wa5］ only just good enough 尚可的；差强人意的：The performance was adequate， though hardly exciting. 演出虽不精彩，但还算可以.in-[neg]-ly [adv]-quacy[U]

N103 adverbs ＆ adjectives 副词和形容词：plenty and plentiful 充足和丰富的

plenty／＇plenti／［adv Wa5］ not fml quite 十分充分地；充足地（in the phr plenty...enough 足够···的）：There＇s no need to add any more-it＇s plenty big enough already.毋需再增加什么了-这就已经够大的了.

plentiful /'plentrfəl/ [B] existing in quantities or numbers that are（more than） enough 丰富的； 充裕的：Fruit is plentiful this year.今年水果很丰富.The camp has a plentiful supply of food. 营里有充裕的食品供应.-ly［adv］

abundant／ə＇bandənt／ ［B］ more than enough 丰富的；大量的：There are abundant supplies of firewood in the forest.森林里有丰富的木柴资源.-ly［adv］

ample /'æmpəl/ [Wa2; B] 1 (usu before nouns of types [U] or [P]) enough or more than is necessary（通常在［U］或［P］类名词前）足够的；充足的：We have ample money for the journey.

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N104 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

我们有足够的钱去旅行．2 with plenty of space；large 广大的；宽敞的：There is room for an ample garden.那里有地方建一个大花园.-ply[Ape]

bountiful /'bauntifəl/ [B] esp lit freely given; plentiful 慷慨的；大方的；充足的；丰富的：Theking gave them bountiful gifts.国王赐给他们大量的礼品.-ly［adv］

generous /'d3enərəs/ [B] more or bigger than usual 丰富的；比通常的多或大的：She gave him agenerous helping （＝amount） of food.她给了他一大份食物.-ly［adv］：He gave generously to help the poor.他很慷慨地施舍，以帮助穷人.

lavish /'læviy [B] 1 very free, generous,or wasteful in giving or using 大方的；过分慷慨的，浪费的：He is a lavish spender.他是一个花钱大手大脚的人.She was lavish with her help and lavish of her time.她慷慨帮助别人，并且不吝惜自已的时间．2 given or spent in great quantity 大量的（给予、花费）：He gave her lavish praise.他过分地赞扬她.-ly［adv］

excessive／ik＇sesiv／［B］ too much； too great 过多的；过度的：The prices at this hotel are excessive.这家旅馆的价格太高了.She takes anexcessive interest in clothes.她对衣服过分注意.-ly［adv］

N104 nouns，etc 名词等：plenty大量、充足

plenty/'plenti/ 1 [pron] a large amount or number, esp as much as or more than is needed or wanted 大量；充裕：Do you need any more money？-No，we have plenty.你还需要钱吗？-不用了，我们有很多钱．We have £100and that＇s plenty.我们有一百英镑，是很多的了.Plenty of chairs are needed for the meeting.开会需要大量的椅子.Plenty of space is neededtoo.还需要很宽敞的地方.If you want somechairs，there are plenty in here.如果你们需要椅子，这里有很多.She gave the boys plenty to eat. 她给了这些男孩子许多东西吃.Be sure to arrivein plenty of time（＝ early enough）.请一定尽早来．2 ［U］ the state of having a large supply esp of the needs of life 丰足；富裕；丰富：Those were years of plenty when everyone had enough to eat.那些年是人人都能吃饱的丰衣足食的年头.

abundance /ə'bandəns/ [S (of); U] usu fml a great quantity； plenty 丰富；充裕：At the feast there was food and drink in abundance.宴会上有丰盛的酒菜.There was an abundance ofcom last year.去年玉米丰收.

bounty／＇baunti／1 ［U］ esp lit generosity 慷慨；好施：a rich lady famous for her bounty to the poor 一个以对穷人慷慨施舍著称的阔太太2［C］something that is given generously 恩赐物；赠予物3 ［C］ a prize given by a government for some special act（政府为奖励某些行动而给予的）奖金；赏金：There is a bounty of f10 for every dangerous animal killed.每杀死一头危险动物给赏金十英镑.

excess/ik'ses/1 [S; U: 9 esp of, over] the fact of exceeding, or an amount by which some-thing exceeds（the stated amount）超过；超越；

超额量；过多的量：This excess of losses over profits will ruin the business.亏损超过利润如此之多将毁掉这个公司．2［S；U：9 esp of， over］deprec something more than is reasonable; more than the reasonable degree or amount 过度；过量；（饮食等的）无节制：He eats to excess.他吃得过多.He praised the book to excess.他过分吹捧这本书．3［A］ additional；more than is usual，allowed，etc 超过限额的；过量的；附加的：You'll have to pay excess postal charges on this letter.这封信你要付附加邮费.Excess profits tax is paid to the government by companies that make very high profits.盈利很高的公司要向政府交付超额利得税.in excess of more than超过：He advised his son never to spend in excess of his income.他劝儿子花钱永远不要超过自己的收入.

N105 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not

plentiful［Wa1］不多的

short／o：t／1［B of］ not having enough 短缺的； 不足的：We＇re short of water at the moment.我们现时正缺水．2［F］ infml not having enough money 缺钱的：Can you lend me £5？ I＇m a bit short at the moment.你能借给我五英镑吗？我现在手头很紧．3［E］less than the right number or amount（数目、数量等）不足的；缺少的：We＇retwo people short for the job.这项工作我们还缺少两个人.

scarce/skeəs/ 1 [B] not much or many com-pared with what is wanted; hard to find;not plentiful 缺乏的；不足的；供不应求的；稀有的：Good fruit is scarce just now and costs a lot. 现时好的水果奇缺而且价钱很贵.（infml）Prettygirls are scarce in this town.这个城的漂亮女孩少之又少．2［adv］hardly；scarcely 几乎不；简直不：I could scarce believe my eyes.我简直不敢相信自己的眼睛.[■N99]

rare /reə/[B] not common; not easy to find; very scarce 不常见的；稀有的；罕见的：Animalsare rare in that place.在那个地方动物是罕见的.That＇s a rare animal.那是稀有动物.-ly ［adv］ -ness [U]

N106 nouns 名词：not plenty 不多

[ALSO→F8]

shortage ／＇fo：tid3／ ［C； U］ a lack of things 不足； 缺少；缺乏：There is a shortage of good build-ing wood.缺乏优质建筑木料.Those were times of general shortage.那是样样东西都短缺的年代.

scarcity /'skeəsəti/[U;C] a state of being scarce；lack 缺乏；不足：Those were times of scarcity（of money）.那是缺乏资金的时期.We have scarcities of all kinds of necessary goods.我们缺乏各种各样的必需品.

rarity／＇reərəti／1［U］ the quality of being rare 稀有；罕有2［C usu sing］ something uncommon 罕见的事物；稀罕的东西：Women who bake theirown bread are becoming a rarity.自己烤面包的妇女越来越少见了.

1016

dearth /d3:θ/ [S of] esp lit & emot a lack or shortage 缺乏；供应不足：There has been a dearth of good new ideas lately.近来缺乏好的新主意.

