L28 LIGHT＆ COLOUR 光与颜色

ity which allows the eyes to see the difference between (for example) a red flower and a blue flower when both are the same size and shape 颜色；色彩：What colour is this paint？-It＇s red．这颜料是什么颜色？-红色．2［C；U］(a) substance used forgiving colour to some-thing； paint； dye 颜料；染料：The artist painted in water colours.这画家用水彩作画.How.much colour should I use？我该用多少颜料？

pigment /'pigmənt/ 1 a [U] dry coloured powder that is mixed with oil, water,etc, to make paint（通常为粉状，使用时须加油或水调制的）色料；颜料b［C］an example of this 任何一种色料 2 ［U］ natural colouring matter of plants and animals, as in leaves, hair, skin, etc 色素：In old age， human hair often loses its pigment and becomes white.人到老年，头发常因为失去色素而变白.

pigmentation / pigmən'terfən/ [U] the spread-ing of colouring matter in parts of living things 色素沉着：Some illnesses cause pigmen-tation of the skin.有些病会引起皮肤的色素沉着.

shade／Jeid／［C9］1 a slightly different colour 有细微差别的颜色：The walls were light blue and the door a deeper shade （of blue）.墙是浅蓝色的，门是稍深一些的（蓝）色.They use cloth invarious shades of pink.他们用颜色深浅不一的粉红色的布．2（fig）a slight（degree of） diffe-rence or variation 细微的分歧或差异：There are several shades of opinion on this question.在这个问题上有几种略为不同的意见.This word hasseveral shades of meaning.这个词有几种略有差异的解释.

tint/tint/[C] 1 esp lit a pale or delicate shade of a colour； slight degree of a colour 浅色；淡色： There was a tint of red in the sky in the early evening．黄昏时分天空中出现了一抹霞光．2 anyof various weak dyes for the hair 浅色的染发剂3 [usu sing] an act of giving the hair a special colour by tinting 染发：She laid £2 for a tint but she doesn＇t look any different.她花了两英镑去染发，可是看不出有什么不同.

hue／hju：／esp poet 1［C］ a colour 颜色；色彩：The diamond shone with every hue under the sun. 在阳光下钻石闪耀出斑斓的色彩．2［U］a degreeof brightness in colour 色度：The sky darkened in hue as night drew nearer.垂暮之时，天色渐渐转黑.

dye /dai/[C; U] a vegetable or chemical sub-stance, usu liquid, used to colour things esp by dipping 染料：Have you a bright blue dye in the shop？你们商店有天蓝色的染料吗？

spectrum/'spektrəm/ [C] 1 tech a set of bands of light in the order of their wavelengths, into which a beam of light may be separated, as by ．a prism［→H123］光谱 2 tech a range of any of various kinds of waves 波谱；频谱：a radio／ sound spectrum（无线电）射频频谱／声谱3（fig） an arrangement of unseparated members along a line； continuous range 范围；领域；系列： There was a wide spectrum of opinion(s) on this question.在这个问题上众说纷纭，意见大不相同.

L28 verbs 动词：colouring 着色

colour BrE,color AmE/'kalə/1[T1;X(1),7]to cause (something) to have colour or a differ-ent colour esp in painting， dyeing，etc.着色；染色：The child is colouring the picture.这孩子在给图画涂上颜色.He coloured the flower red and the sky blue.他给花朵涂上红色，给天空涂上蓝色.He coloured the flower （a beautiful shade of yellow）.他给这朵花涂（上一层美丽的黄）色．2［T1］ to give a special character to （a person，event，etc）渲染；歪曲：His story was coloured by his hatred of his mother.由于憎恨自己的母亲，他的叙述颇有歪曲之处.Personalfeelings coloured his judgement.个人的感情影响了他的判断．3［IØ］ to take on or changecolour 生出颜色；变色：The leaves have already started to colour； it will soon be winter.树叶已经开始变黄；冬天快到了.

tint /tint/ [Wv5; T1] to give a slight or delicate colour to （esp the hair）着浅色于；微染（尤指头发）：He likes natural hair better than tinted.他比较喜欢自然色彩的头发，并不喜欢染发.Can youtint it a little？你给它稍微上点颜色好吗？

discolour BrE, -or AmE /drs'kalə/ [Wv5;IØ; T1] to (cause to) change colour for the worse （使）变色；（使）褪色：Sunlight had discoloured the red curtains.阳光把这红窗帘晒得褪了色.This material will discolour in hot water.这种料子热水一浸会褪色.

shade/feid/[T1 (in)] to represent the effect of shade or shadow on （an object in a picture） 画阴影于（画中的物体上）：The shaded-in back-ground added depth to the drawing.带阴影的背景给这幅画增添了立体深度的感觉.Shade it inhere，＇the teacher said.“在这儿画阴影，”老师说道.

dye /dai/[T1; IØ;X7; L7] to give or take(a stated） colour by means of dye 染色；给···染上（某种）颜色：She dyed the dress（red）.她把衣服染成红色.Will this dress dye？这件衣服能染吗？The dress will dye red／dye very well. 这衣服能染成红色／很好染.（fig）Sunset dyed the sky red. 落日染红了天空.

L29 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：the primary colours ［Wa1；U；C；B］原色

USES 用法：

1［C；U］（colour）（颜色）： She liked the reds and yellows of the evening sky.她喜欢晚霞那嫣红橙黄的色彩.Which of these pinks is darker？这些粉红色当中哪种深一些？The brown in my paint box istoo dark． 我颜料盒里的棕色颜料色太深了．2 ［U］（clothes）（衣服）：She wore blue.她身穿蓝衣服. He was dressed in green．他穿着绿衣服．3［B］ （having that colour）（某种颜色的）：She wore a yellow dress.她穿着黄色连衣裙.Let＇s paint the door green.我们把门漆成绿色吧.Many types ofroses are pink.好多种玫瑰是粉红色的.

776

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| red红色（的）；赤色（的）pink粉红色（的）；淡红色（的）yellow黄色（的）orange橙色（的）；桔色（的）blue蓝色（的）violet紫罗兰色（的）；蓝紫色（的）purple紫色（的）；紫红色（的）green绿色（的）brown棕色（的）；褐色（的） | fresh blood鲜血healthy flesh健康的肌肉the yolk (yellow part) ofa hen's egg鸡蛋的蛋黄the skin of the orange (afruit)橙皮；桔子皮the clear cloudless skyduring the day日间晴朗无云的天空the petals of the violet(aflower)紫罗兰的花瓣red and blue mixedtogether红和蓝的混合fresh grass新鲜的草coffee mixed with milk;toasted bread加了牛奶的咖啡；烤过的面包 |

L30 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：white and black ［Wa1；U；C；B］白与黑

white/wait/(of) a colour which is like that of a clean cloud in a sunny sky; (of) the colour of milk;(of) the colour which contains all the colours 白色（的）：She wore white.她穿了白衣服.He wore white trousers.他穿了白长裤.

black/blæk/1. (of) the colour of night; without light 黑色（的）：He wore a black hat.他戴一顶黑帽子.After her husband died she dressed in black．丈夫死后她身穿黑色丧服．2 very dirty 很脏的：Your hands are black！ Go and wash them．你的手真脏！快去洗洗．3 black paint orcolouring 黑颜料；黑色彩：She puts a lot of black round her eyes.她把眼圈画得黑黑的.

grey BrE,gray AmE /grei/ (of) a colour which is a mixture of white and black 灰色（的）：He wore a grey suit.他穿了一套灰色西服.The skywas grey／a dull grey.天空灰蒙蒙的.

L31 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：some secondary colours [U;C;B] 一些合成色

crimson /'krimzən/ (of) a deep slightly purplish red colour 深红色（的）

scarlet/'ska:lit/ (of) a very bright red colour, often associated with marks of rank, office, etc猩红色（的）；绯红色（的）（常和官职标志有关）：The Queen＇s guards wear scarlet.女王的卫队身穿猩红色制服.

L33 LIGHT ＆ COLOUR 光与颜色

vermilion ／və＇mılıən／ bright reddish-orange 朱红色（的）

magenta /mə'd3entə/ (of) a dark purplish red colour 紫红色（的）

maroon /mə'ru:n/ (of) a very dark red-brown colour栗褐色（的）；茶色（的）；褐红色（的）

purple /'p3:pəl/ [Wal, 3]1 a dark colour made of a mixture of red and blue 紫（红）色2［the U] formerly dark red or purple garments as worn only by people of very high rank（古代达官贵人穿的）紫衣；紫袍3 of the colour purple 紫（红）的：His hands were purple with cold.他的手冻得发紫.She became purple with anger （＝ so angry that the blood rushed to her face and changed its colour）.她气得脸色发紫.

aquamarine / ækwəmə'ri:n/ (of) the colour of the glass-like blue-green stone of the same name 水蓝宝石色（的）；蓝绿色（的）；海蓝色（的）

turquoise/'t3:kwoiz/(of) the bluish-green or greenish-blue colour of the mineral of the same name 绿松石色（的）；蓝绿色（的）；青绿色（的）

indigo /'Indr,gəu/ (of) a colour or dye of a dark blue-purple 靛蓝色（的）

amber/'æmbə/ (of) the colour of a yellowish-brown hard clear substance of the same name used for jewels， ornaments，etc 琥珀色（的）

tan／tæn／brown like leather 棕黄色（的）

ochre BrE, ocher AmE /'əukə/ the yellowish-brown colour of yellow earth 赭色（的）；浅暗桔黄色（的）；黄褐色（的）

olive／＇plrv／light green 橄榄色（的）；黄绿色（的）

L32 nouns ＆ adjectives 名词和形容词：the colours of metals ［U；C；B］金属的颜色

[ALSO→H67 METALS]

gold／gəuld／ （like the metal） gold in colour 金色（的）

golden／＇gəuldən／esp poet ＆ lit like gold 金色的silver ／＇sılvə／ （like tĥe metal） silver in colour 银色（的）

silvery／＇silvəri／ esp apprec ＆ lit like silver 银色的

copper /'kopə/ (like the metal) copper in colour 铜色（的）；红棕色（的）

coppery／＇kopəri／ more or less like copper 铜色的；红棕色的

bronze／brpnz／like bronze in colour 青铜色的

leaden /'ledən/ 1 of the colour of the metal lead；dull-grey 铅灰色的2（fig）sad；heavy 伤心的；沉重的

steel／sti：l／like steel in colour 钢青色的

steely ／＇sti：li／［Wal］ more or less like steel 钢青色的

L33 adjectives 形容词：relating to colour ［B］与颜色有关的

colourful BrE,colorful AmE/'kaləfal/1 show-ily coloured; full of colour or colours; bright;

777

L34 LIGHT ＆ COLOUR 光与颜色

gay 颜色丰富的；绚丽多彩的；艳丽的：She saw abird with colourful wings.她看见一只翅膀色彩美丽的鸟．2 likely to excite the senses or ima-gination； rich in expressive variety or detail 丰富多彩的；吸引人的：That was a colourfulperiod of history.那是一段多姿多彩的历史.Hehas a colourful style of writing.他的文体瑰玮多彩.

coloured BrE, colored AmE /'kaləd/ [esp in comb］ having the usu stated colour 有色的； 有···色的：She wore a cream-coloured dress.她穿了一件米色衣服.

variegated/'veərigeitid/ (esp of a flower or leaf) marked irregularly in spots, lines, masses,etc, of different colours（尤指花或树叶）杂色的；斑驳的

speckled/'spekəld/ coloured with small irregu-lar marks， esp a large number on a surface 有小斑点的（尤指表面有大量斑点）：The egg wasspeckled.这鸡蛋上有很多斑点.

L34 adjectives 形容词：relating to

colouring［B］与着色有关的

dyed／daid／having been dyed 染色的：She has dyed hair.她头发是染了色的.

stained/steind/ having had a coloured liquid put on or into something 着色的；染色的；沾上颜色液体的

tinted /'tintid/ having had a slight or delicate colour added 微微着色的；染色的

shaded /'feidid/ (of drawings) having been given the effect of shade or shadow（指图画） 有阴影的：I like the shaded parts； they give depth to the drawing.我喜欢这些阴影部分；它们使这幅画有立体感.

discoloured BrE, discolored AmE /dis'kaləd/ having changed colour for the worse 变色的；褪色的：He had discoloured teeth， from smoking too much.他吸烟太多，牙齿都变色了.

L35 adjectives 形容词： having little or no colour［B］淡色的与无色的

colourless BrE, colorless AmE /'kaləlis/ 1 without colour 无色的：Water is colourless.水是无色的.It is a colourless liquid.这是一种无色液体．2 weak in colour；pale 苍白的；色彩暗淡的：He was colourless； we thought he was ill.他脸色很苍白；我们以为他病了．3（fig）dull；lackingvariety，interest，character， excitement，etc 不生动的；无趣味的；无特色的：He is one of themost colourless people I＇ve ever met.他是我见过的人里最乏味的一个.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

dull/dal/ [Wal] having colours that are or a colour that is not bright 暗淡的；晦暗的 dully [adv]-ness [U]

drab /dræb/ [Wal] 1 of a muddy yellowish brown or green colour 黄褐色的；黄绿色的2（fig） uninteresting；cheerless；dull 单调乏味的；

无生气的：They lead very drab lives.他们过着单调的生活.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

faded /'feidid/having lost natural colour esp by being old or having been (left) in the light of the sun too long（尤指因为时间过长或阳光照射而）褪色的：The faded colours of the book had once been very bright.这本褪了色的书原先色彩很鲜艳.The colour was a faded blue.这是褪了色的蓝色.

pale /peil/ [Wa1] 1 not having much colouring matter；weak；not bright 淡的；暗淡的；微弱的： （fig）He is a pale copy of his brother.他像是他哥哥的翻版，只不过处处相形见绌．2（of light） notbright（光线）不明亮的：the pale moonlight暗淡的月光3（of a person＇s face） having less than the usual amount of colour； rather white（指人的脸色）苍白的；灰白的：The illness makes thechild look very pale.这孩子因为有病，脸色很苍白.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

pallid /'pælid/1 (of coloured objects) unusually pale or lacking in deep colour（指有颜色的物体）苍白的；灰蒙蒙的：a pallid sky 白蒙蒙的天空2 (of the face, skin, etc) unusually or un-healthily pale（指脸色、肤色等）苍白的；无血色的；有病容的：He had a pallid look， as if he had been shut up without fresh air for a long time.他脸上全无血色，好像曾经长期被禁锢，呼吸不到新鲜空气似的.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

L36 adjectives 形容词：having a lot of colour［Wa1；B］色彩分明的

deep／di：p／ not affected by white 深浓的：The sky was deep blue.天空是深蓝色的.

dark／da：k／tending to have more black 带黑色的；暗色的：She wore a dark green dress；the dress was dark green.她穿了一件墨绿色的连衣裙；这连衣裙是墨绿色的.

light／lait／having a lot of white 浅色的：His hair was light brown.他的头发是浅褐色的.She worea light green dress.她身穿一件嫩绿色连衣裙.

pale ／perl／ not having much black 淡色的：She wore a pale green dress.她穿了一件淡绿色连衣裙.

