Which brands of coffee do you sell？ 你出售哪些牌子的咖啡？ This is a new brand； is it good？这是新牌子，你觉得它好吗？

production /prə'dakfən/ [U] 1 the action of producing or making products 生产；制造：This used to be an important town for the production of cloth by hand.这里以往是手工织布业的重镇.The costs of production have increased．生产成本提高了．2 the amount produced by this means 产量：Production has increased in the last few weeks.最近几周产量增加了.

fabrication/fæbrr'kerfən/1[U] the act of fabri-cation 制造；捏造；伪造；虚构．2［C］something fabricated，esp to deceive 伪造物；虚构的事物（尤指为了进行欺骗而捏造的）：His story is acomplete fabrication; what he said isn't true. 他叙述的事纯属捏造，他的话都是假的.

output /'aut,put/ [U] the amount of things produced，work done，etc 产量：The factory＇s output is very high／low.该工厂的产量很高／低.

I3 verbs 动词：building and constructing 建筑与建造

[ALSO→D1-3]

build/bild/ [D1 (for); T1: (out of); IØ] 1 to make (one or more things) by putting pieces together 建筑；建造：He built the house himself.他亲手盖起这座房子.The house is builtout of stone.这房子是用石头盖的.What does hedo？-He builds（houses）.他干什么活？-盖房子. She built him a model ship out of wood. 她用木头替他做了一只船模型．2［T1（up）］ tobring into being or develop 建立；发展；增强： Reading builds the mind.阅读培养思想.This good food will build you up (= make you strong）.这种营养食品可以增进健康.

construct/kən'strakt/ [T1] esp fml to build, esp according to a plan（尤指按计划）建造；修建：How exactly will you construct a boat like that？你到底打算怎样建造那样的一条船？

erect/r'rekt/ [T1] fml 1 to build or establish (a solid thing which was not there before）建立； 树立；建造：She erected a stone at the head of her husband＇s grave.她在丈夫墓前立起一块石碑.This hospital was erected by Queen Charlotte. 这医院是夏洛特皇后建立的．2 to fix or place inan upright position (a solid thing which was lying flat）竖起；竖立：They erected their tents near the river.他们在河边搭起帐篷.

assemble /ə'sembəl/ [T1] to put (something) together out of various pieces or parts 装配（机器等）：He assembled the boat himself， from parts which his friend made.他用友人制造的零件自己装配成这只小船.

put together [v adv T1] often infml to form; make a group or single thing out of 装配；拼拢； 拼合；使构成整体：He put the machine together himself.他自己装配这台机器.

put up ［v adv T1］ infml to raise，erect 建立；竖立： They put up the tents near the river.他们在河

I5 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

旁搭起帐篷.

knock up [v adv T1] BrE infml to build, put together 搭起；建造；拼合：He knocked up the house in less than a year.不到一年他就盖起这座房子.

[ALSO→D1-3]

building /'bildn/ [U] the art or business of making objects such as houses 建筑术；建筑业： He is in the building trade.他干建筑这一行.

construction/kən'strakfən/ 1 [U] the act or manner of constructing 建造；施工；建设；结构： There are two new hotels near here under construction.附近正在盖两家新旅馆.A chair isan object of simple construction.椅子的结构很简单．2 ［U］ the business or work of building； the building industry 建筑业；建筑工程：My husband works in the construction industry. 我丈夫从事建筑业.Wages in constructionare very good．建筑业的工资很高．3［C］something constructed，esp a building 建造物；（尤指）建筑物：This new bank seems a very strange construction.这新银行是幢外形十分奇特的建筑物.

erection/r'rekfən/1 [U] the act or factof build-ing something 建立；建筑：The erection of the new hospital so near the main road was a mistake.新医院盖在靠大街如此近的地方是个错误.2［C］ sometimes deprec a building 建筑物：The new college building is a most peculiar erec-tion.新建的学院大楼是幢十分古怪的建筑物.

assembly /ə'sembli/ [U] the action of assem-bling 装配：This factory is only for the assem-bly of cars from parts made in other factories. 这家工厂只是将其它厂家制造的部件装配成汽车.

I5 verbs 动词：shaping ànd modelling 塑造与仿制

shape/Jeip/1 [D1 from/into; V3] to make in a particular way（用特别的方法）做成；制成；塑造：The bird shaped its nest from mud and sticks. 鸟用泥土和枝条筑巢.The bird shaped mud andsticks into a nest．鸟将泥土和枝条筑成雀巢．2［T1］（fig） to influence the form of 定型；影响： He is a powerful person who can shape events.他是个能左右大局的权势人物.

form/fo:m/ 1 [IØ] to be made or shaped; appear；develop 形成；产生：Steam forms when water boils.水煮沸之后就形成蒸汽.A planbegan to form in his mind.一个计划开始在他脑海里形成．2［L1］to take the shape of 具有···的形状：The school buildings formed a hollow square，with a playground in the middle.校舍呈中空的四方形，中央为运动场．3［X9］to make（something solid） 制作；造成：People in far northern countries sometimes form small

I4 nouns 名词： building and constructing 建筑与建造

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houses out of blocks of ice.极北国家的人有时用冰块盖小房子．4［T1］to develop as a result of thought，effort，experience，or training 培养； 养成：School helps to form a child＇s character. 学校有助于培养孩子的品性.They formed afriendship.他们建立了友谊.Children should form good habits．孩子应养成良好的习惯．5［T1］to make according to rule 构（词）；造（句）：He can＇t form a correct sentence in English.他不会造一句正确的英语句子.The past tense of＇look＇ is formed by adding-ed.“look”后面加-ed 构成其过去时．6［T1］ to make up；gather together；arrange 组成；组织： Let＇s form a club. 让我们组织一个俱乐部.The new chief ministeris forming his govemnment mainly from younger men.新总理正计划组成一个以年轻人为主的新政府．7［L1］ to be； be the substance of 是；构成：Flour，eggs，fat， and sugar form the main contents of a cake.面粉、鸡蛋、油脂和糖是蛋糕的主要成分．8［T1；L9］ to （cause to）stand or move in （a certain order）（使）编成； （使）排成；（使）列队：The men formed a chain to pass the goods from the carts to the boats. 人们排成一列把货物从车上传到小船上.Theteacher formed her class into 5 rows．教师把班上的学生排成五行.The soldiers formed into aline.士兵们排成一行.

fashion /'fæfən/ [Wv5; X9] to shape or make (something into or out of something else) usually with one's hands or with only a few tools（通常用双手或仅用很少工具）制作；形成：Hefashioned a hat out of leaves.他用树叶编成帽子.He fashioned some leaves into a hat.他用树叶制成帽子.It was a little hut fashioned from cake and sweets.这是一所用糕点和糖果砌成的小屋.

mould BrE, mold AmE /məuld/ [T1] 1 to shape or form （something solid） 把···放在模子里铸造；铸成：He moulded the figure inclay.他用模子做泥塑人像.She moulded thepieces of soft bread into balls.她把小块软面包捏成圆球．2（fig）to shape or form （character， behaviour，etc）形成（性格）；陶冶：His character has been moulded more by his experiences in life than by the education he got at school.他的性格是由他的生活经历，而非他所受的学校教育形成的.

model /'mpdəl/ [T1] to shape (something usu solid） out of something soft（用某些软物质）塑造：He modelled her head in clay.他用陶土塑造她的头像.model oneself （up）on someone to try to be like another person 仿效某人［ALSO 148]

I6 nouns 名词：shapes and models 形状与模型

shape/feip/ 1 [C;(U)] the outline or form of something that is seen 形状；外形；样子：Houses come（＝ are built） in all shapes and sizes.房屋有各种形状与大小.She made the cake in theshape of a heart.她把蛋糕做成心形.We saw a

shape through the mist but we couldn't see who it was.我们在雾中看到一个人影，但看不清他是谁．2［U］（fig） the organization or form in which something is expressed, run, thought, etc（表达、经营、思考某种事物的）形式：Whatshape will future society have？未来社会会具有什么形态？3［U9］condition 状态；情况：Ourgarden is in good shape after the rain.雨后我们花园状况良好．4［S］a way of appearing； form 外形；形式：He was ready to meet danger in any shape.他随时准备面对各种危险.He had somegood luck in the shape of an offer of a job.他挺走运，找到了一份工作.-less［B］-lessly［adv］ -lessness [U]

form/fo:m/1[C;U] shape; appearance; body; figure；image 外形；形态；体形；形式：She has a tall graceful form.她身材修长，体态优美.In theearly morning light we could just see the dark forms of the mountains.晨曦中我们只能见到山峦阴暗的轮廓.Churches are often built in the form of a cross.教堂常常建成十字形.Whenwater freezes it takes the form of ice.水遇冻便结成冰.In the beginning the earth was without form．混沌初开时，地球还没有成形．2［C （of）］ageneral plan or arrangement; system; kind or sort; way something shows or expresses itself 方式；制度；体制：Different countries have different forms of govemment.不同国家有不同的政府体制.A picture book is a suitable form of gift for a young child.把图画书送给孩子作礼物十分合适.This disease takes the form of high fever and sickness for several days.这种疾病的症状是连续几天发高烧和不舒服.She dislikes thisform of exercise．她不喜欢这种练习方式．3［U］the way in which a work of art is puttogether （文艺等的）体裁；样式；形式：Some writers aremasters of form, but the contents of their books aren＇t interesting.有些作家对形式的掌握已炉火纯青，但作品的内容乏味无趣．4［U；C］(a) way in which a word may be written or spoken as a result of variations in spelling or pronunciation， according to some rule（语法） 一字的读音或拼写形式；词形：There are twoforms of the past of 'to dream': 'dreamed' and 'dreamt'. They are different in form but not in meaning. “to dream”的过去时有两种形式：“dreamed”与“dreamt”.它们词形不同，但意义相同.

pattern /'pætən/ [C] 1 a regularly repeated arrangement (esp of lines, shapes, or colours on a surface, with ornamental effect, or of sounds，words，etc）图案；花样：The cloth has a pattern of red and white squares.这块布有红白方格的图案.Meals here follow a set pattern.这里的膳食总是老一套．2 the way in which some-thing happens or develops 方式；形式：The illness is not following its usual pattern.这病的症状有点异乎寻常．3 a small piece of cloththat shows what a large piece (of normal sie) will look like 布样 4 a shape used as a guide for making something, esp a a piece of paper used to judge the shape of a part of a garment （服装裁剪的）纸样 b a.piece of wood used toset the shape of metal parts of machinery,

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made by a man (patternmaker) in a special room（pattern shop） in a factory（浇铸用的） 模；模型 5 ［（of）usu sing］ a person or thing that is an excellent example to copy 模范；榜样； 典范：This company is a pattern of what a good company should be.这公司是好公司的典范.

mould BrE, mold AmE /məuld/1 [C] a hollow vessel of metal, stone, glass, etc, having a particular shape into which melted metal or some soft substance is poured so that when the substance becomes cool or hard it takes this shape 模子；铸模2［C usu sing；U］ esp lit (a person's) character, nature, etc, considered as having been shaped by family, education, experience，etc（人的）性格；气质：He＇s made in his father's mould (= He is very much like his father）.他的性格和父亲十分相似.

model /'mpdəl/ 1 [C (of)] a small represen-tation or copy （of something）模型；雏型：On this table you can see a model of the new theatre that＇s going to be built in this town.在这桌上，你能看到本城将兴建的新剧院的模型.Thelittle boy enjoys making models.这小男孩喜欢制作模型．2［C（of）usu sing］ BrE a person or thing exactly, or almost exactly like another, but not always of the same size 极相似的人（或东西）：She＇s a perfect model of her aunt.她活像她姑母．3［C（of）］ apprec a person or thing that can serve as a perfect example or pattern, worthy to be followed or copied 模范；典型；榜样；楷模：This young man is a model of all that a good army officer should be.这青年是优秀军官的典范.This pupil＇s written work is a model of care and neatness.这学生的作业做得很细心而整洁，是其他同学的榜样.

motif/məu'ti:f/[C] a main pattern in art, music, etc, esp one that is found, heard, etc, again and again in the same or slightly different form（文艺作品、音乐等的）主题；主旨

I7 verbs 动词：inventing and designing 发明与设计

invent /in'vent/ [T1;Iø] to make for the first time （esp a new or original thing or idea）发明；创造：Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876．亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔于1876 年发明电话．inventive ［B］ having the ability to invent 有发明才能的；有创造力的：Thatchild has an inventive mind.那孩子很有创造性.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

think up ［v adv T1］ infml to invent 发明；想出来： How did you manage to think that idea up? 你是怎么想出那个主意的？It＇s just something hethought up in his bath.这只是他在洗澡时想出的主意.

formulate/'fo:mjuleit/[T1] 1 to invent and prepare （a plan，suggestion，etc）制定；构想；准备（计划、建议等）：The government are formu-lating some new plans for decreasing unem-ployment．政府正在拟订减少失业的新计划．2 toexpress in a short clear form 对···作简洁陈述；

I9 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

清楚扼要地表达：He＇s a man of many ideas，butmost of them are useless, because he can never formulate them well enough for others to understand them.他是个主意很多的人，但大多数主意都没用，因为他总是不能把自己的想法说清楚，让别人都明白．formulation 1［U］ the act or result of formulating 制定；明确的陈述2［C］an example of this; something formulated;(tech) an idea or plan 制定出来的事物；想法；计划

design /dr'zain/1 [T1; IØ] to make a drawing or pattern of (something); draw the plans for （something）绘制图样；设计；构思：She designs dresses for a famous shop.她为一家著名的商店设计女装.She designs for a famous shop.她替一家著名商店设计图样．2［X9；V3：often pass］ todevelop for a certain purpose or use 为···而设／ 做：This book is designed for use in colleges. 这本书是供大学使用的.The weekend party wasdesigned to bring the two leaders together.举行周末晚会目的是使两位领袖会面．3［T1］toimagine and plan out in the mind 拟定；筹划： He designed the perfect crime.他策划了那个毫无破绽的罪案.

pioneer /,parə'nə/1 [T1] to begin or help in the early development of 开辟；开拓；倡导：Our grandfathers pioneered this country.我们的祖先开拓了这个国家.He pioneered the use of thisnew drug．他首先使用这种新药．2［IØ］to act as apioneer［→D63］做先驱者；做先锋；作拓荒者：Asa young man he pioneered in America.他年轻时曾到美洲拓荒.

