J109 BANKING 银行业

票，好吗？Where can I get this cashed？我可以到哪儿兑现这票据呢？

encash/in'kæf/ [T1] fml, pomp & old use to cash 兑现：He encashed the cheques.他把这些支票兑现了.

overdraw /əuvə'dro:/ [T1] to be paid by a bank more money than one has in the bank 透支（银行存款）：Last week he overdrew by £5,000．上星期他透支了五千英镑.

J109 verbs 动词：crediting and debiting

［T1］记入贷方或借方 [ALSO→J152]

credit /'kredit/ [(with)] 1 to enter in the right-hand or credit side of （an account）记入贷方； 记入为存款：Credit Mr Smith／Mr Smith＇s account with £10．在史密斯先生的存款栏目里记上十英镑．2 to note that （a person） has received a sum of money 记上（客户收到的钱）：Today we credited him with £100．今天我们在他的帐上记上他存入一百英镑.

debit/'debit/1 to enter in theleft-hand or debit side of （an account） 记入借方：Debit £10 against Mr Smith／Mr Smith＇s account.在史密斯先生帐目的借方栏内记上十英镑．2 note that（aperson) has had a sum of money taken out of his account 记上（客户支出的钱）：Debit MrSmith／Mr Smith＇s account with £10．在史密斯先生的账户里记上他支出十英镑.

deduct /dr'dakt/ to take (an amount, a part) from a total 从···扣除：Please deduct £1 a week from his wages until he has repaid all he owes us.请从他的工资中每周扣除一英镑，直到他付清欠我们的钱为止．［ALSO■J32］

take off ［v adv］ infml to deduct 扣除：Take £5 off until he has paid back the loan.扣下他五英镑，直到他还清借款为止.

J110 nouns 名词：credit and debit 贷方与借方

credit/'kredit/1 [U] (the amount of) money in a person＇s account，as at a bank 存款2［U］ the quality of being likely to repay debts and be honest with money 信用：His credit is good； you can trust him．他的信用好，你可以信任他．3[C]a record (in a book of accounts) of money received（帐簿中的）贷方 credit side ［C］ the right-hand side of an account book on which credits are listed 贷方

debit /'debit/ [C] a record (in a book of ac-counts） of money spent or owed（帐簿中的）借方 debit side ［C］ the left-hand side of an account book on which debits are listed 借方

J111 nouns 名词：persons working in a bank［C］银行工作人员

teller/'telə/ esp AmE a person employed to re-

ceive and pay out money in a bank 银行出纳员clerk /kla:k/ a person employed in a bank, office, shop, etc, to keep records, accounts, etc，and to do written work 办事员；事务员；文书；书记员

cashier /kæ'fiə/ a person in charge of money receipts and payments in a bank, hotel, shop, etc（银行、旅店、商店等）出纳员

J112 nouns 名词：interest on money［U］ 利钱

interest/'intrəst/1 the money. paid by a busi-ness,bank, etc, to someone who has lent an amount of money for their use 利息（银行等付给的）2 the same money when paid to the business by someone who has borrowed an amount of money（付给银行等的）利息

simple interest interest calculated on an origi-nal sum of money without first adding in the interest already earned 单利（只计原笔钱的利息）

compound interest interest calculated on the original sum of money lent or borrowed and on all the unpaid interest already earned 复利（在原笔钱与利息上再算的利息）

J113 nouns 名词：savings and capital 储蓄与资本

savings/'seivigz/ [P] money saved esp as in a bank 积蓄；储蓄：Our savings aren＇t big enough yet to buy a good car.我们的储蓄还不够买一辆好汽车.

capital/'kæpətəl/ 1 [U] wealth, esp when used to produce more wealth; the machines, buildings， and goods used in a business 资本； 资产：We must understand the difference between fixed capital (= machinery, factor-ies) and circulating capital (= half-finished goods），＇said the teacher.教师说：“我们必须弄懂固定资产（机器、厂房）和流动资本（半成品）之间的区别．”2［S；U］（a sum of） money used for starting a business 资金：This business was started with a capital of £10,000．这生意最初的投资额是一万英镑.To be really successful，we need more capital than we＇ve got.要想真正成功，我们需要的资金比现在有的要更多．3［S；U］infml（a sum of） money（一笔）钱：He saved every week and after 20 years had a capital of £10,000．他每星期储蓄，二十年间共存了一万英镑．My friend has enough capital to buy a house. 我的朋友有足够的钱买一幢房子.

investment/mn'vestmənt/[U] the act of invest-ing［■J107］投资

stock /stpk/ [U; C often in comb] money invested in a business, the work of a govern-ment，etc 股分资本；股票；公债：He bought a lotof government stock.他买了许多公债.He buys and sells stocks and shares.他买卖债券和股票.

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J114 nouns 名词：investments， shares， and securities 投资、股票与证券

investment /in'vestmənt/ [C] something, esp money,invested [→J107],or in which one invests 投资：His investments in that business have done well.他对那生意的投资成果不错.These shares are a good investment.这些股票是很好的投资.（fig）Some people say children are a good investment against loneliness when one is old.有人说，孩子是保障老年时不会寂寞的好投资.

share/feə/1 [C] any of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company may be divided 股票：He owns 50 shares in the busi-ness.他在那个生意里拥有五十股.They paid adividend of 50p per share．他们给每股付五十便士的红利．2［A］ BrE of or concerning shares 股票的：Share prices rose in heavy trading.股票价格因大量买卖而上涨了．3［C；U］ the partbelonging or due to， or done by， a person 份； 份额；部分：If you want a share in／of the pay， you'll have to do your fair share of the work. 如果你要分得一份工钱，就得做你该做的那份工作.The government must take a large share of the blame for the failure of the plan.政府必须对计划的失败承担大部分责任.

premium /'pri:miəm/ [C] 1 an additional pay-ment,esp to a worker, made as a reward for special efforts 奖金：We＇re paying each sales-man a £20 premium for each of last year's cars he sells, because we want to get rid of them.每个推销员凡是卖掉一辆去年的汽车，我们就给他发二十英镑奖金，因为我们想处理掉这批车子．2an additional charge made for something 额外费用：There＇s a premium of ＄10 for a seat on this special fast train.这是特别快车，每个座位需另加十元．at a premium 1 （of a business share） at a rate above the usual value（股票）高于通常价格：Our business is so successful this year that shares in it are now selling at a premium. 今年我们的生意很好，公司的股票现在的售价高于通常价格．2 rare or difficult to obtain and there-fore worth more than usual 珍稀的；难以得到的：During the holiday months of July and August hotel rooms are at a premium.在七八月这两个度假的月份，很难找到旅馆房间.put apremium on to cause (a quality or action) to be an advantage 鼓励；激发；助长：Work paid according to the amount done puts a premi-um on speed and not on quality.按件付酬使人注重速度而不是质量．［ALSO■J159］

bond/bpnd/[C often cap] a paper in which a government or an industrial firm promises to pay back with interest money that has been lent（invested） 公债；债券：He bought 71％ National Savings Bonds.他买了年息七厘五的国家储蓄债券.In Britain people can buy Premium Bonds from the Post Office.在英国， 人们可以在邮局买到有奖公债.

dividend /'divə,dend/ [C] 1 the part of the money made by a business which is shared among those who have shares in it (share-

J115 BANKING 银行业

holders）（股分的）红利 2 the amount which each shareholder receives（股东所得的）股息pay dividends produce an advantage;be useful（in the future）有利；将来有用：Learning French has paid dividends; I have a much better job now.学会法语有好处；我现在有一份好得多的工作.

security/sr'kjuəriti/ 1 [U] property of value promised to a lender in case repayment is not made or other conditions are not met 抵押（物）：He offered his house as security for the loan．他提议用他的房子为这笔借款作抵押．2［Cusu pl] a paper, esp a bond or piece of stock, giving the owner the right to some property 证券；债券：He trades in government securities.他买卖政府有价证券.

asset/'æset/ [C]1 [usu pl] something such as a house or furniture, that has value and that may be sold to pay a debt 财产；资产：What assets does he have?-None; no assets at all. 他有什么财产？-没有，什么财产也没有．2（fig）a valuable quality or skill 才能；长处：Intelli-gence was her main asset.智力是她的主要长处.stake/steik/ [C] any great interest or share in something， esp if money， etc， is involved 大的股本；利害关系：What stake does he have in the business？-He has a 20％ stake．他在这生意里有多少股本？-他有百分之二十的股本.She hasa big stake in everything he does.他做的每件事对她都是关系重大的．［ALSO→K122］

J115 nouns 名词：funds and trusts 基金与信托

fund/fand/[C] a supply of money set apart for such purposes as investing［→J107］资金；基金： This fund is used to invest in new businesses in the United States.这笔资金是用来对美国的新企业进行投资的.The company has a pensionfund (= a fund for pensions, money to be used when a person is too old to work) for all its employees.该公司有一笔用于全体雇员的退休基金.

trust/trast/1 [C] a group of people holding and controlling money or property for the advan-tage of others 财产托管会；（基金、财产的）受托团体2 ［C］ a property or sum of money held and controlled by someone or a group of people for the advantage of someone else 托管的财产： The money isn't mine; it's a trust I'm holding for my youngest brother.这笔钱不是我的，而是我受托为小弟弟保管的．3［U］the act of holdingand controlling property or money for the advantage of someone else 受托保管别人的财产：The money will be held in trust for you until you＇re 21．这笔钱将代你保管，到你二十一岁才能使用.

unit trust BrE, mutual fund AmE [C]a com-pany formed to control investments of many different types 单位信托投资公司；互惠信托基金（一种投资公司）

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J116 adjectives 形容词：having money， etc 有钱的等

rich /ritf [Wal; B]1 (of people) possessing a lot of money or property（指入）有钱的；富的：She is one of the richest women in the world.她是世界上最富有的女人之一．2［（in）］ possessing alot （of the stated thng）富有···的；丰富的：This fish is rich in oil.这种鱼有丰富的脂肪.The cityis rich in ancient buildings.这个城市有很多古老的建筑物．3（of possessions） costly，valuable， and beautiful 贵重的；华丽的：What rich furni-ture！多么华丽的家具！4［the P］rich people 有钱人：The rich are not always generous to the poor.富人对穷人未必慷慨.-ly［adv］-ness［U］ wealthy /'welθi/1 [Wal; B] (of a person) rich

（指人）富的：He＇s a very wealthy man.他是个很有钱的人．2［the P］wealthy people 富人

prosperous /'prospərəs/ [B] doing well in busi-ness，life，etc；wealthy 繁荣的；昌盛的；顺利的；富有的：The little town looked very prosperous. 这小镇看上去很繁荣：He is a prosperous localbusinessman.他是个富有的本地生意人.-ly［adv］well-off /'wel'pf/ [Wa2; B] infml (of a person)

rich（指人）富的；有钱的：He＇s pretty well-off for money，but they are even better-off.他相当有钱，但他们比他更有钱.They are very well-offpeople.他们都是些很有钱的人.

in credit having money in the bank, enough or more than enough to pay for what one buys, does，etc（银行中）有（足够的）存款的：I＇m incredit at the moment.我目前在银行里有存款.(fig) He's very much in credit (with her) at the moment （＝ She likes him）.此刻他颇受她的青睐.

solvent/'splvənt/[B] able to pay for what one buys， does， etc； not in debt ［■J120］有偿付能力的；无债务的：She＇s quite solvent； she can buy a new car.她有颇大的偿付能力，她买得起一辆新汽车.solvency ［U］ the condition of being solvent 偿付能力

comfortable /'kamfətəbəl/ [B] fairly rich; not poor 相当富裕的；小康的：We＇re comfortable， but can't afford to buy some of the things we would like.我们生活不错，但买不起某些想要的东西．-ably ［adv Wa3］：They live comfortably on his income.他们靠他的收入生活得不错.comfortably off fairly rich 相当富裕的：They＇re comfortably off; they can afford a new car every year.他们相当富裕，每年买得起一辆新汽车.

affluent /'æfluənt/ [B] having plenty of money or other possessions；wealthy 有许多钱财的；富裕的：An affluent society is one in which a lot of its members have plenty of money and are keen on having possessions.一个富足的社会里有钱人很多，他们都热衷于添置财物.affluence［U］ the condition of being affluent 富足；富裕

J117 nouns 名词：having money，etc 有钱等

riches /'ritfiz/[P] things that make one rich,

esp money， property，etc 财富：All his riches are no good to him if he is so ill.如果他病得那么厉害，他所有的财富对他就毫无用处.（fig）Theriches of English poetry are well-known.英诗的瑰宝是众所周知的.

wealth /welθ/ esp emot 1 [U] (a large amount of） money and possessions 财富：His great wealth has not changed him.他的巨大财富并没有改变他．He is a man ofwealth．他是个富豪．2［S （of）］ a large number 丰富；大量：He pro-vided us with a wealth of examples.他给我们提供了许多例子.

prosperity /pro'sperəti/ [U] the condition of being prosperous； wealth 繁荣；兴旺；财富：His present prosperity is due to working hard in the past.他现在的兴旺发达是由于过去辛勤工作的结果.

fortune /'fo:tfən/ [C] wealth; a great amount of money，possessions，etc 财富：Some men have made great fortunes by developing oilfields.有些人靠开发油田发了大财.The jewels that therich woman was wearing last night must be worth a fortune.那个有钱女人昨晚戴的那些珠宝一定值很多钱.He came into a fortune when his rich aunt died.他那有钱的姑母死后，他得到一大笔财产：（fig） Her face is her fortune （＝ her (good) looks mean that she can earn a lot of money）.她的容貌就是她的财富.a smallfortune infml a lot of money 很多钱：Those jewels must have cost a small fortune.买那些珠宝一定花了很多钱.

luxury/'IAkfəri/1 [U] great ease and comfort, as provided without worry about the cost 豪华；奢侈：He lived in luxury.他过着奢侈的生活.Theyled a life of luxury.他们过着奢侈的生活.Theylived in a luxury flat.他们住在一套豪华的公寓房间里．2［C］ something that is not necessary and not often had or done but which is very pleasant 奢侈品；昂贵难得的东西：This fruit is areal luxury at this time of year.在这个季节，这种水果真是一种奢侈品.Sleeping in a warm bedwas a luxury for the poor man.在温暖的床上睡上一觉，对这个穷人来说是一种难得的享受.

treasure /'tre3ə/ 1 [U; C] a collectionof valu-able things， metals， money，jewels，etc 金银财宝；珍藏；宝藏：They say that there is buried treasure on this island.他们说这个岛上埋藏着财宝．2［C］ something one values very much 珍爱之物：His books are his greatest treasure（s）.他的藏书就是他最大的珍宝．3［C］infml a personof great value or importance 有价值的人；宝贵的人才：She＇s a real treasure.她是个不可多得的人才.

windfall/'wind,fo:l/ [C] 1 a piece of fruit blown down off a tree 从树上被吹下来的果实：Theseapples are windfalls， but they＇re good.这些苹果是吹下来的，但都是些好苹果．2（ an unex-(fig) pected lucky gift or prize， esp money 意外的收获（如礼物、奖赏、钱财等）；横财：She had awindfall of £500 from a distant relative．她从一个远亲那儿得到一笔五百英镑的意外之财.

