G204 COMMUNICATION ＆ INFORMATION 通讯与信息

What nonsense！／You look fine.我这身打扮可出不了门．-胡说！／胡说什么呀！／你看上去不错嘛！3［U］ foolish behaviour 胡闹：Stop that nonsense，children！ Behave yourselves.别胡闹了，孩子们！要规矩点.The teacher would stand no nonsense from the children.老师不许孩子们胡闹．4［U］humorous and fanciful poetry usu telling a meaningless story 打油诗：I like Edward Lear's wonderful nonsense (poetry). 我喜欢爱德华·李尔那些绝妙的打油诗.makenonsense of, also make a nonsense of BrE to spoil or make of no effect 破坏；使失效：Your foolish anger made nonsense of our plans for peace with the enemy.你愚蠢地发火，破坏了我们跟敌人讲和的计划.

waffle /'wofal/ BrE infml 1 [U] nonsense expressed in words that sound good 好听而无意义的话；油腔滑调：Don＇t talk such waffle，man！老兄，别耍嘴皮子了！2［Wv3；IØ（on）］to talk nonsense expressed in words that sound good 说好听而无意义的话；耍嘴皮子：I asked hima question but he just went on waffling.我问他一个问题，可他就是不停地在那儿耍嘴皮子答非所问.

G201 nouns 名词：newspapers and magazines 报纸与杂志

newspaper /'nju:s,peipə/1 [C] a paper printed and sold to the public usu daily or weekly, with news， notices， advertisements，etc 报纸： He sells newspapers at the bus station.他在公共汽车站卖报．2［C］a company which produces one or more of these papers 报社：One of our oldest national newspapers went out of busi-ness because of low sales.我们一家最老的全国性报社因销路不好而关门了．3［U］ the kind ofpaper on which these are printed, esp after printing 新闻纸；（尤指）印有文字的新闻纸：Wrapthe food in some newspaper.用报纸把食物包起来.

paper ／＇peipə／ ［C］ infml a newspaper 报纸： What＇s in today＇s paper？今天报上有什么新闻？

news sheet /'nju:ż,fiit/ [C] a small newspaper, usu of one or two pages（常指只有一两页的）小报

newsletter /'nju:z,letə/ [C] a small newspaper sent to a particular group of people（发给某些人的）时事通讯；新闻简报

bulletin /'bulətmn/ [C] a printed news sheet,esp one produced by an association or group （协会或团体出的）小报；会刊

newsprint /'nju:z,print/ [U] a cheap kind of paper used mostly for newspapers, esp before printing（印报刊用的）新闻纸；白报纸：Newsprintis not as cheap as it used to be.新闻纸不象以前那么便宜了.

magazine ／，mægə＇zi：n／ also 又作 infml abbrev mag/mæg/ [C] a sort of book made of large folded sheets of paper with no hard cover, which contains writing, photographs, and advertisements, usu on a special subject or for

a certain group of people, and which is printed and sold every week or month 杂志： All the women's magazines have stories and articles on the same sort of subjects.所有妇女杂志都有同一类题材的故事和文章.

periodical / piərr'pdikəl/ [C] a magazine that appears at regular times, such as monthly or weekly （but not daily）定期刊物；期刊；杂志：This periodical is obtainable on the last day of every month.这本杂志可在每月的最后一天买到.

journal /'d3з:nəl/ [C] fml esp old use & tech a periodical 定期刊物；期刊；杂志：I read about it in a scientific journal.我是在一份自然科学杂志上读到它的.

G202 nouns 名词： kinds of newspapers， etc according to frequency of appearance［C］按出版周期划分的各类报

纸等

daily /'deili/ a newspaper appearing once a day 日报：What＇s in the dailies？日报上有什么新闻？

weekly/'wi:kli/ a newspaper or magazine ap-pearing once a week 周刊；周报：The weeklies are full of stories about the new president.周刊上尽是有关新任总统的事迹.

monthly/'manθli/ a magazine appearing once a month 月刊

annual/'ænjuəl/ a book produced once each year having the same title but ocntaining different stories，pictures，etc年刊；年报；年鉴

G203 nouns 名词：journalism and the press 新闻工作与新闻界

journalism/'d33:nəlizəm/[U] the work or pro-fession of producing, esp writing for, news-papers and other news media ［→G208］新闻工作；新闻业：He has gone from newspaper journalism to TV journalism.他已经从报界转到电视新闻界去了.journalistic［B］ of，concern-ing， or like journalism and journalists 新闻的； 新闻记者的：He writes in a journalistic way.他用新闻体写作.

press/pres/ [(the) GU] (sometimes cap) news-paper writers in general 新闻界；新闻工作者（总称）：The minister invited the press to a meet-ing to explain his actions.部长举行记者招待会解释他的行动.The Press think this is a good story.新闻界人士认为这个报道很好.

G204 nouns 名词：journalists and correspondents ［C］新闻记者

journalist /'d33:nəlist/ a person whose profession is journalism 新闻记者；新闻工作者newspaperman /'nju:s,peipə,mæn/ infml &

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loose a person, esp a man, working for a newspaper；a journalist 新闻记者：There were a lot of newspapermen at the party.聚会上有许多新闻记者.newspaperwoman rare ［fem］

reporter /rr'po:tə/ a journalist whose work is to report news, esp by going to a place to see what is happening and talking to people 记者； 采访记者；新闻通讯员：A local reporter covered［G206］the story．一位当地记者报道了这件事．

correspondent /kprə'spondənt/ someone hired by a newspaper, television, radio station, etc, to report (local) news from a distant area（驻远地的）通讯记者；特派采访员：The London newspaper's war correspondent was sent to Asia.这位伦敦报纸的战地通讯记者被派往亚洲.

columnist /'kpləmist/ a person who writes a regular article for a newspaper or magazine ［→G159］专栏作家

G205 nouns 名词： people selling

newspapers［C］卖报者

newsagent /'nju:z,eid3ənt/ BrE a person in charge of a shop selling newspapers and magazines 报刊经销人：You can get this paper at your local newsagent／at the newsagent＇s.你可以在当地报贩处／报摊上买到这种报纸.

news dealer /'nju:z ,di:lə/ AmE a newsagent 报刊经销人

newsvendor /'nju:z,vendə/ a person who sells newspapers， esp in the street（尤指街上的）报贩

news stand /'nju:z stænd/ a table, often out-doors inside a shelter, from which newspapers and sometimes magazines and books are sold 报亭；报摊：The papers are now on the news stand；I＇ll get one.报摊上现已有报纸卖，我去买一份.

newsboy/'nju:z,bor/a boy or man who sells or delivers newspapers 报童；卖报人；送报人

G206 verbs 动词：reporting news，etc 新闻报道等

report /r'po:t/1 [T1; IØ (on)] to make a report ［→G157］（of）报道：Who reported the meet-ing？那次会议是谁报道的？She reported on whathad happened．她报道了所发生的事．2［T1］togive information, usu unpleasant, about （someone or something） to an authority（向当局）揭发；告发：Be careful or I＇ll report you／ your behaviour to the authorities！你小心点，否则我要向当局告发你／你的行为！

cover/'kavə/ [T1] to report the details of (an event, particular state of affairs,etc) as for a newspaper 详细报道（事件、情况等）：I want ourbest reporter to cover the political trials.我要让我们最好的记者去报道这次政治审判的详情.

write up [v adv T1] not fml to write a report on (something), esp giving a good judgement, as

of goods or a play 报道（商品、戏剧等）；（尤指）写文章赞扬；吹捧：He wrote up the play.他撰文赞扬了该剧.Write it up tonight and let me have it tomorrow.今晚把它写好，明天交给我.

G207 verbs 动词：advertising and publicizing 广告与宣传

advertise /'ædvə,taız/ 1 [T1, 5; IØ] to make (something for sale, services offered, rooms to let, etc) known to the public, as in a newS-paper or on film or television 登广告（售物、提供服务、出租等）；为···做广告：They advertised（that they had）a house for sale.他们登了卖屋的广告．2［IØ（for）］ to ask（for someone or something) by placing an advertisement ina newspaper， shop window，etc（在报纸、商店橱窗等）登广告征求：We should advertise for someone to look after the garden.我们应当登广告招聘人来照料花园.How can we find a goodused car?-You should advertise (for one). 我们用什么办法能买到一辆好的旧车呢？-你应当登广告（征求）.

post/pəust/1 [T1 (up)] to make public or show by sticking, nailing, etc to a wall, board,post, etc（通过招贴等）公布：The names of themembers of the team will be posted (up) today.队员的名字将于今天公布.A description ofthe escaped criminal is posted on the door.门上贴着描述逃犯相貌特征的通缉令．2［T1］to cover（a wall， board， etc） with public notices 张贴公告；贴告示 3［T1；X7 usu pass］ to make known （as being），by putting up a notice 告示；揭示；公告；公布：The ship was posted missing.公告上说该船失踪.

publicize /'pablr,saiz/ [T1] to bring to public notice；get publicity for 宣传；发表：We must publicize the meeting widely.我们一定要广泛宣传这次会议.

broadcast/'bro:d,ka:st/ [T1] to make widely known 传播；散布；广播：She broadcast the news to all her friends.她把消息告诉所有的朋友.［→G217]

announce/ə'nauns/ 1 [T1, 6a, b] to tell people about （something） esp publicly 宣布；宣称：He announced their planlast night.他昨天晚上宣布了他们的计划.She announced what she was planning to do．她把自己计划要做的事宣布了．2[T1; IØ] to read (news) or introduce (a person or act） on the radio，television，etc（在广播、电视等上）播音：Who announces the news on BBC television？英国广播公司电视台的新闻播音员是谁？He announces on the radio.他在电台当播音员.

present /pri'zent/ [T1] 1 to announce(some-thing, news, etc) in a particular usu stated way 以陈述方式宣布（消息等）；宣讲；宣传；推出：Shepresented her plan well.她对自己的计划作了很好的说明.How do you propose to present this new product（to the public）？你打算怎样（向公众）推出这个新产品？2 to show or cause to beshown, esp on radio, television, in a theatre,

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etc（在电台、电视、舞台上）介绍；展现：Let mepresent that great singer, the one and only Miranda Smith！让我来介绍这位伟大的歌手，举世无双的米兰达·史密斯！She presents herself wellon television.她以美好的形象出现在电视上.

G208 nouns 名词：communications and the media 交通与传播媒介

communications /kə,mju:nə'kerfənz/[P] the various ways of travelling, moving goods and people, and sending information between two places or in an area; roads, railways,radio, telephone，television，etc 交通（泛指旅行、运输、通讯等工具或媒介，如公路、铁路、无线电、电话、电视等）；通讯；联络；沟通：New York has excellent communications with all parts of the USA.纽约与美国各地之间的通讯联络极为方便.Somecountries have better communications than others.有些国家的通讯联络要比另外一些国家的好.

medium /'mi:diəm/ [C] a method of giving information; a form of art in which ideas, etc can be expressed 艺术表现方式；传播消息的媒介：He writes stories but the theatre is his favou-rite medium.他写小说，但戏剧是他最喜欢的艺术形式.Television is a medium for giving infor-mation and opinions, for amusing people and for teaching them foreign languages and other subjects.电视是传播消息和见解、娱乐群众和教授外语及其它学科的一种媒介.

(news) media /(nju:z) 'mi:dıə/ [(the) P; (GU)] the organizations which make news public, esp newspapers，radio，and television（新闻） 传播机构（尤指报纸、电台、电视台）；传播媒介：The (news) media have been reporting all sorts of strange things lately.近来，（新闻）传播媒介报道了各种怪事.

mass media /mæs 'mi:diə/ [P] the media when seen as making possible communicaton with very lare numbers of people 大众传播媒介；宣传工具

broadcasting /'bro:d,ka:stnr/ [U] the action or business of sending out sound (or images) by means of radio or television ［→G217］广播；播音；播放

coverage /'kavərid3/ [U] the time and space given by television, a newspaper, etc to report a particular piece of news or an event; the way in which a particular piece of news or an event is reported（新闻或事件）报道（范围）；报道方式：I liked the radio coverage of the election better than the television coverage.我觉得电台对选举的报道比电视台的好.

circulation /,s3:kju'leıfən/ [S9; A] the average number of copies of a newspaper, magazine, book, etc sold or read over a certain period （报纸、杂志、书籍等）发行量；（图书等）流通量：This magazine has a circulation of over 400,000．这本杂志的发行量达四十多万份．Whatare that newspaper＇s circulation figures？那家报纸的发行量是多少？

publicity /pab'lisəti/ [U] 1 the state of being generally or widely known； public attention 公开（性）；出名；公众的注意：The film actress＇smarriage got a lot of publicity.女影星的婚事引起了许多人的注意．2 the business of bringingsomeone or something to (favourable) public notice，esp for purposes of gain（宣传）推广（以赢利为目的）：A soap-making firm has appointed him to be in charge of its publicity. 一家制造肥皂的公司已任命他负责广告工作．3ways used for doing this 宣传方式；广告：The concert was a good one, but because of poor publicity very fewpeople came.音乐会不错，但由于没做好宣传，所以来的人很少.

public relations /pablik r'leifənz/, infml abbrev PR 1 [P] the relations between an organization and the general public, which must be kept friendly in various ways 公共关系： If we plant flowers in front of the factory it will be good （for）public relations.在工厂前面种花有利于我们的公共关系．2［U］ the work ofkeeping these relations friendly 公共关系工作： Public relations is big business，today.公共关系是当今一大行业.He is a public relations manfor that company.他在该公司负责公共关系工作.advertising /'ædvə,taizın/ [U] the business

which concerns itself with making known to the public what is for sale and encouraging them to buy, esp by means of pictures in magazines, notices in newspapers, and messages on television 广告业：He works in advertising.他从事广告业.

G209 nouns 名词：persons publicizing and advertising，etc ［C］宣传与做广告等的人

[ALSO→K83]

publicist/'pablisist/ a person whose business is to bring something to the attention of the public， esp products for sale（产品的）宣传人员； 广告员

press agent /'pres ,eid3ənt/ a person in charge of keeping an actor, musician, theatre,etc, in favourable public notice by supplying photographs, interesting facts, details of coming performances, etc to newspapers,etc （演员、音乐家、剧团等的）新闻广告代理；宣传员

public relations officer, infml abbrev PRO a person employed by a firm, government,etc to keep the public informed about its affairs, so that the public can have favourable feelings towards it公共关系人员

advertiser /'ædvə,taızə/ a person or business that advertises, as in a newspaper or on tele-vision 登广告的人；广告客户

sponsor /'sponsə/ a person or business that gives money to a radio or television pro-gramme, a performance in a theatre, etc usu in return for publicity and the right to adver-tise goods 赞助人（为广播、电视节目等出资以获得广告权益的个人或公司）

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G210 COMMUNICATION ＆ INFORMATION 通讯与信息

G210 nouns 名词：radio 无线电 [ALSO→K58]

radio /'reidi,əu/1 [U] (the method of) sending or receiving sounds through the air by means of electrical waves 无线电通讯：He talked to them by radio．他通过无线电同他们谈话．2［C］also 又作 radio set an apparatus to （send and） receive sounds in this way 收音机；无线电收发机：That shop sells radios．那家商店卖收音机．3［U］ the radio broadcasting industry 电台广播事业：She got a job in radio．她在电台工作．4 onthe radio a （of a sound） broadcast（指声音）广播：I heard it on the radio.我是在收音机上听到的.b（of a person） broadcasting（指人）播音；广播讲话：John was on the radio again today.约翰今天又在电台播音了.

wavelength/'wervlenθ/ [C](esp in broadcast-ing) a radio signal sent out on radio waves that are a particular distance apart 波长：What wavelength is Radio 2 on？ 第二台的波长是多少？

(wave) band /(werv) bænd/ [C] a set of esp radio waves of similar lengths 波段： Radio 2 is the programme on the medium waveband.第二台的节目是用中波播放的.

channel/'tfænl/ [C] a particular band of radio waves used for broadcasting television; the shows, information, news, advertisements, etc broadcast from a particular television station 波段；频道：Which channel is the film on？哪个频道播映这部影片？I don＇t like this；switch toanother channel.我不喜欢这个节目；换个频道吧！short wave [U] broadcasting on radio waves of

short length 短波：You need a good short-wave radio to pick up Radio Tehran in Britain.你得有一部好的短波收音机才能在英国收到德黑兰电台.

medium wave [U] broadcasting on radio waves of medium length 中波：Is Radio 2 on medium wave or long wave？第二台是在中波还是长波？

long wave [U] broadcasting on radio waves of longer length 长波

beam/bi:m/ [C] a set of radio waves sent out in a narrow line in one direction only, often to guide aircraft 无线电波束，射束（常用以指引飞机）station /'steifən/ [C] a place or building from

which broadcasting takes place 电台：He has a job at the local radio station.他在当地电台工作.This is Station XYZ calling you！ XYZ台在呼叫！

G211 nouns 名词：television 电视

television /'telə,vi3ən/ 1 [U] the method of broadcasting still and moving pictures and sound over a distance by means of electrical waves moving through the air 电视：Television was invented in the early 20th century．电视是二十世纪初发明的．2［U］the news，plays，advertisements, pictures, etc broadcast in this way 电视节目（如新闻、戏剧、广告、影片等）：

Watching television is how.most people spend their spare time.大多数人都把空闲时间花在看电视上.Id rather watch television than listen to the radio.我宁可看电视而不愿听收音机.Theysaw what happened on the television news.他们在电视新闻节目里看到了所发生的事情．3［C］also 又作 television set a boxiike apparatus for receiving pictures and sound 电视机：We bought our first television in 1953．我们第一部电视机是1953年买的．4［U］ the industry ofmaking and broadcasting plays, films, etc on television 电视业：She works in television as a journalist.她是电视记者.on（the）television a broadcast by television 电视播放：What＇s on television tonight？ 今晚有什么电视节目？Thematch was on the television last night; did you see it？昨晚电视播放了那场比赛，你看了吗？bbroadcasting by television 用电视播出：The King spoke to the people on television.国王向人民发表电视讲话.