I8 nouns 名词：inventing and designing 发明与设计

invention/in'venfən/1 [U] the act of invention or being invented 发明；创造：He is responsible for the invention of the atomic bomb.他是原子弹的发明者．2［U］cleverness，esp at making or thinking of things 创造力；发明才能：He has great powers of invention.他有卓越的发明才能.3［C］ something invented 发明物：Radio is a great invention.无线电是一项伟大的发明.Hisinventions have made him famous.他发明的东西使他出了名.

design /dr'zain/ [C] 1 a drawing or pattern showing how something is to be made 设计；图样；图案：This design for the new building looks good on paper，but will it work？新建筑物的设计在图纸上看起来很好，但它能行得通吗？2a plan in the mind 计划；目的；意图

style/stail/ [C] the way in which something is made，shaped，etc 式样；款式；风格；作风：I like the style of that dress.我喜欢那件衣服的式样.We have shoes in many styles; which style do you like？我们有许多款式的鞋子；你喜欢哪一种？

19 verbs 动词：copying and forging 复制与伪造

copy/'kopi/1 [T1(for)] to make something which is exactly like (another usu stated

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thing）抄写；誊写；影印；复制：Please copy this letter twice for me．请替我把这封信抄两份．2[T1] to follow (someone or something) as a standard or pattern 模仿；仿效：She always copies the way I dress; what I wear today she wears tomorrow.她老是模仿我的衣着，我今天穿什么，她明天就穿什么．3［T1；IØ：（from，off）］ deprec to cheat by writing or doing (exactly the same thing） as someone else 抄袭：You copied this work off him! I know because you've made exactly the same mistakes.If I find you copying again， I＇ll puish you.作业是你从他那里抄来的！我知道是因为你们错得完全一样.如果我发现你再抄袭，我就要惩罚你.

photocopy /'fəutəukppi/ [T1] to make a photo-copy［■I10］of影印

imitate /'məteit/ [T1] 1 to copy the behaviour or way of doing things of （a person）模仿；仿效···的行为：He imitates the way his father does things．他学他父亲做事的方法．2 usu infmlto appear like （something else） 仿造： It＇s plas-tic，made to imitate leather.这是仿皮革的塑料.

reproduce / ri:prə'dju:s/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) produce a copy (of); cause to be seen or heard again（使）复制；（使）重作；（使）再现：Iwonder if this photograph will reproduce？我不知道这张照片翻拍的效果如何.He reproducedthe painting by photography.他用照相复制这幅画.That recording doesn＇t reproduce his voice very well.他的声音在那录音中有点失真.Theycan reproduce the sound of thunder in the theatre.他们能在剧院里制造打雷的音响效果.

pattern /'pætən/1 [X9, esp after, on, upon] to make according to a pattern； copy exactly 仿照；模仿；摹拟：This village in Wales is patterned on one in Italy.这个威尔士村庄是仿照一个意大利村庄建造的.He pattemned himselfupon a man he admired.他处处模仿他崇拜的那个人．2 ［T1 （with）］ to make an ornamental pattern on 以图案装饰；给···加上花样：The sunpatterned the grass with light and shade.阳光在草地上投下明暗交织的图案.

recreate / ri:krr'eit/ [T1] to make (something) （as if） for a second time 再创造；再创作：Hehas managed to recreate the old way of build-ing houses here.他设法恢复了这里过去造房子的方法.The film tries to recreate life in ancient Greece.这部电影试图重现古希腊的生活.

fake/ferk/1 [T1] to make or change (some-thing, such as a work of art or an account) so that it appears to be better, more valuable, etc，than it really is 伪造；编造；捏造：I thought the painting was old，but it had been faked.我原以为这是幅古画，其实它是赝品.She faked thefacts a little in order to get the job.她把事实稍作改动，以便得到这个工作．2［T1；IØ］ infml topretend 假装：She faked illness so that she wouldn＇t need to go out.她假装有病，这样就不必外出了.I thought he was telling the truth， but he was faking.我以为他是在说真话，但其实是装出来的.

falsify /'forlsifar/ [T1] 1 to make false as by changing something 窜改（文件等）；篡改；伪造：falsify the receipts／facts 伪造收据／事实 2 to

state or represent falsely 伪称；虚构；歪曲falsification ［U；C］（an） act of falsifying 窜改； 篡改；伪造；虚构

forge/fo:d3/[Wv5; T1; IØ] to make a copy of (something, such as banknotes, documents, signatures， etc） in order to deceive（为了欺骗而）伪造（钞票、文件、签名等）；假冒：He got themoney dishonestly, by forging his brother's signature on a cheque.他在支票上伪造他哥哥的签名，以不正当手段得到了这笔钱.He was sent toprison for forging.他因伪造罪而入狱.

I10 nouns 名词：copying and forging 复制与伪造

[ALSO → 145 PICTURES, PAINTINGS, DRAWINGS]

copy/'kppi/[C] a thing made to be exactly like another 抄本；副本；复制品：He asked hissecretary to make him four copies of the letter.他叫秘书把信复制四份副本.It is a copy ofa famous painting.这是一幅名画的复制品.

photocopy/'fəutəukppi/ [C] a photographic copy of an official letter， a drawing， etc 影印本imitation /,ımə'teıfən/1[U] the act of imitating or being imitated 模仿；仿效；效法2［C］a copy of something or of someone or of someone's behaviour，etc 仿制品；伪造物；赝品：This material is an imitation of leather.这块料子是仿皮.

reproduction ／ ri：prə＇dakfən／ 1［U］copying 复制；复写；仿造：The quality of reproduction isn＇t very good on this recording.这录音的录制质量不高．2［C］ a copy， esp of a work of art， less exact than a replica 复制品（尤指艺术品，其质量不如摹本）：a cheap reproduction of a great painting一幅名画的廉价复制品

replica /'replikə/ [C] a close copy, esp of a painting or other work of art, often made by the same artist（尤指由原作者自己按照前一作品复制而成的）复制品；摹本

facsimile /fæk'sıməli/ [C] an exact copy as of a picture or piece of writing（和原件一模一样的） 摹本；（精确的）复制品；传真件

fake/ferk/[C] a thing or person that is not what he or it looks like 赝品；冒牌货；骗子；冒充的人：The painting looked old but it was a recent fake.这画看起来很古老，但它是最近才伪造出来的.I thought he was a priest but he was a fake and robbed me.我以为他是个牧师，但他却是个冒牌货，还抢劫了我.

forgery/'fo:d3əri/ 1 [U] the act of forging something, such as banknotes, documents, signatures，etc 伪造（钞票、文件、签名等）；伪造罪：He was sent to prison for forgery.他因犯伪造罪而入狱．2［C］ an example of this；some-thing forged 伪造品；赝品：Those pound notes are forgeries.那些英镑是伪钞.

sham/fæm/ [S] something false pretending to be the real thing；a piece of deceit 赝品；虚假的事；欺诈：The agreement was a sham；neither side intended to keep to it.协定是假的；哪一方都不打算遵守.

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I11 adjectives 形容词：natural and real ［B］ 天然的与真实的

natural /'nætfərəl/ not caused, made, or con-trolled by people 自然的；天然的；非人为的：Thiscountry has great natural mineral wealth.这个国家拥有丰富的天然矿物资源.The furniture isall finished in natural colours.家具全都涂上清漆，呈天然色.un-［neg］-ly［adv］-ness［U］

real／＇riəl／ actually existing； true not false 真实的；实在的；真的；真正的：Is your ring brass orreal gold？ 你的戒指是黄铜的还是真金的？Whatwas the real reason for your absence？你缺席的真正原因是什么？The real amount was only£50．实数是五十英镑．-ly［adv］-ness［U］

genuine /'d3enjumn/1 (of an object) real; really what it seems to be（指东西）真正的；名副其实的；表里一致的：This picture has proved to be genuine and not a copy.这幅画经证明是真的，不是复制品．2（of feelings） real， not pretended （指感情）真诚的；真心的；非伪装的：He seems tohave a genuine interest in helping the chil-dren.他看来真心想帮助孩子们.-ly ［adv］-ness[U]

authentic /o:'θentik/ known to have been made, painted, written, etc, by the person who is claimed to have done it 真迹的；真正的：This is an authentic painting of Rembrandt＇s.这幅画是伦勃朗的真迹．in-［neg］-ally ［adv Wa4］au-thenticate [T1 usu pass] to prove (something) to be authentic 鉴定···是真的；证明···是真正的；证实：Now that this painting has been authen-ticated as Rembrandt's, it's worth ten times as much as I paid for it.既然这幅画已证实为伦勃朗的真迹，那末它的价值就十倍于我买来的价钱了.authentication [U] authenticity [U9] the quality of being true or of being made, painted， written，etc， by the person claimed 可靠性；确实性；真实性：The painting＇s authenticity is not in doubt； it is a real Rembrandt.这幅画的真实性毋庸置疑，它是伦勃朗的真迹.

I12 adjectives 形容词：not natural［B］非天然的

artificial /,a:tr'fifəl/ 1 made by man; not natural 人工的；人造的；非天然的：There were some arti-ficial flowers on the table．桌上有几朵假花．2 made to take the place of a natural product, esp a clothing material 人造的（尤指衣料）：The dress was of artificial silk.这件衣服是用人造丝做的．3 lacking true feelings； insincere； unreal 不自然的；做作的；虚假的；不真诚的：Shewelcomed him with an artificial smile.她装出笑容来欢迎他.-ly［adv］-ity［U］

synthetic /sin'Oetik/ [Wa5] tech artificial, esp of cloth 人造的；合成的（尤指布料）：This is asynthetic cloth；it isn＇t real wool.这是合成织品， 不是真羊毛的．-ally［adv Wa4］

imitation /,ımə'teıfən/ [Wa5] being a copy of something better 仿制的；人造的：This is

I14 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

imitation leather.这是人造革.This material is imitation; it isn't natural leather and it isn't. as good.这种材料是仿制品，不是真皮，不如真皮那么好.

man-made /'mæn,meid/ [Wa5] 1 produced by the work of man； not found in nature 人工造成的；人工的：This lake is man-made； there used to be a valley here until they changed the course of the river.这是个人工湖，在河流被改道以前这里是一个山谷．2（of materials） not madefrom natural substances, like wool or cotton but from combinations of chemicals; synthetic （指物质）合成的；人造的：Nylon is a man-madefibre.尼龙是合成纤维.

contrived/kən'trarvd/ often deprec not natural 不自然的；做作的：His writing is very contrved； his characters never speak in a natural way. 他的作品十分做作，他笔下的人物说话都不自然.

acquired/ə'kwarəd/[Wa5] having been special-ly or carefully learnt and therefore not natural 学到的；（通过学习等）获得的：His way of speak-ing is acquired; he didn't speak like that when we were at school.他说话的样子是后来学的，过去我们上学时他不那样讲话.Beer is an acquiredtaste；it takes time to begin to enjoy it. 喝啤酒是要学的，要过一段时间才会开始爱喝.

I13 adjectives 形容词：not real［B］ 不真实的

false／fo：ls／1 not real 假的：He has false teeth． 他镶了假牙.The diamonds she wears are false. 她戴的钻石是假的．2 made or changed so as todeceive（为了欺骗）经过改动的；不正确的：Thefalse weights made the goods appear heavier than they were.重量不足的砝码使货品称起来比实际的要重.-sity，-ness［U］

fake/ferk/[Wa5] not fml made and intended to deceive 冒充的；伪造的：He gave them fake money.他给了他们假钞票.The money was allfake.这些钱全是假的.

bogus／＇bəugəs／ not fml ＆ usu derog false 伪造的；伪的；假的：His whole story is bogus； don＇t believe it.他说的那一套全是假的，别信.

sham /fæm/ [Wa5] not fml false but made to look or seem real 假的；虚伪的：This is a sham agreement; neither side intends to keep to it. 这是个假协定，双方都无意遵守.

I14 verbs 动词：destroying and demolishing 破坏和拆除

[ALSO→N338]

destroy /dr'stroi/ 1 [T1; IØ] to tear down or apart; put an end to the existence or effec-tiveness of （something）破坏；摧毁；毁灭：The enemy destroyed the city.敌人破坏了这座城市.The storm has destroyed my crops.暴风雨毁坏了我的庄稼.（fig）He destroyed all her hopes. 他毁了她一切的希望．2［T1］to kill（esp animals

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in homes，farms，or zoos［→A42］）杀死（尤指家中、农场或动物园里的动物）；毁灭：The dog ismad and ought to be destroyed.这只狗疯了，该把它杀掉.

demolish /dr'mplif [T1] to destroy, pull or tear down 拆毁（建筑物）；破坏：They＇ve demolished that old building and put up a new one.他们已拆了那座旧楼，另盖了一幢新的.（fig）We＇vedemolished all his arguments and he has nothing more to say.我们已推翻了他的一切论据，他无话可说了.

dismantle /dis'mæntl/1 [T1] to take (a machine or article） to pieces 拆卸；拆散（机器、物件）：They dismantled the engine.他们拆卸了发动机. 2 [IØ] (of a machine or article) to be able to be taken to pieces（指机器或物件）能被拆卸；可拆开：The engine will dismantle easily.这台发动机很容易拆卸．3［T1］ to take away themachines, furniture, etc, from (a building or ship）拆除（建筑物或船的）机器、家具等：Theydismantled the factory.他们把工厂的机器拆掉.

take apart [v adv T1] to take (something) to pieces 拆开；拆卸（机器等）：He took themachine apart， then put it together again.他把机器拆开，然后又把它安装起来.

pull down [v adv T1] genl & not fml to break in pieces and destroy （something built）拆掉（房屋等）：Half the houses in the street are being pulled down to make room for the new post office.为给新邮局腾出地方，街上有一半房子正在拆掉.

tear down [v adv T1] esp emot to pull down violently（猛烈地）拆毁：Half the houses in the street have been torn down to make room for an ugly new building！为了建一幢难看的新大楼，竟把这条街一半的房屋拆了！

break up [v adv] 1 [T1] to break (something) completely into pieces 打碎；拆散：His business is breaking up old cars. 他的职业是拆旧汽车.He broke up the wooden boxes and put the pieces on the fire.他把这些木箱拆成木板，用来生火．2 ［IØ］ to come to an end， usu in a bad way 结束；终止（一般指不幸的结局）：Their marriagehas broken up.他们的婚姻已告破裂.

I15 nouns 名词： destroying and

demolishing 破坏与拆毁

destruction /dr'strakfən/ [U] 1 the act of de-stroying or state of being destroyed 毁灭；消灭； 破坏：The destruction of the forest by fire was a terrible thing.烧毁森林是一件可怕的事情.Thearmy left the enemy town in a state of complete destruction.大军把敌人的城镇完全毁坏．2 that which destroys 毁灭性的东西；毁灭的原因：Pride was her destruction for it caused the loss of all her friends.自负是她的致命伤，令她失去了所有的朋友.

demolition /,demə'lifən/ 1 [U] the action of demolishing 拆毁；破坏（指行动）：They ordered the demolition of the old building.他们下令拆掉旧楼．2［C］a case of this 拆毁；破坏（指事例）：There were several demolitions in our street.

我们街上有好几个地方在拆楼.

breakup /'breik,Ap/ [C (of)] the destruction or end by destruction （of something）破裂；分裂； 崩溃瓦解；解散：The breakup of their marriage after 15 years was sad．他们的婚姻在十五年后破裂了，真令人难过.

I16 verbs 动词：changing，adapting，and transforming 变化，适应与改造

[ALSO→I20]

change/tfeind3/1 [Wv5;T1; IØ] to (cause to) become different（使）改变；（使）变动：In autumn the leaves change from green to brown.秋天树叶由绿变黄.You＇ve changed such a lot since I last saw you.上次见面之后，你变了好多.You＇ll never persuade me to change my feelings for him.你怎么劝我，我对他的感情也不会改变.He＇s been a changed man since his wife died．太太死后，他变成了另一个人．2［T1(for)] to give, take, or put something in place of （something else）， usu of the same kind 更换（通常相同种类的东西）：It＇s time you changedthe oil in your car.你该给你的汽车换润滑油了.Her new dress didn't fit so she took it back to the shop and changed it（for another）.她的新衣服不合身，所以她把它拿回商店去换一件．3［IØ(into, out of); T1] to put (different clothes) on oneself 换（衣服）：I＇m just going to change into something more comfortable.我正准备去换一件较为舒适的衣服.Why does it take you solong to change your clothes？你换衣服怎么要那么久？The members of the team were in the changing room after the match.比赛后队员们在更衣室里．4［T1］ to put （fresh clothes or coverings） on a baby， child， bed，etc 给婴孩或儿童换上（干净衣服）；给床换（床单）：I change thesheets once a week．我每周换一次床单．5［T1］toput fresh clothes or coverings on (a baby, child，bed，etc）给（婴儿或儿童）换上干净的衣服；给（床）换床单等：How often do you change your bed？你隔多长时间换一次床单？6［T1］toexchange （two things） 交换：Change places with me, please; I'd like to sit next to the window.请你和我掉换一下座位，我喜欢坐在靠窗的地方.She＇s just changed jobs.她刚转了工作.He changes sides in arguments！他在辩论中改变了立场！7［IØ（from，to）；T1］ to leave and enter (different vehicles) in order to continue or complete a journey换（车、船等）；换乘（交通工具）：（All） change here（for London）！（去伦敦的旅客）在此换车！I had to change fromatrain to a bus for part of the journey.我旅途中有一段必须下火车转乘汽车.change hands to gofrom the ownership of one person to another 易手：My car had only changed hands twice before I bought it.我买这辆汽车之前，汽车只转过两次手.change one＇s mind to come to have a new opinion 改变主意：I used to dislike him very much but now I've changed my mind and quite like him.我过去非常讨厌他，但现在我已改变了看法，很喜欢他了.