N107 verb forms 动词形式：having or not having enough 够或不够

be enough ［IØ （for）］ to be what is needed 足够： This food is enough for our needs.这些食物足够我们吃的了.

suffice /sə'faıs/ [IØ (for)] fml & old use to be enough 足够；充足：An hour should suffice（for the journey）.（旅途）一个小时足够了.The fooddid not suffice for them. 食物不够他们吃.Suffice it to say that...(= I will say only that...）说···就足够了；我只想说···

be short of [v adv prep T1] not to have enough of 缺少；不够：We are （rather） short of money at the moment.目前我们手头比较紧.

be out of ［v adv prep T1］ to have none of 没有； 用完：We are （quite） out of paper at the moment but are hoping to get some next week.现在我们的纸几乎用完了，不过希望下星期能得到一些.

be without ［v prep T1］ esp fml not to have 无； 没有：They are without water at the moment. 他们现在没有水.

do without [v prep,v adv T1, 4; IØ] to live or continue in spite of lacking (something or someone）没有···也行；不用：It is bad to do without sleep.干活不睡觉是不行的.The director cannot do without a secretary.没有秘书这位董事就无法工作.If there＇s no sugar you will have to do without.如果没有糖，那你就只好将就着喝了.Mr Jones is not here； you must do without speaking to him.琼斯先生不在，你只好不跟他说了.

N108 adjectives 形容词：moderate and fair［B］适度的与合理的

moderate /'mpdərit/1 [Wa5] of middle degree, power, or rate; neither large nor small,high nor low，fast nor slow，etc 中等的；不大不小的；适度的： It＇s a large house， but the garden is of moderate size.这房子很大，但花园只是中等大小.At the time of the accident,the train was trav-elling at a moderate speed.事故发生时，火车正以中速行驶.The wind will be light to moderate. 风势将是轻微至和缓的强度．2（done or kept）within sensible limits 有节制的；适度的；温和的；稳健的：He＇s a moderate drinker； he only drinks one or two beers a day.他喝酒是有节制的，一天只喝一两杯啤酒.The workers＇demandsare moderate; they're asking for only a small increase in their wages.工人们的要求并不过分，他们只要求增加少量的工资．3［Wa5］ often euphof average or less than average quality or amount 中等的；普通的；一般以下的：The teacher

N109 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

thinks that this pupil has only moderate ability.那位教师认为这个学生的智能只属一般.moderation [U] the condition of being moderate（def 2）节制；温和；稳健：He shows moderation in everything he does.他做每件事都显得很稳健.What she did showed（a）lack of moderation.她的所作所为缺乏节制.-ly［adv］

modest/'mpdist/1 a not large in quantity, size, value，etc 适中的；不大的；适度的：Please accept this modest gift； it＇s all I can afford.请收下这份薄礼吧，我只能买得起这个了.He stayed at asmall modest hotel.他住在一家小小的极普通的旅店里.b not having or showing a desire for much or too much（希望、要求等）不过分的：The servant girl was very modest in her demands and asked for only a small increase in wages.这个女仆的要求不过分，她只提出增加一点工资．2 apprec avoiding or not showing anything that is improper or impure 稳重的；端庄的；谨慎的：She is a quiet modest girl.她是个文静而稳重的少女.The old lady said that youngwomen should wear more modest dresses (= that don't leave so much of their bodies uncovered）.那位老太太说，年轻妇女应该穿较端庄朴素的服装．im-［neg］ 3 apprec having or expressing a lower opinion than is probably deserved, of one's ability, knowledge, skill, successes，etc 谦虚的；谦逊的；客气的：The young actress is very modest about her success; she says it's due as much to good luck as to her own abilities.那位年轻的女演员对自己的成绩很谦虚，她说成绩的取得一半靠才能，一半靠运气.After the war, the general wrote a very modest book about the part he'd played in winning it. 战后那位将军写了一本书，很谦虚地谈到自己在取得战争胜利过程中所起的作用.-ly［adv］-y［U］

fair /feə/ [Wal] 1 not too much or too little (for a purpose）；just right 公平的；合理的：He was fair in the amount of money he gave to each of them.他公平合理地把这笔钱分给他们每个人.un-［neg］ 2 neither too good nor too bad 尚可的；不好不坏的；还可以的：His examinationresults were fair， not wonderful.他的考试成绩还可以，不是很出色.-ly［adv］：It＇s a fairly in-teresting book；nothing wonderful.这本书有点意思，但没有什么特别精彩的东西.

reasonable /'ri:zənəbəl/ 1 (esp of prices) fair; not too much（尤指价钱）公道的；不太贵的：Theycharged a reasonable price．他们要价公道．2（of a person or his behaviour） sensible（指人或其举止）通情达理的；合乎情理的：He is a reason-able man.他是个通情达理的人.It was a per-fectly reasonable thing to do.那样做完全是合乎情理的.un-［neg］-bly ［adv］

N109 adjectives， etc 形容词等：available 可用的

available /ə'veiləbəl/ [B] 1 able to be got, obtained，used，etc 可得到的；可达到的；可用的：There is water available at the hut.小屋里有水. I'm sorry, sir, those shoes are not available in

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N110 SIZE ＆ IMPORTANCE 大小与重要性

your size.对不起，先生，那些鞋子没有你要的尺码.Are there any available cars I can use？有没有可供我使用的车？2 able to be visited or seen；not busy 可会见···的；可见到的；有空的：Thedoctor is （not） available now.医生现在有（没有）空.He is available to see you now.他现在可以见你.un-［neg］availability ［U］ the state or condition of being available 有效性；可用性： Im not sure about the availability of this medicine；I＇ll telephone and check.我不敢肯定这药是否能用，我去打电话问一下.

ready/'redi/[Wal;F, F3] available; able to be reached，used，etc 准备好的；随时可以···的：Are your men ready to work？你们的人准备好干活了吗？Keep your gun ready in case of trouble.把枪准备好，以防不测.

in stock available in a shop， store，etc（店里）备有；有存货：Do you have these books in stock？ -No，sir，they aren＇t in stock at present.这些书你们有得卖吗？-没有，先生，这些书现时无货.

to hand fml available for collection， use，etc 手头有的；可用的：Sir，the books you ordered are now to hand.先生，你预订的书现在有货了.

N110 adjectives，etc 形容词等：spare and extra［Wa5］多余的与额外的

spare/speə/[B] beyond what is needed or used 多余的；剩下的：Do you have any spare money？ 你有多余的钱吗？What do you do in／with yourspare time（＝when not working）？你工余时间干什么？These pieces are spare； I don＇t need them.这几件是多出来的，我用不着.

extra /'ekstrə/1 [A; adv] beyond what is usual or necessary 额外的（地）；格外的（地）；另外的（地）；特别的（地）：We need extra money.我们另外还需要一些钱.She bought an extra loaf ofbread.她多买了一条面包.He had to work extrahard to get more money.为了挣更多的钱，他不得不格外努力地工作．2［E；F］as well as theregular charge 另外收费（的）：Dinner costs £3 and the wine is extra.晚餐三英镑，酒钱另算.They charge extra for wine， £3 extra．酒他们另外算钱，另加三英镑．3 ［C］ something or some-one extra 额外的人或物：We have all the most important things； we don＇t need any extras.所有最重要的东西我们都有了，不要什么额外的东西了.