TV／＇ti： ＇vi：／［U；C］ infml abbrev television 电视； 电视机：What＇s on TV tonight？今晚有什么电视节目？That＇s a nice TV set.那部电视机不错.

telly /'teli/ [U; C] esp BrE infml television;a television set 电视；电视机

box／bpks／ ［the R］ esp BrE infml television 电视：What＇s on the box tonight？今晚有什么电视节目？

G212 nouns，etc 名词等：broadcasts and newscasts 广播与新闻广播

broadcast/'bro:d,ka:st/1 [C] a single radio (or television） presentation（电台或电视台的）一次播音（播映）：He gave a number of broadcasts. 他作了几次广播．2 ［B］made public by means ofradio（or television）（由电台或电视）广播的

programme BrE,program AmE /'prəugræm/ [C] a complete show or performance,esp on radio or television（尤指电台、电视台的）节目：What is your favourite radio/television pro-gramme？你最喜欢的广播／电视节目是什么？

announcement /ə'naunsmənt/ [C] a statement, often on radio or television or in a newspaper, saying what has happened or will happen 宣告； 布告；通告：The government will make an announcement on the matter next week.下周政府将就此事发出通告.

newscast/'njuzz,ka:st/[C] a radio or television broadcast of news（电台或电视台的）新闻广播

G213 nouns 名词：broadcasters and newscasters［C］广播员与新闻广播员

broadcaster/'bro:d,kaistə/ a person who broadcasts on radio or television, esp regu-larly or professionally（电台或电视台的）播音员；广播者

announcer/ə'naunsə/ a person who reads news or introduces people, acts, etc, esp on radio or television 宣布者；广播员；报幕员

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newscaster ／＇nju：z，ka：stə／， also 又作 newS-reader /'nju:z,ri:də/ BrE a person who broadcasts news on radio and television 新闻广播员；新闻报道员

G214 nouns 名词：films and the cinema

电影与电影院 [ALSO→K59,70]

cinema/'sinəmə/ esp BrE 1 [the R] the art of making moving pictures 电影艺术：The cinema is a very exciting art form, as can be seen from the many interesting new films which have recently been produced.电影是一种非常刺激的艺术形式，这一点从最近摄制的许多有趣的影片中便可看出．2［the R］ the moving-picture industry 电影事业：He has worked in the cinema all his life．他一生从事电影事业．3［the R］a showing ofa moving picture（上映的）电影：Let＇s go to the cinema tonight．我们今晚去看电影吧．4［C］abuilding or theatre in which moving pictures are shown 电影院：He owns two cinemas.他拥有两家影院.cine-［comb form］ esp BrE of，for， or related to moving pictures or the film industry 电影（事业）的：Cinecameras use cinefilms.电影摄影机使用电影软片.cinemato-graphy [U] the art or science of moving-picture photography 电影摄影术

picture /'piktfə/1 [C usu sing] what is seen at the cinema or on a television set（银幕或电视屏幕上的）图像；画面：Can you get the picture onthe television a little clearer？你能把电视图像调得清晰一点吗？You can＇t get a good picture on this set.这部电视机的画面不清晰.The filmbroke and we waited impatiently for the picture to come back.片子断了，我们不耐烦地等着画面重新出现．2［C］ a cinema picture 影片：Isaw a good picture last night.我昨晚看了一部好电影.

film／film／［C］ a moving picture 电影：I saw a good film last night, at the local cinemalon television.昨晚我在当地影院／电视上看了一部好电影.

movie /'mu:vi/ [C] infml & AmE a cinema film 电影 movies ［the P］ AmE the cinema （defs 1， 2,3）电影艺术；电影事业；（放映的）电影：Let＇s goto the movies this afternoon.我们今天下午去看电影吧！

newsreel/'nju:z,ri:l/ [C] a short cinema film of news 新闻影片

documentary /,dpkju'mentəri/ [C] a presen-tation of facts through art, esp on the radio or television or in the cinema（电台、电视的）纪实节目；（电视、电影的）纪实影片；纪录片：We saw adocumentary about Yorkshire coal miners.我们看了一部关于约克郡煤矿工人的纪录片.Hemakes documentary films.他摄制纪录片.

advertisement /,ædvə'taizmənt/ 1 [C] a notice of something for sale, services offered, a job position to be filled, room to let, etc, as in a newspaper, painted on a wall, or made as a film 广告：She put an advertisement in the local newspaper．她在当地报纸上登了一则广告．2［U］ the action of advertising 登广告

advert/'ædvət/ [C] infml esp BrE an advertise-ment 广告：I＇m going to put some adverts in the paper.我打算在报上登几则广告.

ad／æd／［C］ very infml an advertisement 广告： She saw the ad and went to see if she could get the job.她看到广告，就去打听她能否得到那份工作.

commercial /kə'm3:fəl/ [C] an advertisement on television or radio（广播、电视的）广告：He made a cup of coffee while the commercials were on.在播放广告时他冲了一杯咖啡.

G215 nouns 名词：telephones and telegraph 电话与电报

telephone/'telə,fəun/1 [U] a method of send-ing sounds, esp speech,over long distances by electrical means 电话：The captain could speak to officials on the shore by radio tele-phone.船长可以用无线电话同岸上的官员们讲话.If a matter of international importance arises the governments of our two countries can exchange information and opinions by tele-phone.如果国际上出现了重大事件，我们两国政府可以通过电话交换情报和意见．2［C］the appa-ratus that receives or sends sounds, esp speech，in this way（见 656 页彩图）电话机：Ifthe telephone rings can you answer it？ 如果电话铃响的话，你接一下好吗？Your mother was onthe telephone earlier (= she rang up earlier). Can you telephone her back this evening？ 你妈妈早些时候来过电话，你今晚给她回个电话好吗？telephonist [C] a person who sends and receives telephone calls， esp for others 电话接线员（telephone） operator ［C；N］ genl a telephonist 电话接线员：Operator，can you get me this number，please？接线员，请接通这个电话号码，好吗？

phone／fəun／［C； U］ infml ＆ genl a telephone 电话；电话机：The phone is ringing.电话响了.He told me the news by phone/on/over the phone. 他在电话里告诉我这个消息.My phone bill（＝themoney I must pay for using the phone) is big this month.这个月我的电话费很高.

telegraph /'telə,gra:f/1 [U] a method of send-ing messages along wire by electric signals 电报：He sent the message by telegraph.他用电报发了消息．2［C］the apparatus that receives or sends messages in this way 电报机 telegraphic 1 [Wa5; B] of, concerning, like, having, or using a telegraph or telegraphy 电报的；电信的； 电报机的2［B］short，as in a telegram 电报体裁的；简短的 -ally ［adv Wa4］：She sent the message telegraphically.她简短地发了消息.He always speaks rather telegraphically.他说话总是简单扼要.

telegraphy/tə'legrəfi/[U] the art, etc of send-ing messages by telegraph 电报术 telegraphist ［C］ a person skilled in telegraphy 电报员；报务员

teleprinter /'teli,printə/ BrE, teletypewriter /,telə'taipraitə/ AmE an apparatus with a

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G216 COMMUNICATION ＆ INFORMATION 通讯与信息

keyboard (= a set of buttons with letters on them) for sending and receiving printed messages telegraphically 电传打字机；电传打字电报机

telecommunications /telikəmju:ni'kerfənz/ [P] the various means of sending information between two places or in an area by telegra-phy，telephone，etc 电信

G216 nouns 名词：telegrams and cables ［C；by U］电报

telegram /'telə,græm/ 1 a message sent by telegraph 电报：I sent him the news of grand-mother's death by telegram/an international telegram.我拍电报／国际电报告诉他祖母去世的消息．2［C］a piece of paper on which this mes-sageis delivered（一封）电报

cable／＇keibal／ infml a telegram 电报：I got a cable from my sister in Ireland saying that she＇d arrive tomorrow.我收到姐姐从爱尔兰发来的电报，说她明天到达.

cablegram/'kerbl,græm/ fml a cable, telegram 电报

wire ／warə／ infml esp AmE a telegram 电报：I got a wire from home this morning.今天早上我收到家里的电报.

telex/'teliks/1 a telegraphic method of passing printed messages from one place to another by teleprinter 电传打字；用户直通电报：Telex isan international service provided by the post offices of various countries.电传是各国邮局提供的一种国际性服务．2 a message received orsent in this way 电传（文）：A telex has just arrived from Hong Kong.刚刚收到一份从香港发来的电传.

G217 verbs 动词：communicating by radio，etc 用无线电等联络

radio /'reidr,əu/ [IØ; T1] to send (a message) through the air by radio 用无线电传送；广播：The ship radioed for help. 轮船用无线电呼救.She radioed her congratulations.她用无线电传送她的祝词.

broadcast/'bro:d,ka:st/ 1 [T1] to send out or give as a radio （or television） presentation 广播；播送：The BBC will broadcast the news at 10 oclock． 英国广播公司将于十点钟播放新闻．2[IØ] to send out one or more radio (or tele-vision） presentations 播音；广播：The BBC broadcasts every day.英国广播公司每天都广播.3 [IØ] to speak or perform on radio (or perhaps television）在电台（电视台）讲话（演出）：He＇s broadcasting very often these days. 他近来常常播音．［→G207］

transmit /trænz'mit/ 1 [T1; IØ] to send out (electric signals, messages, news, etc) by tele-graphic wire or radio；broadcast（以电报机、无线电）发送；传送（电讯、信息、消息等）；播送：Our

local radio station only transmits from 4 o'clock in the afternoon to 10 o'clock in the evening.我们当地的电台只从下午四点至晚间十点播音．2［T1］to carry（force，power，etc）from one part of a machine to another 传送（动力、电力等）：How is power transmitted from the engine to the wheels of the car？动力是如何从引擎传到汽车轮子上去的？3［T1］to send or passfrom one person， place， or thing to another 传播；传染；传送；传递：to transmit a disease／ infection／message 传播疾病／传染病／消息4［Wv6； TÍ］ to allow to traveI through or along itself 传导：Glass transmits light but not sound.玻璃导光但不传声．transmission 1［U］ the act of transmitting 传播；传送 2［C］ an example or occasion of this; something transmitted,esp by radio 传播的事例；（尤指无线电）传播之物transmitter [C] a radio which transmits messages 发报机；无线电发送装置

send out ［v adv T1］ infml to transmit 发出，发送： The radio continued to send out signals.无线电继续发送信号.

beam /bi:m/ [T1 usu pass] (of the radio) to send out in a certain direction（电台）向...播送： The radio news was beamed to West Africa. 电台向西非洲播送新闻.

receive /rI'si:v/ [T1] (of a radio or television set) to turn (radio waves sent by someone) into sound or pictures 接收（指收音机或电视机把某人发出的无线电波变成声音或图像）；收听；收看：Hullo；are you receiving me？ - Yes， receiving you loud and clear.喂，你收听到我的声音吗？-是的，声音又大又清楚.

pick up ［v adv T1］ infml to receive 收到：We picked up signals for help on the radio.我们从无线电里收到了求救信号.

get/get/ [T1] infml & genl to receive or pick up 收到；收听：Can you get Tokyo （＝ transmissions from Tokyo） on that （radio） set？你那部收音机能收到东京台吗？

tune in [v adv]1 [T1 (to)] to move the controls of (a radio, etc) so as to get the transmission correctly 调整（收音机等）频率（以接收广播）；调谐；调准：Is that radio properly tuned in？那台收音机调准了吗？2［IØ（to）］infml to listen（to a radio station）收听：Tune in to London tomorrow night at 7．明晚七点钟收听伦敦台．

televise /'telə,vaiz/ 1 [T1] to broadcast by tele-vision 电视播送：The royal funeral will be televised so that people throughout the world can see it as it happens.王室的葬礼将由电视转播，让全世界都能看到实况．2［L9］to be broad-cast by television 由电视播放：This play was written specially for television and should televise well.这出戏是专为电视编写的，应当会播好的.

telephone /'telə,fəun/1 [D1 (to); T3; V3; IØ] to speak (a message) to (someone) by telephone 打电话（给某人）（说某事）：I telephoned youraunt the sad news of father＇s death.我打电话把父亲去世的噩耗告诉了你姑妈.Did you tele-phone Bob？你给鲍勃打电话了吗？Please tele-phone work and tell them I'm ill and am stay-ing in bed today.请打电话给我的工作单位，告诉

506

他们今天我病了，起不了床.I telephoned motherto come as soon as she could.我打电话让母亲尽快赶来.John＇s just telephoned through to say he＇ll be late home tonight.约翰刚打通电话来，说他今晚要晚回家.Are you going to tele-phone or shall I？你来打电话还是由我打？If youdon't want to go to the shops today you can telephone your order and they＇ll deliver it.如果你今天不想去商店，可以打电话定购，他们会把货送来的．2［D1（to）；T1］ to send （something） to （someone）by telephone：用电话向（某人）传达（某事）：If the post office is closed you can telephone a telegram.如果邮局关门了，你可以用电话发电报.We telephoned her a telegram on her wedding day.在她结婚那天，我们用电话给她发了贺电．3［L9；T1］to（try to） reach （a place or person） by telephone（试图）用电话联络：I＇ve been telephoning all morning but I've not been able to speak to the minister.我打了一上午的电话，但一直没能同部长通上话.You can＇ttelephone Glasgow directly from here, you have to go through the operator.这里打电话到格拉斯哥必须由接线生转，直拨不行.

phone/fəun/ [T1 (up); D1, 5a; IØ (up), 3] injml ＆ genl to telephone 打电话：I phoned him （up）last nighi.昨晚我给他打了电话.Shephoned to say she couldn＇t come.她打电话说她不能来.I＇ll phone you the news.我将打电话把消息告诉你.

dial/'darəl/ [IØ; T1] to make a telephone call; call (a number, person, or place) on a tele-phone 拨电话；拨（电话号码）；拨给（某人）；拨到（某地）：How do I dial Paris？我怎样可以拨通巴黎？To get the police，dial 999．要报警，请拨999.Put in the money before dialling (your number）.拨号之前请先投进硬币.

ring /rı/ [v adv T1; IØ (up)] infml esp BrE to telephone 打电话：I＇ll ring him （up） when Iget home.我一到家就给他打电话.Ring her up now，please.请现在就给她打电话.Someone rang upabout the job.有人打电话来打听那份差事.

call up [v adv T1; IØ not pass] infml esp AmE to telephone 打电话：I＇ll call you up later today.我今天晚些时候给你打电话.

telegraph /'teləgra:f/ [D1 (to), 5a; T1, 5a; V3; IØ] to send (someone) (something) by tele-graph 打电报给（某人）传达（某事）：Wetelegraphed her the bad news.我们打电报告诉她那个坏消息.Did you telegraph that father had died？ 你打电报说父亲去世了吗？Theytelegraphed us to go as soon as possible. 他们打电报给我们，让我们尽快去.Should I write ortelegraph？我写信还是拍电报？

cable/'keibal/[D1 (to), 5a; T1, 5a; V3; IØ] to send （someone）（something） by telegraph 打电报：Ì cabled（him） some money.我（给他）电汇了一些钱.He cabled her（to come）.他给她打电报（让她来）.He cabled （us） that he was coming.他（给我们）打电报说他要来.I＇ll cableright away.我马上去打电报.

wire /warə/ [D1 (to), 5; T1] infml esp AmE to cable 拍电报：He wired me he was coming.他给我拍电报说他要来.

telex/'teliks/[D1 (to),5a;T1, 5a; V3;IØ] to

G230 LANGUAGE 语言

send (a message, information, news, etc) to (a person，place，firm，etc）by telex 发电传；打用户直通电报：Telex Australia that prices are to be increased 10％．请发电传通知澳大利亚方面价格要提升百分之十.

fax /fæks/ [D1(to),T1] to send (copies of printed material, letters, pictures, etc) using a system by which the information is sent in electronic form along a telephone line 发传真； 通过传真机发出：Could you fax the information to me？你可否把资料传真给我？I＇ll fax you acopy of the letter.我会把这信传真一份给你.