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J118 adjectives 形容词：having little or no money［B］没什么钱的

poor/puə/ [Wa1] 1 having very little money and therefore a low standard of living 穷的；贫困的： He was too poor to buy shoes for his family. 他穷得连给家人买双鞋子都办不到.This is a poorneighbourhood, where many people cannot get work.这是贫民区，这里的许多人都找不到工作.2 less than is needed or expected; small in size or quantity 少的；差的：We had a poor crop of beans this year.今年我们的豆子收成不好.This product is in poor supply(=We can't get it easily）．这种产品供应不足．3 ［the P］ poorpeople 穷人：He always helped the poor.他总是帮助穷人.

badly-off ／，bædli-＇pf／［Wa2］ infml poor 穷困的： He's rather badly-off at the moment, but many people are much worse-off.他目前相当穷困，但许多人比他还大大不如.

impoverished /Im'ppvərift/ having become poor 变穷的；变贫瘠的：Many impoverished workers moved from the country to the cities to get work after the terrible storms.可怕的风暴过后，许多陷于贫困的工人从农村迁到城市来找工作.（fig） The land here used to be rich but it has been used too much and is impoverished now.这儿的土地曾是肥沃的，但由于被过度使用，现在变得贫瘠了.

short /fo:t/ [Wal; (of)] infml lacking enough （money）缺乏（钱）的；缺少的；短缺的：I＇m shortof money this week; can you lend me some? -Sorry， I＇m rather short myself.我这星期缺钱用，你能借我一些吗？-很抱歉，我自己手头也很紧呢.

broke/brəuk/[F] sl completely without money 一点钱也没有的；破产的：He／His firm is broke.他一个钱都没有／他的公司破产了.

tight /tait/ [Wal] (of money) not easy to get （钱）不易得到；银根紧的：Money is tight at themoment; I'm afraid the bank can't lend you any just now.目前银根吃紧，恐怕银行此刻不能借钱给你.

penniless／＇penilis／［Wa5］ having no money 身无分文的；不名一文的：Paying his son＇s debts lefthim almost penniless.替儿子还债弄得他几乎身无分文.

needy/'ni:di/[Wa1] needing more money;poor 需要钱的；穷的：He tried to help the needier people in the town.他设法帮助城里更穷的人.

sood dwod 2 puf /serenfu,ed/ snounued needy 贫困的；穷的：He is in a most penurious condition at the moment.他此刻正处于极度贫困的境地.

J119 verbs 动词：losing money［T1］失去钱财

impoverish／ım＇ppvərif／ 1 to make poor 使贫困： The family was impoverished by taxes.这个家庭被各种税收弄穷了．2 to make poor in quality

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使变差；使贫瘠：The land has been impove-rished by continuous growth of crops.土地因不断种植庄稼而变得贫瘠了.

beggar／＇begə／ esp emot to impoverish 使···贫困：If we follow his plan， it will beggar us completely！如果我们按他的计划去做，就会变成穷光蛋的！

bankrupt /'bænkrapt/ to make bankrupt [→J120］ or very poor 使···破产；使···一贫如洗：Ifyou go on spending all my money on clothes, you＇ll bankrupt me！要是你继续把我所有的钱都花在衣服上，你会使我破产的！

J120 adjectives，etc 形容词等：in debt 负债

in debt owing money 负债：He is in debt；he owes more than £1,000／a thousand pounds．他弄得一身债，欠了人家一千多英镑.He is in debt tothe sum／tune of £1,000．他负债达一千英镑．（fig）I am in debt to you for all the things you have done for me； I shall always be in your debt.你为我做了那么多事，我深受你的恩惠，我将永远感激你.

indebted／in＇detid／［B］ old use or fig in debt 负债的；受恩惠的：He is indebted to the sum／tune of £10,000．他负债达一万英镑．（fig fml）I amgreatly indebted to you for your help.我非常感谢你的帮助.

insolvent /m'splvənt/[B] 1 not having money or being able to pay what one owes 没有偿付能力的；无力清偿债务的：2 infml having finishedone＇s money，esp wages 钱（尤指工资）花完了的insolvency [U] the condition of being insol-vent 无偿付能力

bankrupt /'bænkrapt/ 1 [Wa5; B] a unable to pay one＇s debts 破产的；无力还债的：The com-pany went bankrupt because it couldn't sell its products.公司因产品滞销而破产了.b（fig）deroglacking in some usu good quality 缺乏优点的： The nation grew so rich and lazy that it be-came spiritually bankrupt.这个国家变得如此富裕和懒散，以致它在精神上垮下来了.c derog nolonger able to produce anything good 无用的； 不再带来好处的：Theirs was a bankruptcivilization.他们的文明是一种垮掉的文明.d[(of)] derog completely without (good things) 彻底缺乏（优点、好处）的：They seem to bebankrupt of all kind feelings.他们似乎毫无仁慈之心．2 ［C］ a a person who is unable to pay his debts 破产者：A court of law declared him a bankrupt.法庭宣布他为破产者.b derog aperson who is lacking in some (usu good) quality 缺乏某种（优秀）质素的人：He is a moralbankrupt，who will do anything for money.此人道德沦丧，为了钱什么都干得出来.

J121 nouns 名词：having little or no money 无钱或穷困

poverty/'povəti/ 1 [U] the state of being very poor 贫困：Poverty prevented the boy from

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continuing his education.贫穷使这孩子不能继续接受教育.There is a great deal of poverty in this part of the country.该国这一地区十分贫困.2［U；S；（of）］fml ＆ deprec（a）lack 贫乏；缺少： His later stories are not interesting because of their poverty of imagination.由于缺乏想象力， 他后期的短篇小说很乏味.

impoverishment /rm'ppvərıfmənt/[U] the state of being impoverished［→J119］贫困状态

penury /'penjuri/ [U] esp fml & emph the state of being very poor； poverty 赤贫：After the death of her husband she lived in penury.她丈夫死后，她过着极度贫困的生活.

bankruptcy/'bænkraptsi/1 [U] the quality or state of being bankrupt 破产：Hard times in the business world reduced his firm to bank-ruptcy．商业界的萧条使他的公司破产了．2［C］anexample of this 破产的实例；倒闭：There were many bankruptcies in the business world because it was hard to sell anything that year. 那一年什么都滞销，因此商业界发生很多倒闭事件．3[U] derog complete failureor inability to produce anything good 完全失败；一无是处：The bankruptcy of the government's plans became clear when prices rose sharply.物价暴涨，政府的计划显然已彻底失败了.

beggary/'begəri/ [U] esp emot & emph the state of being very poor 赤贫状态：He was reduced to beggary by several business failures.他由于几度经商失败而一贫如洗.

J122 nouns 名词：what people earn and spend 人们的收入与支出

[ALSO→J219]

income/'ngkam/ [U;C] money which a person receives regularly 收入：What is his yearly income？ 他的年薪是多少？Their incomes are greater than ours.他们的收入比我们的多.Shehas less income now than she once had.她现在的收入比她过去的少.

outlay /'aut,lei/ [C usu sing; (U); (on, for)] money spent for a purpose 花费；支出：There has been a large government outlay on science in the last few years.在过去几年里，政府在科学方面的支出很大.

expenditure /ik'spenditfə/ [S; U: (of, on)] spending or using up (something, esp money) （尤指金钱的）支出；消耗；耗用：We had anexpenditure of £10,000 last year．我们去年支出一万英镑.The expenditure of time and effort was worth it； the plan was a success.计划成功了，为此耗费的时间与精力是值得的.

J123 nouns 名词：budgets and economies 预算与节约

[ALSO→J221]

budget /'bad3it/ [C] 1 a plan of how to spend money 预算：It＇s a family／business／weekly bud-

get．这是家庭／企业／每周收支预算 2 a plan ofhow much money to take in (as by taxation) and how to spend it（收支）预算；预算案：Thegovernment budget never gets smaller.政府的预算从来不会减少．3 the quantity of money．stated in either type of plan 预算金额：They have a budget of £10,000．他们的预算金额是一万英镑.budgetary ［B］ of， concerning， or for the purpose of （making） a budget 预算的： There have been some budgetary difficulties. 在预算方面一直存在着某些困难.

upkeep/'Ap,ki:p/[U (of)] 1 the act of keeping something repaired and in order 维修；保养： He spent time on the upkeep of his house.他花时间维修自己的房屋．2 the cost of this 维修／保养费用：The upkeep of the house is too much for me to pay.房屋的维修费用太高了，我付不起.

maintenance／＇meintənəns／ ［U］ fml upkeep 保养；维修：The maintenance of the house is more than I can pay for.房子的维修（费用）超过我的支付能力.

economy /r'kpnəmi/ [C; U] (an example of) the careful use of money, time, strength,etc 节约；节省：He practised economy all his life and died a rich man.他一生节俭，死时是个富翁.It's an economy to buy good shoes because they last longer.买质量好的鞋子较合算，因为它们经久耐穿.

thrift /Orift/ [U] esp emot careful control of money，possessions，etc 节省；节俭：Her thrift with her money allowed them to have a really good holiday.由于她花钱精打细算，他们才能度过一个真正愉快的假期.thrifty ［Wal；B］ usingthrift；esp emot economical 节约的；节俭的：Try to be thriftier and make your money last longer.尽力再节省一点，使你的钱更耐用些.-ily[adv]-iness [U]

cutback/'kAt,bæk/ [C] esp infml, emot & emph an economy 节省开支：The government cut-backs are intended to save us all money.政府节省开支旨在为我们大家省钱.

J124 nouns 名词：deficits and shortfalls

［C］赤字与短缺

deficit/'defəsit/1 the amount by which money that goes out is more than money that comes in 赤字：I＇m afraid our business has a deficit of £3,000．恐怕我们的生意有三千英镑的赤字．2aloss in business operations 亏损；亏本：Our company has had à large deficit this year.我们公司今年亏损很大．3 an amount which is toosmall in quantity or too low in quality 太少；太差；缺少：There has been a deficit in／of rain this year．今年缺雨．4（the amount of） a disad-vantage 不利；差额：Our team won in spite of a deficit of several runs at the beginning of the match.尽管在开赛时落后了几分，我队还是获胜了.shortfall/'fo:t,fo:l/ an amount which is lacking from the amount needed, expected, or hoped for 差额；不足之量：We hoped to make £1,000but after our bad luck there'll be a shortfall of

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at least £200．我们原希望能赚一千英镑，但倒运之后，至少要少赚两百英镑.

J125 verbs 动词：budgeting［T1］预算

budget /'bad3it/ [IØ] to plan private or public spending with a certain amount of money 做预算：He saved a lot of money by careful budget-ing.他因精打细算而节省了许多钱.Let＇s budgetfor next year.我们来做明年的预算吧.

maintain /mein'tein/ [T1] to do all the necess-ary things to keep (something, esp property) in good condition 维修；保养：How do you manage to maintain such a big house？这么大的房子你是怎样保养好的？

keep up ［v adv T1］ not fml to maintain 维修；保养：It＇s difficult to keep up big old houses like these.要维修这样大的旧房子很困难.

J126 adjectives，etc 形容词等：budget， economy，etc 便宜、合算等

budget/'bad3it/ [Wa5; A] euph cheap (and therefore suitable in budgeting）便宜的；合算的： Enjoy our budget prices now！现在就来本店享受我们便宜的价钱吧！请君惠顾！

economy /r'kpnəmi/ [Wa5; A] euph 1 cheap, low 便宜的；低廉的：Enjoy our new economy prices！请享用本店最新特价货！2big（and there-fore good value for money）大号（包装）的；合算的：Buy the special economy size！请买特大经济包装！

economical /i:kə'npmikal/ [B] genl using money, time, materials, etc carefully;not wasteful 节约的；经济的；俭约的；不浪费的：Asmall car is more economical to drive than a big one，because it uses less petrol.开小汽车比开大汽车较为经济，因为省油.Try to be moreeconomical with your money！花钱尽量再节省点！-ly ［adv Wa4］： They live very economi-cally．他们生活很节俭．［ALSO■J198］

economic/,i:kə'npmik/ esp tech using money, time，materials，etc，carefully 省俭的；节约的： Small cars are more economic than large cars．小汽车比大汽车省钱．-ally ［adv Wa4］

J127 verbs 动词：economizing 节省

economize, -ise/I'konəmaiz/ [IØ (on)] to stop spending money unnecessarily or as much as before 节省开支；节约：We must economize on food if we are going to live on the money we have.如果我们要靠现有的钱生活，就得在食品上节省开支.She tried to economize， but couldn＇t. 她试图节省开支，但做不到.

cut down also 又作 cut back ［v adv T1a， 4； IØ (on)] to reduce the quantity or amount (of); （infml）economize（on）减少开支；节省：We must cut down on our spending/the amount of material we use.我们必须削减开支／用材料的

J130 COMMERCE 商业

数量.The unions strongly oppose any plans to cut back （on） industrial production.工会强烈反对任何削减工业生产的计划.

Commerce

商业

J130 verbs 动词：selling and buying 卖与买

sell /sel/ 1 [D1 (to); T1; X7;IØ)] to give up (property) to another for money or other value 卖；出售；贩卖：He sold his house／car／ business／books.他卖掉了他的房屋／汽车／企业／书籍．I sold my brother my car for £500．／I sold my car to my brother for £500．我以五百英镑的价钱把汽车卖给我的弟弟.Some dishonest voterssold their votes to whoever paid most.一些不诚实的选民把选票卖给出价最高的人.I＇d like tobuy your house if you＇re willing to sell.如果你愿意卖掉你的房子，我乐意把它买下来.He is abusinessman who buys things cheap and sells them dear．他是个靠贱买贵卖获利的商人．2［T1］to help or cause （something） to be bought 推销；有助于销售：Bad news sells newspapers.坏消息能增加报纸的销售量.That name on thecover is enough to sell the book.封面上的那个名字就足以使这本书有销路．3［T1；IØ］ to offer（goods） for sale 推销；出售：My job is selling insurance.我的工作是推销保险.Do you sellcigarettes in this shop？ 你们店卖香烟吗？The club＇s shop doesn＇t sell to non-members.本俱乐部的商店不对非会员出售货物．4［IØ］ to bebought；find a buyer or buyers 被出售；有买主； 卖出：This newspaper sells for／at 10p．这报纸售价十便士.The tickets cost too much and sold badly／wouldn＇t sell.票子太贵，因而销路不佳／卖不出去.These fashions sell fast in the shops. 这些流行式样时装在商店里销得很快.

retail /rr'teil/ [IØ; T1] tech to sell or be sold in shops，etc 零售：This book retails at £5．这本书的零售价是五英镑．We retail this book at £5．我们以五英镑的价格零售这本书.

realize,-ise /'rrə,larz/ [T1] fml & tech 1 less common to sell 卖：He realized the house.他卖掉了那幢房屋．2 more common to get （money） by selling（因出售而）获得（钱、利润等）：Herealized a profit．他赚了一笔利润．3 more common (of something sold) to bring （money）（指东西卖掉后）得到（利润）：The houserealized a profit．房子卖掉后获得一笔利润．4(fig) to carry out; make real (a hope or purpose）实现（希望或目的）：She realized her hope of becoming an actress.她实现了当女演员的愿望.

market/'ma:kit/[T1] to place (goods) for sale in a market ［→J182］ or generally（上市）销售： They are not good at marketing their goods. 他们不善于销售他们的货物.We have been

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J131 COMMERCE 商业

marketing this product very successfully for 10 years now.十年来，我们一直非常顺利地在市场上销售这种产品.marketable ［B］ able to be marketed 可上市的；适合销售的

buy /bai/ 1 [D1(for); T1; X7;IØ] to obtain (something) by giving money (or something else of value）买；购买：He bought me a book from／off them for £5．他花了五英镑从他们那儿买了一本书给我.He bought that car new／cheap. 他那部汽车是买新的／买得很便宜.When pricesare low，he buys．物价低时，他就买进．2［T1］ toobtain in exchange for something, often something of great value 换取；（出代价）获得： They bought peace with their freedom.他们以自由为代价换来和平．3［T1］to be exchangeablefor 可买到：Money buys less than it used to.现在的钱购买力不如从前了.

purchase/'p3:tfəs/1 [T1; (D1)] fml or tech to buy 买；购买：They＇ve just purchased a new house in the country for £25,000．他们刚刚花了二万五千英镑在乡间买了一幢新房子．2［T1 oftenpass](fig)fml to gain (something) at the cost of effort, suffering or loss of something valued（付出代价）获得：The victory was dearly purchased; it was purchased with the lives of many men who died in battle.胜利是付出高昂的代价获得的，是以许多阵亡将士的生命换来的.

acquire /ə'kwarə/ [T1] esp fml & euph to buy 买：He acquired the house very cheaply.他这幢房子买得很便宜.

get／get／［T1］infml to buy 买：He got the house for a song（＝very cheaply）.他这幢房子买得便宜透顶.

pawn /po:n/ [T1] to get money by leaving (something of value, such as clothes, jewellery,etc) for return to one only when the money is paid back 当；典当；抵押：He pawned his watch for £10．他把手表当了十英镑．pawn-shop [C] a shop where one can pawn things 当铺 pawnbroker ［C］ a person who lends money in a pawnshop 当铺老板

treat /tri:t/ [T1 (to)] to buy something for （someone） esp as a friendly act 请···的客：He treated the children to ice creams.他请孩子们吃冰淇淋．［ALSO■F74］

patronize, -ise /'pætrənaız/ [T1] to buy things regularly from（经常地）光顾；惠顾：He always patronizes those shops.他总是光顾那几家商店.

