附近有几座低矮的／高高的山.The Aravalli Hillsare in India.阿拉瓦利山在印度.

mountain /'mauntən/ 1 [C] a very large and high hill， esp of bare or snow-covered rock 高山；大山（尤指光秃或雪盖住的）：He looked downfrom the top of the mountain to the valley far below.他从山顶往下眺望深幽的山谷.He trav-elled along the mountain paths and met some mountain goats.他沿着山路走，遇见了几只野山羊.The Rocky Mounains are in the United States．落基山脉在美国．2［C （of）often pl］ a very large amount， mass，etc大量；大堆；堆积如山的事物：She has a mountain of dirty clothes to wash.她有一大堆脏衣服要洗.Each morningthe minister has to read mountains of papers and reports.每天早晨这位部长得阅读堆积如山的文件和报告.

mount /maunt/ [A (cap in place names)]a mountain 山岳；高山；山峰：Mount Olympus is in Greece.奥林帕斯山在希腊.

ben /ben/ [C esp cap in place names] ScotE a mountain 山岭；高山；山峰：Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland.尼维斯山是苏格兰最高的山.

-side /-said/ [comb form] the side of a moun-tain，hill 山坡；山腰：mountainside 山坡；hillside 丘陵坡，小山坡

slope /sləup/[C]1 a surface that slopes; a piece of ground going up or down 斜面；斜坡：He climbed the steep slope.他爬陡坡.They were on a ski slope/the lower slopes of the moun-tain．他们在高山的滑雪斜坡上／山麓的斜坡上．2adegree of sloping; a measure of an angle from a level direction 斜度；坡度；斜率：a slope of 30 degrees 30度的斜坡

range /reind3/ [C9] a connected line (of mountains，hills，etc） 山脉；群山；山系：The Andes are a high mountain range.安第斯山脉是由许多高山所组成的山系.There are manyranges of hills in India.印度有许多丘陵组成的山系.

foothills /'fut,hrlz/ [P] the lower parts of a mountain range，esp near a plain 山麓丘陵

L102 nouns 名词： the highest parts of mountains and hills 山顶

top/tpp/[comb form] the highest point of a mountain or hill 山顶；山巅： mountaintop 高山之巅；hilltop小山山头

peak/pi:k/[C] 1 a a sharply pointed mountain top 顶峰；山巅：The （mountain） peaks are covered with snow all the year round.山顶终年积雪.b a whole mountain with a sharp top 山峰；高峰：Here the high peaks begin to rise from the plain.这里是平川，从这里开始升高，一直到高峰．2 a thing that curves to a point above a surface 峰状物；尖状物：The wind blew the waves into great peaks.大风卷起小山似的巨浪.3 [C] the highest point, level,etc, esp of a varying amount，development，etc 最高点；高峰；顶峰；顶端：He brought the crowd to a peak

L104 GEOGRAPHY 地理

of excitement.他把群众的兴奋情绪带到了顶点.Sales have reached a new peak.销售量已经达到新的顶点.This is a peak year for sales.今年的销售额创下了高峰.The roads are full oftraffic at peak hours.在交通最繁忙时间，马路上挤满了车辆.

pinnacle/'pinəkəl/ [C] 1 a thin tall pointed rock or rocky mountain top 山尖；山峰；尖峰2［（of） usu sing］ the highest point or degree 顶点；顶峰；极点：He was then at the pinnacle of his success．当时是他的巅峰时期．3 a pointed stoneornament like a small tower, built on a roof esp in old churches and castles（见 622页彩图）（古老教堂和城堡屋顶上的）小尖塔；尖顶

summit/'sAmit/1 [C (of)] the top, esp the highest point on the top of a mountain 顶点； 绝顶；山顶2［S9，esp of］ （fig） the highest point，degree，etc 极点；极度：He was at the summit of his powers．他的权势已大到了极点．3[A] (fig) the official position of heads of state 国家元首级；最高级：a summit meeting （＝ameeting of leaders）首脑会议；高峰会议4［C］ （fig） a meeting between heads of state 最高级会议；高峰会议

L103 nouns 名词：plateaus［C］高原

plateau/'plætəu/1 a large stretch of level land much higher than the land around it 高原 2 (fig) a period of time during which the active development of something is not continued 平稳时期；停滞时期：Business has now reached a plateau but we hope it will begin to increase again soon.目前生意无大进展，我们希望不久会再度兴旺起来.