G218 nouns 名词：interference and static 干扰

interference/,ıntə'fiərəns/[U] the noises and shapes which spoil the working of electrical apparatus, esp when a radio station is difficult to listen to because of the effect of another one near to its wavelength［→＞G210］干扰（指影响电器用品正常操作，特别是由于波段相近而影响收音机接收失真）

static /'stætik/ [U] noises heard on a radio because of electricity in the air 天电（静电）干扰

atmospherics／，ætməs＇feriks／［P］tech static 天电（静电）干扰

Language

语言

G230 nouns 名词：language，speech， and dialect 语言、言语与方言

language /'længwid3/ 1 [U] the system of human expression by means of words, sentences［■G235］，etc 语言2［C］a particular system of words, etc as used by a people or nation（某民族、某国的）语言：He is learning two foreign languages．他在学两种外语．3［C； U] any system of signs, movements,etc,used to express meanings or feelings 表达情意的信号或动作体系：The actions of the cat were clearly part of his language of anger.猫的这些动作显然是它表示愤怒的一种方式．4［U］a particular styleor manner of expression 特定的表达方式：She liked the poet＇s beautiful language.她喜欢诗人优美的语言．5．［U］ the words and phrases of a particular group， science， profession，etc 专门用语；术语：The paper was written in very scien-tific language.论文是用严谨的科技语言写成的.6 [U] words and phrases that are impolite or shocking 粗话；骂人话 （esp in the phrs bad language 粗话，strong language 激烈的下流话）

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G231 LANGUAGE 语言

tongue ／t＾n／ ［C］ lit ＆ pomp a language 语言： The men spoke in a foreign tongue.那些人讲外语.

speech/spi:tf/ [U]1 the act or power of speak-ing； spoken language 说话；说话能力；言语：He tried to put his thoughts into speech.他竭力想用言语来表达自己的思想.Speech was impossiblewith so much noise around.周围这么吵闹，简直没法说话．2 the way of speaking of a person or group 方言；口音；（个人或一群人的）说话方式：Heis studying American speech.他在研究美国话. By your speech I can tell you are. from Liverpool.从你的口音我可以猜出你是利物浦人.

voice/voIs/1 [U] the sounds expressed by human beings in speaking and singing（人的） 语音；歌声；嗓音：The human voice can express every possible kind of feeling.人的声音能够表达各种各样的情感．2［U］the ability of a person to produce such sound（s）发声的能力：I have no voice today; I've lost my voice as a result of a bad cold．我因重感冒嗓子哑了，今天发不出声来．3[U;C] (the quality or force of) such sound as particular to a certain person or creature （某个人或动物特定的）声音：She lowered her voiceas she told me the secret; she spoke in a low voice.她压低声音把秘密告诉了我；她说话的声音很低.When you spoke over the telephone I didn＇t recognize your voice.你在电话里说话时， 我听不出是你的声音.She has a very pleasantvoice.她的声音非常悦耳.We could hear thechildren＇s voices in the garden.我们听得到花园里孩子们的声音.Her voice broke（＝ became unsteady） as she told us the sad news.她向我们报告那悲痛的消息时，声音哽咽了.The boy＇svoice is breaking (= becoming like a man's). 这男孩正在变嗓子（即变成成年男子的嗓音）．4［U］(fig) (the expressing of) an opinion;the right to express an opinion 意见；发言权：The crowd was large， but they were all ofone voice.虽然是一大群人，但意见一致.I can＇t help you get thisjob, as I have little voice in the decision of the directors.我没法帮你得到这份工作，因为我对董事们的决定没有什么发言权．5［C］a ability as asinger 嗓子；歌喉：He＇s got a good voice； he sings well.他有一副好嗓子；他唱得很好.b asinger performing with others in a particular piece of music（合唱中的）歌手：This song is arranged for（singing by） three voices.这首歌编成三重唱．6［C］（fig） an expression of some-thing which is like the human voice either in sound or because it expresses human feelings, ideas，qualities，etc 呼声（与人声相似或能表示人的情感、思想、品质等）：She listened to the low，sad voice of the sea.她听着大海那低沉而悲哀的声音.He was angry at first but in the end the voice of reason won, and he recognized that the suggestion was fair and just.他起初很生气， 但是最后理性的呼声战胜了，他认识到那项建议是公平合理的．7［U］tech te sound produced when a speaker makes his breath act on his vocal cords［→B26］ as it passes through them 由声带振动所发出的声音；浊音vocal［B］1［Wa5］of，concerning, or like the voice; using the voice 有声的；（关于）声音的：vocal language 有声语言

2 talking very much or a lot 说话多的；爱说话的：a very vocal kind of person 一个很爱说话的人

dialect/'darəlekt/ [C; U] a variety of a language, spoken in one part of a country, which is different in some words, grammar, or pronunciation from other forms of the same language 方言；（某地区的）语言：He speaks the Yorkshire dialect of English.他讲的英语是约克郡方言.This is a poem written in Scottish dialect.这是一首用苏格兰方言写的诗.dialectal［Wa5； B］ of， concerning， or like dialect（似）方言的-ly［adv］

accent/'æksənt/[C; (U)] a particular way of speaking, usu connected with a country, area, or class 口音：He speaks with a German accent.他说话带德国口音.There are manyaccents in the English-speaking world.在英语世界里有多种不同的口音.She studies differenttypes of accent.她研究各种不同的口音.

slang /slæn/ [U] language that is not usu acceptable in serious speech or writing, including words, expressions, etc regarded as very informal or not polite and those used among particular groups of people (marked sl in this book）俚语（在本书中标以sl）：There are lots of slang words for money, like 'bread' and ＇dough.“money”（钱）一词有许多俚语， 如“bread”和“dough”.He likes to use army／ schoolboy slang.他喜欢使用军队／学生俚语.Slang often goes in and out of fashion quickly.俚语往往流行得很快，也很快过时.slangy［Wal；B］ 1 being or like slang（似）俚语的： That＇s a rathe slangy word.那是一个很俚俗的字眼．2 using esp rude and impolite slang 使用粗野的俚语的：That＇s an unworthy and slangy attack.那是卑鄙下流的辱骂.

jargon /'d3a:gən/ [U;C] often derog language that is hard to understand, esp because it is full of special words known only to members of a certain group 行话；术语：He spoke in a meaningless jargon.他用术语说话，令人不知所云.The jargon of scientists isn＇t easy to under-stand.科学家用的行话很难懂.The explanationsin a dictionary must be kept as free of jargon as possible.词典的释义应尽量避免用行话.

baby talk [U] 1 the speechlike sounds that babies make in the early stages of learning language（幼儿的）呀呀学语声；儿语2 the thingsthat fully grown people say to babies intended to be like baby talk（成人对幼儿讲话时模仿的）儿语；娃娃话

G231 verbs 动词：pronouncing and articulating 发音

pronounce /prə'nauns/ [T1; X1; IØ] to make the sound of (a language,a letter,a word,etc) （in a particular way） 发···的音；发音：She pronounces French very well.她的法语发音很好.Don＇t pronounce the ＇k＇ in ＇know＇.读“know”这个词时不要发出“k＇音.Pronounce the ＇ch＇ in ＇chemical＇ as ＇k＇.“chemical”一词中的“ch”要发“k”的音.She must learn to pro-

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nounce more clearly.她必须练习把音发得更清楚一些．［G61］ mispronounce ［T1； IØ］ to pronounce （something） badly or wrongly 读错···的音

enunciate/I'nansi,eit/[T1;Iø] fml to pronounce or say (words, etc) very clearly and carefully 清晰地发音（说）：The teacher told him to enun-ciate（his words）fully.老师告诉他咬字要清楚.

articulate /a:'tikjuleit/ 1 [T1; IØ] fml & tech to speak 说话：He articulated each word carefully. 他说话时字斟句酌．2［T1］to express clearly and effectively 清楚而有效地表达：He articulated his anger.他毫不含糊地表达了自己的愤怒.

stress/stres/1 [T1] to pronounce (a word or a part of a word) with added force or on a different musical note， or both 重读：Stress the word 'pronounce' on the second syllable [→G273］．“pronounce”一词的第二个音节要重读．He stressed the word ＇danger＇.他重读了“danger”这个词．2［T1,5,6］ to give added importance to 着重；强调：He stressed the need for more money.他强调说还需要更多的钱.Shestressed that she wasn＇t going to help. 她强调说她不会帮忙的.

emphasize, -ise /'emfə,saız/ [T1,5,6] fml to stress 强调；重读：Emphasize the second syllable of ＇pronounce＇.“pronounce”一词的第二个音节要重读.He emphasized the need for more money.他强调说还需要更多的钱.Sheemphasized what we expected her to em-phasize.她强调了我们希望她强调的东西.

accent／ək＇sent／［T1］rare to stress 重读

accentuate /ək'sentfueit/ [T1] 1 to pronounce with great force 重读：He accentuated every-thing he said．他重读了他说的每一个字．2（fig）to give more importance to; direct one's attention to 强调；着重：The dark frame ac-centuates the brightness of the picture.深色的框架使得画面显得更鲜明.

voice /vois/ [T1] 1 to express in words, esp forcefully（尤指有力地）表达：He voiced his opposition to the plan.他表达了自己对这个计划的反对意见.The chairman voiced the feeling of the meeting when he demanded more pay.主席要求加薪的话道出了与会者的心声．2［Wv5］tech to produce (a sound) with a movement of the vocal chords as well as with the breath 使发成浊音：／d／and ／g／ are voiced sounds but ／t／and ／k／are not.／d／和／g／是浊音，而／t／和／k／ 则不是.

collocate/'koləkeit/ [IØ (with)] tech (of words) to go together or with another word in a way which sounds natural（指词）搭配；连用： 'Strong' collocates with 'coffee' but 'powerful' does not.“strong”一词能与“coffee”连用，但“powerful”则不能.The words ＇strong＇ and ＇coffee＇collocate.“strong”与“coffee”二词可以搭配.

G232 nouns 名词：pronouncing and articulating 发音

pronunciation /prə,nansr'eifən/1 [U] the way

G232 LANGUAGE 语言

in which (a particular) language is pro-nounced（一种语言的）发音：He knows very little about English pronunciation; he needs pronunciation training.他儿乎不懂英语发音法， 需要进行发音训练．2［U；S］a particular person＇s way of pronouncing a language or the words of a language（一个人的）发音：His pronunci-ation of English is very strange.他的英语发音很怪．3［C］ the way in which a word is usually pronounced（单词的）读音；发音：There are two acceptable pronunciations of the word ＇either＇.“either”一词有两种可接受的发音.

enunciation /I,nansr'erfən/ [U] the action of enunciating 清晰的 发音：The enuncia-tion of his words was almost too perfect.他咬字清楚，几乎是无懈可击的.

articulation /a:,tıkju'leıfən/ [U] 1 the produc-tion of speech sounds 发音：Her articulation is very good．她的发音很好．2 the expression of thoughts and feelings， esp in words （用言语） 表达（思想感情）：The articulation of one＇s real feelings is not always easy.用言语表达人的真实感情并不总是容易的.

elocution /,elə'kju:fən/ [U] the art of good, clear speaking in public, with proper attention to the control of the voice and the making of the sounds 演说术；朗诵法：Thatyoung actor needs lessons in elocution/elocution lessons. 那位年轻演员需要接受朗诵训练.

diction /'drkfən/ [U] 1 the way in which a person pronounces words 吐字；发音：Actors need training in diction．演员都要训练发音．2 the choice of words and phrases 用词；措词poetic diction the use of special words and phrases in poetry which are not used in other ways of writing or speaking 诗的用语

stress /stres/ [U; C] importance given to a word or part of a word by saying it with more force or on a different musical note or both 重音：The stress in the word ＇pronounce＇ is on the second syllable [→G273]. “pronounce”--词的重音在第二个音节上.

emphasis ／＇emfəsis／［U；C］ 1 fml stress 重音：Where is the emphasis in the word ＇pro-nounce＇？“pronounce”这个词的重音在哪里？He put the emphasis on the wrong syllable/word. 他把重音放在不该重读的音节／词上．2 mark ofgreat importance 重点：In his work the empha-sis is on how to make money.他工作的重点是如何赚钱．emphatic ［B］ 1 expressed with emphasis 强调的：He answered the question with an emphatic ＇No＇.他用一个强调的“不”字回答了这个问题．2（of ideas，beliefs，etc） strongly held（看法、信仰等）坚持的：It is myemphatic opinion that．．．我坚决认为···3（of events） perfectly certain and noticeable（事情、事件等）显著的；确定的：It was an emphaticsuccess for him.对他来说那是一个显著的成就.-ally [adv Wa4]

accent／＇æksənt／［C］1 stress 重音：The accent in the word important' is on the second syllble. “important”一词的重音在第二个音节上．2 themark used, esp above a word or part of a word, in writing or printing, to show that kind

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of sound is needed when it is spoken 读音符号： The grave and acute accents in French can be seen in set G151．法语中的抑音和锐音符号可在G151项内找到．

accentuation /ək,sentfu'erfən/ [U] the action of accentuating 重读；强调： He gave the important words special accentuation.他特别重读了重要的词.

collocation /,kolə'kerfən/ [U; C] the act of collocating 搭配；连用：The collocation of 'strong' and 'coffee' is acceptable,but 'power-ful＇ and ＇coffee＇ is not.“strong”和“coffee”二词可以连用，而“powerful”和“coffee”则不可以.[→G235]

G233 nouns，etc 名词等：words and

names 词语与名称

word /w3:d/[C] 1 one or more sounds which can be spoken (together) to represent an idea， object，action，etc 话；词；言词：How do you pronounce the word ＇either＇？“either”这个词该怎么发音？Tell me what happened inyour words.用你的话把所发生的事情告诉我.SheI :y8nouə som 1 inq puom auo pips Auo understood her perfectly.她只说了一个字，但这已经够了，我完全明白了她的意思．2 the writtenrepresentation of this 字；（写出或印出的）词： Can you read this word？ 你会读这个词吗？What does this word here mean？这个词在这儿是什么意思？How do you pronounce these words？这些单词该怎么读？3 the shortest（type of）statement 最简短的话：In a word，no.一句话，不行.I don＇t believe a word of what he said.他的话我一句也不信.Don＇t say a word toanyone.对任何人都要只字不提.

term /t3:m/ [C] a word or expression with a special meaning, or used in a particular activity，job，profession，etc（有特定意义的）词； 词语；术语：What is the scientific term for this？ 这东西的科学术语是什么？He knows all themedical terms；I don＇t.所有的医学用语他都懂，我可不行.

name/neim/1 [C; by U] the word(s) that some-one or something is called or known by 名字； 姓名：Her name is Mary（Wilson）.她的名字叫玛丽（威尔逊）.Does that cat have a name？那只猫有名字吗？The doctor had a metal name plate on hi door.医生的门上有一个金属的名牌.He spoke about her by name.他指名道姓地谈论她．2［C］a（usu offensive） title for someone arising from his character（通常坏的）名号：He will always have the name of a thief in this town.在这个镇里他将永远背着小偷的臭名.surname a person＇s family name 姓：His surname is McGregor.他的姓是麦克格雷戈.forename also 又作 Christian name fml a person＇s first name 名；教名

title/'taitl/1 [C] a word or name, such as 'Mr', 'Lord', 'Doctor', 'General', 'Lady', etc, given to a person to be used before his name as a sign of rank，profession，etc 称号；头衔（如“先

生”、“勋爵、“医生”、“将军”、“夫人”等）2［C］aname given to a book， painting， play，etc（书籍、画、戏剧等的）标题；名称：The title of thisplay is ＇Othello＇．这出戏的名称叫《奥塞罗》3［S；U(to)] tech the lawful right to ownership or possession 所有权：The prince has no title to the crown.这王子无权继承王位.Has Britainany title to this island？英国对该岛拥有主权吗？

form of address [C] usu fml the correct title or expression of politeness to be used to someone in speech or writing 称呼：What is the correct form of address to the Prince of Wales？对威尔士亲王该怎么称呼？

alias /'eiliəs/ 1 [C] a name other than the usual or officially recognized name used by a person (esp a criminal) on certain occasions; a false name 别名；又名；假名；化名：He used thealias of Edward when trying to get money from the old lady.他在试图骗老太太的钱时，用了爱德华这个假名．2［adv］（esp of a criminal）also known as；also called（尤指罪犯）化名为：The police said the thief's name was John Smith alias Jim Jones.警方说小偷的名字叫约翰·史密斯，化名为吉姆·琼斯.

part of speech [C] any of the classes in gram-mar into which words are divided according to their use 词类：＇Noun＇，＇verb＇， and ＇adjective＇ are parts of speech.“名词”、“动词”和“形容词”都是词类.