L37 intensive adjectives 加强语意的形容词：relating to colour［B］与颜色有关的

vivid/'vivid/1 (of light or colour) bright and strong; producing a sharp sensation on the eye（指光线或色彩）鲜艳的；鲜明的；强烈的：Therewas a vivid flash of lightning.一道耀眼的闪电划过天空.She had vivid red hair.她的头发是火红色的．2 that produces or is able to produce sharp clear pictures in the mind； lifelike 生动的；逼真的；清晰的：To the little boy＇s vivid imagination， the stick he held was a sword.小男孩想象力丰富，他把手里的棍棒当作是一柄剑.The dream was so vivid that he felt himself to be awake.这梦境十分逼真，他觉得自己仿佛是醒着一样.He gave a vivid description of what happened．他把发生的事情作了生动的描述．3（of

778

a person's power of expression as having an effect on others） full of life and force（指有感染力的表现）传神的；生气勃勃的：The actor gavea vivid performance as the mad king.这演员把发疯的国王演得维肖维妙.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

livid /'livid/1 blue-grey, as of marks on the skin （bruises）after being hit 青灰色的（指皮肉被打伤而呈现的颜色）2（of the face）very pale（面色）很苍白的3 infml very angry 很生气的：Hewas livid when we told him we'd lost his key. 我们告诉他丢失了他的钥匙时，他气得脸色发白.-ly[adv]-ness [U]

lurid /'luərid/1 unnaturally bright; (deprec) too strongly coloured 亮得古怪的；颜色过于强烈的：What a lurid picture／sunset！多么刺眼的图画／夕阳红得多么古怪！2（fig）shocking，esp because violent；unpleasant 可怕的；吓人的；耸人听闻的：The papers gave lurid details of the murder. 报纸详细描述了谋杀案的可怖细节.-ly［adv］-ness[U]

L38 verbs，etc 动词等：showing an increase of colour 颜色变深

colour BrE,color AmE /'kalə/[IØ] to become red in the face； blush 脸红：As soon as he started to argue he coloured quickly.他一开始争论，就面红耳赤了.

blush/blaf/ 1 [Wv4; IØ (at, for, with)] to be-come red in the face, from shame, because people are looking at one，etc（因害羞而）脸红： She blushed when he asked what she was doing.他问她在干什么，她顿时脸红了.Heblushed at their praise.别人赞扬他，他就脸红了.2［IØ（for），3］ to be ashamed 羞愧：When I see the prices that tourists are charged, I blush for my country，＇he said.“我看到游客被人乱开高价时，真为自己的国家感到羞愧，”他说.She blushedto admit that．．．她脸有愧色地承认···3［C］a case of blushing（脸上泛起的）红潮：His words brought a blush to her face.他的话使她脸红了.spare one's blushes infml to avoid making someone blush 避免使某人脸红：You shouldn＇t say all these nice things about me:spare my blushes！你别一个劲说我的好话：别让我难为情了！

flush/fl^f 1 [IØ; L7] (of a person, the skin,or the face) to turn red as a result of a (sudden) flow of blood to the skin（指人、皮肤、面孔）发红；变红：She flushed when she couldn＇t answer his question.她因答不出他的问题而脸红了.The boy flushed bright red with shame.那个男孩羞愧得满脸通红.The doctor said that thechild looked flushed, and told her to stay in bed because she had a fever.医生说这孩子脸颊潮红，嘱她卧床，因为她发烧了．2［C］a flow ofblood to the face 血液涌到脸上；脸红3［S］thered appearance of the face as a result of this 红晕；潮红：The sick boy had an unhealthy flush and breathed with difficulty.这个病孩的脸上呈现不健康的潮红，而且呼吸困难.

redden/'redən/ [IØ; T1] to become or make red （使）变红

darken /'da:kən/ [IØ; T1] to become or make

L40 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

dark（使）变暗

crimson /'krımzən/ [IØ; T1] to become or make crimson（使）变深红色

L39 verbs 动词： showing a decrease of colour 颜色变淡

lighten /'laitən/ 1 [T1; IØ] to make or become brighter or less dark（使）变得明亮；发亮2［IØ］ to brighten or light up with excitement, happi-ness，etc（因兴奋、快乐等）（脸）露出喜色；（容光）焕发；（眼睛）闪烁

pale /peil/1 [T1; IØ] to make or become pale （defs 1,2，and 3）（使）变暗淡；（使）变不明亮；（使）变苍白：Illness paled her cheek.她病得脸色苍白.His face paled at the sight of his enemy. 一见敌人，他的脸顿时白了．2［I0（before，beside）］(fig) to seem less important, clever, beautiful, etc，when compared with 黯然失色：All other anxieties paled beside the frightening fact of the fire coming close to the village.大火逼近村庄，这个可怕的事实使其它忧虑都显得无关紧要了.

whiten/'waitən/ [T1; IØ] to (cause to) become more white（使）变白：I must whiten my tennis shoes.我得把网球鞋擦白.The sky whitened as the sun rose.旭日初升，天色放亮.

fade/feid/[IØ (away)] 1 to (cause to) lose colour，freshness，strength，etc（使）褪色；（使） 枯萎；（使）衰弱：The flowers faded when cut.花被剪下后凋谢了.The sun has faded the mate-rial.阳光使这料子褪了色.The illness caused his strength to fade away．他病得软弱无力．2（fig） to disappear or die gradually 逐渐消失；死去： The shapes faded （away） into the night.那些影子消失在夜色中.

Weather and temperature

天气与温度

L40 nouns 名词：weather，etc 天气等

weather/'weðə/[U] the condition of wind, rain, sunshine, snow, etc, at a certain time or over a period of time 天气：What good weather／nice weather！多好的天气啊！We had a period of hot weather.天气热了一段时间.What＇s the weather like today？ 今天天气怎么样？weatherproof［B］（esp of garments） which can keep out wind and rain（尤指衣服）防风雨的：This is a nice warm weatherproof coat.这件上衣不错，既保暖又挡风雨.weatherbeaten［B］1 marked or damaged by the force of wind, sun，etc 风雨剥蚀的 2 （of a face or skin）browned by the wind and sun（指脸或皮肤）饱经风霜的

(weather) forecast /('weðə) 'fo:ka:st/ [C] a description of weather conditions as they are expected to be by those who study them

779

L41 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

（meteorologists）天气预报：What＇s tomorrow＇s weather forecast？明天的天气预报怎样？

climate /'klaimit/ [C] 1 the average weather conditions at a particular place overa period of years 气候：That island has a tropical cli-mate．那个岛的气候属热带型．2（fig）the generaltemper or opinions of a group of people or period of history（社会）风气；舆论：I wouldn＇t have liked the (moral and political) climate of Britain before the First World War.我不喜欢第一次世界大战前英国的道德风尚和政治风气.

clime ／klaim／ ［C9 usu pl］ poet climate 气候：He often travelled in the warmer climes.他常去气候暖和的地方旅行.

temperature /'tempərətfə/1 [U; C] the amount of heat or cold in a place 温度：What was the temperature like this morning？今天早晨气温怎样？The room had a temperature of 20°．室内温度是20度．2［C］too much heat in the body 发烧：The child has a temperature； send for the doctor.这孩子在发烧；去把医生请来.

L41 verbs 动词：weather，etc 天气等

acclimatize, -ise /ə'klarmə,taiz/ [T1; IØ (to)]1 to cause (plants, animals, etc, or esp oneself) to become accustomed to the conditions of weather in a new part of the world（使）服水土； （使）适应气候：It took them several months to acclimatize （themselves） to the hot weather.他们几个月后才习惯这种炎热的天气．2 to cause(oneself or another) to become accustomed to new conditions and places（使）适应新环境

adjust/ə'd3ast/ [IØ (to)] not fml to acclimatize oneself 适应于：He hasn＇t adjusted （to the climate here） yet； it takes time.他还没有适应（这里的气候）；这需要时间.

L42 verbs 动词：to change because of weather，time，etc 因天气、时间等而变化

weather/'weðə/1[IØ] to be changed by the air and weather 受侵蚀；风化：Rocks weather until they are worn away.岩石渐渐风化，直至剥落殆尽．2［T1］to leave open to the air 使饱受风吹日晒：weathered wood 饱经日晒雨淋的木头；skinweathered by an outdoor life 由于长期户外生活而饱经风霜的皮肤3［T1］to pass safely through（a storm or difficulty）安全度过（暴风雨、困难等）：Once the bad times were weathered，their life changed for the better.他们苦尽甘来.

wear away [v adv T1; IØ] to (cause to) disap-pear slowly（使）磨损；（使）耗损；（使）磨灭：The wind has worn the rocks away.风已使这些岩石风化了.The illness wore away her strength.这场病耗尽了她的体力.

wear down [v adv] 1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) be reduced bit by bit 磨掉；磨小：He finished the wood by rubbing until he wore the surface down／until the surface wore down.他把木头的表面磨得很平滑，作为最后的加工.（fig）Theillness wore her down．这场病把她拖垮了．2［T1］

to reduce the force of 削弱；使衰弱：We wore down their opposition after several hours' argument.经过几个小时的辩论，我们终于驳倒了他们的反对意见.

erode /r'rəud/ 1 [T1 (away)] (of acids,water, wind， etc） to cut into； to wear or rub away 腐蚀；侵蚀：The sea erodes the rocks.海水侵蚀了岩石.（fig）The King＇s power has been slowly eroded away．国王的权力被渐渐削弱．2［IØ］tobe or become worn away or rubbed away 受腐蚀；遭侵蚀：The coast is slowly eroding away. 海岸正慢慢遭到侵蚀.erosion［Ú］ the process oferoding or being eroded 腐蚀；侵蚀；侵害：Soil erosion is bad in that part of the world.地球那个部分的土壤侵蚀情况很严重.

L43 nouns 名词：instruments，etc， relating to weather，etc 观测气候的仪器等

barometer /bə'rpmətə/[C]1 an instrument for measuring the pressure of the air in order to help to judge probable changes in the weather or one＇s height above sea level 气压计；气压表； 晴雨表2（fig） something or someone that shows changes in public opinion 舆论的晴雨表barometric [Wa5; B] of or concerning ba-rometers气压计的；测定气压的-cally［adv Wa4］ thermometer /θə'mpmətə/ [C] an instrument for measuring the temperature of a place, person，etc寒暑表；温度计

degree /dr'gri:/ [C] a point of measurement of temperature（温度的）度（数）：Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (32 °F) or 0 degrees Centigrade （0 ℃）．水在华氏32度即摄氏0度结冰．A healthy body temperature is 98.4 degrees Fahrenheit (98.4 °F) in Britain, and 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit（98.6 °F） in the USA．健康的人的体温在英国是华氏98.4度，在美国则是华氏98.6度．

scale/skerl/[C]1 the line of marks which show how hot or cold something is 标度；刻度2 a system of arranging such marks 度量制：The Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales are quite different.华氏度量制和摄氏度量制颇不相同.

centigrade /'sentə,greid/ [often cap] 1[R] a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°摄氏温度计（水的冰点为0度，沸点为100度）2［Wa5；B；E］of，in or relating to this scale 摄氏的

Celsius／＇selsis／［R； A； E］ Centigrade 摄氏（的）

Fahrenheit /'færən,hait/1 [R] a scale of tem-perature in which water freezes at 32° and boils at 212° 华氏温度计（水的冰点为32度，沸点为212度）2［Wa5；B；E］ of，in or relating to this scale 华氏的

freezing point 1 [R] the temperature (0° Centigrade） at which water becomes ice 冰点（摄氏0度）：It＇s very cold today； the tempera-ture has dropped to freezing point.今天很冷；气温降到了冰点．2［C］ the temperature at which any particular liquid freezes 凝固点：The freez-

780

ing point of alcohol is much lower than that of water.酒精的凝固点比水要低许多.

boiling point 1 [R] the temperature (100° Centigrade） at which water boils（水的）沸点（摄氏100度）2［C］the temperature at which a liquid boils（某种液体的）沸点：Water and oil have different boiling points.水和油的沸点不同. 3 [R](fig) the point at which high excitement, anger，etc，breaks into action 情绪高涨到极点而化为行动的时刻；（激烈情绪的）爆发点：Trouble inthe city has reached boiling point.城里的骚乱即将大爆发.

calorie /'kæləri/ [C] 1 a measure of heat;the amount of heat needed to heat one gramme of water by one degree Centigrade 卡（热量单位）；卡路里2 a measure used when stating the amount of heat that a food will produce 食物所产生的热量（以卡路里为单位）：One slice ofbread has 90 calories．一片面包有九十卡路里．You must count calories if you want to lse weight, because food with a lot of calories is fattening.你想减肥就得算算卡路里，因为卡路里高的食物会使人发胖.calorific［B］heat-producing 产生热的；发热的：This coal has a high calorific value.这种煤有很高的发热量.

L44 nouns 名词：sky and air 天空与空气

sky/skai/[(the) U;C often pl with sing mean-ing] the upper air; the space above the earth where clouds and the sun, moon, and stars appear 天；天空：The sky turned dark as the storm came near.暴风雨来临时，天空变得黑沉沉的.There＇s a bit of blue sky between the clouds.云缝间稍微露出一小片蓝天.We expectsunny skies for the next two days;the skies should remain sunny.预料明后两天天晴；天空将依然阳光灿烂.The painting showed a bright blue sky. 画里的天空是碧蓝的.He lifted hishands to the skies in prayer.他举手向天祈祷.

heavens／＇hevənz／［the P］ esp lit the sky 天；天空；重霄；苍穹；玉宇：The heavens on a clearnight are full of stars.夜空如洗，繁星点点.［ALSO →C325]

air/eə/ 1 [U] the mixture of gases which sur-rounds the earth and which we breathe 空气； 大气：The fresh air made him feel hungry.新鲜空气使他感到饥饿了．2［U］the sky or the spaceabove the ground 半空中：He jumped into the air．他腾空一跳．3［U］ the sky as something through which we fly 空中；天空：Air travel is now very fast.现在乘搭飞机旅行十分快捷.I shallsend the letter by air．这封信我要寄航空．4［C］the general character or appearance of some-thing;appearance of, or feeling caused by,a person or place 外观；神态；架子；气氛：Hewalked with an air of importance.他走起路来一副了不起的架势.There was an air of excite-ment at the meeting.会议的气氛很热烈.

atmosphere /'ætməs,frə/ [C; U] 1 the mixture of gases that surround any heavenly body,esp the earth 大气；大气层2 the air，as in the sky or in an enclosed space 空气：The atmosphere in

L45 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

the room was hot and smoky.房间里烟雾弥漫，热气熏人．3（fig） the feeling among a group or produced by the surroundings 气氛：I like the happy atmosphere in that restaurant.我喜欢那家餐馆里的欢乐气氛.There was a strange at-mosphere in that house.那座房子里的气氛有点异乎寻常．atmospheric ［Wa5；B］ of or con-cerning the earth＇s atmosphere 大气的；空气的-ally [adv Wa4]

vacuum /'vækjuəm/ [C] a space completely empty, esp of gas; a space from which air, gas, etc，has been removed 真空

L45 nouns 名词： clouds， fog， steam， etc 云、雾、水蒸气等

cloud /klaud/ 1 [C;U] (a variously-shaped weightless mass of) very small drops of water floating high in the air 云：When there are black clouds you can tell it＇s going to rain.有乌云时，就知道快要下雨了.There＇s more cloudtoday than yesterday．今天的云比昨天多．2［C］a variously-shaped weightless mass of dust, smoke，etc，which floats in the air 云状物（如尘雾等）：Clouds of smoke rose above the bombed city.团团的浓烟在被炸的城市上空升起.3 [C] a large number of things moving through the air as a mass 飞掠而过的一大群：acloud of insects 一大群昆虫4［C；U］（an area of) darkness in something otherwise trans-parent 遮暗物；阴影；浑浊物：There was a cloudin the bottom of the beer.啤酒底部有一层浑浊的东西．5［C9］（fig） something that causes unhappiness or fear 引起不愉快或恐惧的事物：The sad news of her father's death was the only cloud in an otherwise happy year.那一年她本来是挺愉快的，只是父亲的死讯使她难过.cloudbank ［C］ a thick mass of low cloud 低而密的云团；云堤cloudy［Wal；B］1 full of clouds 多云的；阴天的：It was a cloudy day.那天是阴天.The sky was cloudy．天空多云．2 not clear or transparent 浑浊的；不透明的：cloudy beer／a cloudy mirror 浑浊的啤酒／模糊的镜子 3（fig）uncertain 不确定的：His memory has always been cloudy.他的记性一直不好.-ily［adv］ -iness [U] cloudless [Wa5; B] without clouds; clear 无云的；天晴的：a cloudless sky／day 晴空／ 天

fog／fog／1［U］very thick mist 雾：There was fog last night off the west coast.昨晚西岸一带海上有雾.Yellow fog filled the streets and hid the daylight.街上黄雾弥漫，遮天蔽日.A fog warningwas broadcast on the radio.收音机播了大雾警报．2［C］a date or period of very thick mist 有雾的日子或时期：We often have bad fogs on thesouth coast during winter.冬季南岸时有大雾. foggy［Wal；B］ full of fog 有雾的；雾茫茫的：It was the foggiest night of the year.那是这一年雾最浓的一个夜晚.-ily［adv］-iness［U］

vapour BrE, vapor AmE /'veipə/ 1 [U;C]a gaslike form of a liquid (such as mist or steam) often caused by a sudden change of