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alter /'o:ltə/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) be or become different; to change from one state to another （使）改变；（使）变动；变更：I altered my plans， and went to France last month instead of this month.我改变了计划，上个月就去了法国，而不是这个月才去.He has altered a lot since last I saw him；he looks much older now. 自从上次我看见他以来，他变化很大；现在他看起来老了很多.Can you alter this dress for me, to make it longer／shorter？你能替我把这件衣服改一下，放长／改短一点吗？

adapt /ə'dæpt/ [T1; IØ] to change so as to be or make suitable for new needs, different conditions，etc 改变···以适合；使···适应；改编；适应：He adapted an old car engine to drive his boat.他把旧车引擎改装，用来推动他的小艇.Weadapted ourselves to the hot weather.我们使自已适应炎热天气.This book was adapted forforeign students by making the language simpler.这本书的语言经过简化后，适合外国学生阅读.Some people adapt easily to living in new places；some don＇t.有些人能很快适应新环境，有些人却不能.

assimilate /ə'siməleit/1 [T1; IØ] to (allow to) change so as to become part of (a different group， country， race，etc）同化：America has assimilated people from all over the world.美国同化了来自世界各地的移民.Some foreignersassimilate easily（in）to our way of life.有些外国人很容易被我们的生活方式所同化．2［T1］totake as one＇s own； use properly 吸收；正确地使用：The factory quickly assimilated the new discoveries.这工厂迅速应用新发现.Heremembered the facts well, but had not really assimilated them.他把事实记得很清楚，但没有真正消化．assimilate to ［v prep D1 usu pass］ to make like 使相似：The laws of the defeated country were assimilated to those of the stronger country.那战败国的法律修改后，和那强国的法律相似.They assimilated the new laws to the old ones.他们把新法律和旧法律结合起来.

adjust /ə'd3Ast/ [T1; IØ: (to)] to change slightly. esp in order to make suitable for a particular job or new conditions 调整（尤指为了适应新情况）；调节；使适合：He hasn＇t adjusted to his new job／life yet.他尚未适应新的工作／生活.I mustadjust my watch； it＇s a little slow／fast.我必须把表调校一下，它有点慢／快.She adjusted herself（to the heat of the country） very quickly.她很快便适应了这个国家酷热的天气.

vary/'veəri/ 1 [IØ (in)] to be different;have qualities that are not the same as each other 不同；相异；有差异；有变化：Opinions on thismatter vary.在这件事情上看法不一致.Housesvary in size.房子大小不一.This student never varies； his work is always very good.这个学生成绩始终如一；他的功课一-向很好．2［Wv4；T1；IØ(from)] to (casue to) become different; change（continually）（使）改变；变换：The price of goods often varies according to how much people want them.物价经常根据人们对货物的需求程度而变化.Her health varies from good to rather weak.她的身体由很好变得相当虚弱.Oldpeople don＇t like to vary their habits.老年人不

I16 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

愿意改变自己的习惯．During the last 10 yearshe's grown fruit in his garden with varying success; sometimes he's had large crops and sometimes none.近十年来他在园里种水果，收成时好时坏，时丰时歉.

turn／t3：n／1［T1］ to change the nature of 使···变为：Success turned him from a kind gentle person into a nasty greedy employer.事业上的成功使他从一个温文善良的人变成一个可恶贪婪的老板.The fairy turned the girl＇s old clothes into a beautiful dress.仙女把女孩的旧衣服变成一件漂亮的衣裙．2［X7；L1,7］ to（cause to）become（使）变得；（使）成为：In autumn the leaves turn brown.秋天树叶变黄了.This heat will turn the grass brown.这种热度会使青草变黄.He is a Christian turned Buddhist.他本是基督徒，后来皈依佛门.

transform/træns'fo:m/ [T1] to change com-pletely in form， appearance， or nature 使···完全改变形态、外貌或性质；使···变形；使···改变性质：The magician transformed the man into a rabbit.魔术师把那人变成兔子.A steam enginetransforms heat into power.蒸汽机把热转变成动力.My life won＇t be transformed by winning all this money.虽然赢了这么多钱，我的生活不会改变.

transmute/trænz'mju:t/ [T1] to change from one form, nature, substance, etc, into another 使···改变形态、性质或质料；使···变形；使···改变性质：The magician claimed he could transmute iron into gold.魔术师声称他能点铁成金.

permute /pə'mju:t/ [T1] esp math to rearrange in a different order 改变···的次序；重新排列：You can permute the numbers in any way you like， but the result will be the same.你可将这些数字任意排列，但答案总是相同.

mutate /mju:'teit/[IØ;(T1)] tech (of living things）to （cause to） change in nature（指生物） （使）突变；（使）变异：Many kinds of living things have mutated over millions of years into new forms of life.许多种生物经过几百万年的演变成为新的生物.

revert to [v prep] 1 [Tl, 4] to go back to (a former condition or habit）恢复（原状或旧习惯）：He＇s stopped taking drugs now， but he may revert to taking them again.现在他已停止吸毒，但是他可能会故态复萌．2［T1］to talk aboutagain; go back to (a former subject of discussion）回到（老话题）；重提：Reverting to your earlier remark about camels, do you think．．．？你刚才说到骆驼，你认为···？3［T1］law（of property） to go back to（an owner）（财产、地产等）根据法律复归或归属（原物主或继承人）：When he dies his land will revert to the state. 他死后他的土地将归国家所有.revert to type togo back to the original state 回到原来的情况：Mary tried to become an actress but she soon reverted to type and became a farmer like her father.玛丽试图当演员，可是很快她就重操旧业，像父亲那样做农民.

switch/switf [T1; 1Ø(from/to; around)] infml to change， esp suddenly（尤指突然地）转变；改变：He is always switching jobs／switching from one job to another.他老是在转换工作／从一个工

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I17 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

作换到另一个工作.Stop switching around and keep to one job.别换来换去了，好好干这份工作吧.

I17 nouns 名词：changing，varying，

transforming，etc 变化，改变，改造等

change /tfemnd3/1 [U] the condition in which something is changing or has changed （正在发生或已经发生的）变化；改变：Change is part oflife．人生多变．2［C］an example of this 改变；变化（的实例）：There have been many changes in that city since I was last there.上次去过那城市以后，那里发生了许多变化.

alteration /,o:ltə'rerfən/1 [U] the act of altering, of making or becoming different 变更；改变；改动：My shirt needs alteration.我的衬衫需要改改. 2［C］a change；something changed 改变；变更了的事物：The alterations to your shirt will take a long time.改你的衬衣要花很长时间.

adaptation /ædəp'teifən/ 1 [U] the act of adapting, or changing in some particular way 适应；改编：This book needs some adaptation. 这本书需要加以改编．2［C］any example of this；a particular change 改制物；改编本；改动：Can you make a few adaptations in the book？你能对这本书作些修改吗？

assimilation /ə,sımə'lerfən/ [U] 1 the act of assimilating or being assimilated 同化；吸收作用；被吸收 2 tech the changing of a speech sound because of the influence of another speech sound next to it（语音上的）同化

adjustment /ə'd3Astmənt/ 1 [U] the act of adjusting，or changing slightly 调整；调节（指行为）：The machine needs adjustment.机器需要调校一下．2［C］ an example of this； a slight change 调整；调节（指实例）；细小的更动：He ismaking some adjustments to his plan.他正对他的计划稍加修改.

variation /,veəri'erfən/ 1 [U] the action of varying 变更；变化；变动：Changing weather conditions are usually the result of variation in air pressure．气压变化常常引起天气转变．2［C］an example or degree of this 变化（指事例）；变化程度：If you go to a number of different shops you'll often find great variations in price for the same articles.如果你跑几家不同的商店，你时常会发现同样的商品价格有很大的出入．3[C] one of a set of repetitions [→N127] of part of a simple piece of music, sometimes written by someone else, each with certain different ornamental changes or developments made to it 变奏（曲）：Elgar wrote a piece of music called the Enigma Variations.艾尔加写了一首名为“神秘变奏”的乐曲．4［C；U］（an exampleof) change from what is usual in the form of a group of kind of living things, such as animals （生物）变种；变异；变种的实例

version /'v3:fən/ [C (of)] 1 one person's account of an event, as compared with that of another person（对某事的一种）描述；说法：According to the driver's version of it, the

accident wasn＇t his fault.根据司机的说法，这次事故并非他的过错.The two newspapers gavedifferent versions of what happened.这两份报纸对发生的事情作了不同的报道．2 a a translation译文；译本：The play was in German，but I＇d read an English version so I was able to understand most of the action.这是一出德语话剧，但我已看过英译剧本，所以能够看懂大部分情节.b [usu cap] an official translation of (part of) the Bible 基督教圣经的正式译本：The KingJames Version of the Bible first appeared in 1611．詹姆斯王钦定的《圣经》英译本于1611年首次出版．3 a written or musical work that exists in more than one form 改写本；改编本；经过改编的乐曲等：Did you read the whole book or only the short version？你读的是原书还是缩写本？4aslightly different form, copy, or variation of an article（略微不同的）形式；版本；变体：This dressis a cheaper version of the one we saw in the shop.这件衣服跟我们在那商店里看见的那件款式差不多，但价钱较便宜.The new version of thiskind of car has a more powerful engine.这种汽车的最新款式具有马力更大的引擎．5aperformer's particular way of understanding and expressing some famous piece of music, character in a play，etc（表演者对名曲、剧中角色等的）表演或演唱方式：This singer＇s version ofthe song showed great tenderness of feeling but lacked the necessary force.这位歌唱家演唱这首歌曲时，显得缠绵有余，气势不足.

transformation /,trænsfə'meifən/1 [U] the act of transforming or being transformed 转变；变形；变质；变化（指行动）2［C］an example of this转变；变形；变质；变化（指事例）：What atransformation that dress makes! She looks very pretty now.那件衣服真能使人改观！现在她看起来非常漂亮了.

transform/træns'fo:m/[C] tech, esp math the result of a transformation 变换式：ACB is a transform of ABC.ACB是ABC的变换式.

transmutation/,trænzmju:'terfən/1[U] the act of transmuting or being transmuted 变质；变形； 变化2［C］an example or result of this 变质；变形；变化（指实例或结果）

permutation /,pз:mju'terfən/ esp math 1 [U] the act of permuting or being permuted;re-arrangement in a different order 变换次序；排列 2 ［C］ an example or result of this； a complete change 排列（指实例或结果）；彻底改变；蜕变：The six possible permutations of ABC are ABC,ACB,BCA,BAC, CAB, and CBA. ABC 三个字母可以有六种排列方式，是ABC，ACB， BCA， BAC，CAB 及 CBA.

mutation/mju:'teıfən/ tech 1 [U] the action of change in the cells of a living thing producing a new quality in the material or parts of the body，sometimes causing illness（生物）变异；突变2［C］an example of this 变异；突变（指事例）：Pet animals often have fur of a colour not found in the wild， caused by a mutation.宠物的毛皮时常有野生时所没有的颜色，这是变异的缘故．3［C］a type of animal or plant caused by a mutation 动植物的变种：If a black rose really exists， it must be a mutation.如果真有黑玫瑰存

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在，那一定是变种.

mutant /'mju:tənt/ often deprec [C] a living thing which has been produced by a mutation （生物）突变型；突变体

switch/switf [C usu sing] infml an esp sudden act of changing 突变；骤变；转变：He made a quick switch from an unfriendly to a friendly manner when he saw that they could help him.他看到他们能帮他时，态度立即从不友好变得非常友好起来.

I18 verbs 动词：putting things right 纠正[ALSO→N215]

put...right [v adv Tlb] 1 to make (something) right（again）订正；纠正：Let＇s put things right and start again．我们纠正偏差，重新开始吧．2put...right/straight [(on)] to correct (some-one who is misinformed）纠正（某人所得的错误信息）：Let me put you straight（on this）.让我把（这事的）真相告诉你吧．3 to mend（something）修理（某物）：Can you put it right for me？你能替我把它修好吗？

set...right [v adv T1b] to make or put (some-thing） right， esp in the right position 纠正；修理：He set the clock right and it began to work again.他把钟修好了，它又开始走起来了.

rectify／＇rektifai／［T1］fml to put right 纠正；改正： Please rectify these mistakes.请改正这些错误. rectification ［U］ the act of rectifying纠正；改正

correct／kə＇rekt／［T1］ to make right 修改；改正； 订正；校正：Correct my spelling if it＇s wrong.如果我的拼法有错，请加以改正.

I19 verbs 动词：repairing and mending 修理与修补

repair /ri'peə/ 1 [IØ; T1] a to make (something worn or broken) able to work or be used again 修理；修补：repair a broken watch／a road／old shoes 修理坏表／修路／修补旧鞋 b（ofsomething broken or worn) to be able to be mended（破损或用旧的东西的）能修理；能修好：This shirt is so old it won＇t repair.这件衬衫太旧了，没法补了．2［T1］fml to make up for；put right（a wrong，mistake，etc）补偿；弥补；补救； 纠正：How can I repair the wrong I have done to her？我怎样才能弥补对她所犯的过错呢？repa-rable, repairable [Wa5; B] able to be repaired 可修理的；可修补的：That broken chair is not repairable.那张破椅子没法修理了.ir-[neg] -bly [adv] repairer [C] a person who repairs something 修理者；修补者：My father was a watch repairer.我的父亲是钟表修理匠.

mend/mend/1 [T1] to repair (something with) a hole， break， fault， etc 修补；修理：They＇ve mended the door and it shuts properly now.他们已修好这扇门，现在它能关上了.I must take myshoes to be mended．我得把鞋送去修补一下．2［T1；IØ］ to sew （something） so as to repair it 缝

I20 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

补：I＇ll mend that shirt.我要把那件衬衫缝补一下.I＇ve been mending all night.一整夜我都在缝缝补补.

fix／fiks／［T1］ to mend； repair 修理：I must get the radio fixed.我必须请人把收音机修理一下.

sort／so：t／［T1］ScotE to mend；repair 修理；修补： I＇ll sort this bicycle for you.我来帮你修理这辆自行车.He had his old shoes sorted last week. 上星期他请人把旧鞋修好了.

darn/da:n/ [T1; IØ] to repair (a hole in cloth or a garment with a hole in it) by passing threads through and across （by needle-weaving）织补（布或衣物的破洞）：Please darn my sock／the hole in my sock. 请把我的袜子／袜子的小洞织补一下.She darns well.她织补得很好.

patch /pætf/[T1] 1 to cover (a hole) with a patch［→121］修补：He patched the hole in the tent．他补好了帐篷上的洞．2 to put a patch onahole, worn place, etc in (esp some part of a garment）补缀；缝补（尤指衣服的某部分）；打补丁：The elbows of your coat have worn thin, so I must patch them.你上衣的肘部都快磨破了，我得给它们打上补丁．3（of a material） to serve as apatch for（指材料）作为补丁（或补块）：Thispiece of material is just right to patch the roof.这块材料正好用来修补屋顶.