G234 nouns 名词：vocabulary and terminology 词汇与术语

vocabulary/və'kæbjuləri/ 1 [C; U] all the words known to a particular person（某人的） 词汇；语汇；词汇量：Our baby is only juststarting to talk; he has a vocabulary of about ten words.我们的娃娃刚开始学话，大约能说出十个词.His Spanish vocabulary is getting bigger all the time．他的西班牙语词汇量一直在扩大．2[U;C] the special set of words used in a particular kind of work， business， etc 专业用语： I find it difficult to understand the vocabulary of the law courts．我发现法庭用语很难懂．3［C］a list of words, usu in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings, less complete than a dictionary（通常按字母顺序排列的并注有释义的）词汇表：You＇ll find theEnglish meaning of this French word in the vocabulary at the back of the book.你在书后的词汇表中可以找到这个法文词的英文意思.

lexis/'leksis/[U;C] tech esp BrE all the words in a particular language, or that a person knows, or that belong to a particular subject, etc（某种语言、某人、某一知识领域的）全部词汇：This book is about the lexis of English/ English lexis.这本书是有关英语词汇的.

lexicon /'leksikən/ [C usu sing] tech esp AmE lexis（某种语言、某人、某一知识领域的）全部词汇：This book is about the lexicon of the English language／about the English lexicon.这本书是有关英语词汇的.

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terminology/,tз:mə'npləd3i/1 [U; C] (a system of) specialized words and expressions used in a particular science， profession， activity，etc 术语；专门名词：Each profession has its own terminology.每种行业都有自己的术语.I don＇tunderstand scientific terminology.我不懂科技术语．2［U］the science that studies this 术语学terminological [Wa5; B] of or connected with terminology（关于）术语的-ly［adv Wa4］

usage /'ju:sid3/[C; U]1 one or more standards practised by users， esp in using a language 惯用法：modern English usage（s）现代英语惯用法2 customs of behaviour 习惯；习俗；惯例：Meals based on rice are not in common usage in England.在英国一般不以大米为主食.

nomenclature /'nəumənkleitfə/ usu fml 1 [U; C］a system of naming things（尤指一门学科的） 命名法：He is learning the nomenclature of chemical compounds.他正在学习化合物命名法.Words in scientific nomenclature are usually called ＇tech＇ in this book.技术用语在本书中通常称为“tech”．2［U］ a set of names or acts of naming 术语；命名：The nomenclature of towns in Britain is interesting.英国城镇的命名很有趣.

coinage/'komnid3/1 [U] (of words) the act of inventing（新词的）创造：Coinage of new words goes on all the time．新词的创造一直在进行．2［C］ a word or phrase recently invented 新造的词语：That＇s an interesting coinage.那个新造的词很有趣.

neologism /ni:'pləd3izəm/ tech 1 [U] the making of new words 创造新词：Neologism is a natural part of language. 创造新词是语言的本性．2［C］a new word or use of a word 新词；词的新用法：That＇s a neologism，isn＇t it？那是一个新词，不是吗？

G235 nouns 名词： expressions，

phrases，and sentences ［C］词、词组与句子

expression /ik'sprefən/ a word or group of words 词；词组；词语：The book contains most of the common expressions in English.这本书包含了大部分英语常用词语.＇Shut up＇is a rudeexpression for some people, but not for others. 有人认为“shut up（住嘴）”是粗话，有人却认为不是.What was the expression he used to show his anger；was it ＇blowing his top＇？他是用什么说法来表示他的愤怒的，是“blowing his top（大发雷霆）”吗？

statement/'steitmənt/ something stated, in one or more words 话；叙述；陈述；声明：His state-ment of what happened was written down.他对发生的事情所做的陈述被记录下来了.The state-ment I blew my top' means 'I became very angry＇.“I blew my top”这话的意思是“我非常气愤”.

phrase/freiz/1 a loose a small group of words 一组词；词组 b precise tech a group of words without a verb that shows tense or person[ G261］，esp as forming part of a sentence（不含有表示时态及人称的动词的）词组；短语（可在句中

G235 LANGUAGE 语言

充当某一成分）：＇Walking along the road＇and ＇a packet of cigarettes' are phrases. “walking along the road”和“a packet of cigarettes”都是词组．2 a short expression， esp one that is clever and very suited to what is meant（简明的）警句：His speech contained many fine phrases. 他的演说里有许多漂亮的警句.phrasal［Wa5；B］ of，concerning， or like a phrase（似） 词组的；（似）短语的-ly［adv］

sentence /'sentəns/ a group of words that forms a statement, command, exclamation, or question, usu contains a subject and a verb, and (in writing) begins with acapital letter and ends with one of the marks (.!?). The following are all sentences 句子（下列都是句子）：Sing the song again.＇“把那支歌再唱一遍.”＇Birds sing.＇“鸟儿歌唱.”＇How well he sings！＇ “他唱得真好！”Who sang at the concert last night？＇“谁在昨晚的音乐会上唱歌了？”

period /'prərıəd/ esp formerly a complete sen-tence, esp one that is a combination of several smaller sentences 完全句；圆周句 periodic ［Wa5； B］ relating to a period or to periods 完全句的；圆周句的

clause /klo:z/ a group of words containing a subject and verb, forming part of a sentence, and often doing the work of a noun, adjective, or adverb 子句；从句；分句

idiom /'ıdıəm/ 1 a phrase which means some-thing different from the meanings of its sepa-rate words 习语；成语；惯用语：＇To be hard up＇is an English idiom meaning 'to lack money'.“to be hard up”是英语成语；意思是“缺钱”．2 theway of expression typical of a person or a people in their use of language（个人或民族应用语言的）特殊表达方式：The French and theEnglish idioms have very different characters. 法语的表达方式和英语的表达方式有着迥然不同的特点.Each writer has his own idiom， some more difficult to understand than others.每一位作家都有其独特的表达方式，有些较难懂，有些则不然.idiomatic ［B］ of，concerning， or like an idiom or idioms 成语的；合乎惯用法的；地道的（语言）：She speaks good idiomatic Spanish.她说一口地道的西班牙语.That phrase is idiom-atic．那个短语是惯用语．-ally ［adv Wa4］

figure of speech an expression which is not necessarily true or possible but which is used to give force to or help to explain something 比喻：＇He fought like a lion＇ and ＇he was a lion in the fight' are figures of speech. “He fought like a lion”（他在战斗时像一头雄狮）和“He wasa lion in the fight”（在战斗中他是一头雄狮）都是比喻.

collocation /,kolə'kerfən/ an arrangement of words which sounds natural 搭配：Strong coffee' is an English collocation but 'powerful coffee＇ is not.“strong coffee”是正确的英语搭配，而“powerful coffee”则不是.

colloquialism /kə'ləukwəlizəm/ an expression used in, or suitable for, ordinary familiar or informal conversation 俗语；口语

cliché /kli:'fer/usu deprec an unchanging ideaor expression used so commonly that it has lost

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much of its expressive force 陈腐思想；陈词滥调；老生常谈：His speech was full of tired political clichés.他的演说充满了枯燥的政治套话.（fig）She says her life is just a cliché.她说她的生活都是老一套.

G236 nouns 名词：sayings，proverbs，

and axioms ［C］俗话、谚语与公理

saying /'senn/ a well-known (usu wise) state-ment 谚语；俗语：As the saying goes， there＇s no smoke without fire (= if people think some-thing， usu bad， is happening， it probably is）.俗语说，无火不冒烟（无风不起浪）.

proverb /'prov3:b/ a short, well-known saying that expresses a simple truth in popular language 谚语：＇Let sleeping dogs lie＇ is a prov-erb that means 'Do not disturb things unneces-sarily＇.“Let sleeping dogs lie”是谚语，意思是“不要无事生非”.proverbial［B］of，concerning， or like a proverb 谚语的；似谚语的-ly［adv］

adage ／＇ædid3／ an old wise phrase； proverb 古训；谚语；格言

maxim /'mæksım/a rule for good and sensible behaviour, esp when expressed in a short, well-known saying 格言；箴言：One of her maxims was 'Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy， wealthy，and wise.＇她的一条格言是“睡得早，起得早，聪明富裕身体好.”

dictum /'diktəm/ 1 a formal statement of opinion, made (as if) with full knowledge; a wise saying 名言；格言：You have nothing to lose but your chains' was a dictum of Karl Marx，talking to the workers of the world.卡尔·马克思对全世界无产者谈话中的一句名言是：“你们所能失去的仅仅是锁链＂．2 law an opinionexpressed by a judge in court 法官的意见

motto /'mptəu/ a short sentence or phrase, usu suggesting a way to behave and used by a school， college， and formerly by families 座右铭；箴言：The school motto is ＇Never Give Up＇. 该校的校训是“自强不息”.

axiom /'æksıəm/ a statement, esp one that is short, that is generally accepted as true and does not need to be proved 公理；定理 axo-matic [Wa5; 2] 1 tech of, like, or containing one or more axioms 公理的 2 not needing to be proved 毋需证明的；不言而喻的：It is axio-matic that hard work is the way to success.不言而喻，勤奋是通向成功之路．-ally［adv Wa4］

G237 nouns 名词：grammar，sound and meaning 语法、语音与意义

[ALSO→G200]

grammar/'græmə/1[U] the study and practice of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences 语法2 [C] a book which teaches these rules;a gram-mar book 语法书：This is the best Italian gram-

mar I＇ve seen.这是我所见过的最好的意大利文语法书.grammarian［C］ a person who studies grammar 语法学家

syntax /'sintæks/ [U] the rules of grammar which.are used for ordering and relating words to one another in a sentence 句法

phonetics /fə'netiks/ 1 [U] the study and science of speech sounds 语音学2［P］infml the speech sounds of a particular language 语音：Àlthough I can read Russian， I can＇t manage its phonetics well enough to speak it. 我能阅读俄文，但掌握不好它的语音，因而不能说.phonetician [C] a person who studies pho-netics 语音学家

phonology /fə'npləd3i/ [U] 1 the study of speech sounds, esp the history of their changes in a particular language and the laws governing these 音韵学；（尤指研究语音变化的历史和规律的）语音学 2 the system of speechsounds in a particular language at a particular time in history 某一语言在特定历史时期的语音学：Old English phonology 古英语的语音系统phonologist [C] a person who studies phonology 音韵学家；语音学家

meaning /'mi:nn/ [U;C] the idea which is intended to be understood in any kind of language 意义；意思：What is the meaning of this French word？ 这个法语词的意思是什么？Some words change their meanings over the years.一些词的意思随着时间的推移而发生变化.Ogden & Richards wrote a book called 'The Meaning of Meaning＇.奥格登和理查兹合写了一本名为《意义的意义》的书.

sense／sens／［C］ 1 an intended meaning（所指的）意思；含意：The sense of the sentence was hard to understand.这句子的意思很难懂.Thesense of Mary's letter is that she would like to visit us, although she doesn't say so directly. 玛丽信上的意思是，她想来看望我们，虽然她没有明说：2any of several （different kinds） of meanings 意义；意思：In what sense do you mean ＇bad＇- ＇wicked＇ or ＇oflow quality＇？你用“bad”一词指的是什么意思？是“wicked”（邪恶的）还是“of low qualit”（品质低劣的）？Heused the word 'man' in its broadest sense, including both men and women.他广义地使用了“man”．这个词，其意思包括男人和女人．3 anyof the parts of a definition of a word separated as in this book by the numbers 1,2 etc释义；定义

semantics /sə'mæntiks/ [U] 1 the study of meanings of words and other parts of language 语意学；语义学2 the general study of signs and what they stand for 符号学 semanti-cist ［C］ a person who studies semantics 语义学家

style /starl/[C; U] a type of choice or way of using words, esp which marks out the speaker or writer as different from others 文体；风格： The letter is written in a formal style.信是以正式的文体写的.The work is in the style of the18th century．作品具有十八世纪的风格．Thatwriter＇s style is difficult to copy.那位作家的文体很难模仿.