781

L46 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

temperature 汽；雾气：A cloud is a mass of vapour in the sky.云是空中的一团水气.Strangevapours rose from the dark lake.怪雾从黑色的湖上升起．2［U9］ tech the gas to which the stated liquid or solid can be changed by the action of heat 蒸气：water vapour 水蒸气

steam/sti:m/1[U] water in the state of a gas produced by boiling 水蒸气；蒸汽2［A］using this under pressure to produce power or heat 利用水蒸气产生的动力或热能：a steam engine 蒸汽机 3［U］ the mist formed when this begins to cool 水气：Steam formed on the insides of the kitchen windows.厨房窗子朝里的一面布满水气.steamy［Wal；B］ full of or like steam 充满蒸汽的；似蒸汽的-iness ［U］

mist/mist/1 [C;U] (a period of or area with) cloudlike bodies made up of very small amounts of water floating in the air, near or reaching to the ground； thin fog 薄雾，霭；有雾之时；有雾地区：The mountaintop was covered in mist．山顶被薄雾笼罩着．2［U；（the）S］ any condition in which small drops of water cause an uncertain view of anything, such as a glass surface when it has been breathed on,tears in the eyes， making it difficult to see（因热泪盈眶或眼镜片水气等而视觉）模糊不清；朦胧；迷蒙：Shecould hardly recognize her son through the mist of tears that filled her eyes.她泪眼模糊，几乎认不出自己的儿子了．3［（the）S］（fig）anything that darkens or clouds the mind, making understanding or good judgement difficult 模糊真相的东西；造成理解上困难的事物：It wasdifficult to discover the truth through the mist of lies and half lies that filled his story.他的叙述里充满了谎言和半真半假的话，要透过这层层迷雾去发现真相可不容易.misty［Wal；B］ of or likemist 有薄雾的；朦胧不清的；模糊的-ily［adv］-iness [U]

condensation /,kpnden'serfən/ [U] 1 small drops of liquid or solid substance formed by cooling; drops of liquid formed when steam cools 冷凝物；（水蒸气凝成的）小水滴：There wascondensation on the windows．窗户上有水滴．2 tech the change from a gas to a liquid or sometimes to a solid 冷凝；凝结

haze /heiz/ [S; U] 1 sort of light mist or smoke 霾，烟雾：a haze of cigarette smoke 一团香烟的烟雾2（fig） feeling of confusion or uncer-tainty in the mind 疑惑；迷糊；心中不定 hazy[Wal;B][→L72]

dew /dju:/ [U;C] the small drops of water which form on cold surfaces during the night 露；露水：The ground shone with dew in the early sunlight.朝阳下，地上的露珠闪闪发光.dewy［Wal；B］ of or like dew 露水的；似露的

rainbow /'reinbəu/ [C] an arch of different colours that sometimes appears in the sky after rain 虹

L46 verbs 动词：clouds，fog，steam，etc 云、雾、水蒸气等

cloud/klaud/ 1 [T1; IØ (over)] to (cause to)

become covered with or as if with clouds （云等）遮蔽；被云遮蔽：The thick mist clouded the mountain tops. 浓雾笼罩着山顶.The sky＇s clouded over； I think it＇s going to rain.天上乌云密布，我看快下雨了．2［T1］（fig） to makeuncertain，unclear，confused，etc 把···弄得朦胧不清；使变模糊：Age has clouded his memory. 他年纪一大记忆就模糊不清了.Drink clouded histhinking．他喝酒喝糊涂了．3［T1；IØ （up）］ to (cause to) become less transparent or darker 把···变浑；变暗：You＇ll cloud the beer if you shake the barrel.你如果摇酒桶，会把啤酒搅浑的.The wine clouded when he shook the bottle. 他摇动酒瓶，葡萄酒就变浑了.The steam hasclouded the windows up.蒸汽使窗户变得模模糊糊.

fog/fog/[T1;IØ (up)] to (cause to) become dif-ficult to see through because of a misty cover-ing（使）因蒙上雾气而变朦胧；（使）模糊：Thesteam has fogged（up） my glasses.蒸汽使我的眼镜一片模糊.My glasses are all fogged up.我的眼镜给雾气蒙住了.

steam／sti：m／1［IØ］ to give off steam 蒸发；冒蒸气：Their wet clothes began to steam in the warm room.在暖和的房间里，他们的湿衣服开始冒汽了．2［T1］to treat with steam（用蒸汽）蒸： She secretly steamed the letter open.她偷偷地用蒸汽把信封打开了.This kind of fish tastesbest if it is steamed.这种鱼蒸来吃味道最鲜.

mist／mist／［T1 （over， up）］ to cover with mist 蒙上薄雾：The railway carriage became so hot that air misted （up） the windows.火车车厢里太热，窗上都蒙了一层雾气.

haze /heIz/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become hazy ［→L72］（使）变朦胧

up／Ap／［adv］（expressing completeness）（表示完完全全）：The windows misted up and we could not see out.窗户上全是雾气，我们看不见外面.This glass is all fogged up.这块玻璃全给雾气蒙住了.

ventilate /'ventəleit/ [T1 usu pass] 1 to cause fresh air to get into and around （a place） 使通风：This room is well／badly ventilated.这间屋子通风好／不好．2（fig） to stateclearly and openly宣布；公布：He angrily began to ventilate his opinions／feelings.他气冲冲地开始发表自己的意见／讲出自己的感受.ventilator ［C］ an appa-ratus that ventilates a place 通风装置；送风机ventilation [U] the act of ventilating; a system that ventilates 通风；通风设备

L47 verbs 动词：condensing and evaporating 凝结与蒸发

condense /kən'dens/ 1 [IØ] (of a gas) to be-come liquid, or sometimes solid, esp by be-coming cooler（指气体）凝结（成液体或固体）；冷凝：The steam condensed and formed dropsof water．蒸汽凝结成水滴．2［T1］ to cause（a gas） to become liquid, or sometimes solid, esp by making cooler 使（气体）冷凝（成为液体或固体）：The drop in temperature condensed the steam

782

to water.温度下降使蒸汽凝结成水.conden-sation [U]

evaporate /I'væpə,reit/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) change into steam and disappear（使）蒸发： The sun will evaporate the water.阳光把水蒸发掉.The water has evaporated.水蒸发掉了.（fig） My hopes are beginning to evaporate (= disap-pear）.我的希望开始成为泡影.evaporation［UĴ

vaporize, -ise /'veıpə,raız/ [T1, I0] to (cause to) change into vapour ［→L45］（使）蒸发，（使）气化：If you vaporize a liquid， other substances will be left behind.一种液体蒸发掉后，会有其它物质剩下.Water vaporizes when boiled.水开了就会蒸发.vaporization，-isation［U］

atomize, -ise/'ætəmaiz/[T1] to break (a liquid) into a mist (= into many very small drops) by forcing it through a special instrument (an atomizer) and out through a very small hole （用雾化器）使雾化；把···喷为雾状 atomization，-isation [U]

L48 nouns 名词：particular kinds of rain 特殊类型的雨

rain /rem/1 [U] water falling in separate drops from the clouds； the fall of these drops 雨；雨水；下雨：The crops need rain.庄稼需要雨.She went out in the rain without a coat.她没穿外衣冒雨出去了.Come in out of the rain.进来避雨吧．Hail is frozen rain．雹是结成冰的雨．2［C9］a fall of the stated type 一场雨：A heavy rain began to fall． 开始下大雨．3［S9 of］（fig）a thick fall of anything（雨水般）落下；一阵：There was a rain of arrows／of questions.箭像雨点般射来／问题像连珠炮似地提出来.rainy［Wal；B］ofor like rain 雨的；似雨的

sleet/sli:t/ [U] (partly) frozen rain;ice falling in fine bits 霰；雨夹雪

drizzle／＇drizəl／ ［U； S］ a fine misty rain 濛濛细雨； 毛毛雨drizzly［Wal；B］ of or like drizzle 毛毛雨（似）的

hail /heil/1 [U] frozen rain drops which fall as little hard balls 冰雹； 雹子2 ［S9，esp of］（fig）a number of things which strike suddenly with violence causing pain or damage 一阵突如其来的打击物：There was a hail of bullets／a hail of angry words.射来一阵弹雨／爆发出一阵怒斥声.

L49 nouns 名词：rain generally 一般的雨

fall of rain [C] the amount or an occasion of rain falling 降雨量；下雨：There was a heavy fall of rain last night.昨晚下了一场大雨.

rainfall /'rein,fo:l/ [U;C] the amount of rain (snow, hail, etc) that falls in a particular place at or over a particular length of time 雨（雪、雹）量：The annual（＝ yearly） rainfall there is only 4 centimetres．那里每年的降雨量只有四厘米.We have had one of the heaviest rainfalls in years.这一次的降雨量是多年来最大的.

shower/'fauə/ [C] 1 a fall of rain or snow which

L50 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

does not last long 阵雨；骤雨；阵雪：Scattered showers are expected this afternoon.预测今天下午有间歇性阵雨.I went out and was caughtin a shower．我出门遇到了阵雨．2 a fall of manysmall things or drops of liquid 阵雨般落下的小东西或点滴状液体；淋浇：The bucket fell over，sending a shower of paint onto the men below the ladder.油漆桶打翻了，浇了梯子下面的人一头油漆．3 a quantity or rush of things coming at the same time 大量涌来之事物；接踵而来之事物：They fired a shower of arrows.他们的箭像一阵雨般射来.She got a shower of letters on her birthday.生日那天她的信像雪片般大量涌来.showery ［B］ of or like showers 下阵雨的；阵雨（般）的：What showery weather！这种天气尽下阵雨！

rains/reinz/ [the P] the time of the year in tropical [→L11] countries when a lot of rain falls（热带国家的）雨季：The rains come in June in India.印度的雨季在六月份开始.

monsoon /mpn'su:n/1 [the R;(C)]a (the pe-riod or season of) heavy rains which fall in India and other countries near it from June to October（印度等地每年六月至十月的）季风雨；雨季：If the monsoon is late again this year， many people and animals will die.今年的雨季如果再来迟的话，就会有很多人和动物死去.b techa wind that blows from the Indian Ocean bringing these rains 季风；季节风2［C］infml a very heavy fall of rain一场大雨

cloudburst /'klaud,b3:st/ [C] a sudden very heavy fall of rain 大暴雨：It wasn＇t just rain；it was a real cloudburst！这岂止是下雨，简直是大暴雨！

downpour /'daun,po:/ [C] a heavy fallof water, esp rain（水）倾泻；（尤指）倾盆大雨：There wasquite a downpour last night and we all got very wet.昨晚一场倾盆大雨，我们都浇成了落汤鸡.

deluge /'delju:d3/ [C] a great flood of water, esp as rain； a heavy rainstorm 洪水；暴风雨；滂沱大雨：It was a real deluge and we got very wet！这真是一场滂沱大雨，我们都被淋得湿透了！

L50 verbs 动词：raining 下雨

rain ／remn／ 1 ［it IØ］（of rain） to fall 下雨：It＇s raining.现在下着雨.It began to rain（hard）.开始下（大）雨了．2［it T1］to drop（something） like rain 如雨点般掉下：They say it sometimes rains small fish． 据说有时天上会掉下小鱼来．3[X9; L9 (on, upon); esp down] to (cause to) fall like rain（使）如雨而下：The bombs came raining down.炸弹像雨点般落下来.Tearsrained down her cheeks. 她泪如雨下.Gifts rained（down）on the children.孩子们的礼物滚滚而来.Their rich uncle rained （down） gifts upon the children.孩子们的有钱伯父频频给他们送礼物.rain cats and dogs to rain very heavily 下倾盆大雨

drizzle/'drizəl/ [(it) IØ] to rain in very small drops or very lightly 下濛濛细雨；下毛毛雨：It＇sdrizzling！烟雨迷蒙！It has started to drizzle.开始下毛毛雨了.

783

L51 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

pour／po：／1［（it） IØ］ to rain hard and steadily 下倾盆大雨：It＇s pouring this morning.今天早上下着倾盆大雨.What a pouring wet day！今天的雨多大啊！2［IØ（down）］（of rain） to fall hard and steadily（雨）倾盆而下：The rain is just pouring down.大雨如注.

hail ／herl／ ［（it） IØ］ （of hail） to fall 下雹：It＇s hailing.正在下雹.It hailed yesterday.昨天下了雹.It began to hail.开始下雹了.

sleet／sli：t／［（it）IØ］（of sleet） to fall 降霰；下雨夹雪：It＇s sleeting.下霰了.

shower/'Jauə/1 [(it) IØ] to rain or pour down in showers 下阵雨；如阵雨落下：It＇s started toshower，I＇m sure to get wet.开始下阵雨了；我一定会被淋湿的.Nuts showered down when the tree was shaken．摇动这棵树时，坚果纷纷落下．2[D1 with/on] a to pour (on); scatter heavily （on）（大量地）洒；浇：They showered the mar-ried pair with rice.他们朝新郎新娘身上洒米.bto give in large quantity 大量地给予：They showered gifts on her/showered her with gifts. 他们纷纷送她礼品.

deluge /'delju:d3/ [T1 usu pass] (esp fig)to cover with a great flood （as of rain）使泛滥；淹没：We were deluged with letters.给我们的信雪片似地飞来.

cascade/kæ'skeid/[IØ (down)] to fall in or like a cascade ［→L96］ or waterfall（使）瀑布似地落下：The water cascaded down.水飞流直下.

L51 nouns 名词：snow and ice 雪与冰

snow/snəu/[U] 1 water in the air which has frozen and falls. to the ground in little soft white pieces （flakes of snow， snowflakes）雪2 a mass of these on the ground 积雪：The hills were covered with／in snow.山丘覆盖着积雪.snowy ［Wal；B］ having a lot of snow 多雪的：The weather has been snowy lately.近来常常下雪.-iness［U］

fall of snow also 又作 snowfall the amount or an occasion of snow falling 降雪量；下雪：There was a heavy fall of snow last night.昨晚下了一场大雪.

slush /slaf/ [U] 1 partly melted snow; watery snow 半融的雪；雪泥2（fig） literature films， etc， concerned with silly love stories 无聊的痴情文学作品和电影等 slushy［Wal；B］ of or like slush 多雪泥的；似半融雪的；无聊而伤感的-ily［adv］-iness[U]

ice/ais/[U] water which has frozen to a solid 冰：The water turned to ice.水结冰了.icy［Wal； B］ having a lot of ice；like ice 多冰的；冰似的：

icy weather 冰冷的天气icily［adv］iciness［U］

frost /frost/ 1 [U] weather at a temperature below the freezing point of water; frozen condition of the ground and／or air 严寒；摄氏零度以下的天气：Frost has killed several of our young plants.严寒冻坏了我们好几株幼苗.Theradio has given a frost and icy roads warning for car drivers tomorrow.电台广播向汽车司机发出警告，说明天酷寒，道路将会冰冻．2［C］a periodor state of this 严寒期；霜冻：There was a hard

frost last night （＝ a severe one）.昨夜天气严寒. Eary frosts(= ones near the season of autumn） spoil the last of the flowers.早寒冻死了最后一批花.The young shoots on the trees have been damaged by a late frost (= one to-wards the end of spring）.春寒冻坏了树上的嫩枝．3 ［U］ a white powdery substance formed on outside surfaces from very small drops of water when the temperature of the air is belowfreezing point 霜：The grass was cov-ered with frost in the early morning.清晨草上结满了霜．4［of U］ tech temperature below the freezing point of water 冰点以下的温度：There was 5 degrees of frost last night and the river's completely frozen.昨夜气温零下五度，河面全部结冰了.frosty［Wal；B］ of or like frost 结霜的； 严寒的；霜状的-tily［adv］-tiness［U］

hoar frost also 又作（less common） hoar／ho：／ [U] white frost,esp that seen on the grass after a cold night 白霜

L52 verbs 动词：snow and ice 下雪与结冰

snow／snəu／［（it） IØ］ （of snow） to fall 下雪：It＇s snowing.正在下雪.It began to snow（hard）.开始下（大）雪了.

ice/ais/1 [IØ up, over] to become covered with ice；to turn into ice 结冰：The car has iced up； it won＇t move．汽车给冰住了，开不动．2［T1］tomake very cold by using ice（用冰块）使冰冻

frost/frpst/ 1 [T1; IØ: (over)] to (cause to) be-come covered with frost 起霜；结霜于：The cold has frosted the windows. 窗上结了霜.The fields have frosted over on this wintry morn-ing．冬日的早晨，田里结满了霜．2［Wv5；T1］（fig）to roughen the surface of a sheet of (glass) so that it is not possible to see through 使玻璃表面粗糙而不透明：Frosted glass in windows and doors lets in less light than clear glass, but keeps a room private.窗和门用毛玻璃不如普通玻璃透光，但可使别人看不到室内的情况．3［T1］todamage （esp a plant） with frost 冻坏（尤指植物）

L53 nouns 名词： small amounts of rain and snow ［C］少量的雨与雪

raindrop /'rein,drop/ a small amount (drop) of rain 雨点：There were raindrops on the car.车上有雨滴.Raindrops began to fall and it was soon raining heavily.开始掉雨点了，很快就下起大雨来.

snowflake／＇snəu，fleik／a small piece of snow 雪花

L54 nouns，etc 名词等：winds 风

wind ／wind／ ［U；C］ strongly moving air 风： There were high/strong/heavy winds last night.