I20 verbs 动词：adjusting and

overhauling 调整与检修

adjust /ə'd3ast/ [T1] 1 to change slightly, esp in order to make more suitable for a particular job or new conditions 调整；调准；调节；使适合；改变···以适应：I must adjust my watch； it＇s slow. 我必须校准一下表，它走慢了.You can adjust thecar seats to the length of your legs.你可按照自已两腿的长度调整汽车的座位．2 to put ntoorder； put in place； set right 整理；放正：Your coat collar needs adjusting.你的外套领子要整理一下.

tinker/'tıkə/[IØ (with)] often deprec 1 to try to repair， usu in an unsatisfactory way 拙劣地修补：Don＇t tinker with the engine； see someone who knows what to do.别胡乱修整引擎；找个内行来修理．2 to go on adjusting， esp in small ways 不断进行（尤指微小的）调整：He tinkeredwith the engine until he was satisfied.他慢慢调校引擎，直到感到满意为止.She enjoys tinkeringwith engines.她喜欢摆弄引擎.

convert /kən'v3:t/ [Wv5; T1; IØ] to (cause to) change into another form,substance,or state, or from one use or purpose to another 变换成； 把···改变为：Coal can be converted to gas by burning.煤通过燃烧可变成煤气.I believe they＇regoing to convert this castle into flats.我想他们要把这座城堡改成公寓了.He lives in aconverted church. 他住在一所教堂改建成的房屋里.I can＇t imagine this house converting into a shop very well.我不能想象这房子能改装成一家像样的商店.

overhaul/'əuvəho:l/[T1] to examine thoroughly and perhaps repair if necessary 彻底检查；检修；

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I21 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

大修：He overhauled the car.他对这辆汽车进行检修.

I21 nouns 名词：putting things right 纠正

correction /kə'rekfən/ 1 [U] the act of cor-recting 改正；修正；纠正；校正：Most teachers spend their evening on/in the correction of their pupils＇work.大多数教师都把晚上的时间用来批改学生的作业．2［C］a change that corrects something；an improvement 改动；改正的地方； 修改之处：Teachers usually make corrections in red ink．教师通常用红墨水批改．3［U］euphpunishment 惩罚：The prisoner was sent to a labour camp for correction.犯人被送去劳动营改造.

repair /ri'peə/ [C often pl] an act or result of repairing 修补；修理；修复：Are the repairs to the house finished yet？房屋的修缮工作完工了吗？Imust get these repairs done.我一定要完成这些修理工作.

mend/mend/[C] a part mended after breaking or wearing 修补好的地方：That＇s a good mend； it doesn＇t show （＝ people can＇t see it）.那补了打得很好，看不出是补的.

darn／da：n／［C］ a part darned 经过织补的地方： His socks were old and full of darns.他的袜子已经很旧了，织补过很多次了.

patch/pætf/[C]1a(usu small) piece of materi-al used to cover a hole or a damaged place 补丁；补片；补块：The boy＇s trousers need a patch on the knee．男孩的裤子膝盖上需要打个补丁．2an (often irregularly shaped) part of a surface or space that is different (esp in colour) from the surface or space round it 与周围不同的斑片；碎片：There were wet patches on the wall.墙上有几处湿印.The girls＇dresses made patches of bright colour in the streets.女孩子们的服装使街道显得五彩缤纷．patchy［Wal；B］ 1 having a number of， or made up of， patches 斑斑驳驳的； 有许多补丁的；拼缀而成的：The sun has fadedthe curtains and their colour is now patchy.阳光使窗帘褪了色，显得斑斑驳驳．2（of certaintypes of weather） appearing in patches（指某几种气象情况）不统一的：The mist was patchy.雾气各处浓淡不一．3 usu deprec a incomplete不完全的：His knowledge of science is patchy. 他的科学知识只是零零碎碎的.b partly good butpartly （and chiefly）bad 好坏掺杂（而坏的居多）的：The concert was patchy.这个音乐会的节目有些好有些不好.-chily［adv］-chiness［U］

adjustment /ə'd3Astmənt/1 [U (to)] the act of adjusting 调整；调节；调准；适应：Adjustment to a new job／country is not always easy.适应新工作／新国家是不容易的．2［C（to）］an example ofthis 调整；调节；调准；校正（指事例）：She madesome adjustments to the dress.她把衣服改了几处.We must accept one or two adjustments to the way things are done here.我们必须接受对这里的办事方式作一、两点调整.

conversion /kən'v3:fən/ 1 [U] the act of converting 转换；改变；转变：Conversion of your heating system from coal to gas will be costly.

你把暖气设备从烧煤改为烧煤气，要花很多钱．2［C］an example of this; a change from one use or purpose to another 转变；改变（指事例）；改装；用途的改变：That firm specializes in house conversions.那家公司专为客户改建房屋.

overhaul /,əuvə'ho:l/ [C] anact of overhauling 彻底检查；检修；大修：He gave the car agood／complete overhaul.他对这辆汽车作了一次彻底的／全面的检修.

I22 verbs 动词：preparing and processing 准备与进行

prepare/pri'peə/1 [T1 (for);V3] to put (some-thing) in a condition ready for use or for a purpose 使···准备好；准备；预备：Please prepare the table for dinner (= put a cloth, dishes, etc, on it）.请摆好桌子准备开饭.Ifyou want to plantseeds you have to prepare the ground first.如果你想播种，首先得平整土地.The nurse ispreparing the child to go to the hospital (= getting together its clothes and other articles). 保姆正准备一切，要把孩子送进医院．2［D1（for）；T1] to put together or make by treating in some special way (such as by mixing or heating substances）做（饭菜）；配制（药等）：This special medicine must be freshly prepared each time.这种特别的药每次都必须重新配制.Mother is preparing a meal for us/us a meal. 母亲正为我们做饭．3［T1（for），3］ to get ormake ready by collecting supplies, making necessary arrangements, planning, studying, etc 准备；筹备；作出；制订：Who prepared these building plans？ 谁制订了这些建筑计划？Haveyou prepared an answer to this letter？你准备好对这封信的答复了吗？He＇s preparing his speechfor the meeting tomorrow.他正准备明天会议上要作的发言.They are busy preparing to go on holiday．他们忙着准备去度假．4［T1（for），3；V3］ to accustom (someone or someone's mind) to some（new） idea， event， or condition 使···（心理上）有准备；使（某人或某人的思想）习惯于（某种新想法、事件、情况）：We＇ve tried to prepare the child, but I don't think he'll understand why his father is leaving.我们已尽力让孩子作好心理准备，但我认为他不会明白为什么父亲要离开.Prepare yourself for a shock.作好心理准备，你会听到一个令人震惊的消息.Prepare to meetyour fate.准备送死吧.He prepared himself to accept defeat．他已做好准备去接受失败．5［T1(for); V3] to make (someone) fit for some-thing by special training 通过特别训练使（某人）准备好：This college prepares boys for the army.这所学院训练男孩将来参加陆军.prepara-tory [Wa5; A] usu fml done in order to get ready for something 准备的；预备的；筹备的：Before he began his talk he gave a preparatory explanation about the exact meaning of the subject.他开始谈话之前，对题目的确切含义先作了初步的解释.preparatory to （usu with -ing form） fml before； as a preparation for（与“-ing”形式连用）在···之前；作为···的准备：Ihave a

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few letters to write preparatory to beginning the day＇s work.在开始一天的工作前，我得先写几封信.preparedness［U］（the state of） being ready for something， esp war 预备（状态）；准备（尤指备战）：They are in a state of full preparedness（for war）.他们处于（对战争）充分戒备的状态.

prepare for ［v prep T1］ 1 to get ready for 做好准备：Will you help me prepare for the party？ 你帮我准备晚会好吗？The army was preparingfor battle．部队当时正在准备投入战斗．2 toaccustom one＇s mind to 思想上对···有所准备：We must prepare for the worst.我们必须做好最坏的打算.

get．．．ready ［T1］ infml to prepare 准备：Let＇s get the equipment ready for use.让我们把设备准备好，以便随时使用.

process /'prəuses/ [Tl often pass] to prepare and examine in detail 准备并详细检查：Theplans are now being processed.这些计划目前正在审核.

I23 verbs 动词：mixing and blending 混合与掺杂

mix/mrks/ 1 [T1 (up);IØ:(with)] to (cause (different substances, things, etc) to) be combined so as to form a whole, of which the parts no longer have a separate shape, appearance, etc, or cannot easily be separated one from another（使）混合；掺和：You can＇t mix oil and water.你没法把水和油相混合.Youcan＇t mix oil with water.你没法将水跟油混合.Oil and water don＇t mix. 油和水不能混合.Oildoesn＇t mix with water.油不会跟水混合.She put the flour, eggs, etc, into a bowl and mixed them together； she mixed them up well.她把面粉和鸡蛋等放在碗里，并把它们搅和，直至完全搅匀为止.The artist mixed blue with yellow paint to produce the green colour he wanted.画家把黄色和蓝色颜料相调合，配成他想要的绿色.Iwarned him that he'd be sick if he mixed his drinks (= drank beer, wine, etc, at the same time）.我告诫他要是把不同的酒掺着喝会醉的（＝同时喝啤酒、葡萄酒等）．2［D1（for）；T1］ toprepare (such a combination of different substances）调配；配制：His wife mixed him a hot drink of milk， sugar， and chocolate.他的妻子给他冲了一杯牛奶、巧克力加白糖的热饮．3［IØ(with)] (fig) (of a person) to be, be put or enjoy being in the company of others（指人） 与别人来往；交往：He＇s such a friendly person that he mixes well in any company.他人那样的和蔼可亲，和什么人都合得来.She＇s a strangelonely child; she doesn't mix with the other children.她是个怪僻孤独的孩子，跟别的孩子合不来.

blend /blend/ 1 [T1; IØ] sometimes tech to （cause to） mix 调和；（使）混合；掺和：Some kinds of tobacco do not blend well with each other.某些烟草相互混合就不好.Blend the sugar，flour,and eggs (together) before baking the

I24 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

cake．在烘蛋糕之前，先把糖、面粉和鸡蛋搅匀．2[IØ] to become combined into a single whole 混为一体；交融：The houses seem to blend into the countryside.房屋仿佛跟乡村的景色融为一体了.The countryside and the houses seem to blend（into each other）.乡村和这些房子似乎混为一体了．3［T1］esp tech to produce （tea， coffee,whisky, etc) out of a mixture of several varieties 把（不同品种的茶叶、咖啡、或威士忌酒等）掺在一起：They blend coffee just as I like it. 他们按我的口味调制咖啡.

compound /kpm'paund/ [T1] 1 to mix (things) together to make something new or different 混合；掺合；调合（以制成新物或不同之物）：2 toadd to or increase 加重；增加：His second crime just compounds the first.他第二条罪状只能使他罪上加罪.

merge /m3:d3/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become part of something else, or parts of something larger；to blend 使合为一体；使（企业等）合并；合并；结合：The two businesses merged.两家企业合并了.They merged the two companies.他们把这两家公司合并起来.He merged with thedurkness as he walked away into the night.他在夜色中走了开去，消失在黑暗之中.merger［C］aunion of two or more businesses（企业的）合并； 兼并

I24 nouns 名词： preparing and mixing， etc 准备与调配等

preparation/,prepə'reifən/1 [U; S] the act or action of preparing 准备（工作）；预备：Who＇s in charge of the preparation of the room for the concert？谁负责准备那个举行音乐会的房间？Shewas late and only had time for a hurried prep-aration of dinner．她晚了，只得赶忙准备晚餐．2［U］ the state or course of being prepared 准备（的状态或过程）：He had too little preparation for the examination，so he failed.他这次考试准备非常不足，所以不及格.Plans for selling thenew product are now in preparation.销售新产品的计划现正在制订之中．3［C usu pl］ anarrangement（for a future event）准备措施；准备工作：She is making preparations for her marriage．她正为结婚做准备．4［C］ esp techsomething that is made ready for use by mixing a number of （chemical） substances 配制品：The firm is selling a new preparationfor cleaning metal.这家公司正出售一种新的金属清洗剂.

mixture／＇mikstfə／1［U］ the act of mixing 混合： The mixture of people in the city has made it very international.来自四方八面的人混杂在一起，使这城市变得国际化．2［C；U］ the result ofmixing；things mixed together， esp liquids 混合；融合；（尤指液体的）混合物：His art is amixture of many styles.他的艺术融合了许多不同的风格.The doctor gave her a mixture to help her painful throat.医生给她一种混合剂药水来减轻她的喉痛.

mix/miks/1 [U;C] a combination of different

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substances,prepared to be ready, or nearly ready，for（the stated）use（由几种成分配合的） 混合物：She＇s too lazy to make cakes by mixing all the separate substances;she always buys cake mix from the shops.她太懒了，不愿用不同的材料混合做蛋糕，总是从店里买现成配好了的蛋糕粉．2 ［S （of）］ a group of different things， people，etc；mixture 混合物；一群不同的人（或事物）：There was rather a strange mix of people at the party; doctors, postmen, lawyers, farmers，etc.参加晚会的人来自各行各业，包括：医生、邮递员、律师、农民等.

blend／blend／［C］ a product of blending 混合物； 混成品：We＇ve been selling a great deal of this blend of coffee.我们已经卖出许多这种混合咖啡.(fig) His manner was a blend of friendliness and respect.他对人既友好又尊敬.

I25 verbs 动词：developing things ［T1］发展事物

develop /dr'veləp/1 to study or think out fully, or present fully 研究；详述：I＇d like to develop this idea a little more.我想对这一意念再作一点进一步的探讨.The company is developing several new products.这家公司正在研制好几种新产品．2 to bring out the economic possibilities of (esp land or natural sub-stances）开发（尤指土地或自然资源等）：We mustdevelop all the natural resources of our country，its minerals and its farming.我们必须开发我国的一切自然资源，如开采矿产，发展农业.

work up ［v adv］ to develop steadily 逐步建立： He worked the firm up from nothing.这家公司是他从无到有创建的.