additional ／ə＇dıfənəl／ ［B］ more than at first 附加的；另外的：The meal costs £3 and there is an additional 20pfor service．饭钱是三英镑，附加二十便士服务费.We need some additional help； we can＇t do it alone.我们需要人帮忙，我们自己是做不了的.-ly［adv］

surplus /'s3:pləs/ [B; S] (an amount) additional to what is needed or used，esp of money（尤指钱）剩余的；多余的；剩余额；（尤指）余款：Afterpaying the rent they were left with no surplus for food.付了房租之后他们就没有剩余的钱吃饭了.They sold the surplus goods.他们把剩余商品出售了.

superfluous /su:'p3:fluəs/ [B] more than is

necessary or wanted 过剩的；多余的：This bread is superfluous; we already have as much as we can eat.这个面包是多余的，我们多得已经吃不了啦.-ly［adv］-fluity［U］

Doing things

做事

N120 verbs 动词：doing and acting 做与行动

do /du:/1 [T1] (with actions and non-material

things）（和动作与非物质的东西连用）：I want youto do some repairs for me.我要你给我修理几样东西.He does science at school.他在学校攻读理科．The car can do 80 miles an hour．那辆汽车每小时能走八十英里.I shan＇t do anything foryou.我不会为你做任何事.There＇s nothing more to do／to be done.这里没别的事可干了.Look atwhat a little hard work can do！瞧！下点功夫能出怎样的成绩！What are you doing？你在干什么？2 ［T1］ （with action nouns ending in -ing） （和以-ing 结尾的行为名词连用）：He does（the）cooking and she does （the） washing.他做饭而她洗衣服.It＇s teaching that he does.他的工作是教书．3［T1］ infml（with places） to visit and see everything interesting in（和地点连用）访问；参观；游览： They did Oxford in three days.他们花了三天时间游览牛津．4［T1；L7,9；D1］（withcertain particular non-material expressions) （和某些特殊的非物质性词语连用）：I did my best（to help him）.我尽了力（帮助他）.I used to dobusiness with him.我过去和他一起做生意.Those who do good will find peace.行善者自得安宁.This medicine will do you good.这种药对你有益处.I hope you will do better in future. 希望你将来做得好一些.You did right（in tellingme）.你（告诉我）做得对.He had only done his duty，after all.毕竟，他不过是在尽责而已.Thatwon＇t do（you）any harm.这（对你）毫无害处.I have some work to do.我有些工作要做.I hopeyou will do me the honour of paying me a visit.我希望您能光临作客.Will you do me akindness？ 您能帮我个忙吗？Hard work does wonders.勤奋创造奇迹.Let her do her worst； I＇m not afraid！随她怎么捣乱，我不怕！You didwrong in agreeing to the plan.你同意了那个计划，这是错误之举．5（with people and non-material things） to give or provide with（与人及非物质的东西连用）带来；给予：a［D1（to）；T1］：Your fine behaviour does you honour.你的美德使你受到尊敬.That picture of her doesn＇t do her justice．她那张照片不像她本人．b［D1（for）；T1］：Do me a favour． 帮我个忙．6［L9］to behave；act 表现；做：When in Rome，do as the Romans do.到了罗马就照罗马人的规矩办事.（喻：入乡随俗）Do as you＇re told！按吩咐去做吧！Youdid well in coming to see me quickly.你很快来看我，做得很对．7［T1 no pass］ esp BrE （with

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people) to serve by means of action with things（和人连用）服务；招待；款待：The hair-dresser will do you next.理发师下一个就给您理.They did me very well at that hotel (with their good food and clean rooms）.那家旅馆服务得很周到（提供可口的饭菜和整洁的房间）．8［T1］（withthings） to arrange（和物连用）整理；布置：She did her hair， and then did the flowers.她梳好头发，然后把花插好．9［T1］（with things）to clean （和物连用）洗；使整洁：He did his teeth and shedid the room after doing the dishes.他刷牙，而她洗碗碟之后又收拾房间．10［T1］esp BrE（withpeople） to cheat（和人连用）欺骗：I＇m afriad he＇s done you on that sale，my friend！朋友，恐怕他在那次交易中把你骗了！You＇ve been done！你受骗了！11［T1］ （with people） to perform as or copy the manner of（和人连用）扮演；模仿：Oliver did ＇Othello＇ last night.昨晚奥利弗扮演“奥赛罗”.He does Harold Wilson very well.他模仿哈罗德·威尔逊像极了．12［T1 no pass］espBrE（with people） to be enough for（和人连用） 对···足够：Will £5 do you？五英镑够你用了吗？13［T1］（with things） to cook（和物连用）煮；烧；烹调：They do fish very well in that restaurant.那家饭馆的鱼做得非常好吃．14 ［D1（for）；T1］（withthings） to prepare（和物连用）准备：Do（us）a report on that book.请（为我们）准备一个关于那本书的读书报告.He did a complete suit in only3 days！他三天之内就把一整套衣服做好了！15［IØ（for）］ （usu in the infinitive） to be suitable （通常用作不定词）适合；行：That won＇t do.那不行.How would this do？ 这哪行？It does not do to work too much.工作过度不可行.This little bed will do for our youngest daughter.这张小床给我们的小女儿睡很合适．Will £5 do？五英镑够吗？How will £5 do？ 五英镑怎么够？16［L9］ toadvance towards a desired state 情况好转；成绩好：The sick man is doing well under his doctor＇s care. 病人在医生照料下病情正在好转.After the birth, mother and child are doing well／nicely.孩子出生后，母子情况良好.He didwell in business during the war and became rich.战争期间他生意兴隆，发了财.Our firm isdoing well.我们公司干得不错.They did poorly on／in the examination． 他们考得很差．17［IØ］ （in the -ing form） happening（用-ing形式）发生：What＇s doing at your place tonight？今晚你们那儿发生什么事了？There＇s nothing doing inthis town at night.这个镇晚间不会发生什么事.18 ［I2 neg］ （a helping verb，as in）（作助动词， 如）：Don＇t go.别去.Don＇t be silly！别这么傻！ （esp BrE） Don＇t let＇s go. 我们别走.（nonstan-dard AmE） Let＇s don＇t go． 我们别走．19［I2］ emph （a helping verb，as in）（作助动词）：He never comes.-You're wrong; he does come! 他从不来.-你错了，他经常来的！Go，yes，dogo！走吧，对，快走吧！Be seated； please do be seated．坐下，务请坐下．20［IØ］（in place of another verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：He likes it，and so does she.他喜欢这个， 她也一样.He doesn＇t like it，and neither does she．他不喜欢这个，她也不喜欢．21［IØ］（in placeof another verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：He looks hungry.-So he does！他看