784

昨晚刮大风.The rocks were shaped by sun， wind，and rain.岩石的形状是由日晒、风吹和雨淋而形成的．windy［Wal；B］1 of or like wind 有风的；像风的2with a lot of wind 大风的：What awindy day！今天风真大！He stood on a windy hillside.他站在一个迎风的山坡上.windless［Wa5；B］ without wind 无风的：The day was windless，without clouds moving.这一天风平云定.It was a windless day.这一天没有风.wind-swept [B] 1(of a country) opento the wind where the soil can be blown off because there are no trees（指旷野）挡风的；（尤指因没有树木）泥土被强风吹光的2（as if）blown into an untidystate（像是）被风吹乱的：She had a windswept appearance．她被风吹得蓬头乱发．windward 1[Wa5; B; adv] into or against the direction of the wind 向风的（地）；近风的（地）；逆风的（地）：The strong wind held us against the windward side of the wall.强风吹得我们靠着迎风的墙不能动弹．2［U］ the direction from which the wind is blowing 上风面；近风面：The wind was so strong we could not sail to windward.风太大， 我们无法顶着风航行.

prevailing wind [C] the common wind in a particular place, usu blowing from a particular direction 盛行风；常刮的风：The prevailing winds here at this time of year are westerly (= coming from the west）.每年这时候这里常刮西风.

onshore wind [C] a wind blowing from the sea towards the land／shore 从海面吹向陆地的风；向岸风

offshore wind [C] a wind blowing from the land／shore out to sea 从陆地吹向海洋的风；离岸风

breeze／bri：z／ ［C］ a （usu light gentle） wind 风； （通常指）微风；轻风：A slight breeze moved the leaves of the trees.一阵微风吹拂树叶.A strong breeze got up （＝ started to blow）. 开始刮强风了.breezy［Wal；B］ of or like a breeze（如）微风的-zily［adv］

gale/geil/[C]1 a weather condition in which a strong wind blows 大风： The old tree was blown down in a gale．大风刮倒了这棵老树．2［usu pl］（fig） a sudden noise， esp laughter （突发的）一阵声音（尤指笑声）：As the door openedgales of laughter came from inside.门一开，里面传来阵阵笑声.

gust/gast/[C] 1 a sudden strong rush of air or of rain，smoke，etc，carried by wind 阵风；一阵风吹来的雨或烟：A gust of wind blew the doorshut.一阵狂风把门关上了.The wind blowingdown the chimney sent gusts of smoke into the room.风往烟囱里倒灌，把阵阵烟雾吹进了房间．2（fig） a short burst of feeling， esp anger 感情的爆发（尤指愤怒）：In a gust of uncontrol-lable rage he broke the picture in pieces.盛怒之下，他把画撕成了碎片.gusty［Wal；B］ of orlikegusts 阵风的；爆发的-tily［adv］

blow/bləu/ [S] naut or infml a strong wind or windy storm 大风；风暴：We had a bit of a blow last night.昨晚刮了一阵子大风.blowy［Wal；B］ windy 有风的

puff／paf／［C］ a light quick movement of air一阵

L56 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

轻风：A puff of wind blew the paper away.一阵轻风把纸吹走了.The wind came in suddenpuffs and gusts.风一阵阵吹来，风势时强时弱.

breath /breθ/ [C usu sig] not fml a movement （of air）；a very slight wind 空气的轻微流动；一丝风：There＇s hardly a breath （of air／wind） this morning.早上一丝风都没有.

L55 nouns 名词：storms［C］暴风雨

storm/sto:m/1 [often in comb] rough weather conditions with wind, rain, and often flashes of light 暴风雨：There was a storm／a thunder-stormla snowstorm last night.昨夜有一场暴风雨／雷暴／暴风雪．2［（of）］（fig）a sudden show of feeling 感情的突然发作：She left in a storm ofweeping．她泣不成声地离开了．3［（of）］（fig）a loud noise 响亮的声音：He heard a storm of cries.他听到一阵猛烈的喊叫声.stormy［Wal；B］of or like storms； having a lot of storms（似） 暴风雨的；多暴风雨的-ily［adv］-iness［U］

blizzard ／＇blizəd／ a long severe snowstorm 长时间的、猛烈的暴风雪

hurricane/'harikein/ a storm with a strong fast wind，esp as happens in the West Indies 飓风（尤指西印度群岛的旋风）

whirlwind ／＇w3：lwind／ also 又作 tornado ／to：-'neidəu/, tech cyclone /'saikləun/ a tall pipe-shaped body of rapidly circling air 旋风；龙卷风；陆龙卷：A whirlwind destroyed the towns on the coast.一场旋风毁坏了沿岸的城镇.

typhoon/tar'fu:n/ a very violent tropical storm in the Western Pacific 台风

L56 verbs 动词：winds blowing 刮风

blow/bləu/1 [(it) IØ] (esp of the wind,air,etc) to move， be active（风）吹；刮：The wind is blowing hard. 风刮得正猛. It＇s blowing hard tonight．今晚风很大．2［L9；X9（IØ（in）；T1）］to (cause to) move (usu into the stated con-dition） by the force of a current of air 吹，吹动： The wind has blown my hat off.风刮落了我的帽子.My papers are blowing about.我的纸张被风吹得随处都是.I blew the dust off the book.我把书上的灰尘吹掉.The wind blew her hair.风吹拂着她的头发.Her hair blew in the wind.她的头发在风中飘动.blow back ［v adv IØ］ to blow inthe wrong direction 朝错误方向流动：If the gas blows back you must turn off the supply as it is dangerous.煤气回流的话很危险，你必须关掉供气开关．blow down ［v adv T1； IØ］ to （cause to） fall by blowing 吹倒；被（风）吹倒：The storm blew several trees down in the park.风暴吹倒了公园里好几棵树.

rage /reid3/[Wv4; IØ] (of bad weather,pain, infectious diseases，etc） to be very violent（指坏天气、痛苦、传染病等）狂烈；肆虐；流行；猖獗：The storm raged.暴风雨疯狂肆虐.She had araging headache.她头疼得要命.The disease raged through the city for months.这疾病在这座城市流行了几个月.

785

L57 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

L57 verbs 动词：winds blowing less ［lø］ 风势减弱

L59 adjectives 形容词：dry conditions［B］ 干燥状态

lessen／＇lesən／ also 又作 weaken／＇wi：kən／， die down ［v adv］ to become less （violent，etc）减弱：The strong winds lessened in force.风势减弱了.The storm is weakening.暴风雨在减弱.

abate /ə'beit/fml (of wind, storms, pain, etc) to lessen（风、风暴、痛苦等）减退；转弱：The stormabated on the third day.第三天暴风转弱了.abatement ［U］ the act or result of abating 减少；减退：He belongs to the Noise Abatement Society； he thinks modern life is too noisy.他是减低噪音协会会员；他认为现代生活太喧闹了.

L58 nouns，etc 名词等：thunder and lightning 雷声与闪电

thunder /'θAndə/ 1 [U] a loud noise in the clouds 雷；雷声：He could hear thunder over the hills．他能听见群山上空的雷声．2［U；C］anyloud noise like this 似雷的响声；轰隆声：Thethunder of the sea could be heard a long way inland．在离海很远的陆地都能听到大海的轰鸣．3[IØ; (T1)] to produce (thunder or a noise like it）打雷；发出雷鸣般的声音：The men thunderedon the door to get in.那些人砰砰地捶门要进来.thundery [B] of or like thunder; giving sgns that thunder is likely 雷声似的；有雷的；要打雷的；有打雷征兆的：What thundery weather！整天都在打雷！

lightning /'laitni/ 1 [U] a powerful flash of light in the sky passing from one cloud to another or to the earth, usu followed by thun-der 闪电：A great flash of lightning lit the night sky．一道巨大的闪电划破了夜空．2［A］ veryquick，short， or sudden 闪电似的：He made a lightning visit to the town.他闪电式地游览了这个城镇.like lightning very fast 很快地，闪电般地：He ran like lightning.他奔跑如飞.lightning conductor/rod [C] a piece of metal, usu iron, fixed to a high building and joined by a thick wire to the ground to take the electricity of lightning into the ground so as to stop the lightning from setting fire, etc, to the building 避雷针

thunderbolt/'θAndə,bəult/ [C] 1 a single strong flash of lightning esp when followed by thun-der 雷电；霹雳2（fig）a terrible surprise 晴天霹雳（指突如其来的可怕事情）

thunderclap /'θAndə,klæp/ [C] a sudden loud noise of thunder 雷声；霹雳

sheet lightning [U] lightning in the form of a sudden great flash 片状闪电

forked lightning [U] lightning that divides into many branches 叉状闪电

thunder and lightning [U] thunder and light-ning happening together 雷电交加

thunderstorm /'OAndə,storm/ [C] a storm of thunder and lightning 雷雨；雷暴

dry/drar/[Wa1] 1 not wet; not having water or liquid in any form on or below the surface 干的：The clothes are dry.衣服是干的.The soil is too dry for planting． 泥土太干，没法种植．2（ofparts of the earth） emptied of water 干涸的；枯竭的：The well has gone dry. 井枯了.They walked along a dry riverbed.他们沿着一条干涸的河床走．3 no longer liquid or sticky干的；不湿的：The paint on this door is not yet dry； be careful！当心！门上的油漆还未干．4 no longergiving milk 不产奶的：a dry cow 一头不产奶的乳牛 5 using no liquid 不用液体的：a dry methodof doing it 一种无水作业法6 without tears orother liquid substances from the body 不流泪的；不流血的；没有痰的：dry weeping 干哭；a drywound 不流血的伤口；a dry cough 干咳；（fig）After that sad story there wasn't a single dry eye left in the whole house！听了这个悲惨的故事，屋里没有一个人不是泪汪汪的！7 having orproducing thirst（使）口渴的：I always fee dry in this hot weather doing this dry work in the sun.在炎炎烈日下干这种枯燥的工作，我老是觉得口渴.（fig）The plants look dry.这些植物看上去干枯了．8（esp of bread） without butter or not fresh（尤指面包）不涂奶油的；不新鲜的：drybread／cake 不涂奶油的面包／不新鲜的糕饼 9without rain or wetness 无雨的；干燥的：dry weather 干燥的天气；dry heat干热

arid/'ærid/ (of land or a country) having so little rain that it is very dry and unproductive 干旱的；（土地）贫瘠的

L60 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not dry conditions［B］不干燥状态

wet/wet/[Wa1] 1 containing or covered in liquid 湿的；潮的：I can＇t go out till my hair＇s dry；it＇s still wet from being washed.我要等头发干了才能出去；刚洗了还是湿的．2 rainy 下雨的；多雨的：It＇s wet weather／a wet day.今天有雨. We can＇t go out； it＇s too wet.我们没法出去；雨太大了．3（fig） infml deprec （of a person） lack-ing in strength (of mind); too weak or unwill-ing to get things done 没精神的；无精打采的：Don't be so wet! Of course you can do it,if you only stop saying you can＇t！别那么无精打采！只要你不再说你做不到，就自然做得到了．4［theR］ a rainy weather 雨；雨天（esp in the phr go out in／come in from the wet 冒着雨出去／在雨中走回屋内）：I can＇t go out，because the coat I brought is too thin to protect me from the wet. 我出不了门，我带来的大衣太薄，挡不住雨.b wetmaterial（esp after rain）（尤指雨后的）湿的东西： Come and walk on the dry road, instead of going through the wet.别在湿的地方走，在干路上走过来.

moist／moist／［Wa1］1 slightly wet 微湿的；潮湿的： The thick steam in the room had made the

786

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

E34： cuts of meat 各部位的肉

of beef

of mutton/lamb

E140： farm buildings 农场建筑物 hen house/

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

![](data:image/jpeg;base64...)

walls moist.屋里蒸汽弥漫，墙壁都变得湿漉漉的了.The story was so sad that at the end my eyes were moist with tears.故事很悲惨，听到最后我眼睛被泪水润湿了．2（of air，wind，etc）containing some water；damp（空气、风等）水气很重的；湿润的：The air became moister as we descended the hill towards the river bank.我们下山向河岸走去，空气渐渐变得潮湿起来．3（espof food） not unpleasantly dry（尤指食物）不太干的；松软的：This cake＇s nice and moist.这蛋糕松软可口.

dank /dænk/[Wal] unpleasantly wet and usu cold 阴冷潮湿的：It is an unhealthy house with dank stone walls.这房子的石墙阴冷潮湿，对健康不利.-ness［U］

damp /dæmp/ 1 [Wal] not as dry as(some-thing) should be; slightly wetter than one would like 有湿气的；潮湿的；微湿的2［U］wetness 潮湿；湿气：The damp in the air makes my old bones hurt.空气中的湿气使我这把老骨头酸痛.

humid/'hju:mid/ [Wa2] fml & tech (of air and weather） containing water；damp 湿度高的；潮湿的 humidity ［U］ fml ＆ tech the （amount of） water contained in the air 潮湿；湿气；湿度： It's diffcult to work because of the humidity. 因为潮湿，所以很难工作.The humidity has beenmeasured and found higher than ever.经测量后，发现湿度前所未有地高．humidify ［T1］ tomake humid 使湿润；使潮湿

L61 verbs 动词：drying 使干燥

dry／drai／［IØ；T1］to（cause to）become dry 弄干； 变干：Dry your wet hands.擦干你的手.The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun. 湿衣服在太阳下很快就会晒干的.dry out also 又作 dry up［vadv T1; IØ] to (cause to) become completely dry（使）干涸；（使）干燥

desiccate /'desəkeit/ [T1] fml to make com-pletely dry 使干燥；使干枯：The hot sun desic-cated everything.烈日烤得万物焦枯.desic-cation ［U］ the action of desiccating 变干

dehydrate /di:'haidreit/1 [Wv5; T1] to dry; get all the water out from 使脱去水分：We dehy-drate eggs to make egg powder.我们把鸡蛋脱水制成蛋粉．2［IØ］ to lose water from the body （人体）脱水：That sick man will dehydrate and die unless we get medical help.除非我们请来医生，否则那个病人便会脱水而死.dehydration［U］the action of dehydrating 脱水

shrivel /'Srrvəl/ [IØ;T1; (up)] to (cause to) dry out and become smaller by twisting into small folds（使）皱缩；枯萎：The old lady had shriv-elled hands.老太太的双手皮肤皱缩.The plantswere shrivelling （up） in the dry heat.干旱酷热之下，植物正在枯萎.