I26 verbs 动词：using things［T1］使用各种东西

use ／ju：z／1 to do things with 用；使用；运用：He uses a pen to write with; he doesn't use a type-writer［G152］．他用钢笔写字，而不用打字机．What do you use that machine for？那台机器你们用来干什么？They use the buses a lot；they don＇t have a car.他们常常搭公共汽车，他们没有汽车．2［usu pass（up）］to finish 用完；用尽：All the paper has been used （up）.所有的纸都用完了.abuse to use （something， usu not an object) wrongly or badly, esp in a way diffe-rent from what was intended 滥用（一般不指实物）：He abuses his power here； he has no right to tell people what to think.他在这里滥用职权；他没有权利去左右人们的思想.She abuses herhealth with all these late-night parties.她无节制地参加这些通宵达旦的晚会，把身体搞坏了.Welet him come here any time he wanted,but he abused the privilege by bringing more and more friends with him, so he is no longer allowed to come.本来他什么时候想来，我们就让他来，但是他滥用这一特权，朋友带得越来越多，因此我们不准他再来了.misuse not to use （some-thing）properly 误用（指使用不当）：He misused

the money; it belongs to his club but he used it for himself. 他挪用了这笔钱；钱是属于俱乐部的，但他私自花了.

make use of to use in a general way; use well 利用：Can you make use of these machines？你能使用这些机器吗？She makes （good） use ofherfree time；she＇s learning French.她的空闲时间利用得很好；她用来学法语.

utilize, -ise /'ju:təlaiz/ fml to make(good or full）use of（很好或充分地）利用：You should utilize your abilities as fully as possible.你应该充分发挥自己的能力.He utilizes his free time inimproving his swimming.他利用空闲时间去改进游泳技术.

apply／ə＇plar／to bring or put to use 应用： Scien-tific discoveries are often applied to industrial production methods.科学上的发现常应用在工业生产方法上.

employ ／im＇ploi／ fml 1 to use 用；使用：The police had to employ force to break up the crowd.警察不得不使用武力驱散人群.This birdemploys its beak as a weapon.这只鸟用它的喙作为武器．2 to use （one＇s time）利用（时间）：Sheemploys all her free time in sewing.她把所有空闲时间全用来缝制衣服.

exploit /ik'sploit/1 to use or develop(a thing) fully to get profit or results 开发；利用：The company exploited the oil under the sea.这家公司开发海底石油.We must exploit what wehave to the best of our ability.我们必须尽量利用我们拥有的一切．2 deprec to use（esp aperson） unfairly for one＇s own profit 剥削（尤指人）：He exploited the poor by making them work for low pay.他压低工资来剥削穷人.

deploy /dr'ploi/ to spread out, use, or arrange for action，esp for military action 展开；调动；部署（尤指军事行动）：We must deploy all oursoldiers correctly in order to win the battle.为了打胜仗，我们必须正确部署我们的兵力.Theydeployed all their skill to succeed in their new business.他们施展出浑身解数，务使新业务得以成功.

waste/weist/to use more of (something) than is needed； use improperly 浪费；糟蹋；不适当地使用：Stop wasting water；turn the tap off.别浪费水，把水龙头关上.He wasted his money oncheap clothes.他把金钱浪费在买廉价衣服上.Don't waste your time listening to his silly ideas.别浪费时间去听他的傻主意.wastage ［U；S］ wasting or that which is wasted 浪费；损耗（量）；废物：Think of the wastage represented by all those people who don't finish their univer-sity courses！想想那些没有念完大学的人造成多大的浪费！There was a wastage of 25％ of all the goods produced.全部产品中有百分之二十五损耗.wasteful [B] tending to waste or marked by waste 挥霍的；浪费的：wasteful habits 挥霍的习惯-ly［adv］-ness［U］

I27 nouns 名词： developing and using things 发展事物与使用事物

development/dr'veləpmənt/1[U] the act of

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developing or being developed 发展；开发：The development of new products is important to the company．开发新产品对公司来说很重要．2[C] an example of this;something new which is happening 发展；开发（指事例）；进展；新的发展：These developments are very interesting. 这些新发展十分有趣.What are the latestdevelopments in science？科学上有什么新发展？

use／ju：s／1 ［U］ the act of using 使用：Their use of the house as a shop surprised me. 他们把这幢房屋当商店使用真使我吃惊．2．［C；U］anexample of this 用途；用处：What uses does this machine have？这台机器有些什么用途？He putthe car to good use； he used it a lot.他充分利用他的汽车，他经常使用它.abuse ［U；C：（of）］（a） bad or wrong use of （something）滥用：He is well known for his abuse of the law.众人皆知他枉法.There have been a number of abuses of the law here.这里曾经出现过多次滥用法律的情况.He was arrested by the police for drug abuse(= the wrong use, unlawful sale,etc,of drugs E80］）．他因滥用毒品被警察逮捕．misuse [U; C; (of)] (a) use which is not proper 误用：He lost his job because of his misuse of money which belonged to the company.他因挪用公款而丢了差事.

usage /'ju:zid3/ [U] the way in which a thing is used；（fml）use 用法；使用：This book has had a lot of hard usage （＝ has been used a lot）.这本书一再被人翻阅.

utilization, -isation / ju:tılar'zerfən/ [U]fml the act of utilizing（充分）利用

application / æplr'keifən/ 1 [U] putting (some-thing） to use （in relation to something else）应用：The application of new scientific discove-ries to industrial production usually makes jobs easier.把科学上的新发现应用于工业生产，往往可以简化工作．2［C］an example of this 用法；用途：These new applications interest me.这些新的用途使我很感兴趣.

employment /mm'plormənt/ [U] the act of employing 使用：The employment of force by the police seemed to be necessary.警察使用武力似有必要.

exploitation /,eksplor'terfən/ [U] the act of exploiting； the state of being exploited 开发；利用；剥削：The company＇s exploitation of the oil under the sea is important to the whole country.该公司开发海底石油对全国来说都是很重要的.The exploitation of the poor （by the rich） must stop.（富人）对穷人的剥削必须制止.

deployment /dr'plormənt/ [U] the act or way of deploying；the state of being deployed 部署；调度；安排：The general＇s bad deployment of his army was the mistake which lost them the war.将军部署军队不当，这个错误使他们战败.

I28 verbs 动词：functioning and serving 起作用与充当···之用

function/'fAnkfən/[IØ](esp of a thing) to be in action；work（机器等）运行；（器官等）活动；运转；

I29 MAKING THINGS 制造东西

起作用：The machine won＇t function properly unless you oil it well.这台机器不上油就不能正常运转.A person dies when his brain ceases to function.大脑停止活动人就死亡.

serve/s3:v/1 [T1] to be good enough for the use of （someone）可为（某人）当···来使用：This stone will serve me forlas a hammer.我可以把这块石头当锤子用．2［IØ；T1；I3］ to be goodenough or satisfying for a purpose 充当；作···之用；适合（某用途或目的）：Our room had to serveas／for both bedroom and living room.我们的房间只好作卧室兼起居室用.I haven＇t got ahammer, but this stone should serve (my purpose）.我没有锤子，但是这块石头可以当锤子用.do /du:/ [Wv6; IØ (for)] infml to serve or func-tion， esp if there is nothing better 合适；行；起作用：This piece of wood will do； it will serve the purpose very well.这块木头行了，它正合要求.If you can＇t get leather， then plastic will do.如果你弄不到皮革，塑料也行.

I29 nouns 名词：function and purpose 作用与目的

function/'fankfən/[C] the way in which some-one or something is used， works，etc 作用；功能；职责；机能；用途：It＇s his function at these meetings to tell us what the government is doing.他出席这些会议，作用是告诉我们政府在做些什么.What function does the machine have？这台机器有什么功能？

purpose/'p3:pəs/ 1 [C] an intention or plan; reason for an action 目的；用意；计划；意图：Didyou come to London for the purpose of seeing your family，or for business purposes？你来伦敦是为了探望家人，还是为了公事？The purpose ofhis life seems to be to enjoy himself.他生活的目的仿佛就是为了享受.It was a play with apurpose, intended to express the writer's political beliefs， not just to be amusing.这是个有的放矢的戏，目的是要表达作者的政治信念，而不仅仅是为了娱乐观众．2［C］use；effect；result 效用；效果；结果：Don＇t waste your money；put it to some good purpose. 别浪费金钱，把钱用来办点正经事！3［U］ steady determination in following an aim；willpower 决心；意志力：It＇s no use deciding to become a doctor if you lack purpose in setting yourself to the neces-sary studies; you must have a sense of purpose. 如果你没有毅力去埋头学习所需的学问，想当医生也当不成；你必须有决心.answer／fulfil／serveone's/the purpose(s) to be or do all that is needed 符合需要／解决问题／起作用：I haven＇t gota pen here,but a pencil will answer the same purpose.我这儿没有钢笔，但铅笔也同样顶用.onpurpose 1 intentionally； not by accident 故意地：I＇m sorry I stepped on your toe； it-was an accident.-It wasn't! You did it on purpose. 对不起，我不小心踩了你的脚.-不对！你是故意的．2 with a particular stated intention 特意地； 为要：I came here on purpose to see you.我专程到这里来拜访你.to little／no／some／much／

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good purpose with little/no/some/much/good result or effect 很少／毫无／有些／有很大／有很好效果：You acted to good purpose when you bought that car; it was both good and cheap. 你买这辆小汽车买对了，它又好又便宜.to thepurpose useful; connected with what is being considered or what is needed 有用的；切合需要的；中肯；切题；得要领地：His remarks aboutgardening were hardly to the purpose in an argument about farming.在有关农业的讨论中，他关于园艺的一番话几乎是文不对题.

ambition /æm'bıfən/ 1 [U;C] strong desire for success，power， riches， etc 野心；雄心：That politician is full ofambition.那个政客野心勃勃. One of his ambitions is to become a minister. 他的野心之一是当部长．2［C］that which isdesired in this way 志向；抱负；非常想得到的东西：That big house on the hill is his ambition. 山上那幢大房子是他梦寐以求的东西．ambitious 1[B;F3] having a strong desire for success, power，riches，etc 有雄心的；有抱负的；野心勃勃的：He is an ambitious man.他是个野心勃勃的人.He is ambitious to succeed in politics.他立志要在政治上出人头地．2［B］ showing ordemanding a strong desire for success, great effort，great skill，etc大胆的；需要雄心的；抱负不凡的：It＇s an ambitious attempt； I hope it succeeds.这是一个大胆的尝试，我希望它成功.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

aim/eim/ [C] the desired result of one's efforts; purpose； intention；ambition 目的；目标：What is your aim in working so hard？你工作如此卖力，目的何在？He told me about his aims in life.他把他的人生目标告诉了我.

Arts and crafts

艺术与工艺

I40 nouns 名词：art 艺术

art/a:t/ [U]1 the making or expressing of what is beautiful, interesting, or true, esp in a manner that can be seen， as in a painting 艺术： Children＇s art can be very expressive.儿童的艺术创作可以是极富表现力的.He doesn＇t likemodern art．他不喜爱现代艺术．2 thingsproduced in this way 艺术品；美术品（esp in the phr work of art 艺术作品）：We studied the art of the early Japanese.我们研究早期日本人的艺术品.Those paintings are very fine works of art．那些画是艺术精品．3 fine skill in making ordoing or expressing something 技术；技巧：The art of painting well is not easily learnt.画一手好画是不容易学的.The story was told with greatart.这个故事讲得很有技巧.He is good at the artof making friends.他精通交友之道.

art form [C] any way in which art can be expressed 艺术形式：Which art form do you prefer-painting or music？你喜爱什么形式的艺

术-绘画还是音乐？

fine arts [(the) P often cap] fml the arts gener-ally （painting， music， sculpture ［→I49］，etc）美术（绘画、音乐、雕塑等）

I41 nouns 名词：arts and crafts 工艺美术

art /a:t/ [C] a skilful method of doing some-thing，esp something difficult 技艺；技巧；艺术： There is an art to making bread.做面包是大有学问的.Writing well is a real art.文章写得好是一种真正的艺术.

craft/kra:ft/1 [U esp in comb] skill or ability, esp in work done wth the hands or in the arts 工艺；手艺；技术：The actor＇s stagecraft is good. 这位演员演技精湛．2［C］a job or trade needingsuch skill（需要手艺的）行业：The jeweller＇s craft needs great care.干珠宝这一行必须十分细心.

handicraft /'hændi,kra:ft/ [C] a skill needing careful use of the hands, such as sewing, weaving，etc手工艺；手工业（例如缝纫、纺织等）

I42 nouns 名词：ways，means，

techniques，and processes 方法、手段、技术与制作过程

way /wei/[C] 1 how a thing is (to be) done, seen，said，held，used，etc 方法；方式：Do it this way.这件事要这样做.Hold it that way.这个东西要这么拿.I know a better way of doing it.我知道有一种更好的方法来做这件事.He likes the oldways of doing things．他喜欢按老方法办事情．2habit 习惯：He has a nasty way of telling lies about people.他有给人造谣的可恶习惯.by theway (used in adding something new in a conversation） in addition（在对话中引入新的话题）顺便说；附带说说：Oh，by the way，have youseen John lately？哦，顺便问一下，你近来看见过约翰没有？in a way to some degree 有点；有几分；稍微：In a way he is right about what happened.关于发生了的事，他说的有点对.in abad way not in a good state（健康）情况不好：He was in a bad way after the car accident.车祸后他的情况很严重.one way or another some-how（好歹）设法；无论如何；用种种方法：We＇ll doit one way or another；don＇t worry.我们无论如何会把这件事办到；别发愁.get／have one＇s（own）way do what one wants to do 随心所欲；为所欲为：That child gets his own way too often.那孩子太喜欢自作主张了.

means /mi:nz/ [S; P] way of doing something, esp a set of actions with certain tools, materials，etc 方法；手段：What means did he use to do the work？ 他用什么方法做这件工作？They got into the house by means of an open window.他们从一扇开着的窗爬进屋去.They didit by some unknown means.不知他们用什么方法把它做成了.by all means emph certainly 当然；一定；务必：By all means come！务必来！CanI do it？-Yes；by all means.我可以做吗？-当

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然可以.by fair means or foul in any way pos-sible，honestly or not 无论采取正当或不正当手段；不择手段地：He plans to win by fair means or foul.他千方百计要取胜.by no means emph＆ fml not at all 一点也不；决不：Is he good atthat work？-By no means.他是不是擅长于那工作？-一点也不擅长.I am by no means happyabout his work.我对他的工作一点也不称心.

manner /'mænə/1 [C usu sing] sometimes fml the way in which anything is done or happens 方式；样式；做事的方法：He was walking in arather unnatural manner.他走路的样子相当不自然．2 ［S］ a personal way of acting or behav-ing towards other people 举止；态度：I don＇t like to talk to him; he has a ver rude/un-pleasant manner.我不喜欢跟他讲话，他的态度很粗鲁／令人讨厌．3 ［C9 usu sing］ a way or style ofwriting, printing, building, etc, which is typical of one or more persons, or a country or of a time in history（艺术、文学等的）风格；手法4［Sof］ old use kind or sort of person or thing（人或物的）种类（only in the phr what manner of？哪一种···？）： What manner of son can treat his mother so badly？哪能有这样虐待母亲的儿子？

method/'meθəd/1 [C] esp tech a particular way of doing things 方法：Do you know any new methods of teaching a language？你知道教语言有什么新方法吗？2［U］systematic planning， organization，etc 条理；秩序；规律：They lack method； they never plan anything properly. 他们缺乏条理，从未好好订计划.There is method ineverything she does.她做什么事都很有条理.methodical [B] showing or liking method; planned；systematic 有条不紊的；有计划的；有方法的：They are very methodical workers.他们是做事井井有条的人．-ly［adv Wa4］

medium /'mi:drəm/[C usu sing] 1 esp tech the means by which something can be done, passed from one person, place, etc, to another，etc 媒介：Money is the commonest medium by which people can exchange goods. 货币是人们交换货物的最常用媒介．2 a method ofgiving information; a form of art in which work can be expressed 传递信息的方法；艺术表现形式：He writes stories， but the theatre is his favourite medium.他写小说，但戏剧才是他最喜欢的艺术形式.His best work was in themedium of oil paints.他最好的作品是用油画颜料画的.Television is a medium for giving information and opinions, for amusing people and for teaching them foreign languages and other subjects.电视是提供消息和意见、娱乐观众、教授外语及其他科目的媒介．3 a substance inwhich objects or living things exist or through which a force travels; the surroundings in which one lives 赖以生存之物；媒介物；介质：Afish in water is in its natural medium.鱼在水中，得其所哉.Sound travels through the medium of air.声音通过空气作为媒介传播.