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rhetoric/'retərik/ [U] 1 the art of using words to persuade people 修辞学2 sometimes deprec language that is fne to hear or read but that does not mean much 华丽而空洞的辞藻；花哨的语言

linguistics /lng'gwistiks/ [U] the study of language in general and of particular languages, of the patterns of their grammar, sounds， etc， their history， origins，and use 语言学 linguist ［C］1 a person who studies linguis-tics 语言学家 2 a person who has a（good） knowledge of foreign languages 通多种语言的人

philology /fi'lpləd3i/ [U] the science of the nature and growth of words, language, or a particular language 语文学；语言学 philologist ［C］ a person who studies philology 语文学家； 语言学家

etymology /,etə'mpləd3i/1 [U] the scientific study of the origins, history, and changing meanings of words 语源学；词源学2［C］（an account of） the history of a particular word 出处；语源；词源：Just look up the etymologies of these words for me.请替我查查这些词的出处.etymologist [C] a person who studies ety-mology语源学家；词源学家

G238 adjectives 形容词：grammar，

sound，and meaning［B］语法、语音与意义

grammatical/grə'mætikəl/1 [Wa5] concerning grammar 语法的：This book is partly a gram-matical work．这本书的一部分是语法著作．2according to the rules of grammar 文法上的；合乎语法的：That is not a grammatical sentence. 那句话不符合语法．un-［neg］-ly［adv Wa4］

syntactic(al) /sın'tæktık(əl)/[Wa5] of or by the rules of syntax 句法的-（al）ly［adv Wa4］

phonetic /fə'netik/ [Wa5] 1 of or.concerning the sounds of human speech 语音的：a phonetic study of this rare language 罕用语种的语音学研究 2 （of a system of writing down speech sounds (transcription)) having the possibility of using more than one sign for each phoneme, depending on its actual sound quality（指标音系统）可用不同符号表示每个音素实际语音的；表实际语音的：In a phonetic representation of English, two different sorts of V would have to be shown, even though'l' is only one phoneme［→G273］．虽然是一个音素，但在注英语音标时必须把两种不同的1＇表示出来．［→G273PHONEMIC] 3 (of a language) with all the words spelled very much as they sound（指语言）拼写与发音相似的：The difference in thepronunciation of 'rough' and 'though'shows that English spelling is not phonetic.“rough”和“though”两词在发音上的差别，表明英语的拼写和发音是不一致的．-ally［adv Wa4］

phonological /,fonə'lpd3ikəl/ [Wa5] of or by the rules of phonology 音韵学的；语音学的-ly[adv Wa4]

G239 LANGUAGE 语言

colloquial /kə'ləukwəl/ (of words, phrases, expressions, style, etc) of, suitable for, or related to ordinary, informal or familiar conversation; not formal or used a lot in formal writing 口语的；通俗的-ly［adv］

semantic /sə'mæntik/ [Wa5] of or related to meaning in language 语意的；语义的-ally［adv Wa4]

stylistic /star'listik/ [Wa5] of or concerning style，esp in writing or art 文体的；风格的：A stylistic change will not improve the subject matter.风格上的变化不会改善内容.Could I aska stylistic question？我可以问一个有关风格方面的问题吗？-ally［adv Wa4］

rhetorical/rI'tprikəl/ sometimes deprec con-cerned with rhetoric （and nothing more）修辞（学）的-ly［adv Wa4］

linguistic /lu'gwistik/ [Wa5] 1 concerning one or more languages（关于一种或多种）语言的：Hehas great linguistic knowledge.他有渊博的语言知识．2 concerning words and patterns of words 关于词及其类型的：What is the linguistic analysis of this sentence？从语言的角度应如何分析这个句子？Linguistic development／change interests him.他对语言的发展／变化感兴趣.-ally[adv Wa4]

lexical /'leksikal/ [Wa5] of or concerning words 词汇的；语汇的-ly［adv Wa4］

philological /filə'lod3ikal/ [Wa5] of or concerning philology 语文学的；语言学的-ly [adv Wa4]

etymological /etəmə'lpd3ikəl/ [Wa5] of or concerning etymology 词源学的-ly［adv Wa4］

G239 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to speech and hearing 与说和听有关的

verbal/'v3:bəl/ [Wa5; B] 1 spoken, not written 口头的：He gave a verbal description of the place.他口头描述了那个地方.We＇ll accept averbal report．我们接受口头报告．2 connected with words and their use 关于词及其用法的：Hehas great verbal skill as a speaker and as a writer.作为一个演说家和作家，他运用语言的能力很强．3 that produces the exact words of some-thing 逐字的：That child has a good verbal memory;she can repeat things exactly even when she doesn＇t understand them.那个小孩记话的能力很强，她能把听到过的事情原原本本地复述出来，虽然有时她并不懂其意思．4 concerned withthe actual words in which something is ex-pressed，and not with the real meaning 字面上的：There＇s only a verbal difference between 'late in the afternoon' and 'early in the eve-ning＇.“late in the afternoon”和“early in the evening”只是在字面上有差别.-ly［adv］

oral／＇o：rəl／ ［Wa5； B］ spoken， not written 口述的；口头的：She hadltook an oral examination in English／an English oral examination.她参加了一次英语口试.-ly ［adv］：Please answer orally.请口头回答.

aural /'o:rəl/ [Wa5; B] (esp of language) of or received through hearing（尤指语言）听到的；听

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G240 LANGUAGE 语言

觉的-ly［adv］

-lingual /-'ljgwəl/ [comb form] relating to language and languages，as in 与语言有关的，如： bilingual 1 [Wa5; B] of, containing, or expressed in two languages 双语的；用两种语言写的：He bought a bilingual French-English dictionary．他买了一本法英双解词典．2［Wa5；B］able to speak a second language (almost) as well as one＇s first language 能流利地说两种语言的3［C］a bilingual person 通两种语言的人：They are all bilinguals.他们都通两种语言.

-glot /-glot/[comb form] esp tech relating to language and languages，as in 与语言有关的，如： monoglot [Wa5; B] of or having only one language（只有）一种语言的：There are few purely monoglot countries in the world.世界上操纯粹单种语言的国家寥寥无几．polyglot［Wa5；B］ of or having many languages（有）多种语言的：Singapore is a polyglot city.新加坡是一个说多种语言的城市.

G240 adjectives 形容词：relating to ability to speak［B］关于说话能力的

fluent/'flu:ənt/1 (of a person) speaking in an easy，smooth manner（指人讲话）流利的：He is fluent in five languages.他能流利地说五种语言.2 (of speech, writing, etc) expressed readily and without pause（指说、写等）流利的；流畅的：She speaks fluent but not very correct English. 她英语说得流利，但不是很正确.-ly［adv］

articulate /a:'tikjulit/ 1 expressing or able to use sounds or to express thoughts and feel-ings clearly， esp in words 口齿清楚的；表达明白的：He is an articulate person.他是个口齿清楚的人.That is a very articulate magazine.那是一本讲得头头是道的杂志．2（of speech）havingclear separate sounds or words（指说话）发音清晰的；吐字清楚的in-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness［U］

coherent/kəu'hiərənt/ (of speech) well con-nected and spoken（指说话）有条理的；前后一致的：She has a very coherent way of talking about things.她讲述事情有条有理.in-［neg］-ly [adv]

clear/klrə/[Wal] (of speech, writing, etc)easy to understand； understood； well-expressed（指说、写等）清楚的；明白的；易懂的：I hope what Ihave said is（quite） clear（to you）.我希望我讲的你们都明白了.He spoke in a clear， strongvoice.他说话的声音清晰洪亮.un-［neg］-ly[adv]-ness [U]

lucid /'lu:sid/ (of speech, writing,etc) very easy to understand；speaking very easily（指说、写等）易懂的；明白的：Her way of speaking is nice and lucid； I can follow her very well.她讲话明白易懂；我全部都能理解.-ly［adv］

G241 nouns 名词：relating to the ability to speak［U］关于说话能力的

fluency/'flu:ənsi/ the state or quality of being

fluent; the ability to speak in an easy,smooth manner；ready continuous expression 流利：I am not sure about her fluency in Spanish.我不敢肯定她讲西班牙语是否流利.

articulacy /a:'tıkjuləsi/ the state or quality of being articulate; the ability to use sounds or to express thoughts and feelings clearly 口齿清楚；（条理清楚的）表达能力：Articulacy amongchildren is an important matter in schools.培养学生的表达能力是学校的一件重要事情.in-［neg］coherence /kəu'hiərəns/ the state of being coherent, well-connected, and well-expressed 条理性；连贯性；前后一致：The coherence of hisspeech and arguments makes him a welcome speaker.讲话和论证的条理性使他成为受欢迎的演说家.in-［neg］

clarity /'klærəti/ the state of being clear, well understood; the state of expressing things well 清晰；明白；清楚：The clarity of her voice and ideas was a great help in understanding a difficult subject.她说话的声音清晰，观点明确，这对听懂费解的问题大有帮助.

lucidity/lu:'sidəti/ the state of being lucid; ease and clearness of expression 清楚；明白

G242 nouns 名词：contexts， texts， and passages 上下文、本文与章节

context /'kpntekst/ [C; U] 1 the setting of a word, phrase, etc among the surrounding words, phrases, etc, often used for helping to explain the meaning of the word, phrase, etc 上下文：In some contexts ＇mad＇ means fool-ish', in some 'angry', and in others 'insane'. “mad”一词在某些文章的上下文中意思是“愚蠢”；在另一些则是“生气”；而有些还可以是“疯狂”.Youshould be able to tell the meaning of this word from the／its context.你应能从上下文判断出该词的意思．2 the general conditions in which an event，action，etc takes place（事件等发生的）环境；条件情况：In the context of late19th century Italy it was difficult to be both a practising Christian and a politician.就十九世纪后期意大利的情形而言，既要当身体力行的基督徒又要当政治家是很困难的．contextual ［Wa5；B］of or concerning a context or contexts 上下文的-ly［adv］

setting /'setin/ [C usu sing] 1 the time and place where the action of a book,film,etc is shown as happening（指书、电影等的）背景：Our story has its setting in ancient Rome.我们的故事是以古罗马为背景的．2 a set of sur-roundings 环境：These mountains form a beautiful setting for a holiday trip.这些山成了假日旅游的胜地.

discourse /'disko:s/ 1 [U] general speech or writing 一般说话或文字：In everyday discourse that particular word is hardly ever used. 在日常说话时，那个词几乎是不用的．2［U］fml seriousconversation（严肃的）讨论：The judges had solemn discourse together.法官们在一起进行了严肃的讨论．3 ［C （on， about）］ a serious speech

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or piece of writing 演说；讲道；论文：The priest delivered a long discourse on the evils of money.牧师长篇大论地讲述了金钱的害处.

text/tekst/1 [C;U] the main body of writing in a book; words in a book written by the writer as opposed to notes， pictures，etc 正文；本文（以别于注释、插图等）：Children won＇t like this book because there is too much text and too few pictures.孩子们不会喜欢这本书，因为书中文字太多而插图太少．2［C；U］ the original wordsof a speech，article， etc 原文；底稿：What the politician really meant will not be clear until we examine the text of his speech.我们要等看了那位政客的讲稿以后，才能弄清他真正的意思．3[C9]any of the various forms in which a book, article，etc exists；copy 版本：Certain mistakes were made when the Latin text was copied from the Greek.希腊版本译成拉丁版本时，出了一些错误.Who has the original text of War and Peace＇？谁有原版的《战争与和平》？4［C］asentence from the Bible to be read and talked about by a priest in church（神父或牧师从《圣经》中引用的）句子；经文 textual［Wa5；B］of，concerning or about a text 原文的；正文的；版本的-ly［adv］

passage ／＇pæsid3／ ［C］ a part of a text（文章的） 一节：Read the passage on page 22，please．请读第二十二页的那一节.

paragraph /'pærə,gra:f/[C] a division of a writ-ten or printed piece made up of one or more sentences, of which the first word is usu set a little inwards to the right of a new line 段；段落

G243 nouns 名词： subjects and topics

［C］主题与题目

subject /'sabd3ikt/ 1 something being con-sidered，as in conversation 主题；话题：Don＇t change the subject； answer the question.别改变话题，请回答那个问题.He wrote to me on thesubject of changing his job.他写信给我，谈了想转换工作的问题．2 a branch of knowledge stud-ied as in a system of education 学科；科目：She takes three subjects in her examination. 她考三科.His subject is history／chemistry.他的主修科是历史／化学．3 a cause 原因；起因：His strangeclothes were the subject of great amusement/a subject for amusement.他的奇装异服是引人发笑的原因．4 the main area of interest treated in a work，esp written 题目；主题：a book on the subject of love 一本以爱情为主题的书；Theteacher said, 'Children, take as your subject“My Holiday”.＇老师说：“孩子们，以《我的假日》为题写一篇作文．”5 a certain occasion，object，etc， represented in art （艺术作品的）主题：The subject of the paintin is the Battle of Waterloo．这幅画的主题是滑铁卢之役．6 aperson or animal chosen to experience some-thing or to be studied in an experiment 实验对象；试验品：The subject of their cruelty was a small bird.他们虐待的对象是一只小鸟.She gavethe test to the seven subjects.她在那七个实验对

G243 LANGUAGE 语言

象身上做了试验.

topic /'tppik/ a subject for conversation, talk, writing，etc 话题；题目：Politics or religion are always interesting topics of conversation.政治或宗教始终是有趣的话题.

theme /θi:m/1 the subject of a talk, book, etc 话题；主题：What is your theme tonight？今晚你们的话题是什么？2 a tune repeated again andagain in a piece of music（乐曲的）主旋律；基调thematic [Wa5; B] tech of, concerning,or like a theme 主题的；主旋律的-ally［adv Wa4］

matter /'mætə/ a subject to which one gives attention 事情；问题：Can we discuss this matter now，please？我们现在讨论这个问题吧，好吗？It is a matter of great concern to me.这事情对我关系重大.

question /'kwestfən/ 1 a matter for discussion 议题；问题：It＇s a question of finding more time and we must talk about it now.问题是如何找出更多的时间，我们必须现在就谈一谈这个问题．2［also 又作 U］a（reason for） doubt 疑问；怀疑： There is no question of his coming (= he is definitely not coming）.他无疑是不来了.There was some question as to his honesty.他是否诚实还有疑问.

issue /'Ifu:/ an esp urgent matter for discussion 迫切的问题；争论点：This is an important issue； we must discuss it now.这是个重要问题，我们必须现在就讨论.The issue is whether we give them the money or not; nothing else matters. 关键是我们给不给他们钱，别的都无所谓.What arethe latest issues in politics in your country？你们国家最近有什么紧迫的政治问题？

aspect/'æspekt/1 [of] a part of a difficulty, question, subject, etc that is, can, may,or should be particularly discussed 方面；观点；地方：There is another interesting aspect of this matter which needs thinking about.这个问题还有一个有趣的地方值得考虑．2 esp lit appearance外观；模样；面目：The house＇s aspect was dark and unattractive.房子的外观阴暗而不美观.Hisaspect was frightening.他的模样吓人.

angle /'ængəl/ a way of looking at a subject or writing about it 角度：Try seeing things from my angle for a change; it may make you think again.试一试改从我的角度来看问题，这样也许会使你再想一想.He didn＇t know what angle to write the story from.他不知道该从什么角度去写那个故事.

slant /sla:nt/ a way of presenting, talking or writing about a subject 倾向性；观点；见解：She didn't. know whether to give her article a political slant or not.她不知道是否应使自己的文章带有政治倾向性.She gave a religious slant tothe article.她使文章带有宗教观点.

affair /ə'feə/ [often pl] usu fml & pomp some-thing which one must do, study, etc; matter or question 事情；事：This is my affair， not theirs. 这是我的事，不关他们的事.He has many affairsto look after.他有很多事务要料理.The Ministerfor Foreign Affairs is abroad at the moment. 外交部长目前正在外国.

business /'biznis/ [usu sing] not fml an affair, concern，or interest 事情；事：It is no business

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of yours what I do.我做什么不关你的事.This ishis business, not ours; stop asking him all these questions.这是他的事，不是我们的事；不要再问他这些问题了.It was a strange business；we still do not know exactly why he did it.那是一件怪事，我们还没有完全弄清他为什么那么做.