L62 verbs，etc 动词等：not drying； becoming wet，etc 不干、变湿等

wet／wet／［T1］ to cause to be wet 弄湿：Wet your

L62 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

finger and hold it up; the side that dries is the side the wind is blowing from.把手指蘸湿举起来；变干的那一面就是向风处.

wet through ［v adv T1］ to wet completely（使） 湿透：The rain has wet me through.这场雨把我淋得浑身湿透.We＇re wet through！我们全身湿透了！

moisten/'moisən/ [T1; IØ] to make or become slightly wet 沾湿；（使）变湿润：Some people moisten their fingers so as to count sheets of paper more easily.有些人数纸张时把手指蘸湿，这样数起来容易些.Her eyes moistened as shelistened to the sad story.她听着这个令人伤心的故事，眼睛都湿润了.

damp／dæmp／［T1］ to make slightly wet 濡湿；使湿润：Damp this cloth，please.请把这块布稍微弄湿一点.

dampen /'dæmpən/1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) be-come damp （使）潮湿：The rain hardly damp-ened the ground．雨几乎没有打湿地面．2［T1］（fig） to make（feelings） less happy 使沮丧；使扫兴：Nothing can dampen my spirits on this glorious morning.在这个美好的早晨，什么事也不会破坏我的心情.

soak/səuk/1[IØ; T1; (in)] to (cause to) remain in a liquid esp to become soft or completely wet 浸泡；（使）湿透：Leave the dirty clothes to soak.把脏衣服浸在水里.He likes to soakhimselfin a warm bath．他喜欢泡热水浴．2［L9， esp in, into, through; T1 usu pass] (of a liquid) to enter (a solid) through the material of a surface（指液体）浸透；渗进：The ink had soaked through the thin paper.墨水渗透了这层薄纸.The cloth was soaked with soapy water. 布浸在肥皂水里.（fig）The speaker waited for his remark to soak in.演讲者等待听众领会他的话．3［T1（in）］（fig） to keep （oneself） very busy with 使忙于；使沉湎于：He soaked himself in the subject before daring to write aboutit. 他埋首研究过这个专题后，才敢动笔写．4［X9，espout] to remove by keeping or washing well in water 浸掉；浸出：The packet says this soap is the best at soaking out dirt.包装袋上说这种肥皂的浸泡除污效果极好．5［C；in U］ an act orstate of soaking 浸泡：We want to give the dishes a good soak.我们要好好浸一下这些盘子.drench /drentf/ [T1 (to, with)] to make (usu

people， animals， or clothes） thoroughly wet 使浸透；使湿透：I am drenched to the skin！我浑身湿透了！I had no coat on when the rain started. I got a good drenching in the rain.开始下雨时，我没穿外衣.我给雨淋得像落汤鸡.

drown/draun/1 [T1] to cover completely with water，esp by a rise in the water level 淹没；水淹，（尤指涨水时）2［T1（with， in）］ to make thoroughly wet 浸湿：drowning the bananas with cream 把香蕉沾满奶油3［IØ；T1］ to（cause to) die from being under water for a long time 把···淹死；溺死：The swimmer was found drowned．这位游泳者被找到时已经淹死了．4［T1(in)](fig) to cause (oneself) to become very active or deeply interested in something 使（自己）着迷于：He drowned himself in work.他埋首工作．5［T1（out）］ to cause （a sound） not to be

789

L63 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

heard by making a loud noise（指声音）淹没（另一声音）；盖过：His speech was drowned （out）by angry shouting.怒吼声盖过了他的演说.6［T1（in）］（fig） to drive out or under 驱散；解（忧愁等）：He drowned his sorrows in drink （＝ alcohol）.他借酒浇愁.

duck /dÁk/ [T1] to push (someone's body or head） down into water 把（某人身体或头）猛按入水中：The older boys ducked the younger one in the river.那些大男孩把那个小男孩按进河里. ducking ［U；C］ （an） act or resul of ducking or being ducked（被）按入水中

immerse/I'm3:s/ [T1] 1 fml & tech to put deep under（water，etc）浸入（水中等）；浸没2 to cause (oneself) to enter deeply into an activity 使（自己）埋头于；使沉浸于；使沉湎于：Iimmersed myself in work.我埋头工作.immer-sion [U;C] the act or result of immersing or being immersed 沉浸；浸没；专心；沉湎

L63 adjectives 形容词：hot，stuffy，etc［B］ 热的、闷热的等

[ALSO→L11]

hot／hpt／［Wal］ 1 having a high temperature 热的；烫的：It＇s hot today.今天天气很热.How hotis the water？ 水有多热？2（not usu of people） （fig）excitable 易激动的；急躁的；激烈的：Hehasa hot temper．他脾气急躁．3（fig）clever and well-informed 聪明而消息灵通的：He＇s very hot on politics.他很热衷于政治.get hot（in a game) to get near something hidden or to guess nearly right（游戏中）快要找到所藏之物；几乎猜中 not so hot infml not very good； not as good as expected 不很好；不如想象的好

warm/wo:m/ [Wal] 1 quite hot; pleasantly hot 温暖的；暖和的：He drank the warm milk and sat beside the warm fire.他喝完热奶，就坐在暖和的炉火旁．2 able to keep in heat or keep outcold 保暖的；保温的；御寒的：Wear your warmestclothes tonight． 今晚穿上你最暖和的衣服．3having or giving a feeling of heat 感到温暖的； 使人温暖的：We were warm from exercise.运动后我们浑身热呼呼的.It was a warm climb.那次登山爬得有些热．4（fig）showing or marked by strong feeling， esp good feeling 热烈的；热情的： He is a warm supporter of the local team.他是本地球队的热情支持者.They are all warmfriends.他们都是热情的朋友.-ly［adv］：He spoke warmly about his friends in that town.他热情地谈及他在那个城镇的朋友．5（fig）marked byexcitement or anger 激情的；激愤的；热烈的：They had a warm argument.他们争论得很激烈.6 [F] (fig) infml (esp in children's games) near a hidden object, the right answer to a question，etc（尤指在儿童游戏中）接近所藏之物或问题答案等：You＇re getting warm， warmer； no， now you＇re getting colder again.你离得近了，更近了；不对，现在又离得远了．7（fig）giving apleasant feeling of cheerfulness or friendli-ness 给人温暖感觉的；令人愉快的；友好的：warmcolours 暖色；a warm voice 一个亲切的声音；a

warm invitation一个友好的邀请

blistering/'blistəru/1 raising blisters [→B126] esp by great heat 能烫出泡的；炽热的：He wasout too long in the blistering heat of the sun. 他在烈日下待得太久了．2（fig）very angry andintended to hurt 恶意的；盛怒的：blistering words 恶毒的言辞；a blistering look 恶意的眼光；a blistering tongue 刻毒不饶人之舌-ly［adv］

sweltering/'sweltərir/ causing one to feel very hot and uncomfortable 酷热的；热得令人难受的：It＇s sweltering today.今天热得够呛.

sultry/'saltri/ [Wal] 1 (of weather) hot, with a lack of air or air which is hard to breathe（指天气）闷热的；令人透不过气来的2（fig）（of aperson） attractive， esp sexually（指人）有吸引力的（尤指性感的）

close /kləus/ [Wal] 1 lacking fresh or freely moving air 不通风的：It＇s very close inhere today．今天这里很闷．2heavy闷人的；令人气闷的：This is the closest weather for a long time.好久以来最闷人的天气.

stifling /'staiflir/ causing difficulty in breathing 令人窒息的：The air is stifling here； let＇s. get out.这里的空气令人窒息；我们出去吧.

stuffy /'stafi/ [Wal] (having air) which is not fresh（空气）不新鲜的；空气不流通的：This is astuffy room／atmosphere.这个房间空气不流通／这里的气氛令人窒息.It＇s stuffy in here；open awindow.这里空气不流通，打开窗吧.

L64 nouns 名词：hot，etc 热等

heat/hi:t/[U]1 the quality or degree of being hot or cold 热度；温度：What is the heat of the water in the swimming pool？游泳池的水温是多少？2 a hotness；warmth 热；温暖：The heat from the fire dried their clothes.火的热力烘干了他们的衣服.b hot weather 热的天气：I can＇twalk about in this heat.天气这么热，我无法到外面去走动．3（fig）a state of excitement 热烈；激烈；激动；激怒：She thought he had been rude and answered with some heat（＝angrily）.她认为他粗暴无礼，就不客气地回敬了他一句.In theheat of the moment/argument/battle I lost my self-control.在激烈的时刻／辩论中／战斗中，我失去了自制.

warmth /wo:mθ/ [U] the state or quality of being warm 温暖；热烈；热情；激动：He left thewarmth of the fire.他离开温暖的炉火.He wasaware of the warmth of his feelings.他意识到他那亲切的感情.

warm /wo:m/ not fml 1 [the S] a warm place, state，or condition 温暖的地方、状态或环境：Come into the warm，out of the cold.到暖和的地方来，不要站在冷处．2［S］the act or action ofmaking oneself warm 暖和；暖身：Come and have a warm by the fire.到炉火旁来暖和一下.

L65 verbs 动词：hot，etc 加热等

heat/hi:t/[IØ; T1; (up)] to (cause to) become

hot 加热；（使）变热：We＇ll heat some milk for

790

the coffee.我们要热点奶来调咖啡.The water＇sheating for a bath.正在烧洗澡水.

warm/wo:m/1[Wv4; T1; (IØ)] to cause to be-come warm 使暖和；使温暖：They warmed their hands／themselves by the open fire.他们在火旁烘手／暖和身子.A hot drink warms on a coldday．冷天喝杯热饮料浑身觉得很暖和．2［IØ］（ofthings rather than people) to become warm （指物而不是人）变暖；变热：The water is warm-ing in the pot over the fire.火炉上壶里的水快热了.

melt/melt/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become liquid through heat（使）融化；（使）熔化：The snow melted in the sun.阳光下雪融化了.They melted the metal.他们把金属熔化了.（fig）She melted when he said he loved her.当他说他爱她时，她的心软了.（fig）His kind words melted her anger.他那温存的话令她怒气全消.molten[Wa5; B] (esp of metals, rock, etc) hot and melted（尤指金属、岩石等）熔化的

toast /təust/[T1] 1 to make hard and dry by heating 烤；烘：She toasted the bread.她烤好了面包片．2 to make warm by putting near a fire （放近火炉或火堆）使暖和：They toasted them-selves by the fire.他们在炉边烤火.

L66 adjectives，etc 形容词等：not hot 不热的

[ALSO→L11]

cold/kəuld/ [Wal] 1 [B] having a low tempera-ture 冷的；寒冷的：It＇s a cold day.今天很冷.Icecream is too cold for me； it hurts my teeth. 冰淇淋太冷了；冻得我牙痛.The cold wind blew.寒风凛冽．2［B］having a lower temperature than normal 凉的；凉快的：You＇ve got cold hands today.今天你的双手冰凉.It＇s a cold day forJuly， isn＇t it？就七月来说，今天天气很凉快，不是吗？3［B］feeling no warmth 觉得冷的；感觉冷的：I'm very cold today; I should have put a coat on.今天我觉得冷；本该穿外套的.If you＇re coldtry running and see if you get warmer.如果你觉得冷，就跑跑步，看是否会暖和一些.Old peoplefeel cold as soon as autumn arrives.秋天一到， 老人们就觉得冷了．4［F］（fig）infml（esp in chil-dren's games) still a long way from finding an object，the answer，etc（尤指在儿童游戏中）离目标或答案等甚远的：You＇re getting colder；you＇ll never find it.你离得愈来愈远了；你永远找不到的.-ness ［U］ cold snap ［C］ a sudden short period of very cold weather 短暂而突如其来的寒冷天气

nippy／＇nipi／［Wal；B］ not fml sharply cold 寒冷刺骨的：It＇s a nippy winter morning.这是个严寒砭骨的冬天早晨.-iness［U］

chilly /'tfil/ [Wal; B] 1 noticeably cold; cold enough to be uncomfortable 冷飕飕的；冷得使人不舒服的：It grew chilly when the fire went out.火熄了，屋里冷飕飕的.I feel chilly without acoat．不穿外衣，我觉得很冷．2（fig）unfriendly； discouraging；lacking warmth 不友好的；令人沮丧的；冷冰冰的：The king was given a chilly

L68 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

welcome when he arrived on the island.国王到达这个岛上时，受到了冷淡的对待.-iness［U］

chill／tfil／［Wal； B］1 emot cold 冷的；寒气逼人的： That＇s a chill wind．那是一股颇有寒意的风．2（fig）unfriendly；discouraging 不友好的；令人沮丧的；凉冰冰的：The union leaders and em-ployers had a chill meeting and reached no workable agreement.工会领导人和雇主们的会议气氛极为冷淡，没有达成任何切实可行的协议.-ness[U] chilly [adv]

freezing /'fri:znj/ [Wa5] 1 [B] esp infml very cold 极冷的；严寒的：It＇s freezing today！今天简直冻死人了！I＇m freezing； let me near the fire. 我快冻僵了；让我烤烤火吧．2［R］the point wherewater freezes 冰点：It must be five degrees below freezing today.今天一定有（摄氏）零下五度.

icy／＇aisi／［Wal；B］（cold） like ice 冰冷的；冷冰冰的：The weather＇s icy today，isn＇t it？今天天气冷极了，不是吗？（fig）He spoke in an icy voice.他用冷冰冰的语气说话.icily［adv］iciness［U］

L67 nouns 名词：cold，etc 寒冷等

cold/kəuld/[U] the absence of heat; low tem-perature；cold weather 寒冷；低温；冷天气：It＇s nice to puton a warm coat and go for a walk in the cold.穿上件暖和外衣，在寒冷空气下散步真好.Come in from the cold！进屋来暖和暖和吧！Old people suffer from the cold in winter.冬天里，老人们常感到寒冷难受.

chill／tfil／［C usu sing］1 a certain coldness 寒气； 寒意；寒冷：There was a chill in the air this moming，wasn＇t there？今晨有点寒意，对不？I never go in the sea until the sun's taken the chill off the water.我总是等太阳驱走了海水中的寒意，才下水游泳．2 a discouraging feeling；a lowering of spirit 沮丧；扫兴；消沉：The bad news put a chill into us all.这个坏消息使大家都灰心丧气.

freeze/fri:z/[C usu sing]1 a period of very cold icy weather 冰冻期；严寒期：He slipped and broke his leg during the big freeze last winter. 去年寒冬他滑一跤跌断了腿．2（fig）a fixing ofprices or wages at a certain level（工资或物价的）冻结：The government is trying to put a freeze on wages.政府正力图冻结工资.There wasa price freeze last year.去年曾冻结物价.