fashion /'fæfən/ [S] esp lit a way of doing some-thing 方式；样子：He does his work in a very careless fashion.他工作十分马虎.

mode /məud/1 [C (of)] often fml a way or

I42 ARTS ＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

manner of thinking, behaving, speaking, writing，living，etc（思想、行为、说话、写作、生活等的）方式：He suddenly became wealthy， which changed his whole mode of life.他突然发了财，他的整个生活方式从此就变了样.Do youknow the correct mode of address when speaking to a princess？你知道跟一位公主说话时，应该如何正确称呼吗？2［C］tech a way，arrangement, or condition in which something is done or happens 模式；模型：It is a fever which will return from time to time, ifit follows its usual mode.如果按照这种病的一般症状，病人仍会不时发热.

technique /tek'ni:k/ 1 [C] a the manner in which a subject is treated by a writer,artist, etc; a method of artistic expression used in writing，music，art，etc 手法；技巧（如画法、写作法、演奏法等）：Your story is interesting but you must improve your writing technique if you want your book to be a success.你的故事很有趣，不过，如果你想这本书成功的话，必须改进写作技巧.b a method or manner of play in sport（运动等的）技巧；方法：The cricketer＇s perfect tech-nique kept him out of trouble.这位板球运动员卓越的技巧令他度过难关．2［U］skill in art orsome specialized activity（艺术、音乐等的）技巧； （专门）技术

style /stail/ [U;C] 1 the way of expressing oneself，one＇s ideas，etc，esp in art（尤指艺术中的）风格；作风；文体：He is a writer with greatstyle／an excellent style.他是一位有个人风格／风格突出的作家.Her style of painting is like Dali＇s．她的绘画风格很像达里的．2 the formwhich art took at a usu stated time in history （一般指某一时期的）艺术上特殊风格：The houseis in the Gothic style.这座房子是哥特式的.

handiwork/'hændr,w3:k/ [U] 1 work requiring the skilful use of the hands 手工 2 sometimes deprec action, usu showing some sign of the person who has done it（某人的）行动：The criminals' handiwork was clear at the scene of the crime.罪犯们在犯罪的现场留下了清楚的痕迹.

process/'prəuses/1 [C] a particular system or treatment of materials, used esp in producing goods（尤指生产）过程；制作法：Cotton goesthrough several processes when being made into cloth．棉花织成布要经过好几道加工程序．2[C] a continued set of actions performed intentionally in order to reach some result 手续；步骤；程序：Producing a dictionary is a slow process.编写一部辞典是个漫长的过程.Theprocess of learning to read takes a long time. 学习阅读的过程要费很长时间．3［C］anycontinued set of natural actions connected with (the continuation, development, and change of) life or matter, over which man has little control（不随意的或不自觉的变化）过程；作用：Heat will hasten the process of decay in foods.热会加速食物的腐烂过程.Coal wasformed out of dead forests by chemical processes．树林枯死后经过化学过程而形成煤．4[U] course; time during which something is still being done 进程；进展（esp in the phr in

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I43 ARTS ＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

（the）process of 在···过程中）：The firm is now in the process of moving the machines to a new factory.这家公司现正把机器搬进新工厂.

formula /'formjulə/ [C] a fixed way, technique, .or style， etc， of doing something（一种固定的） 办事方法；惯例；常规：They still work to thesame formula that their father used.他们仍然按其父亲用的同一方法工作.

I43 verbs 动词：painting and drawing 绘画与作图

[ALSO→G8,G81]

paint/peint/ 1 [T1; IØ] to make (a picture or pictures of) (somebody or something) using paint（用颜料等）绘画：Who painted this picture？ 这幅画是谁画的？He has a splendid strong face and I would very much like to paint him.他有极其刚毅的脸，我非常想画他.Shepaints well； she may become an artist.她画得很好；或许会成为个画家．2［T1］（fig） to describein clear well-chosen words, with lifelike effect （用精选的词句）逼真地描写；形容（often in thephr paint a picture 描绘出一幅··的图画）：Hisletters paint a wonderful picture of his life in Burma.他的来信对他在缅甸的生活作了一番精彩的描绘.

draw /dro:/ [T1; IØ] to make (something)with a pencil or pen（用铅笔或钢笔）画：He drew apicture of his daughter.他画了一幅他女儿的画像.（fig） Shakespeare draws his characters well.莎士比亚笔下的人物栩栩如生.

sketch/sketf/1 [Iø] to make rough, not detailed pictures 画素描；画速写；绘草图；写生：This is aplace where artists come to sketch.这是艺术家们经常来写生的地方．2［T1］to make a roughpicture of 给···作速写；给···绘草图： She sketched the scene （quickly）.她把景色（很快地）速写下来.3[T1 (in, out)] to describe roughly with few details 草拟；概述：They sketched inlout the main points of their plan.他们草拟计划要点.

trace/treis/ 1 [T1 (out)] to draw the course or shape of 勾出···的轮廓；描绘：Trace out your journey on the map.在地图上划出你旅行的路线.2 [IØ;T1] to copy by drawing on transparent paper the lines on (a drawing, map, etc) placed underneath（用薄透明纸）映描或摹写：He was busy tracing. 他忙着描图.Trace this map for me，please．请替我把这张地图描下来．3［T1］ to write slowly or with difficulty 缓慢而困难地书写：He traced his name slowly at the bottom of the page.他在那一页下边一笔一画慢慢地写出自己的名字.

depict/dr'pikt/ [T1] 1 to represent by a picture （用图画）描绘；描画：This painting depicts the Battle of Agincourt.这幅画描绘出阿金库尔战役.2 to describe 描写；描述：The book attempts to depict life in a distant country.这本书试图描写一个远方国家的生活.That song depicts the loveof Margarethe for Faust.这首歌描写玛格丽特对浮士德之爱.

illustrate /'rləstreit/ [T1] 1 to add pictures to

（something written）以图画插入（书刊、文章等）；配上插图：The book is well illustrated.此书插图精美．2 to show the meaning of by giving related examples 举例以说明；（用实物、图片等）解释：The speech he gave illustrates his ideas very clearly.他的讲演把自己的思想阐述得十分清楚.

picture／＇piktfə／［T1］ 1 to paint or draw 画；描绘： The artist has pictured him as a young man in riding clothes.这位艺术家把他画成一个身穿骑装的年轻人．2 to imagine 想象：Try to picturethe scene. 请想象一下那个场面.I can＇t quitepicture myself as a father.我难以想象自己是父亲.Picture to yourself what will happen if you do that．想象一下要是你那么做了，后果会怎样．3to describe 描写；描述：Let me try to picture the ceremony for you.让我试试给你描述这种仪式.

outline ／＇aut，lain／ ［T1］ to make an outline of 勾画出···轮廓；提出···纲要：He outlined the draw-ing in／with black ink. 他用黑墨水勾画出这幅画的轮廓.She outlined the main points of her talk.她把她谈话的要点概括出来.

silhouette /,silu:'et/ [T1] to cause to look like a silhouette［→I45］使···现出黑色影像；使···现轮廓：a house silhouetted against the sky 在天空衬托下现出轮廓的房屋

I44 nouns 名词： painting and drawing ［U］绘画艺术与画法

painting/'peintuy/ the art or practice of paint-ing pictures 绘画（艺术）：She wants to study painting in Paris.她想去巴黎学画.

drawing /'dro:n/ the art of drawing with lines made with a pen，pencil，etc（用钢笔或铅笔等） 绘画；绘图：She is good at drawing.她擅长铅笔画.He took drawing lessons.他跟人学铅笔画.

sketching /sketfi/ the act of making rough pictures, usu before proper drawing, painting, etc作素描；画草图

illustration /ilə'strerfən/ the act or art of illus-trating 配上插图；图解说明；插图艺术：He hasbeen working on the illustration of a book about animals.他一直在给一本有关动物的书画插图. Illustration by example is better than explanations in words.图解说明比用文字解释来得清楚.

I45 nouns 名词： pictures， paintings， and drawings 图画、颜料画与线条画

[ALSO→ G9,I10, N186]

picture ／＇piktfə／1 ［C］ a painting or drawing 图画：Draw a picture of that tree.把那棵树画下来.The walls of the room were covered with pictures．房内墙上挂满了画．2［C］a photograph 照片；相片：I was going to take some pictures， but I forgot my camera.我本想照几张相片，可是我忘了带照相机．3 ［C usu sing］ a representation of somebody or something made by painting,

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drawing， or photography（绘画、照相中某人或某物的）像：Will you let me paint／take your picture? (=aIpicture of you）.你能让我为你画像／ 拍照吗？4［S］（fig）a person who or thing that is beautiful to look at 美丽的人或物：This garden is a picture in thesummer.这花园的夏季景色美得像一幅图画．5［（the）S］（fig）a theperfect example (of something that has no form）化身；体现：That baby is the picture of health.那婴孩十分健康.b the exact likeness or copy 相似的形象；一模一样：She＇s the picture ofher mother．她活像她母亲．6［C usu sing］（fig） an image in the mind, esp an exact one produced by a skilful description（脑海里的）形象；印象：I＇ve no clear picture （in my mind） of what happened.我不太清楚发生了什么事.Thisbook gives a good picture of life in England 200 years ago．这本书生动地描述了二百年前英格兰的生活.

image /'Imid3/ [C] 1 a picture, esp in the mind （尤指脑海里的）景象；意象；心象：An image ofacountry garden came into my mind.我脑海里浮现出一幅乡村花园的景象．2 old use likeness；form 形象；面貌：God made man in His own image．上帝按照自己的形象创造人．3 a very simi-lar copy 十分相像的人或物；翻版：He＇s the（very）image of his father．他酷似其父．4 an object made to represent a god or person to be worshipped 偶像；神像：They worshipped God in the image of a bull.他们把公牛作为上帝的偶像加以膜拜．5 lit phrases suggesting something by means of a poetic form 形象化的比喻；象喻：The phrase 'She is as beautiful as a rose' suggests the image of a rose representing the freshness of a young girl.“她美得像玫瑰花”这话以玫瑰比喻少女的娇艳．6 one＇s appearance toother people, esp according to the amount of one＇s good qualities（在人们心目中的）形象：The government has a very bad image because it continues with plans that nobody likes.政府继续实施不得民心的计划，给人一个很坏的印象．7 tech a picture formed of an object in front of a mirror or lens such as the picture formed on the film inside a camera, or one's reflection ［→L23］ in an ordinary mirror 影像； 映像；镜像；反影 imagery ［U］ images generally， or the use of them 比喻（总称）；比喻的使用

painting /'peintın/ [C] a picture made by paint-ing 油画；水彩画：I shall buy those paintings from the artist who painted them.我将向那几幅画的作者买那些画.

drawing /'dro:/ [C] a picture made by draw-ing（用铅笔或钢笔等作的）画：He did a lifelikedrawing of a cat.他把猫画得维妙维肖.

diagram /'darə,græm/ [C] a drawing showing the important parts of something, esp in order to explain how it works，what it is，etc 图解；图表；示意图：He drew a diagram of the main streets of Edinburgh, to help her get from one place to another.他画了一张爱丁堡主要街道的示意图，帮助她认路.

graph/græf/[C] a diagram showing by a line or lines the connection between two quantities 图表；曲线图：The graph showed the increase in

I45 ARTS ＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

trade between the years 1960 and 1980．曲线图显示了1960年至1980年间贸易的增长．

sketch /sketf/ [C] 1 a rough drawing without many details 草图；略图；速写：She looked at Rembrandt＇s sketches for his paintings.她在看伦勃朗为他自己的油画所作的素描.She made／drew a sketch to show the builder what she wanted done.她画了一张草图给营造商看，让他明白她想要怎么盖．2 a short description in words 概略；梗概；简短描述：The speaker amused uswith a sketch of city life in the 1890s．讲演者简短描述了十九世纪九十年代的城市生活；听来很有趣味.He made sketches for the scenes of a new play.他为新剧作了分场的概述.

illustration /ilə'streıfən/ [C] a picture to go with the words of a book， speaker，etc 插图；（用作说明的）图片：He used photographs as illustrations for his talk.他演讲时以照片作说明.

outline /'aut,lam/ [C (of)] 1 the shape (of something）轮廓；外形：He saw the outline of her face against a lighted window.他在有光的窗口看见了她脸庞的轮廓．2 a line or flat figurewith the same shape as something else 轮廓线； 略图：an outline map of Europe 欧洲略图 3 themain ideas or facts（of something）概要；纲要； 大纲：an outline of history 历史纲要

silhouette /silu:'et/ [C] 1 a picture in solid black （of someone or something）侧面影像；剪影；黑色轮廓像2 anything seen as black against a light 黑色的轮廓

fresco /'freskəu/ 1 [C] a picture painted in water colour on a surface of a fresh wet mixture of lime，water，sand，etc（plaster）壁画：There＇s a beautiful fresco on the wall of that church．在那教堂的墙上有一幅美丽的壁画．2［U］the art of painting frescoes 壁画技法

tapestry /'tæpistri/ [U; C] woven cloth hanging on a wall or walls, with pictures or designs of coloured wools or silks 挂在墙上的花毡；挂毯；绣帷：Those tapestries are beautiful，aren＇t they？ 墙上的那些挂毯很漂亮，是吗？

cartoon /ka:'tu:n/ [C] 1 a humorous drawing, often dealing with something of interest in the news in an amusing way（尤指与时事有关的）漫画；卡通：I buy that paper because I like the cartoons in it.我买那张报纸，因为我喜欢报上的漫画．2 also 又作 animated cartoon a cinema film made by photographing a set of drawings 卡通片；动画片

caricature /'kærikətfuə/ 1 [C] a representation of a person in art or literature made so that parts of his or her character appear more noticeable, odd, or amusing than they really are 讽刺画；（有意夸张人物某些特征的）漫画：Newspapers often contain caricatures of well-known politicians.报上时常刊登嘲弄著名政客的讽刺画．2［C］ an amusing representation by one person of another's character, voice, manners，etc（对某人性格、声音、姿态等）滑稽可笑的模仿3［U］ the art of doing this（讽刺性的）滑稽模仿的技巧；作讽刺画的技巧／艺术：He ismore skilled at caricature than he is at acting. 他模仿他人的技巧比自己的演技出色.

comic /'komik/ [C] a magazine for children

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I46 ARTS ＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

containing comic strips 连环漫画杂志；连环漫画书

comics/'kpmiks/[te P] esp AmE the part of a newspaper containing comic strips（报纸上的） 连环漫画栏；连环漫画版：I always read thecomics before the political news.我在读政治新闻前总是先看看连环漫画栏.

comic strip ／＇kpmik ，strip／，also 又作 strip car-toon/,strip ka:'tu:n/ BrE [C] a set of drawings telling a short story, often with words showing the speech of the characters in the pictures 连环漫画

portrait /'po:trit/ [C (of)] a painting, drawing, or photograph of a real person or group of people 肖像；画像；相片

foreground /'fo:graund/ [S] the part of a place, picture, etc, that is near the front, nearest to the person looking at it，etc 前景（景物、图画等最接近观赏者的部分）；最显著的部分：Who arethese people in the foreground of the photo-graph？照片中靠近前面的那些人是谁？（fig）He isnow in the foreground of British politics.他现在是英国政坛上的风头人物.

background /'bæk,graund/1 [S] the part of a place, picture, etc, that is at the back or in the distance（景物、图画等的）背景；后景：Who isthat man in the background of the picture？照片中靠后的那个人是谁？2［C］the main colouron which other colours are placed, usu in a pattern（图案的）底色：The pattern is green and blue against a white background/a back-ground of white．这是白底绿蓝两色的图案．3［C；U] (fig) information about where a person was born, who his parents were, where he went to school，has worked，etc（有关某人的家庭、教育、经历等的）背景：Do you knowanything about the man＇s background？你知道这个人的背景吗？4［（to）］（fig）things that happened in the earlier part of a story,play, film,etc, esp in a series (= set) of such things （小说、剧本、电影等前部分发生过的）背景：Whatwas the background to the story／murder？这故事／谋杀案的背景是什么？

146 nouns 名词：paints and colours 各种绘画颜料

[ALSOH93,L27-39]

paint/peint/ [U] liquid colouring matter which can be put or spread on a surface to make it a certain colour 油漆；涂料：Where are those tins of green paint？那几罐绿漆在什么地方？

paints /peints/ [P] a usu complete set of small tubes or cakes of paint of different colours, usu in a box， as used by an artist （管装或块状的）一套颜料：She bought a new set of oil paints.她买了一套新的油画颜料.

watercolour BrE, -color AmE /'wo:tə,kalə/ 1

［U］ paint which is mixed with water 水彩颜料2 ［C］a picture painted with this 水彩画

oils／orlz／ also 又作 oil colours BrE，oil colors AmE [P] paints (esp for pictures) containing

oil 油画颜料 in oils using oils.用油画颜料：Shepaints very well in oils.她油画画得很好.

charcoal/'tfa:,kəul/1[U] (pieces of) the black substance made by burning wood in a closed container with little air, burnt in fires to give heat or used in sticks for drawing with 炭；木炭；炭笔：Give me the charcoal， please；I＇m going to draw a picture.请把炭笔给我；我要画一幅画．2 ［C］ also 又作 charcoal drawing a picture made by drawing on paper with this material 木炭画：That＇s a beautiful charcoal you did of my wife.你给我妻子画的那幅炭笔肖像画很美.