G244 nouns 名词： common figures of speech［C；U］常见的比喻

simile /'simə,li/ (the use of) an expression making a comparison in the imagination be-tween two things， using the words like or as 明喻（用as或like 引出）：＇As white as snow＇ is a simile.“as white as snow”（白如雪）是明喻.

metaphor /'metəfə/ (the use of) a phrase which describes one thing by stating another thing with which it can be compared (as in the roses in her cheeks) without using the words 'as' or ＇like＇隐喻；暗喻（不用 as或like）：She said he was a fox, planning everything so carefully; and the metaphor was very suitable.她说他是只狐狸，样样事情都精心策划，这个隐喻用得很恰当.

allegory/'æligəri/ (the style of) a story, poem, painting, etc in which the characters and actions represent good and bad qualities 讽喻； 寓言；讽喻诗；讽喻性的图画

metonymy /mə'tpnəmi/ (the use of) a phrase which describes one thing by referring to something which is near to it or part of it 换喻； 转喻：Writing is often called ＇the pen＇； that is metonymy.写作经常被称为“弄笔”；这就是换喻.

synecdoche/sı'nekdəki/ (the use of) a phrase which describes one thing by referring to only a part of it 举隅法；提喻法：Synecdoche is often called 'the part for the whole', as in a 'worker' being called a ＇hand＇.举隅法常被说成是以局部代表整体的一种比喻法，如把“worker（工人）”称作“hand（人手）”.

onomatopoeia /,pnə,mætə'pirə/ the formation or use of words that are like natural sounds, as when the word 'cuckoo' is used to name the bird that makes that sound 拟声法；象声构词法

G245 nouns 名词：other figures of speech and ways of expressing oneself 其他比喻与表达方式

[ALSO→G98 CONTRADICTION, PARADOX]

irony/'aiərəni/ [U; C] 1 a way of speaking which expresses by its manner the opposite of what the words say 反语；反话；反语法：The irony inhis words was unmistakable.他的话显然是反话. 2 the sort of event or result which is just the opposite of what one would hope for or meant to happen, or the state when this happens 出人意料的事或情况；有讽刺意味的事：The irony lay in the fact that he was there all the time， although I didn＇t see him.具有讽刺意味的是，他居然一直在那儿，而我竟没有看见他.

sarcasm /'sa:kæzəm/ [U] speaking or writing

which tries to hurt someone's feelings, esp by expressions which clearly mean the opposite to what is felt 讽刺；挖苦；讥讽（尤指说出与自己感受明显相反的话）：Thank you for bringingback my bicycle so quickly; you've only had it six months，＇he said with heavy sarcasm. 他尖刻地挖苦说：“多谢你这么快就把我的脚踏车送回来；你才用了六个月哩.”

satire /'sætarə/ [C; U] (a work of) literature, theatre,speaking, etc intended to show the foolishness or evil of some establishment or practice in an amusing way（文学、戏剧、言语等对某种制度或习俗的愚昧或害处所作的）讽刺；讽刺作品：Swift was a master of satire.斯威夫特是讽刺大师.＇Gulliver＇s Travels＇ was a satireon British politics in Swift＇s time.《格利佛游记》是斯威夫特时代针砭英国政治的一部讽刺作品.

litotes /'laitə,ti:z/ [U] a way of expressing a thought by its opposite，esp with ＇not＇ 间接肯定法；曲意法（尤指用not）：＇It＇s not at all bad＇（＝ it's good) and 'He was no small help to us'(= he helped us a lot） are examplesoflitotes.“那一点也不差”（＝那很好）和“他对我们的帮助不小”（＝他对我们帮助很大）都是间接肯定法的例子.

circumlocution /,s3:kəmlə'kju:fən/ fml 1 [U] the use of a large number of unnecessary words to express an idea needing fewer words, esp when trying to avoid directly answering a difficult question 说话拐弯抹角；迂回累赘的陈述2［C］an example of this 迂回说法；遁辞

apostrophe /ə'postrəfi/ [U;C](in a speech or piece of writing) words addressed to a person who is usu absent or to an idea or quality as if it were a person 顿呼语（说话或文章中，对不在场的人或对某种思想或品质所发出的呼唤.）

personification /pə,spnəfə'keıfən/[U;C] rep-resenting something (a part of nature, an animal， etc） as a person 拟人法：The sky smiled＇ is an example of personification.“天在微笑”是拟人法的一个例子.

alliteration /ə,lıtə'reıfən/ [U; (C)] the appear-ance of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next or close to each other (as in round the rocks runs the river） 头韵法（如“round the rocks runs the river”［河绕岩石流］）

G246 adjectives 形容词：relating to

figures of speech and expressions

［B］关于比喻和表达方式的

literal /'lrtərəl/ 1 following the usual meaning of the words without any additional meanings 原义的；字面的：The literal meaning of the word ＇cat＇ is an animal， not a girl.“cat（猫）”这个词的原义是一种动物，不是女孩．2 not imaginative刻板的；缺乏想象力的：He has a literal approachto his subject．他对课题的研究方法很死板．3exact 精确的；无夸张的：Can I have a literalversion of the conversation？能把谈话准确地给我转述一下吗？4 giving one word for each word （as in a foreign language）逐字翻译的：A literal

516

translation is not always the closest to the original meaning.逐字翻译不一定最忠实于原文.-ly［adv］

figurative/'figjurətiv/ (of words) used in some way other than in the ordinary sense, to make a word picture or comparison 比喻的：＇A sweet tongue' is a figurative expression but 'sweet coffee＇ is not.“a sweet tongue”（嘴甜）是比喻说法，“sweet coffee”（甜咖啡）则不是.-ly［adv］

metaphoric(al) /metə'fprık(əl)/1 using or con-cerning the use of metaphor 隐喻的；暗喻的：It is a metaphorical poem．这是一首隐喻诗．2 not meant to be understood in the ordinary meaning of the words 比喻的：It was a meta-phorical phrase; we didn' really mean that he has green fingers, but that he is good at gardening.这是比喻的说法，我们不是真的说他有绿手指，而是说他对园艺很在行．-（al）ly［adv Wa4］allegorical /ælə'gprikəl/ of,concerning, or

having the quality of an allegory 寓言的；寓意的-ly［adv Wa4］

metonymic /,metə'nimik/ of, concerning,or having the quality of metonymy 转喻的；换喻的-ally［adv Wa4］

onomatopoeic /,pnəmætə'pi:k/, onomato-poetic /,pnəmætəpəu'etik/ of, concerning, or having the quality of onomatopoeia 拟声的；象声的-ally ［adv Wa4］

ironic(al) /ar'rpnik(al)/ of, concerning, or like irony 反话的；冷嘲的；讽刺的；令人啼笑皆非的：This is a very ironical thing to happen.发生这样的事情颇有讽刺意味.It was ironic that sheleft just when he needed her most, but was always there when he didn＇t want her.他最需要她的时候她走了，而他不需要她的时候她却总在，这真是令人啼笑皆非.He gave her an ironicalsmile．他朝她讽刺地一笑．-（al）ly［adv Wa4］

sarcastic /sa:'kæstik/ using or marked by sarcasm 挖苦的；讥讽的：Must you always be so sarcastic when I ask you anything？我问你事情时，难道你非得这样挖苦人不可吗？＇How cleveryou are！＇he said in his sarcastic way.他用他那讥讽的腔调说：“你多聪明呀！”-ally［adv Wa4］

satirical/sə'tirikal/ fond of, being using, etc satire 讽刺的：Jonathan Swift＇s ＇Gulliver＇s Travels＇ is a satirical book.乔那森·斯威夫特所著的《格利佛游记》是一部讽刺性作品.-ly［advWa4]

alliterative /ə'lıtərətıv/ being, having, or using alliteration 头韵的：Alliterative phrases are easily remembered.押头韵的话容易记.-ly［adv］

G247 verbs 动词：relating to figures of speech and expressions 关于比喻和表达方式的

allegorize,-ise/'æləgə,raiz/ [T1; (IØ)] to pre-sent or describe (something) as an allegory ［G244］把···比喻成；打比喻说：John Bunyanallegorized the Christian life as a difficult journey in his allegory 'A Pilgrim's Progress'. 约翰·班扬在他的寓言《天路历程》里把基督教徒的生活比作艰难的旅途.

G248 LANGUAGE 语言

satirize, -ise /'sætə,rarz/[T1] to write or speak using satire against (someone or something) 讽刺：In his new play he satirizes the govern-ment.他在新戏中讽刺了政府.

apostrophize, -ise /ə'postrə,faiz/ [T1;IØ] to make an apostrophe [→G245] to (someone or something）对···用顿呼法称呼；顿呼：The poet apostrophized（the moon）.诗人（对月亮）发出呼唤.

personify /pə'spnə,fai/ [T1] 1 (of something in nature, an animal, etc) to represent a person （自然物、动物等）拟人2（of a person） torepresent a quality（指人）是···的化身；象征；体现：He personifies goodness itself(= He is a very good person）.他是善良的化身.He is good-ness personified.他是真善的象征.

alliterate /ə'litə,rert/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) have the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words（使）押头韵：The phrase ＇running river＇alliterates.“running river”（奔流不息的河流）一语押头韵.Why not alliteratethe words？为什么不把这些话押上头韵呢？

G248 nouns 名词： words and meanings ［C］词与意思

synonym/'sinə,nım/ a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in the same language 同义词；同义字：＇Sad＇and ＇unhappy＇ are synonyms. “sad”和“unhappy”是同义词．synonymous［Wa5；B（with）］having the same or nearly the same meaning （as）同义的；意义上相同或几乎相同的：Being a soldier issynonymous with being a brave man, in his opinion.在他看来，当兵等于做个勇敢的人.-ly[adv] synonymy [U] the condition of words being synonymous 同义

antonym /'æntə,nim/ a word opposite in mean-ing to another word 反义词；反义字：＇Pain＇is the antonym of＇pleasure＇.“pain”是“plea-sure”的反义词．antonymous［Wa5；B］having an opposite or nearly opposite meaning 反义的；意义相反的：The words ＇pain＇ and ＇pleasure＇ are antonymous.“pain”和“pleasure”二词是反义词.-ly［adv］ antonymy ［Ù］ the condition of words being antonymous反义

homonym /'hpmə,nim/ a word which has both the same sound and spelling as another, though different in meaning 同音同形异义词： 'Bear' meaning the animal and 'bear' mean-ing to carry are homonyms.作“熊”解的“bear”和作“携带”解的“bear”是同音同形的异义词．homonymous ［Wa5；B］ having the nature of homonyms 同音同形异义的-ly ［adv］ homonymy [U] the condition of being homonymous 同音同形异义

homophone /'homə,fəun/ a homonym in sound only 同音异义词：For some speakers of English in England the words 'sure' and ＇shore＇are homophones.对于英格兰某些讲英语的人来说“sure（确信的）”与“shore（岸）”是同音异义词．homophonous ［Wa5； B］ having the nature of a homophone 同音异义的

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G249 LANGUAGE 语言

can be used as the subject or object of a verb

名词：John＇，＇woman＇and ＇earth＇ are nouns.

“John”（约翰），“woman（女人）”与“earth（泥

土）”都是名词．nominal［Wa5；B］of，related

to，or used as a noun 名词的；名词性的：Some

suffixes like -ness and -ation are nominal

endings.一些后缀如-ness 和-ation 都是名词性

词尾.-ly［adv］

adjective /'æd3iktrv/ a word which describes

the thing for which a noun stands (such as the

word 'black' in the sentence 'She wore a black

hat＇）形容词 adjectival ［Wa5；B］ having the

nature of or doing the work of an adjective形

容词的；形容词性的-ly［adv］ predicative adjec-

tive an adjective that usu or always comes

after a verb 表语形容词（通常放在动词后面的形容

词）：In the sentence ＇The child is asleep＇the

last word is a predicative adjective. 在“The

child is asleep”这个句子里，最后一个词是表语形

容词.

verb /v3:b/ a word or phrase that tells what

someone or something is, does, or expe-

riences 动词：In ＇She is tired＇and ＇He wrote a

letter', the words 'is' and 'wrote' are verbs.

在“She is tired”和“He wrote a letter”这两个

句子里，“is＇和＇wrote＇都是动词．verbal［Wa5；B］

of, coming from, or connected with a verb or

verbs 动词的；动词性的：The word ＇guide＇is not

only a noun; it also has a verbal use. “guide”

这个词不仅是名词，也可用作动词.-ly［adv］

adverb /'ædv3:b/ a word which describes or

adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective,

another adverb, or a sentence, and which

answers such questions as how? when? or

where? (as in 'He ran slowly'. 'It was very

beautiful. 'Come tomorrow'. 'Come here'.

'Generally (speaking), things are getting

better＇．）副词 adverbial ［Wa5；B；C］（some-

thing) like, used as, or having qualities typical

of an adverb 副词的；副词性的；状语的：an

adverbial phrase 副词词组-ly［adv］

G261 nouns 名词：aspects of the four

major parts of speech 四种主要词类的

体貌

number /'nambə/ [U; C] variation in the form

of words, esp (in English) nouns and verbs,

depending on whether one or more than one

thing is talked about（尤指英语名词和动词的）

数：The word ＇horses＇ is plural in number［→

G262］．“horses”一词是复数．

gender /'d3endə/1 [U] the grouping of nouns

and pronouns according to sex (masculine,

feminine or neuter) or according to form [

I6］ and syntax（名词和代词的）性（分阳性、阴性、

中性）2［C］one of these classes（阳、阴、中）性：

What gender is the word for 'stone' in

Spanish？“stone（石头）”这个词在西班牙语里属

于什么性？［→G263］

noun /naun/ a word that is the name of a person /'p3:sən/1[U] the grouping of pronouns person,place, thing, quality, action, etc, that

into classes 人称（代词的分类法）2［C］one of

homograph /'hpmə,gra:f/ a homonym in writ-ing only 同形异义词：＇Wind＇ is a homograph with two pronunciations and meanings, one a noun and the other a verb.“wind”是个同形异义词，它有两种发音和意思，一个是名词，另一个是动词． homographous ［Wa5；B］ having the nature of a homograph 同形异义的

G249 verbs ＆ nouns 动词和名词：

translating and interpreting 翻译（笔译与口译）

translate /træns'leit/1 [T1; IØ] to turn (speech or writing） from one language into another 翻译（言语或文字）；迻译；译：This book was firsttranslated into English in the 15th century．这本书最早是在十五世纪译成英语的.He earnsmoney by translating．他靠翻译赚钱．2［IØ］to be turned from one language into another 翻译出来：These poems do not translate into English well．这些诗不好翻译成英文．3［T1］toexplain；make clear 解释；说明：How would you translate his silence？你怎么解释他的沉默呢？4[T1] fml to bear or change from one place, state， or form to another 转移；转化 trans-lation 1 ［U］ the act of translating 翻译 2 ［in U］ having been translated 译本：I＇ve only read Tolstoy in translation.我只读过托尔斯泰作品的译本．3［C］ an example of translating； a result of being translated 译文；译本：This is a very good translation of Tolstoy.这是一部托尔斯泰作品的优秀译本.translator ［C］ a person who translates from one language to another, esp as a profession 译者（尤指职业性的）

interpret /mn't3:prit/ 1 [T1;IØ] to put (a language) into the words of another language usu by speech 口译：Who will interpret for you at the meeting？谁在会上为你翻译？2［X9，espas] to understand the likely meaning of （something）把···解释为···；把···看作···：How can I interpret this behaviour？我怎么解释这种行为呢？I interpret his silence as dislike.我认为他的沉默表示不喜欢.interpreting ［U］：Whowill do the interpreting at the meeting？谁在会上作口译？interpreter［C］ a person who interprets, esp one who says in another language the words of a speech that is being, or has just been，given（口译）译员；通译员；传译员

Grammar

语法

G260 nouns 名词：the four major parts of speech ［C］四种主要词类

518

these classes（第一、第二、第三）人称：Tis the first person singular in English.“I”在英语里是第一人称单数．［→G264］

tense/tens/1[U] the form of a verb that shows time or aspect（动词的）时态；2［C］ one such form 一种时态：How do you form the present tense in Japanese？在日语里现在时态怎样构成？[■G265]

voice/voIs/ [C usu sing] the form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sen-tence acts or is acted upon（动词的）语态：Iam writing this sentence in the active （voice）.我用主动语态写这个句子.This sentence is written inthe passive （voice）.这个句子是用被动语态写的.[■G266]

mood/mu:d/ [U; C] the form of a verb, show-ing whether things are considered certain, possible, etc or whether something is a state-ment，an order，etc（动词的）语气［→G267］

aspect/'æspekt/ [U; C] the form a verb takes to mark the difference in time, as between a continuing form (as in 'is singing') and a completed action（as in ＇sang＇）体（表示不同的时间，如进行中的动作用is singing，完成了的动作用 sang）： Aspect is quite important in English grammar.在英语语法里体是很重要的.aspectual［Wa5； B］ of or concerning aspect 体的：There is an aspectual difference between 'singing' and ＇sang＇：“singing”和“sang”之间有体的区别.-ly［adv］

degrees of comparison [P]1 the three forms of an adjective or adverb (such as nice-nicer -nicest or good-better-best）形容词和副词的三种比较等级（如 nice-nicer-nicest 或good-better-best) 2 the three phrases containing an adjective or adverb such that the relations among them are like the rela-tions among ＇nice-nicer-nicest＇（相当于nice-nicer-nicest 的）三种比较等级形式：The degrees of comparison of 'interestingly' are interestingly-more interestingly-most in-terestingly.“interestingly”的三种比较等级形式是“interestingly-more interestingly-most interestingly”（有趣-较有趣-最有趣）.［→G268]

G262 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：

one or more than one ［Wa5； B； C］一个或一个以上

[ALSO→J8]

singular /'singjulə/ (a form of word) that expresses one and no more 单数（的）：＇Dog＇is singular and ＇dogs＇ plural.“dog”是单数， “dogs”则是复数.

plural /'pluərəl/ (a form of word) that expresses more than one 复数（的）：＇Dogs＇is a plural noun； it is the plural of＇dog＇. “dogs”是复数名词，它是“dog”的复数形式.

dual /'dju:əl/ (in some languages such as Greek) (a form of word) that expresses two （在某些语言如希腊语中表示）双数（的）

G265 GRAMMAR 语法

G263 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：masculine，feminine， or neuter 阳性（的）、阴性（的）或中性（的）

masculine /'mæskjulin/ 1 [Wa5;B](in many languages) in or related to a gender of words that is male alone or is not feminine or neuter 阳性的：In Spanish the word for ＇wine＇ is masculine.在西班牙语里“wine（酒）”这词是阳性的．2［C usu sing］ a a masculine word or word form 阳性词或阳性形式 b the class ofsuch words and forms 阳性：Put this Latin adjective into the masculine.把这个拉丁语形容词变成阳性.

feminine /'femənin/ 1 [Wa5; B] (in many languages) in or related to a gender of words that is female alone or is not masculine or neuter 阴性的：In Spanish the word for ＇stone＇ is feminine.在西班牙语里，“stone（石头）”一词是阴性的．2［C usu sing］ a feminine word or word form 阴性词或阴性形式b the class of suchwords and forms 阴性：Put this Latin adjective into the feminine.把这个拉丁语形容词变为阴性.

neuter/'nju:tə/1 [Wa5; B] (in many languages) in or related to a gender of words not male or female or not masculine or feminine 中性的2 ［C usu sing］ a a neuter word or word form 中性词或中性形式 b the class of such words andforms 中性：Does Hebrew have a neuter？希伯来语有中性吗？Put this Latin adjective into the neuter.把这个拉丁语形容词变成中性.