L68 adjectives 形容词：not hot or cold ［Wa1；B］不热或不冷的

cool/ku:l/1 not hot; pleasantly cold when one is hot or the weather is hot 凉快的；凉爽的：Have a cool drink.喝点冷饮吧.It was cooler under the trees．在树底下凉快些．2（fig）（of people） not very friendly（指人）冷淡的；冷漠的： She was rather cool towards us.她对我们相当冷漠.-ly［adv］-ness ［U］

mild /maild/ not as cold as one would expect; neither too warm nor too cold 温和的；不冷不热

791

L69 WEATHER ＆ TEMPERATURE 天气与温度

的：It＇s been a mild winter this year.今年冬天不太冷.That island has a mild climate.那个岛气候温和.-ness ［U］

L69 verbs 动词：cold，etc 变冷等

cool/ku:l/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) become less hot 使凉快；（使）冷却；变凉：The hot waterbegan to cool.热水开始冷却.Cool the drinks， please；put some ice in them.请把这些饮料弄凉些；加些冰吧.

chill /tfil/1[Wv5; IØ; T1] to (cause to) become cold esp without freezing（使）变冷；（使）冷冻（尤指不低于冰点）：I want this wine to chill soI＇ll leave it in a cold place for an hour.我想让酒凉一下，所以会把它放在阴凉的地方一小时.Thiscold weather will chill you to the bone if you go out without a coat.这么寒冷的天气，如果你出门不穿件外衣，会感到寒气刺骨的.We drankchilled beer．我们喝冰冻的啤酒．2［IØ；T1］tech a (of hot liquid metal) to harden on the surface through sudden cooling（热熔金属）冷淬；激冷b to cause （metal） to harden like this 使（金属） 冷淬；给（金属）作激冷处理3 ［Wv5； T1］ to pre-serve （food） by keeping cold but not frozen 冷藏（将食物保持低温，但不冰冻）：chilled meat 冷藏肉类4［Wv4；IØ；T1］（fig） to （cause to） a have a feeling of cold as from fear（使）心寒；（使）胆寒：Our hearts chilled when we heard the news.我们听到这消息时，心凉了半截.It was achilling murder story.那是个令人不寒而栗的凶杀故事.b become discouraged or low in spirits （使）沮丧；（使）灰心：Our spirits chilled when we saw our holiday hotel.看到我们度假的旅馆时，我们顿时大失所望.

freeze/fri:z/1 [Wv4, 5; T1; IØ (up); L7; X7] to (cause (water or another liquid) to) harden into ice as a result of great cold（水或其它液体） 结冰；（使）冻结；使结冰：Water freezes at thetemperature of 0 degrees Centigrade．水在摄氏零度结冰.The north wind has frozen the water in the garden.北风使花园里的水结了冰.Thelake has frozen up.湖面结冰了.The water has frozen solid．水已结成了冰．2［Wv5；T1；IØ；L7； X7] to (cause (esp a wet mixture or a ma-chine) to) become solid at a very low tempera-ture（潮湿物或机械）上冻；（使）冻结；（使）冻牢：She slipped on the frozen mud.她在冻土上滑倒了.The cold has frozen the earth solid.严寒下泥土已冻得结结实实.The cold has frozen thelock on the car door．严寒把汽车门锁冻住了．3[Wv5;T1; IØ] to (cause (land, a solid surface, etc） to） become covered with ice and snow（土地或坚硬表面）封冻；（使）冻结：The roads arefrozen in places.道路多处结了冰.The frozen January countryside looked lifeless.一月份的农村冰天雪地，看上去死气沉沉．4［it IØ］（ofweather) to be at or below the temperature at which water becomes ice（指天气）气温到达或低于冰点：It＇s freezing tonight.今晚天气酷寒.It froze hard last night．昨夜冷极了．5［Wv4；IØ］ infml to be，feel，or become very cold 冻僵；感

到极冷：It＇s freezing in this room； can＇t we have a fire？这房间里冷冰冰；我们生个火好吗？Aren＇t you freezing in that thin dress？你穿得那么单薄，难道不冷吗？The mountain climbers were lost in the snow, and nearly froze to death（＝died of cold）.登山者在雪地里迷了路，差一点冻死.（fig）His terrible stories made our blood freeze（＝made us cold with fear）.他讲的恐怖故事吓得我们毛骨悚然．6［T1］ to makevery cold，stiff，or without feeling 使冷淡；使僵硬；使麻木：He looks half frozen；he needs a hot drink.他看去快要冻僵了，他需要点热饮料.Iwas frozen stiff after sitting so long, and could hardly walk.坐了这么久，我冻得两脚发硬，几乎走不了路．7［T1；IØ］（fig） to （cause to） stop suddenly or become quite still or unable to show any feeling（使）吓呆；（使）愣住：The race was so exciting to watch that it froze him to the spot.这场赛跑刺激极了，他看得出神，在那里一动也不动.The teacher froze the noisy class with a single look.老师只用了一个眼色，就把一班吵吵嚷嚷的学生镇住了.The child froze at thesight of the snake.这孩子一看见蛇就吓呆了.Shebegan to complain, but the words froze on her lips.她刚要抱怨，可是话到嘴边就停住了.A wildanimal will sometimes freeze in its tracks when it smells an enemy.野生动物嗅到敌人的气味时，有时会呆若木鸡.He seemed frozen withgrief when his son died.儿子死去时，他悲痛得呆住了．8［Wv4,5；IØ］（fig） to become unfriendly in manner 变得冷淡：She gave me a freezing look.她冷冷地盯了我一眼.After their quarrel， they sat in frozen silence.他们吵过架后，冷冷地坐在那里一声不吭．9［Wv5；T1］ to preserve（food） by means of very low temperatures（食物）冷冻；冷藏：Meat from New Zealand is frozen and brought to Britain in special ships. 新西兰的肉类冷冻后由专船运往英国.Frozenfoods have taken the place of tinned foods in many homes.在许多人家里，冷冻食品已取代了罐头食品．10［L9］（of food） to be able to be preserved in this way（食物）可冷冻；可冷藏：Does this kind of fruit freeze well？这种水果能冷藏保鲜吗？11［T1］（fig）to fix（prices or wages) officially at a given level for a certain length of time 冻结（价格或工资）12［Wv5；T1］(fig) to prevent (business shares, bank accounts, etc) from being used, by govern-ment order（通过政府命令）冻结（企业股票、银行帐目等）congeal/kən'd3i:l/ [IØ] to change from a liquid

to a solid state， esp because of cold.（尤指因冷） 凝结；凝固：Blood congeals at low tempera-tures.血液在低温下凝结.

L70 adjectives 形容词：relating to good weather［B］有关好天气的

fine ／fain／ ［Wal］ clear and pleasant 晴朗的： What a fine day it is today！今天天气真好啊！-ness [U]

fair／feə／［Wal］ quite clear and pleasant 天气晴朗

792

的；晴和的：Do you think the weather will be fair for our journey？你看我们旅行时天会晴吗？-ness [U]

bright /brait/[Wa1] sunny,clear,and pleasant 阳光灿烂的；晴朗的：What a nice bright day！多么好的一个大晴天啊！-ness［U］

good／gud／not raining or cloudy 无云无雨的；好天气的：We have had good weather generally this month. 这个月天气总的来说都不错.This isbetter weather than last July.今年七月比去年七月天气好.-ness［U］

L71 adjectives 形容词：relating to bad weather［B］有关坏天气的

bad /bæd/ not clear and pleasant; raining, cloudy，etc 阴雨的；坏天气的：We＇ve had a lot of bad weather lately.近来天气很不好.This is the worst weather in years！这是多年来最坏的天气！-ness [U]

foul／faul／［Wal］ very bad 恶劣的；极坏的：What a foul day it is！今天真是鬼天气！This is the foul-est day I can remember！这是我记忆中天气最坏的一天！-ness［U］

rotten／＇rotən／［Wa2］ esp emot very bad 糟糕的； 讨厌的；极坏的：The weather＇s been rotten all week！一周来天气一直糟糕得很！-ness［U］

bleak /bli:k/ [Wal] 1 (of weather) cold and cheerless（指天气）寒冷的；阴冷的：The weather in early December was bleak and unpleasant. 十二月初的天气阴冷而难受．2（of places）withoutshelter from cold winds（指地方）暴露于寒风中的：The old stone house stood on a bleak hill-side struck by the full force of the east wind. 残旧的石屋位于光秃秃的山坡上，任凭东风无情地吹打．3（fig）（of future events） cold； cheerless； uninteresting；discouraging（指未来事件）凄凉的；暗淡的；乏味的；丧气的：The future of thisfirm will be very bleak indeed if we keep losing money.如果我们继续亏本，公司的前途就十分不妙了.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

L72 adjectives 形容词：relating to cloudy weather［B］有关阴天的

overcast／＇əuvə，ka：st／ not sunny； very cloudy 阴暗的；阴云密布的：The morning was overcast and it rained in the afternoon.上午阴天，下午就下雨了.

dull ／d＾l／［Wal］ not sunny 阴沉沉的：It was a dull November day.那是十一月里一个阴沉沉的日子.-ness［U］

hazy／＇heizi／［Wa1］ 1 misty； rather cloudy 雾濛濛的；烟雾迷蒙的：The mountains were hazy in the distance．远处群山朦胧．2（fig）unclear； uncertain 模糊的；不明的；不清楚的：I＇m ratherhazy about the details of the arrangement.我对安排的细节不很清楚.The details are ratherhazy.细节十分含糊.-zily［adv］-ziness［U］

L81 GEOGRAPHY 地理

Geography

地理

L80 nouns 名词：geography 地理

geography /d3r'pgrəfi/ [U] the study of the countries of the world and of the seas, rivers, towns, etc, on the earth's surface or any large part of it 地理；地理学 geographic（al）［Wa5； B］ of or concerning geography 地理（学）的-(al)ly [adv Wa4] geographer [C] a person skilled in the study of geography 地理学家

topography /tə'pogrəfi/[U] 1 the science of describing or representing the surface shapes of a particular place in detail， as on a map 地形学2 the character of a particular place in detail， esp＿ as regards shape or height 地形topographic(al) [Wa5; BJ of or concerning topography 地形的；地形学的-（al）ly［adv Wa4］ topographer [C] a person skilled in topogra-phy地形学家

features/'fi:tfəz/[P] the general appearance of land, sea, mountains, etc, on the earth,on maps，etc 地理特征：What are the main fea-tures of North Africa according to this map? 按照这张地图，北非的主要地理特征是什么？

contour/'kontuə/ [C] 1 [often pl with sing meaning] the shape of the outer limits of an area 轮廓；外形：The contours of the British coast are very uneven.英国的海岸线非常曲折.（fig infml）I like her contours.我喜欢她的外形. 2 also 又作 contour line an imaginary line drawn on a map to show a particular height （地图上的）等高线：What height does this contour（line）represent？这条等高线代表的高度是多少？

L81 nouns 名词：maps 地图

map/mæp/[C]1 a representation of the earth's surface, as if seen from above, showing the shape of countries, the position of towns,and the height of land， the rivers， etc 地图 2 a plan of the stars in the sky 天体图3 a represen-tation showing the position or shape of any-thing 任何表示位置或形状的图（put something）on the map (to cause to be) considered important（使）引起重视 off the map 1（of a place） far away and unreachable（地点）遥远的；无法到达的2infml not in existence 不存在的chart/tfa:t/ [C] 1 a map, esp a detailed map of a sea area 图；（尤指）海图： You＇ll need detailed charts if you want to sail across the Pacific Ocean.如果你想横渡太平洋，那么你就需要详细的海图．2（a sheet of paper with） information written or drawn in the form of a table, picture,graph [→I45],etc, usu with the inten-tion of making it easily understood 图表；示意图；统计表：If you look at the chart you can see that prices have fallen.如果你看看那张图表，就会发现价格已经下跌.

793

L82 GEOGRAPHY 地理

cartography/ka:'tpgrəfi/[U] the science or art of making maps 制图学；制图法 cartograph-ic(al) [Wa5; B] of, connected with, or like cartography 制图学（法）的-（al）ly ［adv Wa4］ cartographer [C] a person skilled in cartogra-phy制图员

Ordnance Survey [the GU] an organization which makes detailed maps of Great Britain and Ireland（绘制英国、爱尔兰地图的）全国地形测量局

L82 verbs 动词：maps 绘制地图

map ／mæp／ ［T1］ to make a map of 绘制地图：There are still many places which can never be fully mapped.有许多地方我们依然无法绘制详尽的地图.

chart /tfa:t/ [T1 (out)] 1 to make a map or chart； to show or record on a chart 绘制地图； 绘制海图；用图表表示：The scientist hoped tochart the sea area between France and Britain.科学家希望把法英两国间的水域图绘制出来．2（fig） infml to make a rough plan， in words or writing 制订计划；制订方案：The unionleader charted out his ideas for a new prices and incomes agreement,but they were poorly received.工会领导人介绍了他关于新的价格和收入协议的设想，不料反应相当差.

L83 nouns 名词：views and vistas 景色与景象

view/vju:/1 [U] ability (esp of the person or thing stated) to see or be seen from a particu-lar place；sight 视力；视野；眼界：My view of the stage was blocked by the big hat of the woman sitting in front of me.坐在我前面的那位女士的大帽子遮住了我的视线，使我看不见舞台.The car turned the corner and was lost to our view/passed out of view (= could not be seen any more）.汽车拐了弯，我们就看不见了.Thevalley was hidden from view in the mist.山谷消失在薄雾中.When we reached the top of the mountain,we came in view of (=were able to. see）a wide plain below.我们登上山顶时，山下一片广阔的平原便尽收眼底.A wide plain cameinto view（＝was able to be seen）.一片辽阔的平原映入眼帘.He fell off his horse in full view of his friends (= seen by all, and himself able to see all of them）.他的朋友全都清清楚楚地看见他从马上摔了下来.There was no shelter within view（＝ that could be seen） anywhere. 一眼望去，哪里都没有栖身之所．2［C（of）］a somethingseen from a particular place, esp a stretch of pleasant country 风景；景色：One splendid mountain view followed another during our journey.在旅途中，壮丽的峰峦景色令人应接不暇.There's no view from my bedroom window except of some factory chimneys.从我卧室的窗户望出去，什么景色也没有，只看得见一些工厂的烟囱.b a picture or photograph of a piece of

scenery，a.building，etc 风景画；风景照片：This artist has painted views of the rocky west coast.这位画家已经画了几幅岩石嶙峋的西部海岸风景画．3［S（of）］ a special chance to see or examine someone or something 观察的机会： Have you had a close view of the princess？你曾在近距离见过这位公主吗？If we stand at thiswindow, we'll get a better view (of the pro-cession）.我们站在这个窗口的话，就能看得更清楚（更清楚地看游行）.

scene／si：n／［C］1 a view of a place 景色；景象： There is a beautiful scene from our hotel win-dow.从我们旅馆的窗口可以看到美丽的景色.He isa painter of street scenes.他是个画街景的画家.2 a place where an event or action happens （事件或战斗的）发生地；现场：These objects werefound at the scene of the crime.这些是在犯罪现场找到的物品.Hastings was the scene of agreat battle.海斯廷斯曾经是一次重大战役的战场.scenery /'si:nəri/ [U] natural surroundings, esp in beautiful and open country 风景（尤指美丽、开阔的乡村景色）；自然景色：This mountain sce-

nery is just what I like.这正是我喜欢的山景.

USAGE［用法说明］Compare scenery，scene，and view 比较 scenery，scene 和 view：The general appearance of the country, considered for its beauty，is scenery 从美的角度出发，乡村的整个外貌是 scenery： the beautiful scenery of the English Lakes 英格兰湖泊的美丽风光.A view isthe part of the scenery that can be seen from one place. view 是从某个地方可以看到的scen-ery 一部分：There＇s a fine view of the moun-tains from our hotel window.从我们旅馆的窗口可以看到秀丽的山景.Scene can mean the sameas view, but a scene is more likely to include people and movement. scene 与 view 可互通， 但scene 大多包括了其中的人及其活动：a happyscene of children playing in the garden 孩子们在花园中玩耍的欢乐景象

panorama / pænə'ra:mə/ [C (of)]1a complete view of a wide stretch of land 全景；全貌：From here we can see a fine panorama of the plains．从这里望去，平原风貌一览无遗．2 a con-tinuously changing view or scene 连绵多变的风景或景色：They watched the panorama of the country from the train window.他们从火车窗户望着不停地变化的乡村景色．3（fig） a thoroughrepresentation in words or pictures 概论；概观： This book gives a panorama of life in Eng-land 400 years ago．本书概述了四百年前英格兰的生活.panoramie［B］of，concerning or like a panorama 全景的；全貌的-ally［adv Wa4］

vista/'vistə/ [C (of)] 1 a distant view, to which the eye is directed between narrow limits, such as rows of trees（如从成排的树中看出的）深远的景色；远景；深景：The trees and bushes inthe garden were cleverly arranged so as to give many delightful vistas.这座公园的林木布局巧妙，远远望去气象万千、景色宜人．2（fig）a set ofevents stretching far into the future or back into the past， as seèn in the imagination 一连串遐想或追忆：After her husband＇s death she saw her life as an endless vista of sadness.她丈夫死后，她觉得往后的生活将是无穷无尽的辛酸.