I47 nouns 名词： materials， etc， used in painting 绘画材料等

palette /'pælit/ [C] 1 a board with a curved edge and a hole through it,for holding with the thumb, on which an artist mixes his colours（画家用的）调色板2 the colours used by a particular artist or for a particular picture （某位画家使用的或用来画某幅画的）一组颜色：Theartist has been using a new palette lately, mostly of blues and greens.这位画家近来用色颇有新意，以蓝色和绿色为主.

palette knife [C] a thin bendable knife with a rounded end, used esp by an artist to mix colours, and sometimes to spread paint ona picture 调色刀

brush/braf/ [C] an instrument for painting, smoothing，etc，in art 画笔

canvas /'kænvəs/ [C] 1 a piece of canvas (strong rough cloth) used for an oil painting （一块）油画布2a completed oil painting（一幅） 油画

easel /'i:zəl/ [C] a wooden frame to hoid a picture while it is being painted or to hold a blackboard 画架；黑板架

cartridge paper /'ka:trid3 peipə/ [U] strong thick whitish paper used for drawing on in pencil and ink 图画纸

sketchpad/sketchbook /'sketf,pæd/'sketf,buk/ [C] a number of sheets of paper fastened together，for making rough drawings 写生簿； 素描簿

I48 nouns 名词：sculpture and modelling 雕塑与塑造

sculpture /'skalptfə/ 1 [U] the art of shaping solid figures (as of people or things) out of stone，wood，clay，metal，etc 雕刻（术）；雕塑（术）：They studied sculpture as a class in art school．他们在艺术学校的雕塑班学习．2［U；C］（apiece of） work produced by this art 雕刻品；雕塑品：Which do you like better， Michelangelo＇s sculpture， or his paintings？你比较喜爱哪一种： 米开朗琪罗的雕塑品还是他的画？There＇s someinteresting sculpture in this church; a fine

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sculpture in the east end and some very good sculptures on the west door too.这座教堂内有一些引人人胜的雕塑；东面有一件精美的雕塑品，西边门上也有一些很好的雕刻．sculptural［Wa5；B］of，concerning， or looking like sculpture 雕刻／ 塑的；有雕刻／塑风味的

modelling BrE, modeling AmE /'mpdəln/[U] the making of solid shapes in soft substances, esp clay 塑造（尤指用黏土等软物质）［ALSO→I5］

I49 verbs 动词： sculpture and engraving 雕塑与镌刻

sculpture /'skalptfə/1 [T1] to make a figure of （a person or thing） in sculpture 雕刻；雕塑；塑造：The king was sculptured by the artist over a period of several weeks.艺术家用好几个星期的时间才完成了国王的雕像．2［IØ］to make worksof sculpture 从事雕刻；从事雕塑：She has all thetools for sculpturing in wood and clay.她有木刻和泥塑的全套工具．3 ［Wv5；T1 usu pass］ tomake or shape as in sculpture 像雕塑般制造： The car body has a sculptured appearance. 这汽车的车身像是雕塑出来的.（fig）The water hadsculptured rocks into strange shapes.水侵蚀岩石，使它变得奇形怪状.

sculpt／skalpt／［T1；IØ］fml to sculpture 雕刻；雕

engrave /In'greiv/ [D1 with/on;T1] 1 to cut (words, pictures, etc) on (wood,stone,or metal）（在石、木、或金属上）刻（字或画）；雕刻；镌刻：He engraved her name on the box. 他把她的名字刻在盒子上.The box was engraved withher name.盒子上刻着她的名字.（fig）Theterrible memory was engraved in his mind.可怕的记忆深深印在他的脑海中．2 to prepare(special plates of metal) in this way for print-ing雕版（印刷用）

I50 nouns 名词：statues and models ［C］ 塑像与模特儿

statue /'stætfu:/ a usu large likeness, esp of a person or animal, made in some solid material （such as stone， metal， or plastic）（以石、金属或塑料制成的）塑像；雕像；铸像

statuette /,stætfu'et/ a very small statue for putting on a table or shelf（放在桌上或架上的）小雕像；小塑像

figurine / figju'ri:n/ a small ornamental human figure made of baked clay or cut stone（用陶瓷或石头制成的）小型人像

relief /rr'li:f/a drawing, etc, that is raised above the surface on which it is set 浮雕（品）

piece/pi:s/1 something whole and complete by an artist（一件完整的）艺术作品：This piece（of music） should be played with great feeling.应该以丰富的感情来演奏这首乐曲.He has written anew piece for the theatre（＝a new play）.他写了一个新剧本．2 a short amount that is part of

I52 ARTS ＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

this（艺术作品中的）一部分：Have you practised your piece （of music） for the examination？你练习过要考的那首曲子吗？3 ［usu sing］ anexample of something made or done, esp of a stated quality 样本；例子：This watch is a fine piece of work.这只手表手工很精细.

model /'mpdəl/ a person or thing which an artist draws（供画家作描绘对象的）模特儿：Shesometimes works as an artist＇s model.她有时给画家当模特儿.What model did he use？他用什么作模特儿？

I51 nouns 名词： artists and craftsmen ［C］艺术家与工匠

artist/'a:tist/1 a person who practises or works in one of the fine arts， esp painting 美术家；艺术家（尤指画家）：Paris is famous for its artists. 巴黎以其艺术家而闻名于世．2 a person whoshows inventive skill in his work（显示出创造才能的）能手：He is no ordinary thief； he＇s an artist．他不是普通的小偷；而是位盗窃专家．3 aperformer in an entertainment, such as an actor or singer（演出的）表演者（如演员或歌手）：Are all the artists ready？全体表演者都准备好了吗？

craftsman /'kra:ftsmən/ a highly skilled worker 手艺高超的工匠：This jewellery is made by the finest craftsmen.这些珠宝饰物出自第一流的工匠之手.

stylist /'stailist/1 a person with a good style of writing．drawing，etc 文体家；风格独特的画家2[C9] a person who is concerned with styles of appearance（衣服、装饰等的）设计师：a hairstylist 发型师

painter/'peintə/ an artist who paints pictures （水彩画、油画）画家

sculptor /'skalptə/ an artist who makes works of sculpture 雕刻家；雕塑家

master /'ma:stə/ [often attrib] a person, usu a man, of great skill in art or work with the hands（艺术）大师；能工巧匠：He is a mastercraftsman.他是位工艺大师.The painting was the work of a masterldone by a master hand. 这幅画出自大师之手.

I52 adjectives 形容词：relating to arts and crafts［B］与工艺美术有关的

artistic /a:'tistik/ 1 [Wa5] of, concerning, or typical of art or artists 艺术（家）的；美术（家） 的：He is interested in artistic matters.他热衷于艺术．2 apprec made or arranged with inven-tive skill and imagination；beautiful 有艺术创意的；富于艺术想象力的；巧妙的；美妙的：Herplaying was a very artistic performance of that piece of work．她非常精彩地演奏了那部作品．3liking what is well done in art or skilful in producing works of art 有艺术感的；长于艺术创作的：She hasartistic feeling.她有艺术感.

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I53 ARTS ＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

arty/'a:ti/[Wal] often deprec making a show of being interested in art 装作爱好艺术的；附庸风雅的：What an arty person she is！她真是个附庸风雅的人！

arty-crafty /,a:tr'kra:fti/ usu deprec of,using, or making handmade objects or clothes, esp to a degree that appears foolish 爱做手工艺品或衣服的（尤指看起来滑稽的）：That arty-craftyfamily make all their own clothes and look rather odd in them.那个喜爱手工艺品的家庭，自已缝制所有的衣服，穿起来显得怪可笑的.

craftsmanlike /'kra:ftsmən,laik/ apprec (of work, works of art, books, etc) having or showing the qualities of work one expects from a good craftsman（指工作、艺术品、书等）精细的；精巧的：That＇s a craftsmanlike job！那真是杰作！

workmanlike /'w3:kmən,laık/ apprec having or showing the qualities of a good workman 工作熟练的；有技巧的：He is very workmanlike in his treatment of the subject.他处理这个题材十分得心应手.She has a workmanlike approach to the matter.她对这件事的处理方法老练精到.

imaginative/r'mæd3ənətrv/1 (of people) good at inventing imaginary things or artistic forms, or at producing new ideas（指人）富于想象力的；充满创意的：She is an imaginative and artistic child．她是个富于想象力和艺术感的孩子．2（ofthings） informed by use of the imagination（指事物）运用想象力的：imaginative writing 运用想象力创作的作品-ly［adv］

I53 adjectives 形容词：relating to

techniques and styles［B］有关技术与风格的

technical/'teknikəl/[Wa5] relating to the ways in which art， crafts，etc，are done 专门（技术） 的：He has great technical skill.他的技术水准很高．-ly［adv Wa4］

stylistic/star'listik/ [Wa5] usu fml relating to style 文体的；文体上的；风格（上）的：He is awriter of great stylistic ability.他是位大文体家. -ally [adv Wa4]

stylish /'stailrf/ usu apprec showing good style 时髦的；漂亮的：He is a very stylish dresser（＝ he dresses in a stylish way）.他的衣着十分讲究.That＇s a stylish way of doing things！这样做事多有气派！-ly［adv］

pictorial /pik'to:riəl/[Wa5] having or expressed in pictures 由图片组成的；用图片表示的：Therewere a lot of road signs giving pictorial warnings of possible dangers.很多路标用图画来表示潜在的危险.-ly［adv］

illustrative /'ıləstreitiv/ 1 for the purpose of illustration [→I43, 44] serving to illustrate （something， esp a book，idea，etc）用作说明的； 解说性的：This book contains many illustrative sentences．本书有大量例句．2［Wa5］ able to illustrate 能用图说明的：He is a good illustra-tive artist.他是一位出色的插图画家.-ly［adv］

I54 nouns 名词：artistry and

craftsmanship ［U］艺术才能与手工技艺

artistry /'a:tistri/ inventive imagination and ability；artistic skill 艺术才能；艺术技巧：He showed great artistry in his work.他在作品中显示出高超的艺术才能.

craftsmanship /'kra:ftsmən,fip/ the skill of a craftsman； great skill， esp with the hands （工匠的）技术；（尤指手工方面的）高超技艺

I55 nouns 名词：pottery 陶器制作

pottery／＇potəri／1［U］ the work of a potter 陶器制作（术）：Pottery is an ancient art.陶器制作是一门古老的艺术.She goes to a pottery class.她参加陶艺班．2 ［U］pots made out of baked clay （总称）陶器：Modern pottery is usually orna-mental．现代陶器通常用作装饰品．3［C］apotter＇s workroom or factory 陶器作坊；陶器制造厂 potter ［C］ a person who makes pots， dishes，etc， out of baked clay， esp by hand 陶工；陶匠；陶艺家

ceramics/sə'ræmiks/ 1 [U] the art or practice of making bricks, pots, etc, by shaping bits of clay and baking until hard 陶瓷工艺；陶瓷学：She spent many happy hours studying ceramics.她用了许多时间去研究陶瓷学，感到乐在其中．2［P］articles produced in this way 陶瓷制品：He keeps all his ceramics in the kitchen.他把所有的瓷器都放在厨房里．ceramic［Wa5；B］of，like，or connected with ceramics 陶瓷的；似陶瓷的；制陶的

I56 nouns 名词：materials， etc， used in pottery 制作陶器所用的材料等

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potter's wheel

陶工旋盘

(potter's) wheel /('pptəz) wi:l/[C] a round flat

plate which goes round with a circular

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B35: the stomach and general area B36：the heart and the blood 心脏与血液

胃与有关部分

|  |
| --- |
| nasal cavity 鼻腔 pharynx 咽 |
| mouth 口 | tonsils | epiglottis |
| salivary gland | 扁桃体；扁桃腺 | 会庆软骨 |
| 唾液腺；涎腺 | glottis 声门 | oesophagus BrE/ |
| oesophagus BrE/ |
| haus AmE |
| esophagus AmE | larynx thyroid 甲状腺喉vocal cords | esopg食道 |
| 食道 | windpipe/ |
| liver 肝脏 | 声带 | trachea |
| gall bladder 胆囊 |  | 气管 |
| bile duct 胆管 | heart 心脏 | bronchial tube |
| duodenum |
| 支气管 |
| 十二指肠 | a right lobe | left lobe of lung左肺叶 |
| spleen 脾脏 | lim of lung |
| stomach 胃 | e 右肺叶nt |  |
| pancreas 胰脏 | ar |  |
| y  |  |
| kidney 肾脏 | can |  |
| small intestine | al 消 artery 动脉 | jugular vein 颈静脉 |
| 小肠 |
| large intestine | 化 vein 静脉→管 | aorta 大动脉；主动脉 |
| (colon) |  |  |
| 大肠（结肠） | valve 瓣膜 | pulmonary artery |
| 肺动脉 |
| bladder 膀胱 |  |  |
| appendix | right atrium/ | pulmonary vein脉 |
| 阑尾；盲肠 | right auricle | 肺静 |
| rectum 直肠 | 右心房／右心耳 | left atrium/ |
| left auricle |
| sphincter | wall 内壁 | 左心房／左心耳 |
| muscle | right ventricle右心室heart  | left ventricle |
| 括约肌 |
| anus 肛门 | 心脏左心室 |
| digestive and excretory system | respiratory and cir | culator sstem |
| 消化及排泄系统 | 呼吸及循 | yy环系统 |
| B41：the arm 臂；胳臂 |  |  |
|  | B42：the hand 手 |  |
| upper arm 上臂 | knuckle 指关节 | ball of the thumb |
| 拇指底部的肉球 |
| biceps 二头肌 arm臂 | cuticle |  |
| crook of the arm | （指甲根部 |  |
| 手臂弯曲处；臂弯 | 的）表皮 |  |
|  |  | palm 手掌 |
| elbow 肘 |  |  |
|  | -little f | inger/ |
| forearm 前臂 nail 指甲 | AmE  | pinkie |
| 小指 |  |
| wrist 腕finge | rprintthumb |  拇指 |
| fist拳 指 | 纹 ring finger |  环指;无名指 |
| middle finger 中指 |
| forefinger/ |
| index finger 食指 |