J131 verbs，etc 动词等：costing and spending 使花费与花费

cost/kpst/1 [L1; D1] to have (an amount of money） as a price 价格为：These eggs cost 5 pence each.这些鸡蛋每个五便士，It will costyou £50 to fly to Paris．乘飞机去巴黎票价为五十英镑．This coat only cost me £25 at the local shop；it cost her £35 in London．这种上衣在本地商店买我只花了二十五英镑，而她在伦敦买却花了三十五英镑.The best goods usually cost most. 最好的货色往往最贵．2［D1 no pass］ to cause（aperson） （loss or disadvantage） 使（某人）遭受（损失、不利等）：Your crime will cost you your

life.你的罪行将要使你送命.Your thought-lessness has cost your poor mother many sleepless nights.你的轻率常常使你可怜的母亲通宵不眠．3［T1 no pass］ sl esp BrE to be costly for someone 对···来说是太贵：It will cost you to go by train，so why not go by bus？坐火车去花钱多，何不坐公共汽车去呢？

worth／w3：θ／［prep］（esp after be）（尤用于be之后）1 of the value of 值：It＇s worth much more than I paid for it.它的价值远远超过我付的价钱.2 having possessions amounting to 有财产达···： He＇s worth £1,000,000．他拥有一百万英镑的家产．3 deserving 值得：You＇re not worth helping． 你不值得别人帮助.It isn＇t worth waiting forhim.等他不值得.The food＇s not worth eating. 这种食物不值得一吃.Don＇t lock the door； itisn＇t worth the trouble.别锁门了，用不着费事.

fetch/fetf/[T1] not fml to sell at; cost someone 卖得（某价钱）；使花掉：How much will thehouse fetch if you sell it？你要是把这幢房子卖掉，能卖多少钱？That painting would fetch quite a lot if you sold it now.要是你现在卖掉那幅画，能卖个好价钱.

spend /spend/1 [T1 (on, for); IØ] to give out （esp money） in payment 花费；支付：He will spend £3,000 for／on a new car．他愿花三千英镑来买一辆新汽车．She spent 10p on chocolate．她买巧克力花了十便士.There must be cuts ingovernment spending.政府的开支一定得削减.You spent this much just buying clothes？你光买衣服就花了那么多钱吗？2［T1（in）］（fig） topass or use （time） 花（时间）；度过；消磨：Hespent a pleasant hour (in) talking with friends. 他与朋友们愉快地交谈了一小时.They will spendthree years in prison.他们将在狱中度过三年.He's spent much of his life writing that book. 他花了一生中的许多时间来写那本书．3［T1］（fig）esp fml or lit to wear out or use completely 花完；耗尽：The storm soon spent itselflits force. 暴风雨不久就停下来了.

J132 verbs 动词：affording and paying 花得起与付钱

afford /ə'fo:d/1 [T1 (usu with can, could, able to）］ to be able to buy 买得起：At least we can／are able to afford a house！至少我们买得起一幢房子吧！2［T1,3（usu with can，could， able to)] to be able (to do, spend, give,bear, etc） without serious loss or damage（办、花、给、经受）得起；负担得起（费用、时间、损失等）：Can you afford £45,000 for a house？你花得起四万五千英镑买一幢房子吗？Can you afford tolend me some money？你能拿出一些钱借给我吗？I can＇t afford three weeks away from work.三个星期不工作，我可拿不出这么多时间.A man inyour position can＇t afford to say that.像你这样地位的人可不能说那种话.

pay/pei/1[D1(to);T1(for);V3;IØ(for);I3] to give (money) for goods bought, work done, etc 付（钱）：I paid（five pounds） for that book／to have my radio mended.我付了钱（五英镑）买那本书／修好了我的收音机.I＇ll pay you five

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pounds for it.我给你五英镑买这个.Idon＇t mindpaying to have my door painted.我不在乎花钱请人油漆我家的门.I＇m afraid I can＇t pay（you）（anything）（for it）.恐怕我不能（为此）付（你） （任何）报酬．He paid them （£5） to take it away.他付给他们（五英镑）钱把它拿走.He paidto see the show．他花钱去看演出．2［T1］to settle （a bill，debt，etc）付帐；还债；缴纳；偿还：He is very slow at paying his bills.他结算他欠的帐单总是慢吞吞的．3［T1；IØ］ to be profitable； be worth the trouble or cost（to somebody）有收益；对···有利；值得；对（某人）合算：It doesn＇t pay（you）to argue with him.（你）不值得跟他争论. We must make this farm／business pay.我们一定得使这个农场／生意赢利．4［Wv5；L9］（of work，something done, etc) to bring or give one money or something of value in return（指工作等）给予报酬：This job／firm doesn＇t pay well.这工作／这家公司给的报酬不多.It＇s a badly-paidjob.这是一份工钱很少的工作.

defray ／dr＇frei／ ［T1］ fml to pay for 支付：We shall defray your costs in travelling to New York.我们将支付你去纽约的旅费.

give /giv/ [D1 (to); T1] not fmil to pay in exchange 付给（钱）：She gave him a pound for his help.她付给他一英镑作为他帮忙的酬谢.Whatprice did you give？你付了多少钱？

part with ［v prep T1］ infml to pay 花；付：£200 is a lot （of money） to part with for that chair.花两百英镑买那把椅子是够贵的了.How much didyou part wih to get that chair？你花了多少钱买那把椅子？

J133 verbs 动词：pricing and charging 定价与要价

price /prais/ 1 [X7, 9 often pass] to fix the amount of money to be paid for (something for sale） 定价：The clothes in this shop are priced high． 这家商店的衣服定价高．2［T1 usupass] to mark (goods in a shop) with what people must pay（for them）给（货物）标价： These dresses have only just arrived in the shop and haven＇t yet been priced.这些服装刚刚到货，商店还没有标价呢.

charge /tfa:d3/ [T1] 1 to ask a usu stated amount of money to be paid for (something for sale）要价；索价：He charged £20 for doing it.做那件事他要价二十英镑.They charged us toomuch.他们向我们要价太高了.What do youcharge for this？这东西你卖多少钱？2［（to）］to make a note that goods which are sent,given, etc， are to be paid for later by（someone）记帐：I＇ll take the books now； charge me， please／charge them to me，please.我现在就把这些书拿走，请（把书价）记在我的帐上.

J134 nouns 名词：sales，purchases，and bargains 出售、购买与交易

[ALSO→ J183]

sale/seil/ [C] 1 an act of selling; an agreement

J134 COMMERCE 商业

exchanging something for money 出售；买卖契约：The sale of my house hasn＇t been easy but now Mr Smith is interested and I hope I'll make the sale today.我这幢房子很难卖出去，但现在史密斯先生有兴趣，我希望今天会达成交易.They had only four sales all day in the little shop．他们那家小店一整天只做了四笔生意．2 aspecial offering of goods in a shop at lower prices than usual 贱卖；大减价：I got this hat cheap at a sale.我这顶帽子是大减价时买的，很便宜．The regular price is £3， and the sale price is £1.50．定价三英镑，廉售价是一英镑五十便士．3[often pl with sing meaning] the total amount sold of something offered to be sold 销售量（额）：We＇re hoping for a large salellarge sales of our new product.我们希望新产品有很大的销售量.for sale offered to be sold， esp by a private owner（尤指私人物主出售的物品）待售；出售：The sign on that house says ＇For Sale＇； shall we find out the price？房子上贴了“出售”的牌子，我们去问问价钱好吗？Is your house forsale？你的房子出售吗？on sale 1 offered to besold，esp in a shop（尤指商店的商品）出售的；上市：The evening newspapers go on sale in the afternoon.晚报在下午开始售卖.Will the newproduct be on sale as early as next month？新产品最早能在下个月就上市吗？2AmE at or in asale 大减价时：I got this hat on sale； it was very cheap.我是在大减价时买这顶帽子的，价钱非常便宜.

realization, -isation /,rıəlar'zeıfən/ [U9] fml the act of selling (esp property) or of getting （money from selling esp property）出售；变卖； 获利（尤指出售产业）：The realization of thehouse brought him a lot ofmoney.他变卖房子得到一大笔钱.

purchase /'pз:tfəs/ 1 [C often pl] a an act of buying；a thing bought 购买（行为）；所购之物： She made several purchases in the dress shop. 她在服装店里买了好几样东西.b an.article thathas just been bought 刚买的物品：The children helped to carry their mother's purchases from the shops．孩子们帮母亲拿从商店里买来的东西．2［U9；A］fml buying 购买：He gave his son some money for the purchase of books.他给他儿子一些钱买书.What was the purchase price？ 买价是多少？

buy／bai／［C］ usu infml 1 an act of buying 购买2 something of value at a low price；bargain 便宜货：It＇s a real buy at that price！以那个价钱买可真便宜！

acquisition /,ækwə'zıfən/ [C] usu fml some-thing acquired ［→J130］ or bought（获得或买进的）物品：What new acquisitions do you have？ 你有些什么新买的东西？

bargain /'ba:gin/ [C] 1 something that can be or has been bought for less than its real value 便宜货：These good shoes are a real bargain at such a low price.这些好鞋子只卖这样低的价钱真是便宜.I can offer it to you at a bargain price. 我可以按便宜的价格把它卖给你．2 an agreement，esp one to do something in return for some-thing else 交易；协议：He made a bargain with his wife-＇You cook and I＇ll wash up！＇他与妻

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子达成协议：“你做饭，我洗碗！”a good／badbargain one that favours/does not favour the person who is being spoken about 一宗合算的／ 不合算的交易

luxury /'Ikfəri/ [C] something that is not necessary and not often bought 奢侈品：Shall I get some new chairs?-No,that's a luxury. we can＇t afford at the moment.我去买几把新椅子好吗？-不，那是我们目前还买不起的奢侈品.Buying a new hat now and again is one of the few luxuries left in her life.不时买一两顶新帽子已成为她生活中难得的一种乐趣.

J135 nouns 名词：price and value 价格与价值

price /prais/1 [C] an amount of money for which a thing is offered， sold， or bought 价格； 价钱；售价：What price did you pay for the house？这幢房子你买时是什么价钱？What is theprice of this suit？这套衣服价钱多少？Eggs areselling at a high price.鸡蛋现在很贵.For this week only we're selling two mats for the price of one.以本星期为限，本店的垫子买一送一.Showme the price list．请给我看看价目表．2［S］（fig） that which one must lose or suffer in order to do or get something one wants 代价：Loss of health is too high a price to pa for taking dangerous drugs.因吸毒／使用危险药物而失去健康，这代价太高了.at a price at a high price 以高价：Can I get any good oranges in the town？-Yes,at a price; they're rather dear at the moment.我能在城里买到好橙子吗？-能，不过要出高价，现时橙子很贵.

value /'vælju:/1 [C; U] the worth of something in money or as compared with other goods for which it might be changed 价值；交换价值：The value of the British pound is less than it was 100 years ago．现在英镑的市值低于一百年前．Willthe value of houses and land continue to increase？房价和地价还会继续上涨吗？I paidhim £50 for the painting but its real value must be about £500．我给他五十英镑买了这张画，但它的真正价值应该在五百英镑左右.Jewels arearticles of value; they are articles of great value.珠宝是贵重物品，价值昂贵.These oldornaments are of little value.这些旧装饰品没有什么价值.You can＇t judge everything in life by its money value.你不能只按值多少钱来衡量生活中的一切．2［U9］ worth compared with the amount paid（比较而言的）价值；值得（often inthe phr value for money 物有所值）：If your coat wore out in less than a year it certainly wasn't good value; it was poor value for money.外套穿不到一年就破，当然不是物有所值，而是物非所值了.You always get value formoney at that shop (= the goods are always worth the price charged）.那家商店里的东西总是货真价实的．3［U］ the （degree of） usefulness of something, esp in comparison with other things 有用（程度）；益处：You＇ll find this instru-ment of great value in making certain kinds of

measurement.你会发现这个仪器在作某些量度时是非常有用的.Smoking has little value except in helping to calm the nerves.抽烟除了有助于镇静神经外没有什么好处.Certain types of plantare of value for making drugs.某些种类的植物可用以制药．4［C usu pl］ a standard or idea which most people have about the worth of good qualities 价值观念；社会准则：One way ofjudging a society is to consider its values (= the worth which its people think that justice, kindness，freedom，etc，have）.判断一个社会的方法之一是研究它的价值标准（即人们对正义、善意、自由等的价值观）．5［C］ the exact meaningor effect of a word 词的真义或涵义：It＇s oftennot easy to decide the exact value which a poet intended to give to a particular word.要想确定一个诗人赋予某一个特定词的准确涵义往往是不容易的．6［C］ the length of a musical note （音符的）音长：Give this last note its full value as it's written in the music; don't cut it short. 要像乐谱上写的那样，把最后一个音符拉到应有的长度，不要缩短．7［C usu sing］ math the quantity expressed by a letter of the alphabet or other sign 值：Let x have the value of 25．设x之值为25.

cost/kpst/1[C often pl with sing meaning] the price of making or producing something 成本； 费用：Their prices are high because production costs are very great.价格高是因为生产成本很高.We must reduce labour costs if we are to make a profit this year.如果我们今年想获得利润，就必须降低劳动力成本．2［S］ the amountpaid or asked for goods or a service； price 价格：If you buy more than ten books we will reduce the cost of each book by 10％．如果你买书十本以上，我们可每本书按九折收费．3［S；U］(fig) something needed, given, or lost, to obtain something 代价；牺牲：The cost in human lives and suffering of the Second World War was very great indeed.第二次世界大战在人命的牺牲和人所受的苦难方面所付出的代价实在是太大了.We could make a direct attack on the fort but the cost in soldiers would be too great.我们可以直接进攻堡垒，但在兵员方面的牺牲将会太大了.He saved his daughters from the fire at the cost of his own life.他牺牲了自己的生命，把几个女儿从大火中救了出来.

expense /ik'spens/ [S;U] fml cost, esp of money but also time and effort 费用；花费（金钱、时间、精力）：I won＇t do it； it＇s too great an expense／the expense is too great.我不干，花费太大了.at great／little／almost no expense cost-ing a lot of／little／almost no money 花费很大／很小／几乎等于零：She furnished the house at great expense.她花了很多钱为房子配置家具.atsomeone's expense 1 with someone paying the cost 由···付钱：He was travelling at the Government＇s expense.他正在旅行，费用由政府支付.He had his book printed at his own expense．他自费印书．2（esp of a joke or trick） against someone, so as to make him seem silly （尤指玩笑、恶作剧等）作弄某人：He tried to beclever at my expense.他想卖弄小聪明拿我来开心.at the expense of causing the loss of 以损

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失（牺牲）···为代价：He finished the job at the expense of his health.他完成了任务，但身体也垮了.spare no expense try hard without con-sidering cost 不惜代价：Spare no expense to make the party a success.要不惜代价使聚会成功.go to／put someone to the expense of to pay for／make someone else pay for 让某人为··· 花钱：I don＇t want to put him to the expense of buying me dinner.我不想让他破费请我吃晚饭.

worth／w3：θ／［U］ value 价值：After his unkind-ness I know the true worth of his friendship （＝It is worthless， has no value）.他对我如此无情之后，我才知道他的友谊到底有多大价值（＝一钱不值）.-worth ［comb form］ a certain amount of the stated value 值···：Will you change this pound note for a poundsworth of pennies？请把这张一英镑的纸币换成一英镑的硬币好吗？Hebought two pennyworth of sweets.他买了两便士的糖果.

charge/tfa:d3/ [C] the price asked or paid for an article or servce 价钱；索价：The charges here are too high； let＇s go elsewhere.这儿索价太高了，我们到别处去吧.The charge for a frontrow seat is £5．前排座位的票价是每张五英镑．

payment／＇peimənt／1［U］ the act of paying 支付：I gave £10 in payment for the goods I bought．我给了十英镑来支付我买的物品．2［C］anamount of money （to be）paid 支付的款项：He paid 7 monthly payments of £15 each．他每月付十五英镑，付了七个月．3［U；（S）］（fig）some-thing done, said or given in return for some-thing done or as a result of one＇s action 报偿； 报答；报复：He＇s very angry with me，and that＇s my payment for trying to help him！他对我很生气，那就是我尽力帮助他所得的报答！

fare/feə/[C]1 the price charged to transport a person， as on a bus， train or taxi（车、船）费： Fares，please？ 请买票吧.What＇s the train／bus fare to Birmingham？到伯明翰去的火车票／公共汽车票多少钱？2 a paying passenger， esp in ataxi（尤指计程车的）付费的乘客：He had nofares all morning.他整个上午都没有乘客.