794

L84 nouns 名词：land and islands 陆地与岛屿

[ALSO→L112]

land/lænd/ 1 [U] the solid dry part of the earth＇s surface 陆地：The storm blew fiercely over land and sea.暴风雨横扫陆地和海洋.Landtravel and sea travel are both pleasant.陆地旅行和海上旅行都是赏心乐事．2［U9］a part of theearth＇s surface all of the same natural type（具有同样自然风貌的）地带：forest land 森林地带；［in comb］ highland 高地；lowland 低地 3［C］ esp emot a part of the earth's surface forming a political whole； country； nation 国土；国家： There have been wars between these two lands.这两个国家之间曾有过多次战争.It is theland of my fathers; I hope to return there one day.那是我祖先的国土；我希望有朝一日能回去.（fig）He travelled to the land of the dead.他命赴黄泉了．4［U］ground owned as property 土地；田地；田产；地产：You are on my land.你在我的土地上.Land prices have risen quickly.地价涨得很快．5［U］ground used for farming 耕地； 农田：He works on the land； he is a land worker．他在农田干活；他是农田工人．6［U］lifein the country as opposed to that in towns and cities 乡村生活（与城市生活相对而言）：We mustgo back to the land.我们必须回去过乡村生活.land mass ［C］ a very large area of land 大片陆

地

continent/'kpntənənt/1 [C] any of the seven main unbroken land masses 洲；大陆：Africa is a continent；Greenland is not.非洲是大陆；格陵兰则不是．2［the R cap］ Europe without the British Isles 欧洲大陆：He＇s gone for a holiday on the Continent; France and Italy, I think. 他已到欧洲大陆去度假；我想是到法国和意大利去了.

territory /'terətəri/1 [C] an area of land, esp under one government, usu foreign or of a specia1 kind 领土；版图；领地：Oklahoma was once a territory but now it is a state of the United States of America.俄克拉荷马过去曾是领地，现已成为美国的一个州．2［C］the landwhere a （usu stated） person or animal lives 领域；范围：Wolves have a territory into which other wolves do not usually go.狼各有自己的地盘，其它的狼一般不侵入．3［U］ land 土地：Thesepeople want more territory to live in.这些人想要获得更多的土地供居住．territorial［B］1 of orconcerning a territory 领土的2（of an animal） keeping and defending a territory（动物）保卫自己地盘的

island/'arlənd/ [C] 1 a pieceof land encircled by water 岛；岛屿2（fig）anything standing alone or apart from similar things 像岛般孤立的东西；孤立物：No man is an island.人人都不是孤立的. This place is an island of pleasure among the sorrows of life.在人生的苦海之中，此地是孤零零的一小片乐土.

isle／ail／［C］esp poet an island 岛；岛屿

islet ／＇ailit／ ［C］ a small island 小岛

atoll/'ætpl/ [C] a ring-shaped island, made of

L86 GEOGRAPHY 地理

coral [→A104], partly or completely enclosing an area of sea water （lagoon ［→L86］）环状珊瑚岛；环礁

archipelago /,a:kə'peləgəu/ [C] 1 a number of small islands grouped together 群岛 2 an area of sea containing such a group 多岛屿的海区

L85 nouns 名词： peninsulas and capes ［C］半岛与海角

peninsula /pə'nınsjulə/ a piece of land almost completely surrounded by water but joined to a larger mass of land 半岛： Italy is a peninsula. 意大利是个半岛.

isthmus /'Isməs/ a narrow area of land with sea on each side, joined to a large land mass at each end 地峡

cape /keip/ a mass of land going out from a larger mass into the sea 海角；岬：The ship went round the cape/the Cape of Good Hope （in South Africa）.这艘船绕着海角／（南非）好望角航行.

headland／＇hedlənd／also 又作 point／point／an area of land running out from the coast to the sea岬角

promontory／＇proməntəri／fml a headland 岬角spur /sp3:/ a length of high ground coming out from a range of higher mountains 山嘴；坡尖； 山鼻子

L86 nouns 名词： large areas of water 大片水域

sea/si:/1 [the R; U often pl with sing meaning] the great body of salty water that covers much of the earth's surface; the water of the earth as opposed to the land 海；大海；海域：Boats were sailing on the sea.船在海上航行.Most of the earth is covered by sea.地球大部分为海洋所覆盖.Sea water came into the boat.船里进了海水.She enjoys sea travel.她喜欢海上旅行.The sea seems quiet today. 今天海上似乎风平浪静.The boat sailed into quieter seas.小船驶入较平静的海域.He likes the warm sea（s）around the south of France.他喜欢法国南部一带风和日暖的海面．2［C often cap， esp in names］ a large body of water smaller than an ocean，as（比海洋为小的大片水域）a part of the ocean 海（海洋的一部分）：the North Sea （northeast of Britain）（英国东北的）北海 b a body of water（mostly） enclosed by land 内海：the Dead Sea 死海；the Mediterranean Sea 地中海3［S9，esp of] (fig) a large mass or quantity regarded as being like one of these 大量；浩翰；茫茫一片：The actor looked out from the stage into a sea of faces.演员从台上往下看，只见万头攒动.Shewas sitting at her desk in a sea of papers.她坐在办公桌前，像是埋在文件堆里．4［the R；to U］the job of a sailor or member of a navy 海员生活；水手或水兵的工作；航海生涯：He went to seaat the age of 17．他十七岁开始当水手．He wentinto business for himself after leaving the sea.

795

L87 GEOGRAPHY 地理

他脱离航海生涯后，便进入商界自己创立事业．5［（the）R］ the shore of the ocean； seaside 海边； 海滨（often in names of towns in the phr -on-Sea 常用作地名的一部分，意为滨海的）：Ispent the summer at the sea.我在海滨避暑.It＇s a town with a beautiful position on the sea. 这是一个地处海滨，位置甚佳的小城.He goes toClacton-on-Sea every year.他每年都去濒海的克拉克顿城．6［C9 often pl with sing meaning］ a disturbance on the surface of a body of water 波涛；海浪：The ship ran into strong winds and heavy seas．船遇上了狂风巨浪．at sea 1 during aship＇s voyage on the sea 在茫茫大海上；在海上航行时：The ship and its crew were lost at sea.这条船和全体船员在海上航行时失踪了.He spentthree months at sea． 他在海上航行了三个月．2(fig) infml lost (in mind); not understanding 茫然；迷惑；不知所措；不理解：I don＇t understandpolitics; I'm (all) at sea when people talk about the government.我不懂政治；大家谈论政府的事时，我茫然不解.beyond the sea（s）lit ＆pomp far away across the sea; in a distant country 远在海外；远在异国：He sailed away tobegin a new life beyond the seas.他远航到海外去开始新的生活.by sea on a ship， or usingships 由海路；乘船：He went by airplane／by air and sent his heavy boxes by shiplby sea.他本人乘搭飞机，而那些笨重的箱箧则经海路托运.put(out) to sea to go out into the sea on a boat 出航；离港出海：From Southampton they put （out） to sea for a long voyage. 他们从南安普敦出发作海上长途航行.high seas［P］ the seas ofthe world which do not belong to any particu-lar country 公海：The ship sank while sailing the high seas.船在公海上航行时沉没了.

ocean/'əufən/1 [(the) U] the great mass of salt water that covers most of the earth（见L12插图）海洋：He went on an ocean voyage.他去远洋航行．2［C often cap as part of a name］ any of the great seas into which this mass is divided（用于专有名词的）大洋；洋：the AtlanticOcean 大西洋

lake/lerk/ [C often cap as part of a name] a large body of water surrounded by land 湖；湖泊：Lake Champlain 尚普兰湖

loch /lok/[C often cap as part of a name] ScotE a lake（苏格兰的）湖：They went out on the loch in a boat. 他们泛舟湖上.LochLomond is a beautiful place.洛蒙德湖是个美丽的地方.

mere /miə/[C] (esp in names in N England) a pool of water 水池；小湖：Windermere is in Cumbria.温德湖在康布里亚.

reservoir /'rezəvwa:/1 [C] a place where liquid is stored， esp water for a city 水库；蓄水池：We often go sailing on the local reservoir.我们经常到本地的水库去泛舟．2［C9，esp of］（fig） alarge supply（of facts or knowledge）（事实或知识的）大量供应；储藏库；宝库：This book is areservoir of information about the English language.本书是英语语言知识的宝库.

lagoon /lə'gu:n/ [C] a lake of sea water, partly or completely separated from the sea, as by banks of sand or rock 环礁湖；泻湖

L87 nouns 名词：small areas of water ［C］ 小面积水域

pond /pond/ an area of still water smaller than a lake 池塘；水池：Most farms have a pond from which cattle can drink.大多数农场都有供牲畜饮水的池塘..There was a duck pond nearthe house.房子附近有个养鸭的池塘.

pool／pu：l／a （small） pond 小池塘；小水池；水洼； 水坑：There were pools of water everywhere after the rain.雨后到处有水坑.They went swimming in the pool under the trees.他们到树下的小水池游泳.He built a swimming pool inhis garden.他在花园里建了个游泳池.

puddle /'padl/ a small amount of rainwater lying in a slight hollow in the ground （雨水积聚成的）小水坑；小水洼；一汪水：There are a lotof puddles in the road after the rain.雨后在路上有许多小水洼.

L88 nouns 名词：bays and straits ［C］海湾与海峡

bay/bei/ a wide opening in a coastline; a part of the sea or of a large lake enclosed in a curve of the land 海湾；湾：The ship sailed into the bay.这条船驶进海湾.Botany Bay is inAustralia.植物湾位于澳大利亚.

gulf/galf/1 a large deep stretch of sea partly enclosed by land 海湾：Some people call that place the Persian Gulf, others the Arabian Gulf.有些人称那个地方波斯湾，也有些人称之为阿拉伯湾．2 a deep hollow in the earth＇s surface 深沟；鸿沟；深坑：The ground trembled and suddenly a great gulf opened before us.大地颤动起来，忽然，在我们面前裂开一道深沟：3（fig）agreat area of division or difference, esp be-tween opinions 隔阂；（意见）分歧：There is a wide gulf between the two sides and it is unlikely that they can ever be brought into agreement.双方有重大分歧，不大可能达成一致意见.

arm (of the sea) a place where the sea comes some distance inland; a very deep narrow bay （伸入内陆而又狭长的）海湾

fjord, fiord /fjo:d/ a narrow arm of the sea between cliffs or steep slopes, esp in Norway （尤指挪威峭壁间狭长的）峡湾

sea loch ScotE an arm of the sea（苏格兰狭长的）海湾

strait /streit/ [often pl with sing meaning] a narrow passage of water between (and esp) connecting two seas 海峡：the Malay Straits 马来海峡

channel/'tfænl/1 a narrow sea passage con-necting two seas or oceans 海峡：The English Channel separates England and France and connects the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea.英吉利海峡把英格兰和法国隔开，又把大西洋和北海连接起来．2 the deepest part of a river，harbour，or sea passage 航道（水道最深处）：The current in the river's main channel is too swift

796

for boats.这条河的主航道水流湍急，小船无法行驶.Ships must follow the channel into the port.轮船必须沿着航道驶入港口.

L89 nouns 名词：tides and currents

潮与流

tide/tard/[C] 1 the regular rise and fall of large areas of water,esp the seas, due to the pull of the moon and the sun 潮；潮汐：There are two tides every day.一天有两次潮汐.At high tide the water is farthest up the beach [→L92]and at low tide it is farthest out.高潮时，海岸处水面涨至最高位；低潮时，海水退至最远处．2 a currentof water caused by this 潮水；潮流：Strong tides make swimming dangerous.大潮时游泳很危险. 3（fig） a movement， as of public opinion （舆论等的）趋势；潮流；动向：We must wait for achange in the tide before introducing this unpopular law.我们应等舆论趋势转变后才提出这项不受欢迎的法案.

ebb/eb/[S] 1 [the] the flow of the sea away from the shore； the going out of the tide 落潮； 退潮：The tide is on the ebb．正在退潮．2（fig） decay；failure；low state 衰落；衰退；衰败；低潮； 低沉（esp in the phr at a low ebb 衰落；不振）：Fred's courage seems to be at rather a low ebb; let's try to make him a bit more cheerful. 弗雷德好像情绪很低沉；我们应设法使他振作起来.

flow／fləu／also 又作 flood／flad／［the S］ the flow of the sea towards the shore; the coming in of the tide 涨潮：The tide is on the flow.涨潮了.

ebb tide ［C］ the tide as it ebbs（＝goes out）退潮；落潮

flood tide [C] the tide as it flows(= comes in) 涨潮

current /'karənt/ [C] a continuously moving mass of liquid or gas, esp one flowing through slower-moving liquid or gas 流；水流；气流；（尤指缓流中的）激流：The weak swimmer wasswept away by the strong current and was drowned.那个体弱的游泳者被激流冲走而淹死.Acold current flowing off the coast reduces temperatures in summer.从海岸袭来的冷气流能降低夏季气温.The current is strongest in the middle of the river.河道中间水流最急.He could feel the air currents.他能感觉到空气的流动.

undercurrent /'Andə,karənt/ [C] 1 a deep cur-rent, flowing below other currents,esp in a different direction 潜流；底流2（fig） a hidden tendency in general feelings，opinions，etc（感情、舆论等的）暗流；潜在趋势；掩盖着的倾向：There was an undercurrent of discontent.潜伏着一股不满情绪.

eddy /'edi/[C] a circular movement of water, wind， dust， mist，smoke，etc（水、风、尘土、雾、烟等的）漩涡；涡流：The little paper boat was caught in an eddy and spun round and round in the water.小纸船被卷进漩涡里，在水中打圈子.

course/ko:s/[C] the way or direction in which anything，esp water，moves（水等的）流向；走向： The river took its course down from the hills

L90 GEOGRAPHY．地理

to the sea.这条河由山里顺势往下流入大海.Hefollowed the course of the river.他顺着河的流向走.（fig）In the course of time things got better.后来情况有所改善.

flood/flAd/[C] 1 a (great) flow of water over land that is usu dry 洪水；大水；水灾：We hadseveral bad floods this year.今年我们这里发生了几次洪水．2［（of）］（fig）a large amount 大量； 一大批：We had a flood of letters today.今天我们收到大批信件.

spate／speit／［S9，esp of］ 1 esp BrE a flood 洪水； 大水 2（fig） a large number or amount， esp coming together in time 大量；一连串：There has been a spate of accidents on this road.这条路上发生了一连串车祸.in spate full of rush-ing water 涨满水：The river was in（full） spate. 河水猛涨.

L90 verbs 动词：tides and currents 潮与流

ebb/eb/[IØ (away)]1 (of the sea) to flow away from the shore（指海水）落潮；退潮：The tide is beginning to ebb．潮水开始落了．2（fig）to grow less；become slowly lower and lower 衰落；衰退；衰减：Fred＇s courage was beginning to ebb away, as he saw what a long distance he still had to climb.弗雷德看到他还要爬好长一段路，于是勇气开始减退了.

flow/fləu/[IØ] (of the sea) to flow in towards the shore（指海水）涨潮：The tide is flowing strongly today.今天潮水很大.

eddy／＇edi／［Iø］ to move round and round 旋转： A little smoke eddied above the ashes of the fire.火烬上轻烟缭绕.（fig）The crowd eddied about in the market-place.市场里大群人在团团转.

surge /s3:d3/ [IØ] (of water, etc) to move for-ward strongly（水等）汹涌；澎湃：The sea surged against the rocks.海浪冲击岩石.

foam /fəum/ [Wv4; IØ (up)] to produce a large number of very small whitish-looking balls of air or gas （bubbles）起泡沫；冒泡：The liquid began to foam.液体开始起泡沫.The foaming waves struckthe rocks.浪花冲击着岩石.

flood/flad/[IØ; T1] to flow over (a place that is usu dry）淹没；泛滥；溢出：The river is flooding. 这条河在泛滥.The sea flooded the town.海水淹没了这座小镇.We were flooded out（＝com-pletely flooded）.我们遭洪水淹了.flooding［U］ an occasion of water flowing or spreading where it does not usu go 发大水；泛滥：There was some bad flooding in the city last year.去年这个城市发过大水.

channel /'tfænl/ [T1 (off)] to cause to pass through or along a channel; send in a particu-lar direction 开辟水道；沿···前进：The water channelled its way through the earth.水到渠成.（fig）Some of the money has been chan-nelled off fo other purposes.这笔钱中有一部分已被挪用于其它用途.

funnel /'fAnal/ 1 [X9] to pass through or as if

797

L91 GEOGRAPHY 地理

through a funnel ［→H153］经漏斗流；好像经漏斗般通过；（使）汇集：He funnelled the oil into the bottle.他用漏斗将油灌入瓶里.The infor-mation is funnelled to a central point from many different places.情报从许多不同地方汇集到一个中心点上．2［L9］ （esp of something large or made up of many parts) to pass through a narrow space（尤指大物体、人群等）经过狭窄通道：The large crowd funnelled out of the gates after the football match.足球赛结束后，大群的观众从各大门慢慢涌出．3［T1］to form into theshape of a funnel 使成漏斗状：He funnelledhis hands and whistled through them.他把两手合成漏斗状，吹起口哨来.