N120 DOING THINGS 做事

样子是饿了．-是饿了！22［IØ］（in place ofanother verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：a fml Have you visited her？-Yes；I have done so （many times）.你去看过她吗？-去了，我已去过（多次）了.b（BrE）Have youvisited her？-Yes；I have done. 你去看过她吗？-去了，我已经去过了.Will you come forthe weekend？-Yes；I may do. 你来过周末吗？-来，我可能来．23［IØ］（in place of another verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：Did he come？-Yes；he did.他来过吗？-是的，他来过了．24［IØ］（in place ofanother verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：a He likes it，doesn＇t he？他喜欢这个，是吧？b He likes it，doesn＇t he！他喜欢这个，难道不是吗？c（esp BrE）He likes it，does he？他喜欢这个，是吗？25［IØ］ （in place of another verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：He knowsEnglish better than he did.他现在的英语比他过去的好.He rose early as he had always done. 他和以往一样总是早起．26［T1］（in place ofanother verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：What he does is（to）teach.他的工作就是教书.What John did to his suit was （to） ruin it．约翰对他那套衣服这样做就是要毁掉它．27［T1］（in place of another verb，as in）（在如下一类句型中代替别的动词）：What are you doing？-（I＇m）cooking.你在干什么？-（我在）做饭.What have you done？ 你做了些什么？28［IØ］ emph（as in）（在如下用法中）：That will do！行了！That＇s enough！ 够了！That will do！ It＇s perfect as it is. That will do！行了！现在这个样子就好极了.行了！I order you to stop before it＇s too late.我命令你停下来，免得后悔.What...doing （often expressing disapproval）why？（常表示不赞成）为什么？：What is that book doingon the floor？那本书怎么在地板上？What is thatchild doing up so late at night? He should be in bed！这么晚了那孩子还在干什么？他早该在床上睡觉！What is that very poor woman doing buying an expensive fur coat？那个很穷的女人为什么在买一件昂贵的毛皮外衣呢？be up anddoing infml to be active 积极；活跃；忙碌：He＇s up and doing by 5 o＇clock in the morning！早晨五点他已经起床忙碌起来！How do you do？polite (a phrase used to someone you have just met for the first time, in later meetings, say＇How are you？＇）（和别人初次见面时打招呼用语，日后再次会面时用＇How are you？＇）您好！How are you doing? infml esp AmE an informal greeting to a friend 你好（对朋友的非正式问候用语）What do you do（for a living）？ What is your work？你做什么工作？do it your-self infml the idea of doing repairs and build-ing things oneself, instead of paying workmen 不雇工，自己动手修理和制造用具的主张：She＇svery interested in do it yourself.她很喜欢自己动手做.She＇s a great do-it-yourself-er.她是一个什么事都自己动手做的人.do one＇s（own） thing slto do what is personally satisfying, even though others may disapprove 做自己喜欢做的事（即使他人可能不赞成）；我行我素 nothingdoing sl no 不行：Will you lend me £5？-Nothing doing.借给我五英镑行吗？-不行.do

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N121 DOING THINGS 做事

or die fml to succeed or die; do everything possible to succeed 决一死战；孤注一掷；干到底（力求成功）：Now is the moment to do or die！ 现在是决一死战的时候了！That does it！ Nowyou've done it! (expressions showing that enough，or too much ĥas been done）（表示“足够了”，或“太多了”）：That does it；it＇s perfect.行了，好极了！That does it！ I refuse to work with you any more！够了！我不想再和你一起工作了！

act/ækt/ [Iø]1 to do something (to stop some-thing happening， to help someone， etc）做···； 干···；采取行动（以阻止某事发生、帮助他人等）：Act now before it is too late.现在就行动，不然来不及了.We must act at once.我们必须马上干起来.If you had acted in time， this would not have happened.如果你当时及时行动，这事就不会发生了.He acted on her advice（＝He did what she advised）． 他依照她的忠告做了．2［L9］tobehave 举止；行动：She has been acting very strangely lately．近来她的一举一动显得很怪．3［L9］ to do some work 做某事：He acted as chairman at the meeting.他当会议主席.I can＇t go; will you act for melact on my behalf, please？我走不开，请你代我一下／代表我做，行吗？4 [L9](of chemicals, etc) to have an effect on （指化学药品等）对···起作用；对···生效：Water actson iron and makes it rust.水对铁产生作用，使之生锈.

transact/trænz'ækt/ [T1] fml to do,engage in, or carry on（as a piece of business）办理；处理； 执行（某项事务）：Have you transacted all your business yet？你把你所有的事都处理了吗？trans-action 1 ［U］ the act of transacting 办理；处理； 执行2［C］an example of this（一笔）交易；（具体）事务

be up to [v adv prep T1] infml, often deprec to be doing 干（着）；做（着）：What is he up to now？他正在干什么？What funny(= strange) business is he up to？他在干些什么怪事？Thosechildren must be up to something bad; they're too quiet！那些小孩一定是在干什么坏事，他们太安静了！

be at [v prep T1] infml to be doing, working, etc 从事；在做：What are you at now？你正在做什么？He is at his old game of telling lies（＝ He is telling lies again）.他又在说谎了.

tackle /'tækəl/ [T1] infml to begin or try to do something，esp forcefully 着手处理；对付：He tackled the job as quickly as possible.他尽快着手处理那项工作.

N121 verbs 动词：reacting and

responding［lø］反应与反响

react/r'ækt/1 [(to)] to act in reply;to behave differently as a result （起）反应：When the sun comes out the flowers react by opening wide. 太阳出来时，花儿以盛开的姿态作出回应.How didhe react to your suggestion？他对你的建议反应如何？2［（with）］ tech （of a substance） to change when mixed with another（指一种物质和另一种混合时）起变化；对···起化学反应

respond /ri'spond/1[(by,to, with)] to act in return 反应；回应；回报；响应：He responded （to my suggestion） with a laugh／by laughing.（对我的建议）他报以一笑／大笑．2［（to）；also 又作T5a］ esp fml to answer 回答；答复：I offered him a drink but he didn't respond (to my offer）.我递给他一杯酒，但他（对我的举动）没有什么表示.I can＇t marry you，＇ she responded sadly.她哀伤地回答说：“我不能嫁给你.”respon-sive [B (to)] acting in return; easily persuaded 响应的；反应的；易劝服的：She wasn＇t veryresponsive to our request for money.她对我们要钱的请求没有什么反应.un-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness[U]

N122 verbs，etc 动词等：repeating and doing again 重复与再做

repeat／rr＇pi：t／1［T1,5］ to do again 重做；重复： I＇m afraid he has repeated his mistake.恐怕他又犯以往的错误了．2［T1,6a］ to say （somethingheard or learnt）照样传达（听到或知道了的事）；复述；背诵：repeat a poem 背诵一首诗；Don＇trepeat what I told you.不要把我告诉你的事说出去．3［IØ］infml （of food that one has eaten） to be tasted afterwards in the mouth（指吃过的食物）留有味道：I find that onions repeat.我发现吃过洋葱后嘴里还有余味.not bear repeating（of words） to be too bad to say again（指话）不堪重复（说）：I won＇t tell you what he said when the bomb went off-it doesn't bear repeating! 我不想告诉你炸弹爆炸时他说了些什么，他的话不堪重复！repeat a course／a year （in education） to remain in the same class for a further year （用于教育）留级一年 repeat an order （in busi-ness） to supply the same article again（用于商业）再供应同样货物 repeat oneself to say or bethe same thing again and again 反复做（讲）同样事情：I love listening to Freddie＇s stories-he never repeats himself.我喜欢听弗雷迪讲故事，他从来不重复讲过的内容.History seems to berepeating itself.历史似乎在不断重演.