J136 verbs 动词：trading and bartering 贸易与物物交换

exchange /iks'tfeind3/ [T1; (IØ)] to give (one thing） for （another） 交换：They exchanged machines for（payment in）food.他们用机器去换食物.

trade／treid／1［IØ］ to carry on trade 交易；买卖； 贸易：He made his money by trading in corn. 他靠买卖谷物发财.The ships were tradingbetween Spain and Italy.那些船在西班牙和意大利之间进行贸易．2［T1（for）］ to buy，sell，or． exchange （a product， goods，etc）交易；交换： The early settlers traded copper for corn.早期的移民用铜去换谷物．3［IØ（at，with）］AmE toshop regularly（经常性）购物

barter /'ba:tə/ [T1; IØ] to exchange(goods)for goods without using money 以物易物：They bartered farm products（with each other）.他们

J137 COMMERCE 商业

互换农产品.They bartered farm products for machinery.他们用农产品去换机器.I preferbartering to buying and selling.我喜欢以物易物多于买卖.They bartered for food.他们用物品换取食物.

traffic in [v prep T1 (with)] often deprec to carry on trade, esp of an unlawful or improper kind, in (a particular type of goods) 买卖；交易（尤指非法的货物）：The criminalsmade large profits by trafficking in stolen goods.犯罪分子通过买卖赃物获取巨大利润.

export/iks'po:t/ [T1; IØ] to send (goods) out of a country for sale 输出；出口：We export most of the cars we make.我们制造的汽车大部分出口.They sell to the home market (= trade within the country），but they don＇t export.他们只卖给国内市场，而不出口.We must export to live.我们必须靠出口才能生存.exporter［C］a person whoexports goods 出口商：He is an exporter of paper； he is a paper exporter.他是一个纸张出口商.

import /m'po:t/ [T1; Iø] to bring in (goods) from abroad／outside 输入；进口：Britain imports meat（from abroad）.英国（从国外）进口肉类.We must import to live.我们必须靠进口才能生存.importer ［C］ a person who imports goods 进口商： She is an importer of wine；she＇s a wine importer.她是个酒类进口商.

J137 nouns，etc 名词等：trading and bartering 贸易与物物交易

exchange /iks'tfeind3/ [U; C] the act of giving (one thing) for (another); any example of this 交换：Trade by（the） exchange of goods with-out using money is quite common.通过以物易物而不使用货币的贸易是很常见的.Whatexchanges of goods have you been making？你们一直在进行什么样的换货贸易？

trade /treid/1 [U] the business of buying,sell-ing, or exchanging goods within a country or between countries 贸易：Trade between our two countries increases yearly.我们两国之间的贸易逐年增加.International trade is important to us all.国际贸易对我们大家都很重要.Theymade a trade agreement between the two countries．他们两国之间签订了贸易协定．2［theR9； A］ a particular business or industry 职业； 行业：They work in the cotton trade／tourist trade.他们在棉花业／旅游业工作.I can＇t tell youhow to make ice cream because it's a trade secret.我不能告诉你如何做冰淇淋，因为这是行业秘密．3［the GU］ the people who work in a particular business or industry（从事某行业的） 同人；同行：This talk is only likely to be of interest to the trade.对这个演讲可能只有同行才会有兴趣．4［C；by U］ a job，esp one needing special skill with the hands 工作；（尤指需要手艺的）职业：He＇s a printer by trade.他是印刷工人.How long did it take you to learn your trade? 你花了多长时间学会这一行？5［S9］ amount ofbusiness 生意（额）：On the corner a girl was

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doing a good trade in flowers.街角处有个女孩在卖花，生意很好.

barter /'ba:tə/ [U] the exchange of goods for goods rather than goods for money 以物易物： Business was done by barter before money was invented.在发明货币以前，交易是通过以物易物来进行的.

traffic/'træfik/ [U] often deprec trade,esp of an unlawful or improper kind, in a particular type of goods （尤指违法货物的）交易：Illegaltraffic in drugs is quite common.非法买卖毒品是相当普遍的.

export/'ekspo:t/1 [U] (the business of) ex-porting 出口；输出；输出业：He is in the export trade.他在出口行业做事.The export of gold isforbidden.黄金是禁止出口的.This firm produces goods chiefly for export.这家公司生产的产品主要供出口．2［C often pl］ anythingthat is exported 出口商品：Wool is one of the chief exports of Australia.羊毛是澳大利亚主要的出口商品之一.invisible exports ［P］ money brought into a country in other ways than by the sale of goods 无形出口（指以非售卖货物方式为国家赚来的钱）：Teaching English to foreign-ers is one of Britain＇s invisible exports.教外国人学英语是英国的无形出口之一.

import/'impo:t/ [C often pl] something brought into a country from abroad 进口物资：Imports of food are getting more expensive.进口食品越来越贵了.

contract/'kpntrækt/1 [C] a formal esp business

agreement between two persons, groups,or

companies，etc 契约；合约；合同：He signed the

contract.他签了合同.We have a new contract

to build houses in Glasgow.我们有一份要在格

拉斯哥建造房屋的新合同．2［IØ；T3］ to make an

agreement 签订合同；订立合约：They contracted

to build the new houses. 他们签约建造新房屋.

contractual [Wa5; B] of, concerning, or like a

contract 契约（性质）的：We have a contractual

agreement with him.我们与他有契约性的协议.

-ly [adv] contractor [C] a person who works

for contracts 承包人；承建商：The contractor

built the house very well.承造人把房子建得很好.

deal／di：l／［C］ an arrangement in business 交易；

成交：The deal pleased both businessmen.那笔

交易使两个生意人都很高兴.Well， is it a deal？-

Yes；it＇s a deal.那么，就这样成交了吗？-对，成

交了.He has been busy with several new deals.

他一直在忙着进行几笔新的交易.

transaction /træn'zækfən/ [C] fml a piece of business done or to be done；a deal（一笔）交易：Are all your business transactions com-plete？你所有的交易都完成了吗？

J138 nouns 名词：commerce and

business 商业与生意

commerce/'kpm3:s/ [U] the buying and selling of goods, esp between different countries; trade 商业；贸易；（尤指）国际贸易：Our countryhas grown rich because of its commerce with

other nations.我国因与他国进行贸易而变得富裕了．commercial ［B］ 1 of， concerning， or like commerce 商业的：commercial work 商业工作2［Wa5］ receiving support from commerce 从商业得到资助的；收广告费用的：commercialradio 商业电台3［Wa5］used in commerce 商业上使用的：commercial vehicles 商业用车辆 4often deprec doing things only for money, etc 只为赚钱的：a commercial mind 商业头脑 non-[Ape] A-[8əu]

business /'biznis/ 1 [C; U] one's work or em-ployment 工作；职业：What I do is no business of yours.我做什么不关你的事.Other people＇squarrels are a lawyer＇s business.律师的职业就是专管他人的不和.I＇m here on business，not for pleašure．我是来办公事，而不是来玩的．2［U］trade and the getting of money 商业；生意： How＇s business？-Business is good. 生意怎样？-生意不错.They＇ve done（some）business together.他们一起做过（一些）生意.It＇s a plea-sure to do business with you.跟你做生意是愉快的事.After leaving college she went into busi-ness.大学毕业后，她进了商界.businesslike［B］ usu apprec using the best methods, ideas, etc, of business；effective 有条理的；事务式的；有效率的：He does his work in a very businesslike way.他做事情总是有条有理的.

banking /'bænkuj/ [U] the business of banks [→J104] and bankers, esp in lending money and helping with investments［■J114］，etc 银行业：He＇s quite important in banking／in the banking world.他在银行界是个十分重要的人物.

intercourse /'intə,ko:s/ [U] the movement of goods, messages,ideas,etc,between groups, places，countries，etc 交流：The people in this town have little intercourse with outsiders.这个镇里的人与外界很少交往.

cartel/ka:'tel/ [C] 1 an association between those who make or provide goods for sale or use in which they all agree to sell at the same prices and to produce only a certain amount of goods 卡特尔（产品的生产者和销售者对产品价格或生产数量进行协调行动的联合组织）；企业联合2 an agreement of this kind 这种联合体的协定

monopoly /mə'nppəli/ 1 [C (of)] a right or power of one person or one group andno other, to providea service, trade in anything, produce something， etc 垄断权；专利权：A foreign company has been given the monopoly to produce oil, if any is found in this area; no others may produce it.本地区若发现石油，其生产专利权已授予一家外国公司；他人不得生产．2［Sof] possession of, or control over, something which is not shared by another or others 垄断； 独占：There are two hotels in this small seaside town, but one has almost a monopoly of the summer trade; the other has very few visitors.在这海滨小镇上有两家旅馆，但是其中一家几乎垄断了夏季的生意，另一家却几乎没有顾客.Heseems to think he has a monopoly of brains （＝ that he alone is clever）.他似乎以为只有他自己才有头脑.A university education shouldn＇t be the monopoly of those whose parents are rich．大学教育不应该为富家子弟所独享．3［C］

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something of which one person or one group has complete unshared control 专利品；独占事业：The postal services weren＇t always a govern-ment monopoly; in the past they were some-times provided by private companies.邮政服务并非一直是政府的专利事业；从前也曾由私营公司提供.If these two great industrial companies combine, they'll form a monopoly; there's no other company to do the work.如果这两家大工业公司联合起来，他们将会组成一个垄断集团，别的公司就别想干这种行业了．monopolize，-ise［T1］to treat as a monopoly 垄断；独占：He monopolizes her; no one else can talk to her while he is here.他完全控制着她，只要他在，别人就不能跟她说话.

franchise /'fræntfaiz/1 [C] a special right given or sold by a company to one person or group of people that allows that person or group to sell the company's goods or services in a particular place（由某公司给予或售予可在特定地区售卖该公司产品或提供服务的）特许经销权：Thatfast food business has expanded all over the world through the sale of franchises.那家快餐店通过出售特许经销权，已经把业务扩展到世界各地．2［T1］to give or sell a franchise to 给予···特许经销权；售予···特许经销权

J139 nouns 名词：persons in trade and business［C］搞贸易与做生意的人

businessman /'biznis,mən/ 1 a person in busi-ness， esp as the director of a business firm 生意人 2 a person who would be successful in business, who knows how to get and save money 善于经营的人：That teacher＇s a good businessman.那个教师是个善于经营的人.businesswoman [fem]

trader /'treidə/ a person who buys and sells goods， esp in foreign countries（尤指在国外经营的）商人

tradesman /'treidzmən/ 1 a person who buys and sells goods，esp a shopkeeper 商人（尤指店主）2 a person who calls on private houses to deliver goods 送货员：The tradesmen＇s entrance is at the back of the house.送货员从后门出入.

merchant /'m3:tfənt/ becoming rare a person who buys and sells goods, esp in large amounts in foreign countries（尤指在国外做大生意的）商人：He＇s a wine merchant by trade. 他是个酒商.

entrepreneur /,pntrəprə'n3:/ a person who makes the plans for a business or a piece of work and helps to start it up 企业家；创业人

J140 nouns 名词： persons selling things ［C］出售商品的人

salesman /'serlzmən/ a person whose job is to sell a company's goods to businesses,homes,

J142 COMMERCE 商业

etc售货员；推销员 saleswoman ［fem］

(sales) representative /('seılz),repri'zentətiv/ esp fml a person acting in place of one or more others in selling goods，etc（销售）代表； （营业）代表；代理人：Send a representative of Longman to the exhibition.派朗文出版公司的一名代表去参加展览会.

rep/rep/ infml a salesman or sales representa-tive 推销员；销售代表；营业代表

(commercial) traveller /(kə'm3:fəl) 'trævələ/ BrE, traveling salesman AmE a person who travels from place to place trying to get orders for his firm＇s goods 旅行推销员；巡回推销员

J141 nouns 名词：the economy and economics 经济与经济学

economy/r'konəmi/1 [the R] the economic[→J126] life of a country; the workings of a country＇s money； industry and trade 经济：The oil that we have found will improve the state of the economy.我们发现的石油将使经济状况改善．2［C］ any one of a number of economic systems 经济体系：This country has an indus-trial economy.这个国家有一个工业经济体系.The economies of the USA and former USSR were very different.美国和前苏联的经济体系是截然不同的.

economics/,i:kə'npmiks/1 [U] the science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth 经济学：He has a university degree in economics.他取得大学经济学学位.Economics is an interesting subject.经济学是一门有趣的学科．2［P］ the principles of profit and the production of wealth 生财之道；经济： The economics of national growth are of the greatest importance to all modern govern-ments.国民经济的增长是所有现代政府最重要的事.From the point of view of economics it may be better to buy a house than to rent one. 从经济观点来看，买房子比租房子可能要有利些.

J142 nouns 名词：enterprises and undertakings 企业与事业

enterprise /'entə,praiz/ 1 [U9] the way of organizing and carrying on business 经营方法； 企业（esp in the phrs private enterprise 私营企业，free enterprise 自由企业）：Some people believe in private enterprise, while others believe in government ownership of industry. 有些人赞成私营企业，而另一些人则赞成工业国有制. Too much government control is said to discourage the growth of free enterprise.过多的政府控制据说会妨碍自由企业的发展．2［C］aplan to do something, esp to do something daring or difficult（艰巨或冒险的）计划；事业：The greatest of his enterprises was to sail round the world alone in a small boat.他最大的冒险计划是独自乘坐一条小船环游世界.

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venture /'ventfə/ [C] an attempt;a course of action (esp in business) of which the result is uncertain and there is risk of loss or failure as well as chance of gain or success 尝试；冒险行动；（尤指商业）投机：Her only venture as awriter ended in failure; no one would print her book.她想当作家的唯一尝试以失败告终，谁也不愿意印她的书.He became rich by buyingshares in several business ventures which were thought to be risky.他因买了被认为是风险很大的几家公司的股票而发了财.

undertaking /,Andə'teiku/ [C] 1 work which one decides to do（决定要做的）事业；工作：Sell-ing books is one of his latest undertaking. 卖书是他近期的工作之一．2 work which onepromises or must do 答应；承诺：I made an undertaking to go，and I will go.我答应了要去， 因此我一定会去.