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C260：ways of punishing by killing 处死的方式

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gallows

绞架

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C349：parts of a church building 教堂建筑的各部分

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gravestone

墓碑

622

motion and on which wet clay is placed to be shaped into a pot 陶工旋盘

kiln /kiln/ [C] a box-shaped heating apparatus for baking pots, bricks, or lime and also used for drying wood（烘制陶器、砖、石灰或烘干木材的）窑

clay/klei/[U;(C)] a type of soft heavy earth which is used for pottery and in making plates，cups，etc（制陶器等用的）黏土；陶土

I57 verbs 动词：weaving，sewing，and knitting 纺织、缝纫与编织

[ALSO→ H85-7 CLOTH]

weave/wi:v/1[Iø] to form threads into material by drawing one thread at a time under and over a set of longer threads held out on a loom [→I58] from one side to the other 织布；纺织2［T1］to make by doing this 编织：to weave a mat 编织一张垫子3［X9］totwist or wind 编制：He wove branches together to form a roof． 他把枝条编成屋顶．4［T1］toform by twisting 编成：to weave a nest out of wood and feathers 用树枝和羽毛筑巢5［X9，espinto］ to introduce 掺进去：He weaves his own ideas into the official speeches.他把个人意见掺进正式的演说中去．6［T1］ to produce（a stoy），esp from a suggestion 编撰；编排（故事）7［T1］ to make （a plan），esp cleverly 订计划（尤指巧妙地）weaver［C］a person who weaves 织工；编织者 get weaving infml to start working hard at something 开始努力工作；干劲十足地开始（一项事业等）

spin /spin/ 1 [IØ; T1] to make (thread) by twisting（cotton，wool，etc）纺（纱）；（用羊毛等） 纺（线）：She was spinning thread／wool into thread．她在纺纱／把羊毛纺成毛线．2［T1］（ofcertain living things) to produce (thread, esp in a mass or net called a web）（指某种生物）吐（丝）；结（网）：The spider spun its web.蜘蛛织网.

sew /səu/1 [T1; IØ] to fix together or fasten (cloth,leather, paper, etc) by stitches made with thread; make or mend (esp pieces of clothing） with needle and thread（以针、线）缝合；缝制（衣服）；缝纫：Would you sew on thisbutton／sew this button onto my shirt？请你把这个扣子缝到我的衬衫上好吗？He was sewing anew coat．他在缝制一件新上衣．2［X9］toenclose in this way 缝上：He sewed a £5 note inside／into his coat pocket.他把一张五英镑钞票缝在外套的口袋里.

stitch/stitf/[T1; IØ] to sew; put stitches on, to fasten together for ornamental effect 缝纫；缝缀；缝饰

knit/nit/1 [D1(for); T1; IØ] to make (things to wear) by netting threads very closely together with long needles（用毛线针把毛线等）编织成（衣服等物）；编结：She is knitting her husband a pair of socks/a pair ofsocks for her husband. 她正在给丈夫织一双短袜．2［T1；L9］tech（oftenused in giving instructions) to use the simplest stitch in this activity（for a time）（织毛衣时）结

I58 ARTS＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

平针：Knit to the last 10 stitches， then turn the needles and knit back.平结到最后十针，再把针掉头往回结.knitter［C］a person who knits 编织者；编织工人 knitting［U］1 the activity of knitting 编织；针织 2 what is being knitted 编织物：She kept her knitting in a bag.她把她的编织物放在手提包里.

embroider /ım'broidə/ 1 [IØ; T1] .to do orna-mental needlework on（cloth）刺绣；在（布上） 绣花：Her mother taught her to embroider.她妈妈教她刺绣.She bought a dress embroidered with flowers in green silk thread.她买了一件连衣裙，上面有用绿丝线绣的花.She embroidered apattern on a cloth． 她将图案绣在布上．2［T1］(fig) to improve (a story) by adding ornamen-tal details from the imagination 把想象出来的细节加入（故事中）；渲染；铺张 embroidery［U］1the activity of embroidering 刺绣；绣花2 what is being embroidered 刺绣品；刺绣

crochet /krəu'fei/ [IØ]to do fancy work with a needle having at one end a small hook (crochet-hook), making new stitches by draw-ing thread through other stitches 用钩针编织

plait /pleit/ [T1] to twist three or more pieces (of material, hair, etc) together to make a plait（＝a ropelike length）把（头发等）编成辫子；把···编成辫状物：He plaited the thin pieces of gold.他把这些薄薄的金片编在一起.Sheplaited her hair.她把头发编成辫子.

braid／breid／［Wv5；T1］1esp AmE to plait 把（头发等）编成辫子；把···编成辫状物 2 to put braid［H86］on给（衣服等）镶边；饰以穗带：He worea gold-braided coat.他穿了一件镶有金边的外套.

I58 nouns 名词：machines，etc，used in weaving，etc 纺织用的机器等

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loom/lu:m/ [C] a frame or machine on which thread is made into cloth 织机；织布机

warp/wo:p/ [the S] the threads running along the length of cloth（纺织物的）经；经线

woof／wu：f／ also 又作 weft／weft／［the S］ the threads in cloth which are woven across using the warp as a base（纺织物的）纬；纬线

spindle /'spindl/[C]1 a round pointed pin used for twisting the thread in spinning（纺织用的） 锭子；纺锤 2 a machine part around which

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159 ARTS ＆ CRAFTS 艺术与工艺

something turns 心轴；指轴 3 any of various machine parts that are thin rods 细长的机器部件

bobbin/'bpbin/ [C] a small roller on which thread is wound，as in a sewing machine（纺织机上的）线轴；绕线筒

reel/ri:l/[C] 1 a round object on which a length of wire, cinema film, fishing line, recording tape，etc，can be wound（电线、电影胶片、钓线、录音带等的）卷轴；卷筒；卷盘2AmE spool a ususmall wooden or plastic one of these on which sewing thread is sold 线轴 3 the amount that any of those will hold（线、胶片等的）一卷；（影片的）一盘：Use up a whole reel of sewing cotton.把一整轴缝纫线全部用完.

stitch /stitf/ [C] 1 a movement of a needle and thread into cloth at one point and out at another in sewing（指缝纫等的）一针；缝线：Sheput a stitch in the coat．她在上衣上缝了一针．2a turn of the wool round the needle in knit-ting（指编织的）一针：She dropped（＝lost）a stitch．她漏织了一针．3 the piece of thread or wool seen in place after the completion of such a movement 针脚：That＇s a short stitch／a loose stitch．这是小针脚／大针脚．4 a particular style of sewing or knitting and the effect which it gives 针法；缝法：feather stitch in sewing 羽状针法；the basic stitch in knitting 编织的基本针法

seam/si:m/ [C] 1 a line of stitches joining two pieces of cloth, leather, etc, at or near their edges 接缝（尤指缝合两块布或皮革边缘的一行线脚）：My trousers are coming＿apart at the seams.我裤子的接缝脱线了.Sew the seamstraight．用直针步将接缝缝合．2 the crack， line，or raised mark where two edges meet 接合处： He made a good job of sticking the sheets of paper together；the seams hardly showed.这几张纸他粘合得很好，接缝处几乎看不出.

I59 nouns 名词： galleries and museums ［C］美术馆与博物馆

edge which can be made into a system and which usu depends on seeing and testing facts and stating general laws 科学；科学研究：It was one of the great discoveries in science.这是科学上伟大的发现.Science cannot answer all our questions．科学并不能解答我们所有的问题．2［C；U] a branch of such knowledge, esp a anything which may be studied exactly 科学的分支；（尤指任何）学问；学术：Driving a car is anart，not a science.开车是技巧而不是学问.b anyof the branches usu studied at universites, such as physics [→I75], biology [→I74], chem-istry[→175], engineering, and sometimes mathematics（the sciences）一门科学（大学的学科之一，如物理学、生物学、化学、工程学，有时并包括数学）：She was studying a science subject. 她在学习一门理科科目.Government support forthe sciences is quite good.政府对各门科学都相当支持.have something down to a science to have a complete exact knowledge of some-thing，esp a skill 对某事十分精通：He seems to have writing popular books down to a science (= He writes one successful book after another）.他似乎对写通俗读物驾轻就熟.

technology/tek'npləd3i/ [U;C] (the science of) the practical uses of the discoveries of science, esp in industry and in making machines 工艺；工艺学；（工业）技术：Modern life depends on good technology.现代生活依赖于优良的技术.How good is the technology of these machines？这些机器的技术性能如何？

engineering /end3ə'nıərın/ [U] 1 the science or profession of an engineer 工程学；工程业：He studied electrical engineering at the university. 他在大学里攻读电机工程学．2 the act or result ofengineering 工程：He admired the engineering of the new railway.他对这条新铁路的工程赞赏不已.

I71 adjectives 形容词：relating to kinds of science［A］有关各种科学

(art) gallery /(a:t)'gæləri/ a place where (esp) works of art are shown to the public 艺术品陈列馆；美术馆；画廊

museum /mju:'zıəm/ a building where objects are kept and (usu) shown to the public because of their scientific, historic, and artistic interest 博物馆：She took the children to the British Museum in London.他带孩子们去伦敦的大英博物馆.

Science and technology

科学与技术

170 nouns 名词：science，etc 科学等

science/'saiəns/ 1 [U] (the study of) knowl-

pure /pjuə/ (of a science or a branch of any study) considered only for its own nature as a skill or exercise of the mind, separate from any use that might be made of it（指科学或学问）纯的；纯理论的

applied /ə'plaid/ (esp of a science) put to a practical use（尤指科学）应用的

practical /'præktikal/(esp of a science) related to actual experience or need（尤指科学）实用的theoretical/θrə'retikəl/ belonging to theory(=

the general laws and principles of science or a science）理论的-ly ［adv Wa4］

natural /'nætfərəl/ (of science) related to biology［→174］（指科学）自然的

physical /'fizıkəl/ (of science) related to chem-istry and physics［→175］（指科学）物理的

social /'səufəl/ (of science) relating to people's general lives and natures, as in sociology, anthropology, psychology [→I76], linguistics ［→G237］（指科学）社会的

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I73 SCIENCE ＆ TECHNOLOGY 科学与技术

medical /'medikal/ (of science) relating to artisan /,a:tr'zæn/ a skilled workman, esp in

medicine（指科学）医学的 industry 熟练工人；工匠；技工

machinist /mə'fi:nist/ 1 a person who makes

machines 制造机器的人；机械师 2 a person who

uses a machine at work， esp for sewing 机器操

作工人（尤指缝纫车工）

I72 nouns 名词：persons concerned with science，technology，etc［C］科学、技术等有关人员

scientist/'saiəntist/1 a person who carries out new work in a science, esp physics, chemistry, or biology 科学家：Many scientists are now studying moon rocks.许多科学家现在都在研究月球上的岩石.She is a social scientist（＝one ·who works in social science）.她是一位社会科学家．2 infml BrE a person studying a science at a university 大学理科学生：Are you a scientist？ -No，I＇m reading／studing／doing history.你是学理科的吗？-不，我是学历史的.

technologist/tek'npləd3ist/a specialist in tech-nology工艺学家；工程技术专家

technocrat /'teknəkræt/ a person skilled in technology and using his skills for a purpose, esp in industry，etc 技术专家 technocracy ［U； CJ the organization and control of industry, etc,by technocrats; a country where industry, government，etc，is controlled in this way 技术（专家）统治（论）；技术专家政治 technocratic［B］relating to technocrats or technocracy 技术专家的；与技术（专家）统治论有关的-ally ［advWa4]

engineer /,end3ə'nıə/ 1 a person who under-stands the making of machines, roads, bridges，harbours，etc 工程师：He is an electri-cal engineer. 他是电机工程师.She is a civilengineer．她是土木工程师．2a skilled person who controls an engine or engines, esp on a ship（尤指轮船上的）轮机手；机工：He is thechief engineer of the ship．他是船上的轮机长．3a person who works with machines in a factory（工厂的）技师；机器工人：He is amember of the Engineers＇Union.他是技师联合会会员.

technician /tek'nıfən/ 1 a highly skilled scien-tific or industrial worker 专门技师2a special-ist in the practical details of a subject（精通某种专门技艺的）技术人员

mechanic/mi'kænik/ a person who is skilled in using， repairing，etc，machinery 机械工人；修理机器工人：The driver in the car race called his mechanic to find out what was wrong.参加赛车的选手叫他的修理技术工找出故障.The takeoffof the plane was delayed while the mechanics worked on the engines.由于机械技师检修引擎，飞机延迟起飞.

draftsman /'dra:ftsmən/ a person who does technical drawings,for engineering, building, etc 打样人；绘图员；制图员

draughtsman /'dra:ftsmən/ 1 a person (esp a man） who draws well 画艺高超的人（尤指男人）：Ingres was one of the greatest draughtsmen in the history of French painting.安格尔是法国绘画史上最杰出的画家之一．2 esp BrE draftsman打样人；绘图员；制图员

I73 adjectives 形容词：relating to

science，technology，etc［B］与科学、技术等有关的

scientific /,saiən'tifik/ 1 [Wa5] of,being,or concerning science or its principles or rules 科学的：The microscope is a scientific instru-ment.显微镜是一种科学仪器.She had a scien-tific education and learned chemistryat the age of thirteen.她十三岁时受科学教育，学过化学.That is a fine piece of scientific writing.这是一篇优秀的科学论文.The scientific spirit has as interest in exactness．科学精神注重精确．2 needing or showing exact knowledge, skill, or use of a system 需要技术和学问的；有技术的；有系统的：He wrote a book on scientific baby care.他写了一本有关科学育婴的书.They werescientific in their search, looking in all the possible places in an orderly way.他们搜寻的方法很科学化，循序查遍所有可能的地方.-ally ［advWa4]

technological /,teknə'lpd3ikal/ [Wa5] of or related to technology 工艺的；技术上的：The development of the steam engine was the greatest technological advance of the 19th century.蒸汽机的发展是十九世纪工业技术上的最大进步．-ly［adv Wa4］

technical/'teknikəl/'1 [Wa5] having special knowledge, esp of an industrial or scientific subject 有科技知识的：He joined the Associ-ation for Scientific and Technical Workeers. 他参加了科技工作者协会．2 of or related to aparticular and esp a practical or scientific subject; concerning those subjects taught to provide skills for the hand rather than for the mind 技术的；工艺的：It s a technical college.这是一所技术学校.He has had a good technicaltraining.他受过良好的技术训练.I had a moretechnical education than my husband.我受的技术教育比我的丈夫多．3［Wa5］ according to anunreasonably fixed acceptance of the rules 严格根据规则来说的：The result was a technicaldefeat for the government but otherwise of limited importance.这结果在技术上是政府的一次失败，但除此之外，没有什么严重性．4 belongingto a particular art， science，profession，etc 专门性的：He has great technical skills.他有高超的专门技能.She uses technical language that the ordinary man cannot understand.她使用一般人不懂的专门术语.This book is too technicalfor me．这本书太专门，我看不懂．-ly［adv Wa4］mechanical/mi'kænikəl/1[Wa5] of,connected with,moved,worked, or produced by machin-ery 机械（制造）的；用机械的2（fig）（of persons

or their acts) as if moved by machinery; by

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