re-do／ri：＇du：／［T1］to do again 再做；重做：Re-do the bathroom（＝paint it again） in pink.请把浴室重新油漆一遍，漆成粉红色.

echo/'ekəu/ 1 [C;(U)] the return of sound when it strikes a surface 回声，共鸣；反响：There is a good echo in this big room.这间大房间的回声很好.The echoes of their shouts came back from the hillsides.从山腰那边传来了他们叫喊声的回音．2［C］（fig） any repeating of anything that suggests an echo 仿效；重复的陈述：His words were an echo ofhis mother＇s.他的话和他母亲的一模一样．3［IØ；T1］to（cause to）come back as an echo （使）发出回声：The hills echoed with the shouts of the men.山中回荡着男人叫喊声的回声．4［T1］（fig）to repeat重复；模仿：He echoes her opinions； he has no thoughts of his own.他随声附和她的意见，自己没有主意.Stop echoing my ideas！请别再重复我的看法！

practise，also 又作 practice／præktis／ AmE 1

1020

[T1,4;IØ] to perform (an action) repeatedly or do (esp a musical exercise) regularly in order to gain skill（反复地）练习；实习：She＇s been practising the same tune on the piano for nearly an hour.她已在钢琴上练习同一个曲调近一个小时了.You mustn＇t practise the drums while the baby is sleeping.小宝宝在睡觉，你不能练鼓.They＇re practising singing the new song. 他们正在练习唱新歌.You＇ll never learn to ride abicycle unless you practise.你如果不练习就永远学不会骑自行车．2 ［T1］ to train （a person oranimal） by repeated exercises 训练：She prac-tised the child in telling the time.她训练孩子看钟．3［Wv4；T1］ to act in accordance with （the ideas of one's religion or other firm belief) （遵照教规或信仰）实行；实践：Do most Christianspractise their religion？大多数基督教徒都对他们的宗教身体力行吗？a practising Jew 身体力行的犹太教徒4［T1］fml to（force oneself to） show or use (some necessary quality in behaviour) （制约自己）实行；做：In dealing with sick old people nurses must practise great patience. 护士对待生病的老人要特别耐心．5［T1］fml to makea habit or practice of 惯常进行；例行；养成···习惯：Our income has decreased and now we have to practise economy (= have to avoid spending money）.我们的收入减少了，现在我们必须养成节约的习惯．6［T1］ to perform （some-thing needing special knowledge) according to rule 从事···；表演：Some people practise magic， or calling up the spirits of the dead.有些人会表演魔术或干招魂问鬼的事．7［Wv4；IØ（as）；T1］to do (the work of) or work regularly as (a doctor，lawyer，etc）执业；开业（做医生或律师等）：He＇s passed his law examinations and is now practising （as a lawyer）.他已通过法律考试， 现在正开业做律师.One brother practises medi-cine and the other practises law.一个哥哥当医生而另一个当律师.a practising doctor 开业医生8 [T1 (on, upon)] to make unfair use of(a trick） for one＇s own advantage 利用（别人弱点）； 欺骗（某人）：That shopkeeper practised a deception on me.那个店主欺骗了我.prac-titioner [C] 1 a person who practises a skill or art从事者；实践者；实习者2 a person who worksin a profession esp a doctor or lawyer 开业者（尤指医生、律师等）：medical practitioners 开业医生

N123 verbs 动词：functioning and performing 起作用与做工作

[ALSO→I103,N134]

function/'fAnkfən/ [IØ] often fml (esp of a thing） to be in action；work（尤指物）起作用；运行：The machine won＇t function properly unless you oil it well.如果不好好加油，机器会运转不灵.Death happens when the brain ceases to function.大脑停止活动，人就死亡.

behave/br'heiv/1 [L9] to act in a certain way 举止；表现：He behaved well／badly at the meet-ing.他在会上表现不错／很坏.I＇m not sure how

N124 DOING THINGS 做事

they will behave when they meet.我不知道他们见面时态度会如何．2［IØ；T1］to keep （oneself） in a polite or acceptable manner 举止得体；循规蹈矩；运作正常：The car behaved itself （＝ went well， although it might have broken down）.这辆汽车很争气，开起来很好.

perform/pə'fo:m/ [IØ; T1] to do (something) fully 表现；履行；执行；完成：The doctor per-formed all his duties carefully.医生非常细心地履行了自己的全部职责.She performed well lastnight.她昨晚表现得很好.

discharge /dis'tfa:d3/ [T1] fml to perform (a duty or promise）履行（职责或诺言）：The nurse discharged her duties with loving care.护士非常体贴细心地履行了自己的职责.

N124 adjectives 形容词：active and functional 积极的与实用的

active /'æktrv/ [B] able to act, function,etc; working well 积极的；有生气的；活跃的：He isstill active although he is very old now.虽然他现在年纪很大，但仍然精力充沛.Please don＇texpect active help from us; we can't do much. 请不要指望我们给予积极的帮助；我们帮不了很大的忙.She takes an active part in the work of the club.她积极参加俱乐部的工作.The volcano isstill active （＝ might still give out fire etc）.火山仍然活跃.in-［neg］-ly［adv］

functional /'fAnkjənəl/ [B] 1 made for or con-cerned with practical use without ornamenta-tion 实用的；为实用而设计的：Some people don＇tlike the look of functional modern chairs, made on functional principles, even though they＇re comfortable.有些人不喜欢那些按实用原则制作的新式实用椅子的外观，即使这种椅子坐起来很舒服.A hospital should be planned as a functional building.医院应当设计成具有实用价值的建筑．2 ［Wa5］ made for or having a special purpose 为特殊用途而制造的；有专门目的的：Theworkman's been taught to use that one particular machine; such functional training doesn＇t fit him for any other kind of work.那位工人只学过使用那台特殊的机器，这种专门的训练使他不能适应任何别的工作．3［Wa5］ med（of adisease or disorder) having an effect only on the working of an organ, not on the organ itself（指疾病或失调）官能的；机能的-ly［adv］

working/'w3:kin/ [Wa5; A] 1 able to work, move，etc 可操作的；可运作的：They made aworking model (= small copy) of the machine before they tried to build it.他们试制这种机器之前，先造了一台可运转的模型．2 useful for work工作（用）的；干活（用）的：She was wearing herworking clothes.她穿着工作服.How many working days do we have next week？下周我们有几个工作日？

dynamic /dar'næmrk/[B] 1[Wa5] tech of or relating to force or power that produces movement 力的；动力的；动态的2 often apprec(of people, ideas, etc) full of or producing power and activity（指人、思想等）有生气的；充

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满活力的：He is a dynamic person.他是一个富有生气的人.It was a dynamic period in history. 那是历史上一个富有生气的时期．-ally［adv Wa4］

vigorous /'vigərəs/ [B] 1 forceful; strong; healthily active 精力旺盛的；强健的：As a crick-eter he＇s vigorous rather than skilful.作为一名板球运动员，与其说他技术熟练不如说他精力旺盛．2using or needing forcefulness and strength强有力的：The politician made a vigorous speech in defence of the government.那位政治家发表了一篇强有力的讲话为政府辩护.He did somevigorous exercises．他进行了一些剧烈的运动．3（of a plant） healthy；growing strongly（指植物） 茁壮成长的；生长茂盛的-ly［adv］