J143 verbs 动词：valuing and estimating 估价与估计

[ALSO→J34 CALCULATING, ETC]

value/'vælju:/1 [T1] to calculate the value, price， or worth of 给（某物）估价：If you want to sell your collection of stamps you should begin by having it valued.你要卖你收集的邮票，应先请人估价.He valued the house and its contents at £22,000．他估计这幢房子和里面的东西值两万两千英镑．2［Wv5；T1］ to consider(someone or something) to be of great worth 重视（某人或某物）；珍惜：Young people don＇talways value the advice given them by their parents.年轻人并不总是重视父母的忠告.I＇vealways valued your friendship very highly.我一向非常重视你的友情.He is a valued friend.他是个难得的朋友.

evaluate /r'væljueit/ [T1] to calculate the value or degree of 给···估价；评价：I can＇t evaluate his ability.我无法评价他的能力.

assess /ə'ses/ [T1] to calculate the value of (property) or the amount of (income) for tax purposes 评估（财产、收入等以便征税）：They areassessing his house.他们在评估他的房子.They assessed it at £15,000．他们估计它值一万五千英镑.

estimate /'estəmeit/ 1 [T1, 5a] to calculate (something which can be added or mea-sured); form an opinion as to the degree of （something）估计；估量；评价：I estimate her age at 35．我估计她有三十五岁．It＇s impossible toestimate his abilities yet.目前还无法评价他的能力.The driver estimated that the journey would take four hours.司机估计这段路程要行驶四个小时．2［IØ］to calculate the cost of doing a job； offer to do a job for a certain price（为某件工作）估计费用；估价：I asked building firmsto estimate for the repairs to the roof.我叫建筑公司估计一下修理屋顶的价钱．overestimate［T1；Iø］ to estimate too highly 估计过高；高估underestimate ［T1；IØ］ to estimate too low 估计过低；低估

cost /kpst/ [T1] to calculate the price to be charged for（a job，someone＇s time，etc）估计（工作等的）费用：The job was costed by the builder at about £150．建筑商估计这件工作要花费一百五十英镑.

price /prais/[T1 pass rare] infml to ask the price of 问价：Before buying the coat， why not price it in a number of shops, as the prices vary for the same coat.买外套之前为什么不跑几家商店问问价钱，因为同样的外套价格却有高有低.

prize／praiz／［Wv5；T1］ to value highly 珍视；重视：She prizes his friendship.她珍视他的友谊. Those books are among his most prized possessions.那些书是他最珍贵的财产之一.

treasure/'tre3ə/ [Wv5; T1] esp emot to value greatly 珍惜；珍重：She treasures those books because they were his.她珍惜那些书籍，因为是他的.

rate／reit／1［T1］to measure or value 估计；评价： She rated him highly.她对他评价很高.How do you rate the team＇s chance of winning？你估计该队获胜的机会如何？2［L7,9］to be valued 被评价：She rates highly with me. 我对她评价很高.overrate ［T1］ to rate too highly 估计过高：He overrates himself.他对自己估计过高.underrate ［T1］ to rate too low 估计过低：She is very much underrated.对她的估计太低了.

J144 nouns 名词：valuing and estimating 估价与估计

valuation /,vælju'erfən/1 [U] the action of cal-culating how much money something is worth 估价：I spend most of my time at the office in the valuation of land.我在办公室大部分时间用于估定地价．2［C］a value or price decided upon 定价：I was offered a piece of land at the reasonable valuation of £1,500．有人愿以一千五百英镑的合理价钱卖给我一块地.I asked threedifferent people how much they thought my painting was worth, and they gave me three different valuations.我问了三个人我的画值多少钱，结果是他们给了我三个不同的价钱．3［C］theopinion or idea one has of someone's worth in regard to ability or character（对人的）评价：It＇s unwise to take people at their own valuation, as this is often quite different from the truth. 相信人们的自我评价是不明智的，因为这种评价往往与实际不符.Now that you＇re becoming so successful,we must put a higher valuation on your work.既然你现在取得这样好的成绩，我们应该更高地评价你的工作.

evaluation /I,vælju'erfən/ 1 [U] the act of evaluating估价；评价；判断2［C］an example or result of this 评价；估计：Can I have your evaluation of the matter as soon as possible? 我能尽早地得到你对这件事的评价吗？

assessment /ə'sesmənt/ 1 [U] the act of assessing 评估；估价2［C］an example or result of this; the value or amount at which some-thing is calculated 评价；估价；估计数：How did you make these assessments？你是怎样作出这些估价的？

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estimate /'estəmit/1 [C] a calculation of some-thing which can be added or measured,or of the degree or quality of something 估计；估价； 估算：My estimate of her character was wrong. 我对她的品格估计错了.I can＇t form an exactestimate of the time it will take.我无法精确地估计出这件事要花费多少时间.On what figuresdo you base your estimate that it will cost £487,983？你根据哪些数据估算出它将花费四十八万七千九百八十三英镑？2［C often pl］ an offerto do a job for a certain price 估价（估计某项工作的费用）：We got two or three estimates be-fore having the roof repaired, and accepted the lowest.在请人修理屋顶之前，我们找了两三家估价，最后雇了开价最低的.at a rough estimatenot speaking exactly 粗略估计：The room is 20 feet long at a rough estimate.粗略估计，房间长二十英尺.

estimation /,estə'meifən/ 1 [U] the act of esti-mating 估计；估价；评价（指行动）2 [C] rare anexample of this； an estimate 估计；估价；评价（指事例）3［U］opinion 意见；判断：In my esti-mation，it＇s a good house.据我看，这房子不错. He has gone down in our estimation (=We do not think so highly of him as we once did). 他在我们的心目中已大打折扣.

J145 verbs 动词：bargaining and

haggling 议价与论价

bargain /'ba:gin/1 [IØ] to talk about the con-ditions of a sale， agreement，or contract 议价； 讨价还价：We bargained with her about the price．我们跟她讨价还价．2［T5，（5c）］ to get anagreement that 提出条件（或要求）：The trade union bargained that its members should have another week＇s holiday.工会要求给会员增加一周假期.

haggle/'hægəl/[IØ (over/about)] to argue over something，esp over fixing a price（尤指在价格等方面）争论：Stop haggling and pay what he asks！别争了，就按他要的价付钱吧！He haggledover the price.他在价钱上争持了很久.

negotiate /ni'gəufieit/ 1 [IØ] to talk with another person or group in order to settle a question or disagreement; try to come to an agreement 谈判；协商：The government has had to negotiate with the opposition party on／over the new law.政府不得不与反对党磋商新法律.The trade union is negotiating with the owners to get a better contract.工会正在与资方协商，争取更有利的合约.Why fight when youcan negotiate？既然可以谈判，何必动粗呢？2［T1］to produce (an agreement) or settle (a piece of business） in this way 商定；议妥（协议）；达成（交易）：The trade union negotiated a new con-tract with the owner.工会与资方商定了一个新合同.The two countries negotiated a trade agreement（with each other）.两国已达成一项贸易协定．3［T1］ tech to get or give money for （an order to pay money such as a cheque）兑现（支票、汇单等）：I＇m sorry；our bank doesn＇t

J147 COMMERCE 商业

negotiate foreign cheques.对不起；我们银行不兑现外国支票．negotiation 1 ［U］ the act of nego-tiating 谈判；协商2［C often pl］an example or occasion of this 谈判；协商：The negotiations between the two groups were successful.两个团体间的谈判取得了成功.negotiable［B］able tobe negotiated，paid，done，etc 可协商的；可商量的；可兑现的；可行的-bly［adv Wa3］

fix/fiks/[T1 often pass] to agree or arrange (the price，etc， of something）订定（价格等）；确定： They fixed the prices for the coming year.他们确定了明年的价格．The price is fixed at £50．定价为五十英镑.The price is fixed；no haggling please.这是实价，所以请别讲价了.

settle for [v prep T1 no pass] to accept or agree to (something less than the best, or than hoped for）接受（并非最好或最合意的事）；勉强同意：I want £500 for my car and I won＇t settle for less.我的汽车要卖五百英镑，少于此数我是不会接受的.I could never settle for such a quiet life；I want excitement.我绝不能安于这样平静的生活，我需要令人兴奋的生活.

J146 verbs 动词： settling a business matter［T1］处理公务

clinch /klintf not fml to settle (a business matter） firmly 达成（交易）；确定（esp in the phr clinch a deal 达成交易）： The two businessmen clinched the deal quickly.两位商人很快就达成交易.

bring off [v adv] not fml to succeed in (some-thing difficult esp in business） 完成（困难的事， 尤指交易）；成功地做成：He managed to bringoffa difficult job／deal.他设法完成了一件困难的工作／做成一宗困难的交易.

pull off [v adv] not fml to succeed in (a difficult attempt，esp in business）使（困难的尝试，尤指交易）成功；完成；成功地做成：The deal lookedimpossible but she pulled it off. 这项交易看来毫无可能，但她却做成了.

J147 verbs 动词：hiring， renting， and letting 租用与出租

hire /harə/ [T1] to get the use of (esp a car, boat, suit of clothes) for a special occasion on payment of a sum of money 租用（尤指汽车、船、衣服等）；雇用：He hired a car for a week.他租了一个星期的车.

rent/rent/1 [T1(from)] to pay money for the use of (esp a room, building, television set, or piece of land）租用（房间、楼宇、电视、土地等）：He rented a room from Mrs Jones.他向琼斯太太租了一间房间．2［D1（to）；T1］ to allow to beused in return for money 租出：Mrs Jones rented him a room／rented a room to him.琼斯夫人租给他一间房间．3［L9，esp at］（of a build-ing，land，etc）to bring in rent（房屋、土地等）出租；收取···的租金：This house rents at £150

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J148 COMMERCE 商业

a month．这房子每月租金为一百五十英镑．4［T1］esp AmE to hire 租用

let /let/[T1 (to, out)] to give the use of (a room, a building, land, etc) in return for regular payments 出租（房间、楼宇、土地等）；租给：We＇rehoping to let this field （to a farmer）.我们希望把这块田出租（给一位农夫）. This room is let（out） to a student.这房间已租给一位学生.

rent out ［v adv； T1］ to let（out）出租

sublet/sab'let/ [T1; IØ] (of a person who rents property from its owner) to rent (part of the property） to someone else（指租用者）分租；转租：He rents the house and sublets a room to a friend.他租了这幢房子，又将其中一个房间分租给一位朋友.

lease /li:s/ [D1 (to); T1 (out)] to give or take the use of （land or buildings） on a lease 租出或租用（土地、房屋等）：He leased（me）the house for two years.他把房子出租（给我）两年.Ileased the house for two years.这房子我租了两年.

charter/'tfa:tə/[T1] to hire a plane,bus,etc, for a special purpose 租；包（飞机、公共汽车等）：The members of the group chartered a plane to take them to Greece.这组织的成员包了一架飞机去希腊.

J148 nouns 名词：hiring，renting，and letting 租用与出租

[ALSO→J102]

hire/harə/[U] 1 the act of hiring or state of being hired 租用；雇用：Boats for hire！船只出租！He paid for the hire of a room.他付钱租了一个房间．2 payment for this 租金；工钱：Heworks for hire.他当雇佣工.

hire purchase BrE, the installment plan AmE [U] a system of payment for goods by which one pays small sums of money regularly after receiving the goods (usually paying more than the original price）分期付款购买法

easy terms also 又作（credit） terms infml hire purchase 分期付款购买法

rent/rent/[C;U] 1 (a stated sum of) money paid regularly for the use of a room, building, television set，or piece of land（房屋、楼宇、土地、电视机等的）租金；租费：Do you own yourhouse or do you pay rent？你住的房子是自己的还是租的？He let the house at a rent of £30.00 a week．他以每周三十英镑的租金出租这所房子．2esp AmE money paid in this way for the use of a car， boat， suit of clothes，etc（租用汽车、船只、衣服等）租金 free of rent（of a room， build-ing, or piece of land) used without payment （指房间、楼宇、土地）不收租金；免收租金：Theylived in the flat free of rent.他们免费住那套房子.

rental/'rental/ [C] fml a sum of money fixed to be paid as rent 租金：The house is let at a rental of £130 per month．．房子的月租是一百三十英镑.They pay the television rental weekly. 他们按周付电视机租费.

let/let/[C usu sing] 1 an act of renting a house

or flat to （or from） someone 出租；租用2a house or flat that is （to be） rented 出租的房屋或房间3 infml a person who rents， or is willing to rent，a house or flat from one 租户；承租人： They can＇t find a let for their flat.他们找不到人租他们那套房子.

lease /li:s/ [C usu sing; on U]1 a written agree-ment, made according to law, by which the use of a building or piece of land is given (let) by its owner to somebody for a certain time in return for a regular payment（rent）租约；租契： The house is on lease． 房子租出去了．2 thelength of time such an agreement is to last 租约期限：He got the house on a 10-year lease．他租了这幢房子，租期十年.

charter /'tfa:tə/ [C] an act or occasion of chartering 包租；租赁：How many charters do we have？我们有多少租约？They went on acharter flight to Athens.他们包了一架飞机去雅典.on charter chartered 被（租）包用：The plane is on charter to Southern Airways.那飞机租给南方航空公司了.

J149 phrases ＆ adjectives 词组和形容词：hiring and selling 租借与出售

for hire (of persons, machines, etc)ready for use if hired［→J147］（人、机器等）准备受雇；出租：These cars are for hire.这些车子是出租的.He is for hire; he'll work for you if you pay him.他是当雇佣工的；你付工资，他就为你工作.

to let (of houses, flats, etc) ready for using, living in， etc， if rented（房子等）出租：The house is to let.这房子准备出租.The sign beside the house said ＇To Let＇.屋边的牌子上写着“出租”.

vacant/'verkənt/ [B] 1 [Wa5] empty;not filled with anything 空的：He owns that vacant piece of land．他是那块空地的主人．2［Wa5］（of ahouse, room or seat) not being used or lived in（房子、椅子等）未被占用的：The house hasbeen vacant for several months, so you might be able to buy it.这房子已经空置了几个月，所以你也许能买下来．3［B］（fig）a（of the mind）not thinking；empty（心灵、头脑）空虚的；不想事的bshowing lack of active or serious thought 茫然的；出神的：She has a vacant look.她神情茫然.c foolish；senseless 愚蠢的；无意义的：The man gave a vacant laugh. 那人发出一声傻笑.-ly[adv]

for sale (of houses, cars, etc) ready to be sold （房屋或汽车等）准备出售：The house is for sale.这房子要出售.The sign beside the house said ＇For Sale＇.屋旁的牌子上写着“出售”.

J150 nouns 名词：payments and instalments ［C］付款与分期付款

[ALSO→J102]

payment/'permənt/ an amount of money to be paid as part of the price of something（作为物品部分价钱的）付款额：He paid seven monthly

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payments of £15 each．他每月付十五英镑，付了七个月.

down payment a part of the full price paid at the time of buying or delivery, with the rest to be paid later 分期付款的首期

part-payment a part of the full price paid weekly,monthly,etc, or in some agreed way, often by giving something instead of money （按周、月等付的）部分价款；用实物代替部分价款：He gave them his old car in part-payment for the new one.他将旧汽车交给他们，折价支付新车的部分价款.

instalment BrE,installment AmE/in'sto:lmənt/ one payment of a set which, in time, will complete a full payment 分期付款中每一期付的款：He bought the furniture by instalments.他用分期付款方式买了家具.He bought it on aninstalment plan.他用分期付款方法买了它.

J151 nouns 名词：bills and invoices ［C］ 帐单与发票

bill /bil/ a list of things bought and the money owed or paid for them 帐单：He hasn＇t paid his electricity bill.他还未付电费.

invoice／＇Invors／ a bill for goods received 发票； 发货单

receipt/ri'si:t/a written statement that one has received something, esp money, a letter, etc 收据；收条：Ask the shop for a receipt when you pay the bill.付清帐单之后向商店要一张收据.Shemade out (= wrote) the receipt in his name. 她用他的名义开了收据.

voucher/'vautfə/1 a kind of ticket that may be used instead of money for a particular purpose（代替现金的）票券；代金券；代价券：Hegave me some travel vouchers.他给了我一些旅行代用券.Some firms give their workers vouchers with which they can get a meal in certain restaurants.有些公司给工人发餐券，工人们凭券能到指定的餐馆吃饭．2 BrE a kind ofticket that gives a buyer the right to receive certain goods free or at a lower price during a limited time 换物券；购物优待券3 law a receiptor official declaration, written or printed, given to prove that accounts are correct or that money has already been paid（付款）凭单； 单据；收据；收条

stamp/stæmp/ a piece of paper to be fixed on something or a mark made with ink on paper, to show that something has been done, paid for，bought，sold，given，etc 印花；戳记：There＇s no stamp here， so you must pay now.这上面没盖戳记，所以你得现在付钱．［ALSO→H127］

coupon/'ku:pon/ a ticket that shows the right of the holder to receive some payment, service，etc；voucher 优待券；代用券；优惠券；赠券：In every packet of cigarettes you get coupons which can be saved and exchanged for goods.每包香烟中都有优待券，积聚起来可换商品.In Bulgaria guests at hotels are given coupons which they can exchange for food in any restaurant.在保加利亚，旅馆客人可以得到优

J154 COMMERCE 商业

待券，凭券能在任何餐馆进餐.I have a couponfor 10 pence off that packet of soap．我有一张优待券，买那包肥皂可便宜十便士.