G264 nouns 名词：I，you，or some other person［the R］我、你或其他的人称

first person the person who is speaking 第一人称：In English ľ＇ and ＇we＇ are singular and plural pronouns in the first person.英语里“I”和“we”分别是代词的第一人称单数和复数.Idon't like putting these remarks in the first person； I＇ll use ＇one＇instead of T.我不愿用第一人称讲这些话，我宁可用“一个人”来代替“我”.

second person the person who is being spoken to 第二人称：＇Thou＇ is the old form of the second person singular in English. “thou”是英语中第二人称单数旧时的形式.You＇ is nowboth the singular and the plural of the second person.“you”现在既是第二人称单数也是其复数.

third person the person who is being spoken about 第三人称：＇He＇ is the masculine singular of the third person in English.“he”是英语中阳性第三人称单数.She usually writes her stories in the third person, but her latest book is in the first person.她写小说通常用第三人称，但是她最近出版的书用的却是第一人称.

G265 nouns 名词： the tenses of the verb ［the R］动词的时态

(simple) present (tense) that tense which usu deals with time now or at the time of a story

519

G265 GRAMMAR 语法

but which in English often means all times generally（一般）现在时态：In the sentence ＇He comes here every week' the verb is in the pres-ent (tense) and means that he always or usually does this. 在“He comes here every week”（他每周都来这里）这个句子里，动词是现在时态，意思是他总是或经常这样做.

(simple) past (tense) that tense which usu deals with time past and completed actions （一般）过去时态：In the sentence＇He came here last week' the verb shows that he did some-thing which is not happening now.在“He came here last week”（他上周来过这里）这个句子里，动词表明他做的事不是现在发生的.

(simple) future (tense) that tense which usu deals with time to come and in English uses ＇will／shall＇（一般）将来时态（用will／shall）：In the sentence 'He will come here next week' the will' shows that he is expected or plans to do something.在“He will come here next week”（他下周要来这里）这个句子里，“will”表示他将要或打算做某事.

present continuous/progressive (tense) that tense which usu deals with continuing time now or at the time of a story but also often in English describes the future 现在进行时态：The sentence ＇He is coming now＇ means that he is at this moment doing something, but in the sentence 'He is coming next week' the same tense describes a future action.“He is coming now”（他正在来）这个句子的意思是，他此刻正在做某事，但是在“He is coming nextweek”（他下周来）这个句子里，同样的时态却表示将来的行为.

present perfect (tense) that tense which usu deals with time from the past to the present moment or the time of a story 现在完成时态：The sentence 'He has worked here for years' means that in the past he worked here and is still working here.“He has worked here for years”（他在这里工作已有多年了）这个句子的意思是，他过去在这里工作，现在仍在这里工作.

present perfect continuous/progressive (tense) that tense which usu deals with continuing time from a point in the past to the present moment or thetime of a story 现在完成进行时态：The sentence ＇He has beenworking on this since last Thursday' means that he began last Thursday, did not stop, and is still doing the work now. “He has been working on this since last Thursday”（他从上星期四起就一直在做这项工作）这个句子的意思是，他从上星期四起开始工作，没有间断，直到现时仍在做着这项工作.

past continuous/progressive (tense) that tense which usu deals with time continuing in the past but in English is also used to show plans in the past 过去进行时态：In the sentence 'He was coming when I saw him' the verb 'was coming' shows that he continued to do something, but in the sentence 'He was coming, but he isn't coming now' means that he planned to come but changed his plan later.在“He was coming when I saw him”（我

见到他时，他正在来）这个句子里，动词“wascoming”表示他当时正在做某事，但“He wascoming，but he isn＇t coming now”（他本想来，但现在不来了）这个句子的意思却是他曾打算来，但后来又改变了计划.

past perfect (tense) that tense which usu deals with time from the earlier past to another point in the past 过去完成时态：The sentence 'He had worked there for years' means that until a certain time in the past he worked there, but no longer.“He had worked there for years”（他曾在那里工作过多年）这个句子的意思是，直到过去某一时刻为止，他一直在那里工作，但此后不再在那里工作了.

past perfect continuous/progressive (tense) that tense which usu deals with continuing time from the earlier past to another point in the past 过去完成进行时态：The sentence ＇He hortbeen working there for years, then sudden. left' means that he worked there continuously until a particular time. “He had been working there for years， then suddenly left”（他曾一直在那里工作多年，后来突然离开了）这个句子的意思是，他曾经连续在那里工作，直到某一特定时刻.

future continuous/progressive (tense) that tense which usu deals with continuing time in the future 将来进行时态：In the sentence ＇He will be working here next week' the person is described as continuing to work for some time during the next week.“He will be working here next week”（他下星期会在这里工作）这个句子，说的是这个人在下星期将会继续在这里工作一段时间.

future perfect (tense) that tense which usu suggests time completed at a certain point in the future 将来完成时态：The sentence＇He will have finished with the work by 6 o'clock' means that the person is expected to have finished the work at 6 o'clock (a future time).“He will have finished with the work by 6 o＇clock”（到六点钟时他将完成任务）这个句子的意思是，预计这个人在六点钟时（将来时间）就会做完工作.

future perfect continuous/progressive (tense) that tense which usu suggests con-tinuing time up to a point in the future 将来完成进行时态：In the sentence ＇At 6 o＇clock she will have been waiting more than two hours' the person is seen as waiting i the future for at least two hours. “At 6 o'clock she will have been waiting more than two hours”（到六点钟时，她将等了两个多小时了）这个句子，说的是她将会至少等两小时.

definite/emphatic tense that tense which uses the helping verb ＇do＇ to emphasize a point 强调时态（用助动词do来强调某一动词的时态）：Thesentence 'He goes there every week' has no special emphasis,but 'He does go there every week＇ emphasizes his action.在“He goes there every week”（他每星期都去那里）这个句子里，没有强调什么，但在“He does go there everyweek”（他的确每星期都去那里）这个句子里，则强调了他的行动．［→G77 EMPHASIZE；G78EMPHASIS]

520

G269 GRAMMAR 语法

expressing a condition, esp in English

starting with ＇if or ＇unless＇条件语气（的）；条件

从句（的）

subjunctive /səb'd3^nktiv/ [Wa5; B; C](a

mood in certain languages) often expressing

doubt，wishes， a dependent verb，etc 假设语气

（的）；虚拟语气（的）

attributive /ə'tribjutrv/1 [Wa5; B] (of an adjec-

tive, noun, or phrase) describing and coming

before a noun， as ＇green＇ in ＇a green hat＇定语

的（指形容词、名词或词组置于名词前面并起修饰作

用的）；2［C］ an adjective， noun or phrase that

is attributive 定语（指起修饰作用的形容词、名词

或词组）

predicative /pri'dikətiv/ [Wa5; B] (of an

adjective or phrase) describing a noun but

coming in the predicate [■G269] of a

sentence or clause 表语的（指修饰名词的形容词

或词组置于表语位置的）：＇Sleeping＇ is attributive

in the phrase 'a sleeping child,' but 'asleep'is

predicative in the sentence 'the child is

asleep＇.在词组“a sleeping child”（一个正在睡觉

的孩子）里，“sleeping”是定语，而在“the child is

asleep”（孩子正在睡觉）这个句子里，“asleep”则

是表语.

demonstrative /dr'mpnstrətrv/ [Wa5; B; C]

(of) a word, esp a pronoun, that points to

someone or something 指示词；指示的：This＇is

a demonstrative pronoun.“this”（这个）是指示

代词.

G268 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：

the degrees of adjectives and

adverbs ［Wa5； B；C］ 形容词与副词的比较

等级

positive /'ppzətiv/ (of or related to) the simple

form that expresses no comparison 原级（的）：

'Good' is the positive form of the adjective,

while ＇better＇ and ＇best＇ are not.“good”是形容

词的原级形式，而“better”和“best”则不是.

comparative/kəm'pærətrv/ (of or related to)

the form of adjectives or adverbs expressing

an increase in quality， quantity，or degree 比较

级（的）：＇Bigger＇ is the comparative（form） of

'big' and 'more beautiful' is the comparative

of ＇beautiful＇.“bigger”是“big”的比较级形式；

“more beautiful”是“beautiful”的比较级形式.

superlative /su:'p3:lətiv/ (of or related to) the

form of adjectives or adverbs expressing the

most in quality， quantity， or degree 最高级

（的）： ＇Biggest＇ is the superlative （form） of ＇big＇

and 'most beautiful' is the superlative of

＇beautiful＇.“biggest”是“big”的最高级形式；

“most beautiful”是“beautiful”的最高级形式.

G269 nouns 名词：subject，object，and

predicate，etc 主语、宾语与谓语等

conditional /kən'difənəl/ [Wa5; B; C] (a subject/'sabd3ikt/[C] a set of one or more mood in certain languages, or a clause)

words saying who or what performed an

G266 adjectives ＆ nouns 形容词和名词：

the voices of the verb ［Wa5；B；C］动词的语态

active/'æktiv/ (ofa verb or sentence) having as the subject the person or thing doing the action （as in＇The boy kicked the ball＇）（动词或句子的）主动语态；主动句；主动语态的（如在“Theboy kicked the ball＇中）：The sentence is in the active（voice）.这个句子是主动语态.

passive /'pæsiv/ (of a verb or sentence)having a subject that is acted on by the verb rather than that performs the action (as in 'The ball was kicked by the·boy＇）（动词或句子的）被动语态；被动句；被动语态的（如在＇The ball waskicked by the boy＇中）：The sentence is in the passive（voice）.这个句子是被动语态.

G267 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：words describing uses of words 描述词的用法的词

infinitive/in'finətiv/ [C] the part of the verb that can be used after other verbs and with ＇to＇ before it（带“to”的）不定式：＇To go＇is an infinitive.“to go”是不定式.＇Must＇ takes the infinitive without 'to' (I must go) but 'ought' takes the infinitive with 'to' (I ought to go). “must”后接不带“ 的不定式（如Imust go），但“ought”后接带 的不定式（如Iought togo).

indicative ／in＇dikətiv／ also 又作 declarative /dr'klærətiv/ [Wa5; B] a verb form (= mood [→G261]) which states that something happens， happened， will happen，etc 陈述语气（的）：＇He goes＇ and ＇he went＇ are both indicative uses of theverb.“He goes”（他去） 和“He went”（他去了）二者都是动词陈述语气的用法.

affirmative /ə'f3:mətrv/ [B;C] often fml (a word） declaring ＇yes＇ 肯定的；肯定词：The answer was a strong affirmative.回答是十分肯定的.The answer was in the affirmative.回答是肯定的.It was an affirmative answer.那是个肯定的回答.

negative /'negətrv/ [B; C] often fml (a word) declaring ＇no＇否定的；否定词：The answer was a strong negative.回答是极其否定的.Theanswer was in the negative.回答是否定的.It was a negative answer.那是一个否定的回答.

imperative /mm'perətrv/ [Wa5; B;C] (a mood) which gives an order 祈使语气（的）；命令语气（的）：＇Go！＇ is the imperative of the verb ＇to go＇.“Go！”（去！）是动词“to go”的祈使语气.

interrogative / intə'rpgətrv/ [Wa5; B; C] (a mood） which asks questions 疑问语气（的）： 'Are you coming?' is interrogative, while You are coming' is indicative or declarative. “Are you coming？”（你们来吗？）是疑问语气，而“Youare coming”（你们要来）是陈述语气.

521

G270 GRAMMAR 语法

action or exists in a state (as in the first nouns and pronouns in these sentences）主语（如下列句子中第一个名词和代词）：John did it.约翰做了那事.I saw him do it.我看见他做了那事.Heloves her.他爱她.

object /'pbd3ikt/ [C] a set of one or more words saying with whom or with what a prep-osition [→G272] is most directly associated (= object of a preposition), who is concerned in the results of an action(= indirect object of a verb), or to whom or to what something has been done(= direct object of a verb) (as shown， in that order， as follows）宾语（有介词宾语、动词的间接宾语和动词的直接宾语，如下列句子中依次所示）：In Rome John gave Mary abook.在罗马约翰给了玛丽一本书.（“Rome”是介词宾语，“Mary”是动词的间接宾语，“book”是动词的直接宾语）

predicate/'predikit/ [C] the part of a sentence which makes a statement about the subject 谓语：In ＇Fishes swim＇ and ＇She is an artist＇， ＇swim＇and ＇is an artist＇ are predicates. 在“Fishes swim”和“She is an artist”这两个句子里，“swim”和“is an artist”都是谓语.

antecedent/,æntə'si:dənt/[C] the word, phrase, or sentence that comes before a pronoun,etc and is represented by that pronoun，etc 先行词：What is the antecedent of ＇him＇ in line 10？ 在第十行中“him”的先行词是什么？

apposition /,æpə'zıfən/ [U;(C)] a state of affairs in grammar in which one (simple) sentence contains two or more main phrases that describe the same person or thing and are used in the same way 同位（often in the phr in apposition （to）（与···）同位）：In the sentence 'The rich man, a banker, was a criminal.', the phrase 'the rich man'and the phrase 'a banker' are in apposition (to each other）. 在“The rich man， a banker， was a criminal”（那富翁-一名银行家-是个罪犯）这个句子里，“a banker”和“the rich man”（彼此）同位.