L91 nouns 名词：waves 波浪

wave/werv/[C often pl] a raised curving line of water on the surface esp of the sea, esp one of a number at even distances from each other 波涛；波浪；海浪：The waves rose and fell.波浪起伏.

ripple /'ripəl/1 [C] a very small wave;a gentle waving movement 涟漪；细浪；微波；轻微的波动：There are ripples on a pool when the wind blows．风一吹，池子的水面顿时泛起丝丝涟漪．2［C］a wave-like mark 波痕：The sea leaves rip-ples on the sand．海水在沙滩上留下波痕．3［S9］a sound of or like gently running water 潺潺声； （流水般）起伏声：I heard the ripple of the stream.我听到溪水潺潺.There came a ripple of laughter from the crowd at the speaker's little joke.听到演讲者的小笑话时，人群中传出轻轻一阵笑声.

roller /'rəulə/ [C] a long heavy wave (on the coast）（岸边的）巨浪：He likes to swim among the Atlantic rollers.他喜欢在大西洋的巨浪中游泳.

breaker /'breikə/ [C] a large wave with a white top that rolls onto the shore 碎浪；激浪

swell/swel/[S] one or more waves, esp when long and unbroken 浪潮；滚滚大浪

tidal wave [C] 1 any very large, dangerous, and unusual sea wave 潮浪；潮汐波；海啸2（fig） anything thought to be like this（热情或愤怒的） 浪潮；热潮；怒潮

foam/fəum/ [U] 1 a whitish mass of small balls of air or gas (bubbles) on the surface of a liquid or on skin 泡沫；（皮肤上的）汗沫：Thebreaking waves were edged with foam.激浪的边缘泛起泡沫.When the horse had finished the race its sides were wet with foam.赛马结束时， 马身两侧汗水淋漓．2 any chemical substance inthis form, such as one used in controlling dangerous fires 泡沫状化学物品

surf/s3:f/[U]the white foam formed by waves when they break on rocks， a shore， etc 拍岸浪花；破波；激浪

surge/s3:d3/ [C] 1 the forward movement of esp water，esp in a wave（尤指波浪的）汹涌；澎湃：the surge of the sea 海浪的汹涌2（fig）any strong movement like this 波动；起伏：feeling a surge of pity for someone 心头顿起一股怜悯之情

L92 nouns 名词：coasts and shores 海滨与岸边

coast/kəust/1 [C] the land next to the sea; seashore 海滨；海岸：The ship was wrecked on the coast.船在岸边撞毁了.There are dangerous rocks on Britain＇s western coast.英国西海岸有危险的礁石．2［the R（sometimes cap）］an area bordering the sea 沿海地区；海滨：Many old people go and live on the coast when they stop working.许多老人退休后去海滨居住.Thetown is on the South Coast.这座小城位于南方滨海地区.

shore/fo:/[C; U] the land along the edge of a large body of water 滨；岸：They walked along the shore. 他们沿岸边散步.She saw a boatabout a mile from／off shore.她看到离岸大约一英里处有条小船.on shore on land；away from one＇s ship 在岸上：The sailors were warned not to get into trouble while they were on shore.水手们被警告不要在岸上惹事生非.

line /lamn/ [C usu in comb] the line or edge ofa coast，shore，etc 海岸线：The coastline of West-ern Scotland is very uneven.苏格兰西部海岸线非常曲折.

beach/bi:tf/[C] 1 a shore of an ocean, sea,or lake, or the bank of a river covered by sand, smooth stones， or larger pieces of rock（海、湖、河的）水滨；岸滩 2 a seashore area 海滩：They were lying on the beach in the sun.他们躺在海滩上晒太阳.

sands／sændz／［P］ a stretch of sand 沙滩；沙洲； 沙地：He drove across the burning sands of the desert.他驱车穿过滚热的沙漠.The childrenwere playing on the sands.孩子们在沙滩上玩.

shingle /'Sujgəl/ [U] small rough rounded pieces of stone lying in masses along a seashore（海滩）圆卵石：It can be painful to walk on shingle with bare feet.赤脚在海滩圆卵石上走会很痛.

L93 nouns 名词：rivers and streams ［C］ 江河与溪流

river /'rivə/ a wide natural stream of water flowing between banks into a lake, into an-other wider stream， or into the sea 江；河： They want to go swimming in the river/saiing on the river.他们想到河里游泳／河上航行.Theysailed down／up the river Amazon.他们驶船沿亚马逊河而下／上.（fig） Rivers of blood were spilt during the war.战争中血流成河.

stream /stri:m/1 a natural flow of water, usu smaller than a river 小河；溪流：He crossed the stream． 他涉水过了小溪．2 anything flowing or moving on continuously 流；流动；一连串： a stream of people into and out of the house 川流不息地进出房子的人 3 ［esp in comb］（the direction of） a current of water 水流；流向：They travelled upstream／downstream （＝

798

against／with the current）.他们溯流而上／顺流而下.

torrent/'tprənt/ a very fast flow of liquid, esp water in rivers or as rain 急流；湍流；激流；滂沱大雨：The mountain streams become torrents when the snow begins to melt.雪开始融化时，高山上的小溪变成了急流.The rain was falling intorrents.大雨滂沱.（fig）She used a torrent of bad language to show what she thought of him.她破口大骂来表明她对他的看法.torrential［B］ of or like a torrent 奔流的；急流的：Torren-tial rains fell.大雨倾盆而下.-ly［adv］

brook／bruk／ a small stream 小溪

burn／b3：n／ ScotE a brook or stream 溪流

L94 nouns 名词： springs and tributaries ［C］泉水与支流

spring /spruj/ [often pl] a place where water comes naturally from the ground 泉；泉水：It is a town with mineral／hot springs.那是个有矿／温泉的小城.He drank from a clear mountain spring.他喝了清澈的山泉.

source/so:s/ [(of)]1 the place where a stream of water starts 河源；源头；水源：Where is the source of this river？这条河发源于何处？2（fig） a place from which something comes 根源；来源：Can you find the source of the engine trouble？你能找出发动机故障的根源吗？3（fig）aperson or thing that supplies information 提供消息的人或物：The reporter refused to name his sources.记者拒绝说出消息的来源.

tributary /'tribjutəri/ [(of)] a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river 支流： Are these streams tributaries of the Clyde？这些小河是克莱德河的支流吗？

feeder／＇fi：də／not fml a tributary 支流

L95 nouns 名词：river mouths ［C］河口

estuary /'estfuəri/the wide lower part or mouth of a river， which the sea enters at high tide 河口；江口；三角湾；港湾：They like to go sailing onthe Thames estuary.他们喜欢去泰晤士河河口航行.

（river） mouth ／（＇rıvə） mauθ／an estuary 河口；江口：The boat entered the mouth of a large river／a large river mouth.小船驶入一条大河的河口.

firth/f3:θ/ [often cap esp in names] ScotE an estuary or river mouth 河口；江口：Edinburgh is near the Firth of Forth the river Forth). 爱丁堡靠近福斯河口.Inverness is near theMoray Firth..因弗内斯靠近马里河口.

delta/'deltə/ a piece of low land shaped like a where a river branches out towards the sea 三角洲：The Nile Delta is in Egypt.尼罗河三角洲在埃及.

L97 GEOGRAPHY 地理

L96 nouns 名词：falls and rapids

瀑布与急流

waterfall /'wo:tə,fo:l/ [C] water falling straight down over rocks or an edge, sometimes from a great height 瀑布 falls ［P often cap in names］ a large broad waterfall 大瀑布：He visited the Niagara Falls when he went to North America.他去北美时，游览了尼亚加拉大瀑布.

cascade /kæs'keid/ [C] 1 a steep high usu small waterfall， esp one part of a bigger waterfall 小瀑布（尤指连续数段瀑布中的一段）2（fig）anything that is like this 瀑布状物：a cascade of flowers 一长串下垂的花朵；a cascade of goldenhair 长而披垂的金发

rapids /'ræpidz/ [P] a part of a river where the water moves very fast over rocks 湍流；急流shoot the rapids (of a boat) to pass quickly down this part of a river（指小船）飞速驶过湍流

L97 nouns ＆ verbs 名词和动词：fountains and sprays 喷泉与喷雾

fountain /'fauntən/ [C] 1 [(of)] a flow of liquid, esp rising straight into the air 喷水；喷泉2（an apparatus of pipes, sometimes hidden inside beautiful stone figures or bowls set in an ornamental lake or smaller piece of water in a garden, or other open space, producing) a stream of water that shoots straight up into the air 人工喷泉；喷水池3［（of）］（fig） the place where something begins or is supplied 源泉；根源：The ruler was respected by his people as the fountain of honour.这位统治者被他的百姓尊为光荣之源．4 poet a natural spring of water， rising out of the ground 泉；泉水

jet/d3et/1 [C] a narrow stream of liquid, gas, etc，coming forcefully out of a small hole 喷射； 喷流；射流；喷气；喷水：The firemen directed jets of water at the burning house.消防员把水柱喷向正在燃烧的房子．2［C］a narrow opening fromwhich this is forced out 喷嘴；喷口：Put a match to the gas jet to light the gas.划根火柴对准喷气口点燃煤气．3［IØ（out）］to come out asajet喷出；射出；喷射

spray /sprei/1 [U] water in very small drops blown from the sea，a waterfall，etc浪花；水花； 飞沫；水星2［U；C］（a can or other container holding) liquid to be sent out in a spray under pressure 喷雾器；喷雾液罐；喷雾剂；用作喷雾的液体：He used a quick-drying spray paint.他使用了一种速干喷雾漆.Did you bring along someinsect spray？你带了杀虫喷雾剂吗？You can getthis polish in a tube or in a spray. 你要的上光剂有管装的，也有喷雾装的．3［T1（with）；IØ］ tothrow or force out liquid in small drops upon （a surface， person， field of crops，etc）喷；向··· 喷射：He sprayed the wall with paint.他往墙上喷上油漆.Our wheat needs spraying soon.我们的小麦需要立即喷药.

799

L98 GEOGRAPHY 地理

spurt /spa:t/ 1 [C] a short sudden strong in-crease in the flow of a liquid, in activity, speed，etc 突然的喷射；迸发2［IØ（out，up）］to flow suddenly and strongly 喷射出；迸发出： Blood spurted out of the cut in his arm. 血从他胳臂上的伤口喷出.

L98 nouns 名词： ditches and canals ［C］ 沟渠与运河

ditch /dity a long narrow not very deep V-or

U-shaped passage cut into the ground, usu for water to flow through 沟；沟渠

trench/trentf/1 a long narrow hole cut in the ground； ditch 深沟；地沟2 a deep ditch dug in the ground as a protection for soldiers 战壕： My grandfather fought in the trenches in the First World War.我的祖父在第一次世界大战时曾在战壕里作战.

channel/'tfænl/1 the bed of a stream of water 河床；河槽；河底：When it rains water flows down this channel.下雨时，水顺着河床奔流而下.We saw many dried rocky river channels as we crossed the desert.我们穿过沙漠时，看见许多干涸的岩石河床．2 a passage for liquids 水道；水槽；水沟：There＇s a channel in the middle of the street to help water flow away when it rains.街道中间有道水沟，便于下雨时排水.Therain water is caught in the channel and taken to the garden through pipes.雨水蓄积在水沟里， 经过管道流进花园．3［often pl］（fig） any course or way along which information travels or by which things are done（传递消息或处理事件的）途径；方法：He claims to have his own chan-nels for finding out what is going on.他声称他自有方法了解究竟发生了什么事.Go through theofficial channels if you want the government to help．你要政府帮助，需循正式途径办理．4（fig）a way, course of direction of thought or action （思想和行动的）方向；方法：He needs a newchannel for his activities.他需要一种新的活动方式.

canal ／kə＇næl／ a waterway dug in the ground 人工挖出的水道a to allow ships or boats to travel along it 运河：The Panama Canal joins two oceans.巴拿马运河连接两大洋.b to bring waterto or remove water from an area（引水用的）水道；水渠：Canals have been built to take water to the desert.筑了水道把水引到沙漠.

lock/lpk/a stretch of water closed off by gates, esp on a canal, so that the level can be raised or lowered to move boats up or down a slope （运河等的）船闸

L99 nouns 名词：banks 堤岸

bank/bænk/[C]1 land along the side of a river, lake，etc 河岸；湖岸；堤岸：Shakespeare＇s theatre was on the bank of the Thames.莎士比亚的剧院坐落在泰晤士河的岸边.They sat on the riverbank.他们坐在河堤上.They live on the banks

of the Nile．他们住在尼罗河畔．2 earth which isheaped up in a field or garden, often making a border or division 田埂；田垄：In the south-west of England the little country roads often run between high banks.在英格兰西南部，高高的土垄之间常有乡间小路相通．3 also 又作 sand-bank sand under a shallow part of a sea 浅滩； 沙洲：The Dogger Bank in the North Sea can be dangerous for ships.北海的多格滩对船只可能有危险．4 a mass of snow， clouds，mud，etc 雪堆；云团；泥堆：The banks of dark cloud prom-ised a heavy storm.乌云密布预示着将有一场暴风雨．5 a slope made at bends in a road or race-track, so that they are safer for cars to go round（马路或赛车场转弯处向内侧的）倾斜面（为车辆安全地拐弯而设计）；内侧斜坡

-side/-said/[comb form] the land at the side of a river， lake， sea， etc 边；畔：riverside 河边； lakeside 湖畔；seaside 海滨

embankment /rm'bænkmənt/ [C] a wide wall of stones or earth, which is built to keep a river from overflowing its banks, or to carry a road or railroad over low ground 河堤；路堤： We must throw up an embankment to stop the river from flooding the town.我们必须赶造河堤以防河水淹没这座小城.The embankmenthas collapsed！大堤决口了！We walked along the Thames Embankment.我们沿着泰晤士河河堤走.

L100 nouns 名词：dams and sluices ［C］ 水坝与水闸

dam/dæm/ a wall or bank built to keep back water 水坝：The Aswan Dam helps to control the River Nile in Egypt.阿斯旺水坝有助于控制埃及境内的尼罗河.

weir /wiə/1 a wall across a river, stopping the water above it 堰；低坝；拦河坝 2 a woodenfence across a stream for catching fish（捕鱼的）鱼梁；鱼栏

sluice/slu:s/ a passage for water with an open-ing (a sluice gate or sluice vave) through which the flow can be controlled or stopped （调节水位的）有闸水道；水闸；闸沟

L101 nouns 名词： hills and mountains 小山与大山

smaller & genl hill

较小的及通称 小山

larger mountain

较大的 大山；高山

hill/hil/[C] a raised part of the earth's surface, not so high as a mountain and not usu so bare，rocky，etc 小山；丘陵；山丘；山岗：There were several low／high hills near the town.小城

800