J152 verbs 动词：bills and invoices 帐单与发票

[ALSO→J109]

bill／bil／［T1］ to send a bill to 送帐单给：I can＇t pay now； please bill me（for it）later.现在我不能付款；请以后开帐单给我.

invoice /'invois/ [T1] 1 to make an invoice for （goods）为（货物）开发货单：Invoice these boxes before they go out，please.请在这些箱子发出之前把发货单开好．2 to send an invoice to （some-one）开发票给（某人）；寄发票给：We＇ll invoiceyou for these goods next month.下个月我们会把这些货物的发货单开给你.

charge /tfa:d3/ [IØ; T1; D1 (for)] to ask in payment by preparing or sending a bill; to prepare a bill for or send a bill to (someone) （发出帐单而）索价；发帐单给；给···记账：Heordered the goods； charge him for them.他订了这些货，给他开帐单吧.If we send the goods toyou, then we must charge (you) postage (= the cost of posting）.我们将货物邮寄给你，就得（向你）收取邮寄费用.

J153 verbs 动词：handling and dealing in things［T1］经营与买卖

handle /'hændl/ to use (goods) in business, esp for sale 经营；出售（某种产品）：We don＇t handlethat sort of book.我们不经营那类书籍.

deal in [v prep usu not pass] to buy and sell; trade in 买卖；经营：This shop deals in woollen goods.这家商店经营毛货.

keep／ki：p／1 to own and make money from 经营：They keep a shopla small hotel.他们经营一家商店／一家小旅馆．2 to offer regularly for sale出售：That shop keeps everything you will need.那家商店出售你需要的一切东西.

have／hæv／to keep （in one＇s shop， store，etc）经营；（在店铺中）出售：Do you have this bookhere?-Sorry, we don't have that book in stock（＝ as part of what we have）.你们这里有这本书吗？-对不起，我们没有那本书.

stock／stpk／to keep a supply of 备有；有···的存货：Do you stock these books／goods？-No，we don＇t stock them here.你们备有这些书／货吗？-没有，我们这里没有存货.stock up［v advIØ （on，with）］ to get and keep a supply 办货；储备：Better stock up on coffee； there will be a shortage soon.最好多储备些咖啡，很快咖啡就会缺货.

J154 verbs 动词：ordering things ［T1］订购

order /'o:də/ to send to a factory,etc,for （something， esp to sell in one＇s shop，etc）（向

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工厂等）订购（货物）：Can you order these goods for me？-Yes，I＇ll order them now.你能为我订这些货吗？-行，我马上就订.

get in [v adv] not fml to collect, order, or buy a supply of 收集；订购；买进：We should get in some more wine； we have very little left.我们得再买进一些酒；我们存的已不多了.

J155 verbs ＆ phrases 动词和词组：nothaving things in stock 缺货

be...out of[v adv prep; T1] not fml not to have 没有：We＇re（clean）out of milk！我们没有牛奶了.

run out [v adv IØ; T1 (of)] to have no more; to become short 没有；用完；耗尽：Time is running out.时间快完了.We＇re running out of time.规定我们的时间快完了.The car ran out of petrol.汽车没有汽油了.

sell out [v adv Wv5; T1; IØ: (of)] to sell all (of something）卖光：The shop sold out all their shirts.这家店里所有的衬衣都卖光了.We are soldout； we have no more.我们的货都卖光了，没有了.All sold out！全部卖光了！

out of stock having none of something for sale in one＇s shop，store，etc 脱销；缺货；没有存货： Sorry， we＇re out of stock； all sold out.对不起， 我们没有存货了；全部售完了.

J156 nouns 名词：orders and

consignments 订购与交付

order /'o:də/ [C] 1 [(for)] an act of ordering[→J154］； asking someone to supply goods 订货；订购；订单：It＇s an order for 100 bottles of whisky a month.这是每月一百瓶威士忌酒的定单.Canyou fill my order (= supply the goods I have asked for）？你能供应我订的货物吗？2 the goodssupplied in accordance with such a request 按订单交付的货物：Please come and collect your order.请来取你订的货物.on order having been ordered 已订购：The goods are on order；they will be here soon.货已经订了，很快就会到的.

consignment /kən'sainmənt/ 1 [U] the act of consigning （＝ sending or giving） 交付；发送；寄运；交货；托运2［C （of）］ a number of goods consigned（＝sent） together（一批）寄运的货物： a consignment of books 寄运的书 on consign-ment sent to a person or shop that pays only for what is sold and returns what is unsold 以寄售方式：We only have a small shop in a small village so we usually only order goods on consignment.我们在小村庄里只有一家小店，所以我们通常只订寄售货.

load/ləud/[C] 1 an amount being carried, or to be carried，esp heavy 装载量；所装载的东西：Aload of furniture has just come.刚才运到一批家具.（fig）Her griefis a heavy load to bear.她的悲哀像一副重担压在心头．2［in comb］ theamount which a certain vehicle cancarry 运送

工具的装载量：a carload／busload一汽车／一公共汽车的装载量 3 tech the work done by amoving part such as a motor or engine （发动机、引擎等的）负载；负荷

burden /'b3:dən/ [C] often emot something heavy to carry 重担；负担：He put down his burden and rested for a moment.他放下重担， 休息了一会儿.（fig） She has many burdens， including a sick husband and very little money.她的负担很重，比如丈夫有病，又没有钱.

J157 nouns，etc 名词等：goods and merchandise 货物与商品

goods/gudz/ [P] 1 possessions which can be moved，not houses， land，etc 动产2 BrE heavy articles which can be carried by road, rail, etc 货物：A goods train passed．一列货车驶过了．3articles for sale 商品：There＇s a large variety of （leather） goods in the shops.商店里有各式各样的（皮革）商品.

merchandise /'m3:tfən,daız/ [U] fml things for sale；goods to be traded 商品；货物：There is a notice in the shop saying 'Please do not handle the merchandise＇.商店里有张告示写着“请勿触摸商品”.

stock/stpk/ [U;C] the goods in a shop, house, store，factory，etc 存货；库存品；贮存品：Our stock of food won＇t last much longer.我们贮存的食品快吃完了.Buy now while stocks last.存货不多，要买趁早.What do you have in stock？你们有些什么存货？

cargo /'ka:gəu/ [U; C] (one load of) the goods or freight carried by a ship, plane, or vehicle （船、飞机或车辆所载的）货物：We sailed fromNewcastle with a cargo of coal.我们运了一船煤离开纽卡斯尔.We can＇t take any more cargo； we＇re full already.我们不能再装货了；我们已经满载了.

freight /freit/ 1 [U] (money paid for) the carrying of goods by some means of transport 运费；货运：This aircraft company deals with freight only； it has no passenger service.这家航空公司只经营货运，没有客运服务.The freightmust be added to the cost of the goods; that's why the prices are higher.货物的成本得加上运费，所以价格就高了．2［U］esp AmE the goodscarried in this way 托运的货物：This freight must be carefully handled when loading.这些货物装卸时必须小心轻放．3［T1］ to send （some-thing） as freight 运输（货物）4［T1］to load（esp a ship）with goods 装货于（尤指船）：The boat is freighted with coal.船上装了煤.

carriage /'kærid3/ [U] the act or cost of carrying or moving goods from one place to another，esp by road，rail，or air 运输；运费（尤指以汽车、铁路或航空运输）：The books arrivedcarriage paid, so we didn't have to pay any more for them.书运到时已付清运费，所以我们不用再付运费了.

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J158 verbs 动词：insuring things［T1］保险

insure/in'fuə/ to protect (oneself or someone) esp against loss (of money, life, good, etc) by insurance 给···买保险：My house is insured against fire.我的房子已买了失火保险.The goodswere insured.货物已买了保险.

assure /ə'fuə/ esp BrE to insure,esp against death，esp one＇s own 给···买保险（尤指人寿保险）

cover／＇kavə／ to provide insurance for 为···提供保险；给···保险：This insurance policy covers fire and theft， but does not cover war.这种保险单只保失火、偷盗，但不包括战争.Are you fullycovered or do you need more insurance？你是否全面受保了？还要不要买更多的保险？

J159 nouns 名词：insurance 保险

[ALSO→ N366 PROTECTION]

insurance /in'fuərəns/ 1 [U] agreement to pay money, esp when someone cannot earn it because of misfortune (such as illness, death, or accident) in return for which this person pays small amounts regularly 保险：life insurance 人寿保险；car insurance 汽车保险 2[U] the large sum of money given by an insurance company or one of the payments made to them 保险金；赔偿金；保险费3［U；C］protection （against something） 保障：I have one lock but I bought another as an addi-tional insurance against theft.我已有一把锁，不过为了加强防盗的安全措施，我又买了一把.

assurance /ə'fuərəns/ [U] esp BrE insurance on something that is certain, such as one's death 保险（主要用于人寿保险）：He works for a lifeassurance company.他在一家人寿保险公司工作.premium /'pri:miəm/ [C] a sum of money paid

(regularly) to an insurance company to protect oneself against some risk of loss or damage（定期付给保险公司的）保险费：They＇recharging me a higher premium this year for my car and house insurance.今年，他们提高了我的汽车和房屋的保险费．［ALSO■J114］

(insurance) policy /(ın'ĵuərəns) 'ppləsi/ [C] (a written statement of the details of) an agree-ment with an insurance company 保险单；保险合同

cover／＇kavə／ ［U］ insurance 保险：Have you got enough cover in case of fire or accidents？你对火灾或意外买了充分的保险吗？This insurancepolicy provides full cover.这保险单提供了完全保险.

J160 nouns，etc 名词等：taxes and duties 税

tax /tæks/ 1 [C;U] (a sum of) money paid in accordance with the law to the government according to income, property, goods bought, etc 税：The government plans to increase taxes by 5％ over the next year．政府计划明年内将税收

J161 COMMERCE 商业

提高百分之五.If the tax on tobacco were in-creased fewer people would smoke cigarettes. 如果把烟草税提高，抽烟的人就会少些.How muchincome tax do you pay?-Half of my wages go in tax.你交多少所得税？-我工资的一半都交了税．2［S on］（fig） a heavy demand； a de-manding duty 过分的要求；费力的事情：To travela long way would be too much ofa tax on my father＇s strength.我父亲的体力难以支持长途旅行.taxation ［U］ the act or result of taxing or being taxed； money taken as taxes 征税；纳税； 税款；税收：The rate of taxation in that country is high／low.那个国家的税率很高／低.

customs /'kastəmz/1 [P] taxes paid on certain goods coming into a country 关税2［（the） R often cap] the government department which collects such taxes; the place in a port, arport, etc, where offcials (Customs officers) collect customs海关

duty/'dju:ti/[C often pl with sing meaning; U] any of various types of tax（任何一种）税： Customs duties are paid on goods entering the country, death duties on property when the owners die, and stamp duty when one sells a house.关税在货物入境时交纳，遗产税在财产的主人死后交纳，印花税在卖房屋时交纳.

excise/'eksaiz/ [(the) S] the government tax on certain goods produced and used inside a country（国内）货物税：We must pay the excise on cigarettes.我们必须交纳香烟税.

levy／＇levi／［C］1 an official demand for a tax 征税2 the collection of such a tax，etc 征收（税） 3 the money，etc，collected 征得的税金等 capi-tal levy a share taken by the state of the wealth owned by all the people in a country, group，etc 资产税

rate /reit/ [C usu pl] BrE a local tax paid or payment made by owners of buildings（房产业主交的）地方税；差饷：The rates have gone upthis year.今年的地方税提高了.The water rate isthe payment in Britain for water when it is supplied to houses and factories and so on.在英国，住家、工厂等用水要交用水费.

toll /təul/1 [C] a tax paid for the riht to use a road，harbour，etc（使用道路、港口等需付的）通行费；使用费；通过税2［C9 usu sing］（fig）thequantity of things,esp lives, lost or destroyed in an accident， war，etc（意外、战争等中的）损失；代价；死伤人数：The war took a heavy toll indead and wounded. 战争中死伤惨重.Theholiday death toll on the roads is very bad.假期中因车祸而死亡的人数很多.

revenue/'revənju:/ [U; C usu pl] tech money coming in， esp to a government from taxes 收入；（尤指国家的）岁入；税收

in bond (of goods) kept in a warehouse [ M160］ until tax is paid（货物）扣存货仓直至交清税款

J161 verbs 动词：taxing and levying 征收与税收

tax／tæks／ 1 ［T1］ to charge a tax on 对···征税：

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After it's been taxed my income is very small. 我的收入扣了税后就所剩无几了.Tobacco andalcoholic drinks are taxed heavily in Britain. 英国对烟酒课税很重.Tax the rich！＇he cried.他喊道：“向富人征税！”Profits should be taxed at a higher rate than at present.对利润应课以高于目前的税率．2［Wv4； T1］ to make heavydemands on；tire 使负重担；使疲倦：Such a long journey would be too taxing for my old uncle. 路途那么远，我的老伯父恐怕吃不消.You＇re taxingmy patience by asking such stupid questions. 你提出这样愚蠢的问题，简直是消磨我的耐心.taxable［Wa5；B］ able to be taxed 可征税的；应纳税的：This money is not taxable.这笔钱不征税.

rate /reit/ [X7, 9 usu pass] BrE to fix a rate on （a building） 给（房子）定税额：My house is rated rather high／at £500．我的房子的税额定得很高／定为五百英镑．rateable，ratable ［Wa5；A］ BrE (of a building or its value) on which rates are charged（指建筑物或其价值）该纳税的：Whatis the rateable value of this shop？这店铺应定的税值是多少？

levy/'levi/[T1] to demand and collect officially 征收：The government plans to levy a higher tax on tobacco.政府计划对烟草征更重的税.