G270 nouns 名词：kinds of noun ［C］名词的种类

countable noun a noun that can have a plural form and be counted 可数名词：We can say＇a book', 'two books', 'three books', etc, so ＇book＇ is a countable noun.我们可以说“a book”，“two books”，“three books”等，所以“book”是可数名词.

uncountable noun also 又作 mass noun a noun that cannot, at least in certain uses, have a plural form and is regarded as a quantity or mass 不可数名词；（又作）物质名词：Bread＇inthe sentence 'Have some more bread' is an uncountable noun. 在“Have some more bread”这个句子里，“bread”是不可数名词.Inthe sentence 'This is good wine;have some more', the noun 'wine' is uncountable, but in the sentence 'These are good wines',meaning

different kinds of wines, the noun 'wine'is countable. 在“This is good wine； have some more”这个句子里，名词 wine 是不可数的；但在“These are good wines”这个句子里，意思是各种不同种类的酒，“wine”则是可数名词.

abstract noun a noun which is the name of a quality or state, such as'beauty','strength' and ＇hopelessness＇抽象名词（如“美”、“力量”、“无望”等）

collective noun a noun singular in form but naming a collection of people, animals, or things，as a group 集合名词：＇Flock＇is a collec-tive noun for a group of birds.“flock”（群）是集合名词，指一群鸟.

proper noun a name used for a single particu-lar thing or person and spelt with a capital letter 专有名词（第一个字母大写）：James＇and＇Edinburgh＇are proper nouns.“James”（詹姆士）和“Edinburgh”（爱丁堡）都是专有名词.

common noun a noun that does not begin with a capital letter 普通名词（第一个字母不大写）

verbal noun a noun which describes an action or experience and has the same form as a present participle ［→G271］ 名词化的动名词： 'Building' is a verbal noun in 'the building of the house' but not in 'The bank was a tall building＇.在短语“the building of the house”（房屋的建筑）里“building”是一个名词化的动名词，但在“The bank was a tall building”（银行是一幢高楼）这个句子里，它却不是.

gerund /'d3erənd/ 1 the English form of the verb ending in -ing, when used as a noun; verbal noun 英语的动名词（词尾是 -ing）2（inLatin） a form of the verb used as a noun 拉丁文的动名词

G271 nouns 名词：forms of the verb； kinds of verbs ［C］动词的形式，动词的种类

participle /'pa:təsipəl/ (in English grammar) either of the two forms of a verb (= past participle or present participle) which may be used in compound forms of the verb or as adjectives 分词（现在分词和过去分词，用以构成复合动词或形容词）：The present participle always ends in -ing. In the sentence I am running' the form 'running' is a present participle. It is also a participle in the phrase 'the running men＇.现在分词总是以-ing 结尾.在“Iamrunning”这个句子里，“running”这一形式就是现在分词.在“the running men”这个词组里，“running”也是个分词.The past participle ends in -ed in regular verbs, but may be different in irregular verbs.The past participle of 'walk' is ＇walked＇ but of ＇drive＇is＇driven＇.规则动词的过去分词以-ed结尾，但不规则动词的过去分词可能各不相同.“walk”的过去分词是“walked”，而“drive”的过去分词则是“driven”.participial [Wa5; B] of, concerning, containing, or likea participle 分词的：In the phrase ＇running water＇ the word ＇running＇ is a participial adjective.在

522

“running water”（流动的水；自来水）这一词组里，“running”是个分词形容词.

transitive verb a verb that takes a direct object ［→G269］及物动词（跟有直接宾语的动词）：In thesentence 'I saw him' the verb 'saw' is transi-tive because it has a direct object，＇him＇.在“I saw him”这个句子里，“saw”这个动词是及物动词，因为它后面跟有直接宾语“him”.

intransitive verb a verb that has no direct object 不及物动词（后面不跟宾语的动词）：In thesentence 'I was eating' the verb 'was eating' is intransitive because it has no direct object. 在“I was eating”这个句子里，“was eating”是不及物动词，因为它后面没有宾语.

auxiliary verb also 又作 helping verb a verb that goes with another verb to show person, tense, voice, aspect, etc (such as am, did and have in 'I am running, I did climb, they have heard＇）助动词（和动词连用，表明人称、时态、语态、体等的词；如在“I am running， I did climb，they have heard”等句中的am，did和have）

regular verb (in English grammar) a verb that has its three forms for the present, the past, and the past participle formed in the usual way规则动词（动词的现在时态、过去时态和过去分词的变化是规则的）ir-［neg］

modal verb/auxiliary any such verb forms as will would， may， might， etc 情态助动词（如will，would，may，might等）

phrasal verb a group of words acting as a verb and usu consisting of a verb with an adverbial or prepositional particle ［→G272］词组动词；短语动词：＇Get up＇ and ＇get by＇ are phrasal verbs.“get up”（起床）和“get by”（通过）都是词组／短语动词.

prepositional verb also 又作 fused phrasal verb a phrasal verb formed from a verb and a preposition, as in the sentence 'I came across （＝ met） an old friend last week.＇介词动词（由动词＋介词构成的词组／短语），如在“I came acrossan old friend last week”［上星期我碰到一个老朋友］这个句子里的 "came across”)

G272 nouns 名词：minor parts of speech

［C］次要词类

determiner/dr't3:minə/ a word that limits the meaning of a noun and comes before adjectives that describe the same noun 限定词： In the phrase 'his new car', the word 'his' is a determiner.在“his new car”这个短语里，“his”是限定词.

article /'a:tikəl/ either 'the' (definite article) or 'a, an' (indefinite article), two special kinds of determiner in English 冠词（定冠词“the”和不定冠词 ，an”是英语里两种特别的限定词.）

particle /'pa:tikal/ any of several kinds of usu short words, esp adverbs such as 'up'and ＇down＇， prepositions， and conjunctions 小品词（副词、介词、连词等）

preposition / prepə'zıfən/a word placed before

G273 GRAMMAR 语法

a noun or pronoun to show its connection with another word 介词；前置词：In ＇a house made of wood' and 'a man like my brother' the words＇of＇ and ＇like＇ are prepositions.在 “a house made of wood”（一所木头房子）和man like my brother”（一个像我弟弟的人）这两个短语里，“of”和“like”都是介词.prep-ositional [Wa5; B] as or having the nature of a preposition 介词的：In ＇He fell down＇ the word 'down' is an adverb, but in 'He fell down the stairs' there is a prepositional use of ＇down＇.在“He fell down”（他摔倒了）这个句子里，“down”是副词；但在“He fell down the stairs”（他沿着楼梯摔了下来）这个句子里，“down”用作介词．prepositional phrase 1 a group of words that acts as a preposition 短语介词：＇Because of＇ and ＇on top of＇ are prep-ositional phrases.“because of”（因为）和“on top of”（在···上面）都是短语介词．2 a phraseconsisting of a preposition and the noun following it 介词短语：＇In bed＇and ＇on top＇ are prepositional phrases.“in bed”（在床上）和“on top”（在顶上）都是介词短语.

conjunction /kən'd3ankfən/ a word such as 'but' or 'and' that connects parts of sentences, phrases，etc 连接词；连词（如“but”，“and”等）

pronoun /'prəunaun/ a word that is used in place of a noun or a noun phrase 代词： Instead of saying the man came' you can use a pronoun and say 'he came'. “the man came”这句话可以用代词说：“he came”.personalpronoun a word standing for a noun and used for showing the speaker, the one spoken to, or the one spoken of 人称代词：T＇，＇you＇and 'they' are personal pronouns. “I”,“you”, “they”都是人称代词．［■G264］demonstrative (pronoun) a pronoun that points out the one meant and makes clear that it is different from others of the same class 指示代词：This -that-these-those' can be demonstrative pronouns.“this-that-these-those”都可以做指示代词.relative pronoun a pronoun that relates or connects clauses, such as 'that' in ＇this is the book that I want＇（引导定语从句用的）关系代词（如在“this is the book that Iwant”句中，“that”就是关系代词）

intensifier /in'tensə,farə/ a word which makes an adjective stronger in feeling 强化词（用以加强形容词）：＇Very＇is an intensifier，as in ＇very good＇.“very”在“very good”中是强化词.

exclamation /,eksklə'meıfən/ the word(s) ex-pressing a sudden strong feeling 感叹语： 'Good heavens!' is an exclamation. “Good heavens！”（天啊！）是感叹语.

interjection /,ıntə'd3ekfən/ a word which ex-presses a sudden remark 感叹词：＇Oh！＇is an interjection.“Oh！”（噢！）是感叹词.

G273 nouns 名词： elements of sound in language ［C］语言中的语音成分

syllable /'siləbəl/ a word or part of a word which contains a vowel sound or a consonant acting

523

G274 GRAMMAR 语法

as a vowel 音节：There are two syllables in the word ＇button＇.“button”（钮扣）这个词有两个音节．syllabic ［Wa5；B］ of， concerning， having， or like a syllable or syllables（似）音节的-ally [adv Wa4] monosylabic [Wa5; B] 1 (of words） having only one syllable（指词）单音节的 2 （of persons） speaking only in words of one syllable （monosyllables）（指人）用单音节词讲话的-ally ［adv Wa4］polysyllabic［Wa5； B］ 1（of words） having many syllables（指词） 多音节的 2 （of persons） speaking mainly in words with many syllables（指人）主要用多音节词讲话的-ally［adv Wa4］

consonant' /'konsənənt/ 1 a speech sound made by partly or completely stopping the flow of air as it goes through the mouth 子音； 辅音2 a letter representing a consonant 子音字母；辅音字母 consonantal ［Wa5；B］ tech -ly [adv]

vowel /'vauəl/ 1 any one of the human speech sounds in which the breath is let out without any stop or any closing of the air passage in the mouth or throat and that can be heard 母音；元音：The sounds ／il and ／e／ are vowels.／i／ 和／e／都是元音．2 a letter used for representing any of these 母音字母；元音字母：The vowels inthe roman alphabet as used in English are a, e，i，o and u，and sometimes y.英语所使用的罗马字母中，a，e，i，o，u都是母音（元音）字母，y有时也是母音字母．vocalic ［Wa5；B］ tech． of， concerning， or like a vowel or vowels（似）母音（元音）的：vocalic speech sounds 母音；元音-ally[adv]

monophthong /'mpnəf,θpn/ a single vowel sound produced with the organs of speech remainíng in the same position 单母音；单元音

diphthong /'difθpn/1 a compound vowel sound made by moving the tongue from one vowel position to another 双元音：The vowel sound in＇my＇is a diphthong.“my”这个词中的元音是双元音．（注：“my”的元音是／ai／）2 also 又作digraph two letters that represent one sound, esp when written or printed close together（读作一个音的）复合元音字母（尤指连在一起书写或印刷者，如oe）

segment/'segmənt/ tech a small part of the flow of natural speech, usu a vowel or conso-nant sound， when separated from the rest 音段

phone/fəun/ tech a single sound made in speaking 单音

phoneme/'fəuni:m/ tech the smallest part or unit of speech that can be used to make a (part of a) word sound different from another that is the same in every other way 音素；音位： In English, the 'b' in 'big' and the 'p' in 'pig' are two different phonemes.在英语里，“big”一词中的“b”和“pig”一词中的 是两个不同的音素．phonemic［Wa5； B］ 1 （of a system of writing down speech sounds (= transcription)) using only one sign for each phoneme 一个音素只用一个音标表示的［→G238 PHONETIC］ 2 ofor connected with phonemes 音素的；音位的3 (of speech sounds) that are (different)

phonemes（指语音）不同音素的：In English，＇p＇ and＇b＇are phonemic.在英语中，“p”和“b”是不同的音素．-ally ［adv Wa4］ phonemics ［U］ the study and description of the phonemic systems of languages 音素学；音位学

G274 nouns 名词：elements，etc of

word-formation and word-use［C］构词法要素等与用词

base/beis/ the main, usu meaningful,part of a word on which other parts or other words are formed 词根；词干：＇Walk＇is the base of ＇walks＇.“walk”是“walks”的词根.The word 'directorship' is formed on the verb base ＇direct＇ and has two suffixes.“directorship”一词是由动词词根“direct”和两个后缀 和“-ship”）构成的.

root／ru：t／1 loose abase 词根；词干2 precise the part of a word, often no longer having a meaning, on which it was formed long ago 词根：In the words ＇direct＇ and ＇receive＇ the parts ＇rect＇ and ＇ceive＇ are roots.在“direct”和“receive”这两个词里，“rect”和“ceive”是词根.

affix/'æfiks/ a group of letters or sounds added to the beginning or end of a word or base to change its meaning or its use (as in untie, misunderstood，kindness，quickly）词缀（包括前缀、后缀，如 untie，misunderstood，kindness， quickly等词中的斜体部分）

prefix /'pri:,fiks/ an affix that is placed at the beginning of a word or base 前缀：＇Re-＇mean-ing 'again' is a prefix in 're-fill/refill'. 的意思是“再；重新”，在“re-fill／refill”（再注满）词中是前缀.

suffix/'sAfiks/ an affix that is paced at the end of the word 后缀： In the word ＇directorship＇， ＇-or＇ and ＇-ship＇ are suffixes. 在“directorship”一词中，“-or”和“-ship”是后缀.

infix /'mn,fiks/ an affix that is placed inside a base form 中缀（置于词根内部的词缀）

complex word a word that is made up of a base or root and one or more affixes 合成词（由一个词干或词根和一个或多个词缀组成的词）：'Directorship' is a complex word. “director-ship”是一个合成词.

compound (word) /'kompaund (w3:d)/ a combination of two or more words that together form a new word with its own mean-ing 复合词（由两个或多个词构成的新词）：Every-Apoq, puo Məna, fo punodwoo v s! Apoq and 'teapot' is a compound of 'tea' and ＇pot＇.“everybody”是由“every”和“body”构成的复合词；“teapot”是由“tea”和“pot”构成的复合词.

combining form also 又作 compound（ing） element a form that combines with a word or part of a word to make a new word, but is not usu considered to be an affix 结合式构词成分（通常用以区别于词缀）；组合语素；复合形式：The combining form 'Russo-' combines with 'American' to make the compound word

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＇Russo-American＇.构词成分“Russo-”和“American”结合成一个复合词“Russo-American”（俄美的）.Some people regard '-able'as a suffix; others consider it to be the combining form of the adjective ＇able＇.有些人把“-able”看作后缀，另一些人则把它看作是形容词“able”的构词成分.

abbreviation /ə,bri:vr'erfən/ a shortened form of a word, often one used in writing (such as Mr）词的缩写式；缩略语（如Mr）［→G161］

acronym /'ækrənim/ a word made up from the first letters of the name of something, espan organization (such as NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization）首字母缩略词（如“NATO”来自“North Atlantic Treaty Organization”［北大西洋公约组织］）

archaism/a:'kei-Izəm/ a word or phrase no longer in general use 古词；古语 archaic ［B］of or concerning an archaism（词语）古体的；过时的-ally ［adv Wa4］

General grammatical words

一般语法用词

G280 personal pronouns 人称代词

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Person人称 | Gender性 | Subject主格 | Object宾格 |
| 1st第一人称 | - | sing单数 | pl复数 | sing单数 | pl复数 |
| 1我 | we我们 | me我 | us我们 |
| 2nd第二人称 | - | you你／你们 |
| 3rd第三人称 | masculine阳性 | he他 | they他（她、它）们 | him他 | them他（她、它）们 |
| feminine阴性 | she她 | her她 |
| neuter中性 | 让它 | 廿它 |
| impersonal泛指的 | one任何人 | - | one任何人 | - |

G281 GRAMMATICAL WORDS 语法词

G281 possessive pronouns &

adjectives 所有格的代词和形容词

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Person人称 | Gender性 | Adjectival形容词的 | Predicative表语的 |
| 1st第一人称 | - | sing单数 | p1复数 | sing单数 | p1复数 |
| my我的 | our我们的 | mine我的 | ours我们的 |
| 2nd第二人称 | - | your你（们）的 | yours你（们）的 |
| 3rd第三人称 | masculine阳性 | his他的 | their他（她、它）们的 | his他的 | theirs他（她、它）们的 |
| feminine阴性 | her她的 | hers她的 |
| neuter中性 | its它的 | its它的 |
| impersonal泛指的 | one's任何人的 | - | one's任何人的 | - |

own /əun/1 usu emph (after possessive pronoun) belonging to or concerning a particular person； not concerning other people（常在所有格的代词后）自己的：This is my own book，nottheirs.这是我自己的书，不是他们的.This book ishis own， not hers.这本书是他自己的，不是她的.Mind your own business (= Don't try to find out about things which do not concern you). 别管闲事．2 by or for oneself 自己做的；为了自己的：She makes her own clothes.她的衣服都是自己做的.Cook your own food；I won＇t cook for you！自己做饭吧，我不会给你做的！

personal /'p3:sənəl/1[Wa5] concerning, belong-ing to, or for the use of a particular person; private 私人的；个人的： That is father＇s personal chair.那是父亲个人用的椅子.The letter wasmarked ＇personal＇．信上注明了“亲启”的字样．2[Wa5] done or made directly by a particular person，not by a representative 亲自的；本人所做的：The minister made a personal visit to the scene of the fighting．部长亲自视察了战斗现场．3［Wa5］ of the body or appearance 身体的；容貌的：Personal cleanliness is important for health.个人卫生对健康很重要.（fml）She is awoman of great personal beauty.她是一个容貌很美的女人．4a（of things said） directed against (the appearance or character of) a

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