N125 adjectives 形容词：passive and

inert［B］消极被动的与无活力的

passive /'pæsiv/ being acted on but doing nothing in return 消极的；被动的：She is very passive; things happen but they don't seem to affect her.她很消沉，发生什么事她似乎都无动于衷.-ly ［adv］：He listened passively to what they said.他消极地听他们说话.

inert/mn'3:t/1 [Wa5] lacking the power to move 无活动力的：inert matter 无生命的物体2［Wa5］without active chemical properties 不起化学作用的；惰性的：inert gases 惰性气体3（of people）slow to act；lazy（指人）迟钝的；懒惰的

extinct/ik'stinkt/1 (esp of animals,plants, etc) no longer found alive as a type（尤指动植物等） 绝种的；已灭绝的：Dinosaurs ［→A93］ are ex-tinct animals.恐龙是已绝种的动物.Many kinds of animals are in danger of becoming extinct. 许多动物正濒临绝种的危险．2 no longer active 不再活动的；已熄灭的：Arthur＇s Seat in Edinburgh is an extinct volcano ［→L115］．爱丁堡的亚瑟座火山是死火山.extinction［U］ the state of being extinct 消灭；灭绝；熄灭；绝种

dormant /'do:mənt/ inactive, esp not actively growing or producing typical effects 静止的；休眠的；蛰伏的：dormant seeds 休眠种子；dormantanimals asleep for the winter 正在冬眠的休眠动物；a dormant disease／volcano 潜伏的疾病／休眠火山；（fig）Many people disliked the plan，but opposition remained dormant because no-body could think of a better one.许多人都不喜欢这个计划，但是反对的意见只是潜藏着，因为没有人能想出一个更好的计划来.

ornamental /,ə:nə'mentəl/ often derog perhaps beautiful，but not really necessary 作装饰用的： In her new book there are several passages that are only ornamental.在她的新书中，有好几节只是装饰性文章.-ly［adv］

N126 adjectives，etc 形容词等：latent and potential 潜伏的与潜在的

latent/'leitənt/ [B] existing but not yet notice-able or active of fully developed 潜在的；隐伏

的；不易察觉的-ly［adv］

potential /pə'tenfəl/ 1 [Wa5; B] existing in possibility; not at present active or developed, but able to become so 可能的；潜在的；有潜能的；有潜势的：Every seed is a potential plant.每粒种子都可能长成植物.He is seen as a potentialleader of our political party.人们把他看作我们党未来有潜力的领导者．-ly［adv］2 ［U］ thepotential ability to do something 潜力；潜能： He is still young but he has great potential/the potential to win.他还年轻，但是有很大潜力能夺得胜利.potentiality［U；C］（a） power or qual-ity that is potential 潜在性；潜势：This is a country of great potentiality／potentialities.这个国家有巨大的潜力.

N127 nouns 名词：acts，actions，etc 行动、活动等

act /ækt/[C] often fml & pomp something which has been done， could be done，etc 行为； 行动：Murder is a terrible act.谋杀是一种可怕的行动.From his acts he seems to be a fool.从他的所作所为看来，他似乎是个蠢才.If you did thatit would be an act of great kindness.你若那么做，就是一大善行.

action /'ækfən/ [C; U] genl something which is done 行为；活动：We need action，not words！我们需要的是行动，而不是言词！His actions suggestthat he is a fool.他的行动表明他是个蠢才.Themachine works with an up-and-down action. 这台机器运作时上下活动.in-［neg U］

activity /æk'tivəti/ 1 [U] the state of being active 活动；活跃；能动性：Activity is better than doing nothing.活动一下比什么都不干好.Therewas very little activity in the city last night.昨晚城里几乎什么动静都没有．in-［neg］2［C］something that one does 所做的事情；活动：Climbing mountains is one of his many activities.爬山是他的许多活动之一.

function /'fagkfən/ [C] a special duty (of a person） or purpose （of a thing）职责；功能；机能；作用：The function of a chairman is to lead and control meetings.主席的职责是引导和控制会议的进程.The brain performs a very impor-tant function; it controls the nervous system of the body.大脑执行很重要的功能；它支配着人体内的神经系统.The function of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a noun. 形容词的功用是描述或增加名词的意思.

behaviour BrE, behavior /br'heivə/ AmE [U] general way of acting or functioning 举止；行为：The behaviour of these animal is very interesting.这些动物的行为非常有趣.

performance /pə'fo:məns/ [U] the action of performing 行动；表现：Good performance sells a car (= If a car performs well, it can be sold easily）.性能好的汽车销售得快.The policemandied in the performance of his duty.这位警察以身殉职.

vigour BrE, vigor AmE /'vigə/ [U] forceful-ness; strength shown in power of action in

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body or mind 力量；精力；活力：He began his work with vigour and soon cut the tree up into logs.他精神饱满地开始工作，很快就把那棵树砍成圆木.In his speech， he attacked his opponents with great vigour.他在发言中强烈地抨击了对手.

reaction /rr'ækfən/1 [C (to)] a case of reacting 反应：What was your reaction to the news？你对这条消息的反应怎样？2［S；U］（a）changeback to a former condition 回复原状：For a time everybody admired the new actor, but then (a) reaction set in and they got tired of him. 大家一度都很赞赏那个新演员，但后来情况逆转，人们对他感到厌烦了．3［U］ the quality of beingreactionary ［→C113］ 反动：His efforts were defeated by the forces of reaction.他的努力被反动势力所击败．4［C；U］（in science）（用于科学方面）a（a）force exercised by a body in reply to another force 反作用力：Action and reaction are equal and opposite （Newton）.作用力和反作用力大小相等，方向相反（牛顿）.b（a）changecaused in a chemical substance by the action of another（化学物质）反应

response /ri'spons/ [U;C] the act of respond-ing 反应；反响；回复：They gave no response to our offer.他们对我们的提议没有反应.Our invi-tation met with no response.我们发出的邀请没有得到答复.

repetition / repr'tifən/1 [C; U] the action or an act of repeating 重复；反复；重做：The perform-ance improved with each repetition.节目每次重演都有改进.Let there be no repetition of this behaviour！不要再出现这种行为了！2［U］ theexercise of repeating words 重说；再讲 repeti-tive ［B］ tending to repeat or be repeated 重复的；反复的：He is a bit repetitive； he tells you the same things again and again.他说话有点爱重复，同样的事情对你讲了又讲.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

practice /'præktis/ 1 [U;C] (a) (regularly) repeated performance or exercise in order to gain skill in some art， game，etc 练习：It takes a great deal of practice to be really good at this sport.要真正擅长这项运动需要大量的练习.Every English lesson starts with pronunci-ation practice.每堂英语课都从发音练习开始.Wehave 3 choir ［→K43］practices a week．每周我们进行三次合唱练习.In training for the race hegoes for a practice run each morning.为了参加比赛，他每天早上都练跑.He used to be good atcricket but now he's out of practice (=unable to perform with skill because of lack of prac-tice）.他过去板球打得很好，但现在因缺乏练习而生疏了．2［U］ actual use or performance as compared with the idea, intention, rules,etc, on which the action is based 实践： It＇s claimed that this tin-opener is a very good invention, but in practice it＇s not easy to use.据称这种开罐器是一项很好的发明，但是实际上并不好用.We've made our plans and now we must put them into practice.我们已订出计划，现在必须付诸实施．3［U］ experience； knowledge of a skill as gained by this 实习；熟练；经验：Have you had any practice in nursing the sick？你有护理病人的经验吗？The student teachers are now