J162 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：bribing and tipping 贿赂与小费

bribe /braib/ 1 [T1; V3] to influence unfairly (esp someone in a position of trust) by favours or gifts 贿赂；行贿；收买：He bribed the policeman (to let him go freelinto letting him go free）.他贿赂警察（放他走）.（fig）The child was bribed with a piece of cake to go to bed quietly．一块蛋糕就把小孩哄得安静地去睡觉了．2［X9］to get or make in this way（以）贿赂（的方式达到···）：He bribed his way onto the committee.他用贿赂的手段进了委员会.Hebribed himself onto the committee.他靠行贿进了该委员会．3［C］ something offered or given in bribing 行贿物：The official was charged with taking bribes from people who wanted favours in return.那位官员被控接受了一些想得到好处的人的贿赂.

bribery/'braibəri/ [U] the act of bribing (peo-ple）行贿；贿赂：He used bribery to get what he wanted.他靠行贿来达到自己的目的.

graft/gra:ft/[U] infml the gaining of advantage for oneself, esp in business, by secret influ-ence，bribery，etc（尤其在生意中）贪污；受贿

tip /tip/ [C] a usu small gift of money for a service， to keep someone happy，etc 小费；赏钱：He gave the waiter a tip when he paid for the meal.在吃完饭付帐时，他给服务员一点小费.

gratuity/grə'tju:iti/ [C] 1 a gift of money for a service done；（fml）tip 赏钱；小费2 esp BrE a gift of money to a worker or a member of the armed forces when he or she leaves that employment 退职金；退伍金

J163 nouns，etc 名词等：rates，

commissions， and discounts 费用、佣金与折扣

rate /reit/[C9] a charge or payment fixed ac-cording to a standard scale 规定的价格或费用：Night telephone rates are cheaper than day rates.夜间的电话费比白天的便宜.Increase therate of pay for these workers.给这些工人增加工资.What is the rate for the job？这工作的报酬是多少？

commission /kə'mıfən/ [C; U] (an amount of) money, usu related to the value of goods sold, paid to a salesman， etc， for his services 佣金： He gets 10% commission on everything he sells; if he sells goods worth £100 his commis-sion is £10．他每卖掉一样东西可得百分之十的佣金；如果卖掉的货物价值一百英镑，他的佣金就是十英镑.

discount /'diskaunt/ [C; U] reduction made in the cost when buying goods in a shop 折扣： The shop gave me a 10％ discount．商店给我九折优惠．at a discount 1 below the usual price 低于正常价格；打折扣：I was able to buy thiscoat at a small discount.我买这件外套时是打了个小折扣的．2（fig）not valued or wanted 不需要；不受重视：Honesty seems to be at rather a discount today.如今诚实似乎不很吃香了.

deduction /dr'dakfən/ [C] anything, esp money, that is deducted or taken away 扣除之物；扣除额：Several deductions were made from her wages every week, for tax and other purposes. 每周都从她的工资中扣掉几笔钱，用于纳税及其它用途.

off /pf/ [adv Wa5] taken from a price,esp as a discount 低于···；从···扣除：He got 10％ off when he bought the car.他买这辆汽车时得到九折优惠.Can I have anything off if I pay the whole amount now？如果我现在付清全部款项，能得到些优惠吗？

J164 nouns， adjectives ＆ adverbs 名词、形容词和副词：wholesale and retail 批发与

wholesale/'həul,serl/1 [U] the business of sell-ing goods in large quantities, esp to shop-keepers 批发；趸售 2［Wa5；B；adv］（of or concerned in selling) in large quantities or at the lower prices fixed for such sales 大批的（地）；批发的（地）；较低价格的（地）：He has awholesale business.他做批发生意.They sell machines to the public wholesale.他们以批发价向公众出售机器．3［Wa5；B；adv］ in too largeor unlimited numbers 大批的（地）；数不清的（地）：There was a wholesale rush from the burning cinema.数不清的人从失火的电影院中冲出来.

retail/ri'teil/1 [U] the sale of goods in shops to customers for their own use and not for sell-ing again 零售；零卖2［Wa5；B；adv］（of or

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concerned in） this kind of selling 零售的（地）： What is the retail price of those goods？那些货物的零售价是多少？Can you buy these goodsretail here？可以在这里的零售店买到这些东西吗？

net(t) /net/ [Wa5] 1 [A] (of an amount) when nothing further is to be subtracted 纯的；净的： net profit （＝ after tax，rent，etc，are paid）纯利； net weight(= of an object without its packet) 净重2 [A]when everything has been considered； final 最后的（esp in the phr net result 最后结果）：The net result of the tax was to make the rich even richer.这种税的最终结果是使富人更富．3［B；E］（of a price） not allowed to be made lower（价格）最低的；不能再降低的：All prices in this shop are net.这家商店的价格都是实价．The price of the book is £3 net；no bookshop will sell it for less.这本书的实价为三英镑，任何书店都不会卖得更便宜了．4［A］a netamount，price，etc 净数；实价：The bill says ＇net 30 days' (= it must be paid in full within a month）.帐单上写着“三十天内付清”.

gross／grəus／1 ［Wa5； A］ total 总的；毛的：The gross weight of the box of chocolates is more than the weight of the chocolates alone.这盒巧克力的毛重超过巧克力本身的重量．2［U］thewhole；the greater part 整个；全部；大部分 in gross BrE, in the gross AmE in large amounts；wholesale 大批地；批发

J165 nouns 名词：takings and turnovers 营业收入与营业额

takings/'teikujz/ [P] receipts of money,esp by a shop 营业收入（尤指商店的）：We must adver-tise more if we want to increase our takings. 我们想增加营业收入，就必须多做广告.

take ／teik／ ［C usu sing］ infml takings 营业收入： What＇s today＇s take？今天的营业收入有多少？

turnover /'tзin,əuvə/ [S9, esp of] the amount of business done in a particular period （某一期间的）营业额；成交量；交易额：Their annual turn-over is £250,000 (= They do £250,000 worth of business in a year）.他们的年营业额为二十五万英镑.

profit/'profit/[C; U] the money, etc,gained by a business or a piece of business 利润；收益： The profit this year was £l million.今年的利润为一百万英镑.What are the profits like onthis business？ 这生意大约有多少利润？He made aprofit of £1,000 on that sale．他在那笔生意上赚了一千英镑.There＇s very little profit in selling land at present.目前出售土地收益甚微.

profit margin [C] the amount which one makes on something one sells over the cost of pro-ducing it 利润率：We need a profit margin of 20％ in order to keep our business going．为了维持我们的生意，我们需要有百分之二十的利润率.

loss／lps／ ［C］ 1 a failure to make a profit 亏损： He made a loss on those shoes.他卖那批鞋蚀了本.Their losses this year were high／heavy； they made no profit at all.今年他们亏损严重；根本没有获利．2 the amount by which the cost

J181 SHOPPING 购物

of an article is greater than the selling price 亏损额：The shop made a loss of £2 on those shoes.这家鞋店出售那些鞋每双亏损两英镑.

Shopping and general

expenses

购物与一般消费

J180 nouns 名词：shops and stores ［C］ 商店

shop /Jop/ [often in comb] a room or building where goods are regularly kept and sold 商店： I bought it at the local village shop.这是我在本村的一家商店里买的.The shops in town closeat 5.30．城里的商店五时半关门．The sweet shopis near the bookshop.糖果店在书店附近.

corner shop not fml a (usu small) shop at the corner of two local streets 街角（小）商店：You can get some milk at the corner shop. 你能在街拐角的那家商店买到牛奶.

store ／sto：／1 esp BrE a large shop 大商店：He bought it in one of the big London stores.这是他在伦敦的一家大商店里买的．2esp AmE a shop商店：Get what you need at the local store.在当地那家商店里买你所需要的东西.

general store a shop which sells most things that people need for everyday life 综合商店；百货店

department store a large shop divided into departments, in each of which a different type of goods is sold 百货商店；百货公司

chain store (any of) a group of usu large shops of the same kind owned by one organization 连锁商店；联号商店（由同一机构经营的许多零售商店）

self-service /'self's3:vis/ not fml a usu larger shop where one serves oneself with food and goods and pays as one leaves 自助商店、餐室等

supermarket /'su:pə,ma:kit/ a large shop sell-ing mainly food where one serves oneself 超级市场；自选商场

hypermarket/'haipə,ma:kit/ a large supermar-ket大型超级市场

J181 nouns 名词：special small shops， etc［C］特种小店等

stall /sto:l/ [often in comb] esp BrE a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place 货摊；摊档： She sold fruit at a market stall.她在市场摆摊卖水果.He bought a newspaper at the station bookstall.他在车站的书摊上买了一份报纸.

booth/bu:θ/1 (at a market) a covered moveable shop（市场上）有篷的流动商店2（at a fair）atent or small building where goods are sold or

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games are played（集市上卖货或玩游戏的）帐篷；货摊；游戏棚 3 an enclosed place big enough for one person at a time（仅能容一人的）小间：atelephone booth 电话亭；a voting booth 投票间； a listening booth in a record shop 唱片店里的试听室 4 an enclosed place for one person selling something 售货小间：a ticket booth 票房；售票处 5 an enclosed place in a restaurant， esp one with a table between two long seats （餐厅中的）分隔间（尤指由两张长椅夹一张桌子而与邻座隔开的座位）；火车座

kiosk /kir'psk/1 a small open hut, such as one used for selling newspapers 亭子；报亭；售卖亭2 BrE fml a public telephone box, indoors or outdoors 室内或室外公用电话亭

boutique /bu:'ti:k/ 1 a small shop (usu for women) selling up-to-date clothes and other personal articles of the newest kind（妇女）时装精品小店 2．a department of this kind within a large department store（大百货店中妇女）时装用品部

J182 nouns 名词：markets and shopping centres 市场与商业中心

market /'ma:kit/ 1 [C] a building, square, or open place where people meet to buy and sell goods， esp food or sometimes animals 集市场所；市场：It is cheaper to buy vegetables from the market than from a shop. 在集市上买菜要比在商店中买来得便宜.He bought someanimals at the local cattle market.他在当地的牲畜市场上买了几只牲口.They waited in themarket square．他们在集市广场上等候．2［C］thegathering of people to buy and sell on certain days at a market 集市： There＇s no market this week．本周没有集市．3［C9］a district，country， or countries, where there is a demand for goods（交易）市场：They sell to foreign mar-kets／the home market.他们向国外市场／国内市场销售.They have a world market.他们有世界市场．4［U；C（for）］ demand for goods 销路： There＇s no market for such goods.这类货没有销路.（fig）He can＇t find a market for his skills．他找不到需要他的技术的地方．5［C］（thestate of) trade in certain goods, esp the rate of buying and selling行情；市况（尤指买卖情况）：We'll lose money by selling on a falling market（＝when prices are faling）.在行情下跌时卖出我们会亏损的.There＇s great activity inthe tea market.茶叶市况活跃.on the market （of goods） for sale（货物）出售：The house will come／be put on the market soon.这幢房子很快就要出售.This is the best car on the market.这是市面上最好的汽车.in the market for readyto buy 准备买：He＇s in the market for a good house.他准备购买一幢好房子.market place［C］the place, usu a town square or open area, where a market can be held 市场（指广场或空敞的地点）：She met him in the market place.她在市场遇见了他.

mart/ma:t/[C sometimes in comb] a market;a

place of trade， esp a busy one 商业中心；市场bazaar /bə'za:/ [C] 1 (in Eastern countries) a marketplace or a group of shops（东方国家的） 市场；集市2（in English-speaking countries）a sale to get money for some good purpose （说英语国家的）义卖：They held a churchlhospital bazaar.他们举办了一次教堂／医院义卖.

shopping centre [C] a group of shops of dif-ferent kinds, usu outside the centre of a town and planned and built as a whole（市中心以外的）购物中心

(shopping) arcade /('fopr) a:'keid/ [C] a covered passage, esp one with an arched roof and with a row of shops on one or both sides 拱廊商场（一边或两旁常设有商店）：BurlingtonArcade is a famous shopping place in London.伯灵顿拱廊是伦敦有名的购物街.

(shopping) precinct /('fopi) 'pri:sijkt/[C] a part of a town planned for, or limited to, shopping（城市中专设的）购物区：They haveopened the new shopping precinct.新的购物区开张了.

J183 nouns 名词：sales and auctions ［C］ 拍卖

sale /seil/1 a selling of items to whoever offers the highest price 拍卖：He got all his furniture at a sale.他的家具都是在一次拍卖中购买的.Shewas buying animals at the local cattle sales. 她正在当地的家畜拍卖市场上买牲口．2 a specialoffering of goods in a shop at lower prices than usual 大减价；贱卖：I got this hat cheap at a sale.我在大减价时以廉价买了这帽子.Theregular price is £5, but the sale price was £3. 定价为五英镑，但是廉售价为三英镑.

auction /'o:kfən/ [C; by U] a public sale of goods to the person who offers the most money 拍卖：He went to a furniture auction.他去看家具拍卖.I shall sell my house by auction. 我将拍卖我的房子.

J184 nouns 名词：bids and tenders［C］出价与投标

bid /bid/1 an offer to pay a certain price at a sale，esp at an auction（尤指拍卖时）出价；喊价：He made a bid of £5 for that old book．他出价五英镑买那本旧书.Who will make the highestbid for the book？这本书谁愿出最高价？2 anoffer to do some work at a certain price 投标： Bids for building the bridge were invited from British and American firms.英国和美国的一些公司被邀请参加建桥的投标.Who will makethelowest bid for the job？这工程谁的投标会最低？3a chance or turn to make such a declaration 出价（或投标的）机会：It＇s your bid now，MrJones．琼斯先生，该轮到你出价了．4 an attemptor effort to get，win， or attract 试图；争取；努力： They made a bid for our favour by making

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promises.他们试图用许诺来得到我们的支持.Thecriminal made a bid for freedom by trying to run away.罪犯企图逃跑以获取自由.

tender /'tendə/ a statement of the price one would charge for providing goods or services or for doing a job；（tech） a bid 投标：The government is inviting tenders for building a new oil pipeline from Scotland to London.政府正在为建设一条从苏格兰到伦敦的输油管进行招标.

J185 nouns 名词：shopping 购物

shopping／＇Sopi／1 ［U］ the act of shopping 买东西；购物：Shopping can be a tiring business. 买东西可以是很累人的事．2［U］ what one buyswhen shopping 购买的物品：She had two big bags full of （her） shopping.她的两个大袋子里都装满了买来的东西.Where＇s my shopping；I＇m sure I left it here.我买的东西到哪里去了？我记得是放在这里的.

window shopping [U] looking at the goods shown in （several） shop windows 逛商店；看橱窗：We didn＇t have any money， so we went window shopping.我们没有钱，所以只好去看看橱窗.window shopper[C] a person who goes window shopping 逛商店的人

bargain hunting [U] hunting (= shopping) for bargains 觅购廉价物品；到处寻找便宜货：Let＇s goto the shops in Green Street;they're usually good for bargain hunting.去格林街的商店吧；它们常卖便宜货.bargain-hunter ［C］ a person who goes or is good at bargain hunting（善于） 觅购便宜货的人

J186 nouns 名词：shopping 购物

shopping day [C] a day when shops are open for business／when shopping can be done（商店）营业日：Is Tuesday a full shopping day in this town？这个镇上星期二商店全天营业吗？

shopping list [C] a set of names of things to buy in a shop or shops 购物单：I must remem-ber to put ＇salt＇ on my shopping list.我得记住在我的购物单上写上“盐”.

shopping bag/basket [C] a bag or basket used for carrying things when shopping 购物袋／篮

J187 nouns 名词：persons shopping ［C］

购物人

shopper/'fopə/ a person who is buying or will buy things in shops 购物的人：The streets were full of shoppers.街上满是买东西的人.

customer /kastəmə/ 1 a person who buys goods or services from a shop or trader,esp regularly（尤指经常光顾的）顾客；主顾：The newshop across the road has taken away some of my best customers.街对面那家新开的店抢走了我

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的一些最好的顾客.You＇ll lose customers if your prices keep rising.要是你们总是涨价，你们会失去顾客的．2［C9］ sl a person one has to deal with； fellow 须与之打交道的人；家伙：He is an oddcustomer，isn＇t he？他是个怪人，是不是？

client /'klaiənt/1 a person who a pays a pro-fessional person, esp a lawyer,for help and advice（聘用专业人士的）委托人；（尤指律师的）当事人 b gets help or advice from any of the government＇s social services 接受政府社会服务照顾的人2 fml a customer 顾客：We try to giveour clients complete satisfaction.我们尽力使我们的顾客完全满意. clientele ［GU］ the custom-ers of a business, shop, professional man,etc （企业、商店等的）顾客；主顾；（聘用专业人士的）委托人（总称）：My clientele has always favoured quality rather than quantity.我们的主顾们总是注重质量而不是数量.Do your clientele like thenew fashions？你的顾客喜欢这些新时装吗？

J188 nouns 名词：persons owning shops，etc［C］店主等

shopkeeper/'Sop,ki:pə/ a person usu the owner，in charge of a small shop 店主（指小店） -keeper /-'ki:pə/ [comb form] a person who owns or runs the place stated...老板：He is a local hotel-keeper.他是当地一家旅馆的老板.

dealer /'di:lə/ a person in a usu stated type of business 商人：He is a used-car dealer.他是买卖旧汽车的商人.

stockist/'stpkist/ a person who keeps certain goods for sale 有存货待售的商人：Ĥe is ourstockist in your town.他是我们在你们镇上的代销商.

J189 nouns 名词： persons serving in shops，etc［C］商店工作人员等

(shop) assistant /(fop) ə'sistənt/ BrE, (sales) clerk /(seilz) kla:k/ AmE a person who serves buyers in a shop 售货员；店员

salesman /'seılzmən/ a usu skilled shop assis-tant（常指熟练的）售货员 saleswoman［fem］

salesgirl /'seilz,g3:1/ a usu young female shop assistant（常指年轻的）女售货员

saleslady /'seilz,leidi/ fml a female shop assis-tant 女售货员

J190 nouns 名词： things in shops， etc

［C］商店用具等

counter/'kauntə/ a narrow table or flat surface on which goods are shown or at which cus-tomers in a shop， bank， etc are served 柜台：If you want to buy bread you must go to the food counter at the other end of the shop.你想买面包，得到店另一头的食品柜台去买.