N127 DOING THINGS 做事

doing their teaching practice.实习教师现时正在进行教学实习．4［U］ a standard course of action that is accepted as correct or desirable 惯例：It is the practice in English law to consider a person as not guilty until he has been proved guilty.一个人在未被证明有罪之前是无罪的，这是英国法律的惯例.You may not do itin your country but ifyou come to mine you'll find it＇s quite common practice here.在你们国家可能不做这种事，但如果你到我的国家来，你会发现这是常事．5［C usu sing］ often fml a firmly fixed custom or regular habit 习惯做法；习俗： It's not the usual practice for shops to stay open after 6 p．m．下午六点以后商店照常营业并不是惯常的做法.Driving fast along a winding road is a dangerous practice.在多弯的路上开快车是危险的做法.I＇ll lend you the money thistime, but I don't intend to make a practice of it.这次我借钱给你，但下不为例.Tribal practicesoften have the force of law.部族的习俗常常具有法律的效力．6［C usu pl］ often deprec an act that is often repeated esp secretly, in a fixed manner or with ceremony（尤指秘密的、以固定方式进行的或有仪式的）习俗；活动：The Christianchurch had a great struggle to stop magical practices among its people.基督教会进行了极大的斗争以阻止在教友中搞巫术活动．7［U］regularwork of a doctor or lawyer（医生或律师的）业务：Is Doctor Jones still in practice here？琼斯医生还在这儿开业行医吗？8［C］ a the businessof a doctor or lawyer, esp as having a money value because of his trusted connection with the people he serves（医生或律师的）开业；业务：How many lawyers' practices are there in the town？这个城镇上有多少个律师开业？DoctorJones has sold his practice.琼斯医生把业务转让出去了.b the place where this business is done 诊所；（律师）事务所：Where was his practice？-In the High Street.他的诊所在什么地方？--在大街.c the kind or number of people using his services（求医或聘用律师的）人或人数：Did hehave a large practice?-No, it was a small but wealthy practice.找他看病（或办事）的人多不多？-不多，但都是有钱人. sharp practicederog behaviour or a trick in business or work that is dishonest but not quite unlawful 狡诈（但并非违法）的手段

deed /di:d/ [C; in U] esp pomp, lit & old use something done on purpose 行动；行为：Deeds are more important than words.行动胜过言辞. He is an honourable man in word and in deed.他是一个言行高尚的人.

doings /'du:gz/ infml 1 [P] things that are done, things that happen, or social activities 活动；社交活动：There are a lot of doings at the Smiths＇house tonight.今晚史密斯家有许多活动.2 [Wn3; C] BrE any small thing, esp the name of which one forgets or does not know （常泛指记不起或叫不出名字的）小东西：Put the doingson the table.把那些小玩意儿放在桌上.

work /w3:k/ [U] something done, esp often or for money 工作：What work are you doing today？你今天干什么工作？Have you finished your work／that work yèt？你干完（那件）工作了

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.workings /'w3:knjz/ [P] not fml the way in which something works or acts 活动方式；运作方式：What a strange idea； the workings of his mind are unlike anyone else＇s.多么奇怪的想法； 他的思维方式与众不同.

goings-on /gəuiz'on/ [P] infml, usu deprec activities， usu of an undesirable kind 活动（常指令人不快的事）：There was shouting and loud music and all sorts of goings-on I can't describe！那儿有叫喊声、吵闹的音乐声、以及我无法形容的各种胡闹！

N128 verbs 动词：managing and coping 处理与对付

manage /'mænid3/1 [IØ; T1, 3] (often with can, could) to (be able to perform a difficult movement or action）（常和 can，could 连用） 处理；（勉强可以）做得到：It＇s heavy，but I canmanage （to carry） it.这个东西很重，不过我能拿得动.She can＇t manage alone on the stairs.她上下楼梯没有人扶不行.She managed the stairsalone／without help.她能自己上下楼梯／她上下楼梯不用人扶．2［IØ］to succeed in living esp on a small amount of money（尤指靠少量的钱）生活过得下去：We have very little， but we manage. 我们的钱很少，不过还对付得了．3［T1］infml，often, polite (with can, could) to tàke (for a special use）（和 can，could 连用）吃；使用（特殊用途）：I can＇t manage another mouthful.我一口也不能再吃了.I could manage anotherholiday soon，I＇m so tired.我太累了，真需要马上再休一次假.I couldn＇t manage two weeks holiday this year，only one.今年我连两个星期的假都休不了，只能休一周.I can＇t manageTuesday-make the meeting Wednesday.星期二我安排不过来，把会议改到星期三开吧.

cope/kəup/[IØ (with)] to deal successfully with something 处理；对付：She felt unable to cope with(driving in) heavy traffic after her acci-dent.她出了交通事故后，感到（开车）应付不了交通拥挤的情况.（esp BrE） After her nervous illness she lost the ability to cope.她得过神经系统的病以后，已失去应付事务的能力.

make do [IØ (with)] infml to use (something) even though it may not be enough or perfect 凑合着用；将就着用；勉强使用：We haven＇t gotmeat so we＇ll have to make do with bread.我们没买到肉，因此只好将就吃点面包.

get by ［v adv IØ］ 1 ［（on）］ to continue to live维持生活：She can＇t get by on such a small income．靠这么少的收入她无法维持生活．2 to begood enough， but not very good 勉强过得去： Your work will get by， but try to improveit.你的工作勉强可以，不过要尽力改进.

fare /feə/ [(it) L9] 1 to manage; get on; pro-gress；succeed 进展；过活；成功；做：How did you fare in the exam？你考得怎样？I think I fared well／badly．我想我做得不错／很糟．2 esp lit toturn out；happen 结果（如何）；发生：It fared ill with them.他们的结果很糟.

N129 verbs 动词： doing well and looking up，etc［lø］顺利与好转等

do well to manage well 做得好；做得顺利；情况顺遂：He is doing （very）well now.他现在一切都很顺利.

get better to become better 转好：The weather is getting better now.现在天气开始转晴了.Shewas ill but now she＇s getting better.她病了，但现在正逐渐康复.

come on ［v adv］ infml 1 to become better 好起来：She was ill but she＇s coming on （well） now．她生过病，但是现在身体好多了．2 to bedeveloping 进展：How is your work coming on now？你现在的工作进展如何？

look up ［v adv］ infml to become better 好转： Things are looking up now; business is good. 现在情况正在好转，生意不错.

N130 verbs 动词：succeeding，etc 成功等[ALSO→N164]

succeed/sək'si:d/1 [IØ (in)] to gain a purpose or reach an aim 成功；达到（目的）：He suc-ceeded in preventing her from leaving. 他成功地劝阻了她不要离开.She succeeded the secondtime she took the examination.她第二次考试及格了．2［Iø］to do well，esp in gaining position or popularity in life 有成就：He is the type of person who succeeds anywhere.他是那种不论到哪里都能成功的人.to succeed in life 成为生活的强者3［T1］to follow after 继···之后；接着（··· 之后）：A silence succeeded his words.他说完话后，接着是一片肃静.

come off ［v adv IØ］ infml to succeed 成功：The sale came off and he made a lot of money.货成功地卖掉了，他赚了一大笔钱.

improve /im'pru:v/1 [T1] to use well and/or to make better 使更好；改进；提高：I want to im-prove my abilities.我想增长才干.I＇ll improve the shape of the handle so it's easier foryou to use.我来改进一下手柄的形状，以便你们用起来方便些．2［IØ］ to get better 变得更好：Hishealth＇s improving.他的健康状况正在好转.He＇s improving in health.他的健康状况正好转.

pick up [v adv] infml 1 [IØ] to improve, esp in health 好起来：Mother is picking up again after her operation. 手术之后母亲的身体正在好起来.Trade is picking up，I hear．听说贸易有起色．2 ［T1］ to make （someone） feel better 使···觉得更好：I need a holiday to pick me up.我需要个假期来恢复一下精力.

better oneself [IØ] esp old use to make oneself better； do better in life 改善自己的处境：He has bettered himself by studying hard.他通过刻苦学习，充实了自己.

prosper /'prospə/ [IØ] esp fml & lit 1 to suc-ceed in life 发迹；发达：He has begun to pros-per．他已经开始发迹了．2（of business，etc） to get much better（指商业等）繁荣；昌盛：Hisbusiness is prospering.他的生意兴隆.

excel /ik'sel/ [Wv6; L9] to do or be better than

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others 胜过；优于：She excelled （over everyone else） in the examinations.她的考试成绩超过所有人.

N131 verbs 动词：accomplishing and achieving［T1］获取与得到

accomplish /ə'kamplif/ (often in the phrs ac-complish something/nothing/a great deal, etc 有所收获／一无所获／取得重大成果，等）tosucceed in doing; finish successfully; perform 完成；取得（成就）：We tried to arrange a peace but accomplished nothing.我们尽力调解纠纷， 但是没有任何成果.Has he accomplishedanything by all these years of work？这么多年来他在工作中取得了什么成就吗？

achieve/ə'tfi:v/ 1 to finish successfully(esp something，anything， nothing）完成；做到；取得（成绩）：He will never achieve anything unless he works harder.除非他更加努力工作，否则将不会取得任何成就．2 to get as the result of action；gain（something non-material）达到；取得；实现（非物质的事物）：He hopes to achieve all his aims by the end of the year.他希望在年底前实现自己全部目标.He achieved fame with his last book.他写的最后一本书使他出了名.

fulfil，also 又作 fulfill AmE／ful＇fil／1 ［usu pass］ to make or prove to be true; cause to happen as foretold or appointed 应验；成为事实：The old belief that the world would come to an end after 1,000 years was not fulfilled．古代有一种迷信，说公元一千年后世界末日就会到来，这种说法并未应验．2 to make true； carry out （some-thing wished for or planned, such as hopes, prayers，desires，etc）实现（愿望、祈求、希望等）： At last his hopes have been fulfilled; his first son has been born.他的愿望终于实现了；他的第一个儿子出生了，If he＇s lazy，he＇ll never fulfil his ambition of being／to be a doctor.他要是懒惰，当医生的抱负就永远实现不了．3 to developand express the abilities, qualities, character, etc，of （oneself）fully 充分发挥才能、潜力：She succeeded in fulfilling herself both as an actress and as a mother.她成功地发挥了自己既当好演员又当好母亲的才能．4 to supply or satisfy（a need，demand， purpose）满足或达到（需要、要求、目的等）：The demand for new cars is so great that it can't be fulfilled for several months.对新汽车的需求量如此大，几个月都会供不应求．5 to keep or carry out faithfully （a promise，agreement，etc）履行（诺言、协议等）： Ifyou make a promise you should fulfil it. 许下承诺就应该履行.The builder hasn＇t fulfilled his contract to finish the house by September. 建筑商没有履行在九月前把房子盖好的合同．6 tocarry out (an order, command, conditions, etc）；obey 执行（命令等）；服从：The doctor＇s instructions must be fulfilled exactly;the sick man＇s life depends on it.医生的指示必须切实执行，因为病人的生死取决于这一点．7 to do orperform（a duty，office，etc）尽（责任）；履行（义务）：A nurse has many duties to fulfil in caring for the sick.护士照料病人要尽许多责任.

N133 DOING THINGS 做事

A chimney fulfis the function [■N127] of taking away smoke.烟囱起排烟的作用.

attain /ə'tein/ to succeed in arriving at, esp after effort；reach（尤指经过努力后）达到；获得：He attained the position of minister.他谋得了部长的职位.His skill had attained perfection before he died.他的技术在他死前已达到了完美境地.How can we attain such wealth？我们怎样才能获得这么多财富？

N132 verbs 动词：passing and failing ［T1］ 通过与通不过

pass ／pa：s／1 ［also 又作 IØ］ to be successful in （an examination，test，etc）通过（考试等）；及格： Did she pass？ 她及格了吗？He passed all his tests．他通过了全部测验．2 to let （someone）pass （an examination，test，etc）使通过（考试、测验等）；使及格：They passed him.他们让他及格了.He was passed as fit by the doctor.他经医生检验，证明身体健康.

fail／feil／1［also 又作IØ］ not to pass 不及格：Did she fail？她没考及格吗？He failed most of the tests．他大部分测验都不及格．2 to say，etc that（someone） has failed 评（某人）不及格：They failed him.他们没让他通过.He was failed by the doctor.医生认为他身体不合格.

N133 nouns 名词：success and failure 成功与失败

success/sək'ses/1[U] the act of succeeding in something 成功：Success at last！ The book is finished！终于成功了！书写成了！2［U］a goodresult 好结果；成果：Our efforts met with success．我们的努力获得了成功．3［C］a personor thing that succeeds or has succeeded 取得成就的人；成功的事：Although he has no moneyhe has clever children and that makes him a success.虽然他没钱，但他有聪明伶俐的孩子，这就是他的成就.His book has come out／his play has been performed and it＇s a success.他的书出版了／他的剧上演了，并且获得了成功．4［U9］espold use a result 结果：What success？有何结果？ successful ［B］ showing success 有成果的；成功的：He is a successful writer.他是个成功的作家.[Ape] AI- [8əu]-un

improvement /ım'pru:vmənt/ [U; C] (a sign of) improving or being improved 改进；进步；改良； 改善之处：There＇s been an improvement in your work this year.今年你的工作有了改进.Sev-eral improvements were made to our office, and it＇s much more comfortable now.我们的办公室作了几处改善，现在舒适多了.

accomplishment /ə'kamplifmənt/ [C] a skill, ability, etc accomplished after esp years of effort 成就；技能（尤指经长时间努力获得的）：Herfine piano-playing is her greatest accomplish-ment.她的钢琴弹得很好，这是她最大的成就.What are his accomplishments in his subject? 在他那个学科中他有哪些成就？

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