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shelf /felf/1 a flat, usu long and narrow board fixed against a wall or in a frame, for placing things on 架子；搁板：He fixed a 5-foot shelf for books on the wall.他在墙上安装了一个五英尺长的书架．2 a group of things filling one of these 架子上的东西

trolley/'trpli/esp BrE a container on wheels in large shops and supermarkets [→J180] which one uses to serve oneself, and move goods to where one can pay for them before leaving （大商店、超级市场中的）手推购物车；手推车

cart／ka：t／esp AmE a trolley 手推购物车；商店里的手推车

cash-register /'kæf,red3istə/ a business ma-chine, esp used in shops for calculating and recording the amount of each sale and the money received, and sometimes for giving change 现金出纳机；收银机

cash-desk/'kæf,desk/ (in a shop) the desk where payments are made（商店里的）付款处； 付款台

checkout/'tfek,aut/a cash desk in a self-service store（自助商店或超级市场里的）付款台；付款处

J191 nouns 名词：special parts of shops ［C］商店装潢

shop front the front, including the door(s), window（s），and name， of a shop 商店的门面： The street was full of brightly-painted shop fronts.街上到处都是色彩鲜艳的商店门面.

store front 1 BrE the front of a large shop 大商店的门面2AmE a shop front 商店的门面

shop window the window of a shop 商店的橱窗： He stood looking in the shop window,wishing he had some money.他站着朝橱窗里看，真希望自己有钱能买.

showcase/'fəu,kers/ a glass-sided box in which objects are placed for looking at in a shop or museum（商店、博物馆的）玻璃柜橱；陈列橱：Thethieves smashed the showcase and stole the watches.贼人打碎了玻璃柜橱，并偷走了那些手表.

J192 nouns 名词：particular

shopkeepers and shops, especially those selling food［C］特种（尤指食品等）商店与其店主

grocer /'grəusə/ a shopkeeper who sells dry and preserved foods, like flour, coffee,sugar, rice, and other things for the home, such as matches and soap 食品杂货商：He got coffee at the grocer＇s （shop）.他在食品杂货店买了咖啡.grocery [A;(C)] a grocer's business or shop 食品杂货业；食品杂货店：There＇s a big newgrocery storeopening in the High Street soon. 大马路上快要开一家新的大型杂货店.groceries［P］things sold by a grocer 食品杂货

greengrocer /'gri:n,grəusəl esp BrE a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit 蔬菜水果

商：She bought her vegetables at the local greengrocer＇s（shop）.她在当地一家蔬菜水果店里买了蔬菜.

delicatessen /,delrkə'tesən/ a shop that sells special, usu foreign foods, esp those which are ready to eat when sold（常售外国食品的）熟食店：You can get Italian food at the delica-tessen.你能在那家熟食店买到意大利食品.

butcher /'butfə/ aperon who (kills and) sells animals for food 屠夫；肉商：She bought some meat at the butcher＇s（shop）.她在肉店买了点肉. owns,runs,or works in a shop which sells fish 鱼商：Go to the fishmonger＇s and get some fish.到鱼店买些鱼来.

baker/'beika/1 a person who bakes bread and cakes，esp professionally 面包师傅 2 a person who keeps a shop for selling bread and cakes, etc 面包商：He got bread at the baker＇s（shop）. 他在面包店买了面包.bakery a place where thebaking of bread， cakes，etc is done 面包房；面包店：Go to the bakery for more bread； we＇ve sold all we have.到面包房再进些面包来；我们的面包都卖完了.He＇s in the bakery business.他经营面包业.

dairy /'daəri/ 1 a shop where milk, butter, cheese,and sometimes eggs and other food products are sold 乳品店2（on a farm） a place where milk is kept and butter and cheese are made 制酪场3 a farm where milk，butter，and cheese （dairy products）are produced 牛奶场sweet shop BrE, candy store AmE a shop sell-

ing sweets 糖果店

tuck shop BrE a shop esp near or in a school, where children can buy sweets，etc 糖果食品店（尤指在学校附近或学校里面的）

tobacconist /tə'bækənist/ a person who owns, runs, or works in a shop that sells mainly tobacco and cigarettes 烟草商；烟店店员：He got his cigarettes at a local tobacconist's (shop). 他在附近一家烟店买香烟.

pharmacist/'fa:məsist/BrE usu chemist/'kem-Ist／，AmE also 又作 druggist／＇dragist／a per-son who owns or runs a shop(pharmacy fml, chemist's shop BrE, drugstore AmE) where esp medicines are sold 药剂师；药品商

drugstore /'drag,sto:/ AmE a pharmacy,esp one which sells not only medicine, beauty products， film， etc， but also simple meals 药房（兼售药物、化妆品、胶卷、快餐食品等）

J193 nouns 名词：particular shopkeepers and shops selling clothing，etc［C］各种服装店及其店主

tailor /'terlə/ 1 a person who makes outer garments，esp for men（尤指做男服的）裁缝：He has a good tailor．他有个好裁缝．2 a person who owns, runs, or works in a shop which sells clothes，esp for men（尤指售男服的）成衣商；成衣店职工

draper /'dreipə/ BrE a person, esp a shop-

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keeper,who sells women's clothes, cloth, curtains，etc 布商（出售女服、布、窗帘等）：Shebought some cloth at the draper＇s（shop）.她在布店里买了些布.

hosier /'həuzıə/ a shopkeeper who sells socks and men＇s underclothes 卖袜子和男子内衣裤的店主

haberdasher/'hæbədæfə/1 BrE a shopkeeper who sells pins, sewing thread, and other small things used in dressmaking 缝纫用品商2AmE a shopkeeper who sells men's hats, gloves,etc 男子服饰用品商（卖帽子、手套等）

J194 nouns 名词： shops， etc， selling books，newspapers，etc［C］书报店等

bookshop /'buk,fpp/ esp BrE, bookstore/'buk-，sto：／esp AmE a shop that sells books 书店bookseller/'buk,selə/ a person who sells books

or runs a bookshop 书商

stationer /'sterfənə/ a shopkeeper who sells writing paper, pens, office materials,etc (= stationery）文具商

newsagent /'nju:z,eid3ənt/ a person in charge of a shop selling newspapers and magazines 报刊商：You can get that paper at your local newsagent＇s （shop）.你能在你们当地的报刊店买到那报纸.

newsstaIl/newsstand /'nju:z,sto:l/'nju:z-,stænd/ a kiosk [→J181] for selling newspapers 报亭

J195 nouns 名词：other kinds of

shopkeepers and shops 其它商店与店主

florist/'flprist/ [C] a person who keeps a shop for selling flowers 花店店主

dry goods also 又作 soft goods ［P］ articles of clothing, soft furnishings,etc, esp as sold in a shop织物类（如衣服、家庭装饰物等）

ironmonger /'aiən,mangə/ BrE, hardware store AmE [C] a shopkeeper who sells metal goods 金属器具商；五金商：He got his tools at alocal ironmonger＇s（shop）.他在当地一家五金店里买工具.ironmongery also 又作 hardware [U] the kind of metal goods sold by an iron-monger 五金制品

J196 adjectives 形容词：costing a lot of money［B］昂贵的

dear /drə/ [Wal] esp BrE costing a lot or too much（价钱）贵的；昂贵的：It＇s too dear；I can＇t afford it.这太贵了；我买不起.

high /har/[Wal] not fml not cheap; costing more than one expects or wants to pay（价）高的；贵的：These prices are rather high， aren＇t

J198 SHOPPING 购物

they？这些价格太高了，是不是？That country hasa high cost of living.那个国家的生活费用很高.

expensive /ik'spensiv/ often fml costing a lot of money 昂贵的：He＇s just bought a very ex-pensive new car.他刚买了辆昂贵的新轿车.Dia-monds come（＝are） expensive.钻石是昂贵的. -ly ［adv］ The girl was expensively dressed.那女孩穿着奢华.

costly /'kostli/ [Wa2] 1 having a high price; expensive 昂贵的；价高的：He bought her a lot of costly jewels．他为她买了许多昂贵的珠宝．2（fig）gained or won at a great loss 代价高的；损失惨重的：That was the costliest war in our history.那是我们历史上代价最大的一次战争.

pricy, pricey /'praisi/[Wal;F;(B)] infml esp BrE dear in price 价格高的：These new cars are a bit pricey.这些新汽车有点太贵了.That shop istoo pricy for me; I can't afford to buythere. 那家商店的价格对我来说太贵了；我买不起.-cily[adv]-ciness [U]

steep／sti：p／［Wal］ infml expensive 价高的；昂贵的：Their prices are pretty steep； I can＇t buy anything in that shop.那家商店价格太高了；那里的东西我什么也买不起.

J197 formal adjectives 正式形容词：costing too much［B］价格昂贵的

exorbitant /ig'zo:bətənt/ derog (of costs, de-mands, etc) much greater than is reasonable （要求、收费等）过分的；过高的：That hotelcharges exorbitant prices.那家旅馆价格高得厉害.He makes exorbitant demands on my time. 他要求占用我的时间太多了.-ly［adv］：Shecharges exorbitantly for her services.她要的工钱太高了.

prohibitive /prə'hibitiv/ (of a price) too high to be afforded（价格）高得使人不敢问津或买不起的extortionate /ik'sto:fənit/ (of a demand,price,

etc）very high；much too high（指要求、价格等） 过高的；十分过分的；太昂贵的：I complainedabout the extortionate charges at the hotel.我对那家旅馆的价格贵得这么吓人表示不满.-ly［adv］[→C233 EXTORTION]

J198 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not costing a lot of money 价格便宜的

cheap/tfi:p/[Wal]1[B] a low in price; costing little 便宜的：Fresh vegetables are very cheap in the summer.新鲜蔬菜在夏天很便宜.b worthmore than the cost； good value for money 价廉（物美）的；花钱少而货色好的：Bread is cheapin this shop; it costs twice as much across the street.这家商店的面包很便宜；街对面的要贵一倍.c BrE reduced in price for a quick sale 减价的：Buy now；the goods are going cheap.快买吧，这些货现正减价．2［B］charging low prices 开价低的；收费低廉的：This is the cheapestrestaurant in town．这是城里最便宜的餐馆．3［B］

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J199 SHOPPING 购物

（fig）needing little effort 容易得到的；轻易的： The army won a cheap victory over the enemy，who had few guns and soldiers.部队轻而易举地打败了敌人，因为敌人没有多少人和枪．4[F] worth little; of or considered of little value 不值钱的：100 years ago life was a lot cheaper than it is today．一百年前人命远不如现在值钱．5［B］esp AmE careful with money；tight 小气的； 吝啬的：He＇s the cheapest man in town.他是城里最吝啬的人．6［adv］in a cheap way 低贱地；庸俗地：I wish she wouldn＇t act so cheap.我希望她举止别那么庸俗.-ly ［adv］-ness ［U］ on thecheap infml cheaply; without paying the full cost 便宜地：She got some new trousers on the cheap down at the market.她在集市买到几条便宜的新裤子.The government must learn that it can＇t provide good education on the cheap.政府必须知道要办好教育而不想多花钱是不可能的.

free／fri：／［Wa5；B；adv］ costing nothing 免费的（地）；不用花钱的（地）：You can get free books here.你能在这里免费拿到书.How much did itcost？-Nothing；it was free.这东西多少钱？-不花钱；是免费的.

for nothing not fml for no money；free 免费地： I got this bicycle for nothing; a friend just gave it to me.这辆自行车我没有花钱；是一位朋友送给我的.

low /ləu/[Wal; B] not fml not expensive; cost-ing less than one expects or is ready to pay 便宜的；廉价的：These prices are surprisingly low， aren＇t they？这些价格低得出奇，是不是？Thatcountry has a lower cost of living than this one.那个国家的生活费用比这个国家低.

inexpensive /,inik'spensiv/ [B] not expensive; low in price 不贵的；便宜的；廉价的：He boughther an inexpensive present.他给她买了一件不贵的礼物.-ly［adv］：She was well， but inexpen-sively dressed.她穿得不错，但花钱不多.

economical /i:kə'npmikəl/ [B] not wasteful; using money，time，etc carefully 节俭的；（使用钱、时间等）节约的：She is an economicalhousekeeper and feeds her family carefully.她节俭持家，在一家人的饮食上精打细算.un-［neg］-ly [adv Wa3]

a bargain costing less than one would expect or be willing to pay 廉价货；便宜货：I got thebook for £1； it was a（real）bargain．我花了一英镑买下这本书；真便宜.What a bargain！真便宜！

J199 adjectives 形容词：worth a lot of money，etc［B］值钱的等

valuable／＇væljuəbal／1 worth a lot of money 值钱的；贵重的：Your collection of pictures must be very valuable now that prices have in-creased so much.画的价格涨了那么多，你收藏的一定很值钱了．2 having great usefulness or value 很有用的；宝贵的：He gave the company years of valuable service.多年来，他为公司作了宝贵的贡献.You＇ll find this little tool very valu-able for cutting out small shapes.你会发现这把

小工具很有用，可以用来雕刻出形状不同的小东西来.This new book will， we hope， be valuable to students of English.我们希望这本新书会对学英语的学生很有用处.

precious /'prefəs/ 1 of great value and beauty 华贵的；珍贵的：Gold is a precious metal.金是贵重金属．2of great value and not to be wasted 宝贵的；不应浪费的：His time is precious； whydo you want to see him？他的时间很宝贵，你找他有什么事？3 greatly loved or valued as being dear to one 珍惜的；珍贵的：Your friendship is precious to me．我珍惜你的友谊．4［adv］ infml ＆ ironical very 十分；很：Her advice was of precious little use to me！她的建议对我根本没有用处！

superior／su：＇prərə／ 1 of high quality 优质的： This is superior wool． 这是优质羊毛．2（of people and things) good or better in quality or value（指人与物）优越的；优良的：He thinkshe's superior to us because his father's an important man.因为他父亲是个重要人物，他就自以为高我们一等.-ity ［U］

priceless /'praislis/ 1 of very great value; of worth too great to be described or calculated 无价的；无法估价的；贵重的：Only a very richman could afford to buy these priceless paint-ings.只有非常富有的人才买得起这些名贵的画.Good health is priceless． 健康是无价之宝．2 infml very funny or laughably foolish 极有趣的； 极荒唐的：You look priceless in those trousers！ They＇re much too tight. 你穿那条裤子看起来真可笑！它实在太紧了.-ness［U］

invaluable /ın'væljuəbl/(of a person, thing,or quality) too valuable for its worth to be measured（人、东西、质量等）非常宝贵的；无价的：These men are invaluable to me;they work very well.这些人对我非常宝贵；他们的工作好极了.Your invaluable help saved my business.你的宝贵援助挽救了我的生意.

J200 adjectives 形容词：not of good quality［B］质量低劣的

cheap／tfi：p／［Wal］ 1 of poor quality 低劣的；劣质的：Her shoes looked cheap.她的鞋子看上去质量不好．2 in low or unpleasant taste 低级趣味的；可鄙的：I don＇t like his cheap humour.我不喜欢他那种低级的幽默.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

poor /puə/ [Wal] 1 less than is needed or expected；small in size or quantity 贫乏的；缺少的；量小的：We had a poor crop of beans this year.今年我们的豆子收成不好.This product isin poor supply （＝ we can＇t get it easily）.这种产品供应不足．2 derog much below the usual standard；low in quality 低劣的；质量差的：Don＇t buy that coat； the cloth is of poor quality.别买那件外套；衣料的质量很差.The weather hasbeen very poor this summer; we've had little sun．今年夏季天气很不好；几乎见不到太阳．3（ofthe body or its parts and their working) weak; not good 虚弱的；能力差的：He＇s still in poorhealth after his illness.病愈之后，他的身体仍很

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