tableland ／＇terbə1，lænd／not fml a plateau 高原； 台地

mesa/'meisə/ esp AmE a plateau with steep sides，esp in the southwest of the USA（尤指美国西南部等地的）方山；平顶山

butte /bju:t/ esp AmE a hill or small mesa rising above the flat country around it 孤山；小方山

L104 nouns 名词：cliffs［C］悬崖

cliff/klif/ a high very steep face of rock,ice, earth，etc 悬崖；冰崖；石崖；土崖：He fell off acliff into the sea.他从悬崖上堕入海中.TheWhite Cliffs of Dover are in Kent.多佛尔的白崖在肯特郡.cliff-face the surface of a cliff 峭壁：He climbed up the cliff-face.他顺峭壁向上爬.

crag/kræg/ a high steep rough rock or mass of rocks险崖；巉崖；危岩：Salisbury Crags rise above the city of Edinburgh.索尔兹伯里岩俯瞰爱丁堡的市区.

escarpment /I'ska:pmənt/ 1 a long cliff on a mountainside 峭壁；陡崖2 a steep slope just below the wall of a fort（要塞城墙下的）陡坡；削壁

801

L105 GEOGRAPHY 地理

precipice /'presəpis/ a steep or almost upright side of a high rock， mountain，or cliff 悬崖；绝壁

drop ／drpp／ ［usu sing］ a fall 下降距离；落差： There＇s a 100 ft． drop from these cliffs．这些峭壁的下降距离为一百英尺.

abyss /ə'bis/ a great hole which appears to have no bottom 深渊；无底洞：He fell into an abyss.他堕入深渊.（fig）He was in an abyss of hopelessness after his wife left him.他的妻子离开他之后，他陷入绝望的深渊中.

L105 adjectives，etc 形容词等：hills and mountains［B］小山与大山

hilly/'hrli/[Wal] (of country or roads) full of hills多丘陵的；多小山的；（指道路）多斜坡的

mountainous /'mauntənəs/1 full of or contain-ing mountains 多山的：Because of the moun-tainous nature of the country, the army couldn＇t advance quickly.由于该国多山，军队无法快速推进．2（fig）very large or high 很大的；很高的：mountainous debts 债台高筑；mountain-ous waves 排山倒海的浪涛

craggy ／＇krægi／ ［Wal］full of or like crags 多岩的；峻峭的；崎岖的

steep/sti:p/[Wal] rising or falling quickly or at a large angle 陡峭的；急剧升降的：The hillsidewas very steep.这山坡非常陡.It was too steep a hill to get up on a bicycle.山太陡，骑自行车上不去.There was a steep rise in prices／a steep drop in living standards.价格急剧上涨／生活水平急剧下降.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

precipitous ／pri＇sipətəs／ 1 dangerously steep 险峻的；巉峻的：A precipitous path led up the mountain side．一条险峻的小路通向山腰．2 like(the edge of) a precipice; frighteningly high above the ground 峭壁似的；离地很高的：Theylooked down from the precipitous height of the church tower.他们从巍峨的教堂高塔上往下眺望.-ly［adv］-ness［U］

sheer/Jiə/ [Wal] 1 very steep; (almost) straight up and down without a break 陡直的；（几乎）垂直的：It was a sheer drop of a hundred feet to the sea，down a sheer cliff.从峭壁向下到海面的垂直距离达一百英尺．2［also 又作 adv］ straightup or down 垂直的（地）；笔直的（地）；陡直的（地）：The mountain rises sheer from the plain. 这座高山拔地而起.

L106 nouns，etc 名词等：holes，fissures， caves，etc 洞孔、裂隙、洞穴等

hole /həul/ 1 [C] an opening or (esp deep) space in something solid 洞；穴；孔；窟窿：He dug some holes in the garden and planted some bushes.他在花园里挖了几个坑，种了些矮树.There is a hole in the wall; we can get through it.墙上有个洞；我们能钻过去.I＇ve a hole in myleft sock．我左脚袜子上有个洞．2［C］（fig）infml

a difficulty 困境；为难的处境：I＇m in a hole；can you help me？我有困难；你能帮我忙吗？3［C］（fig） infml an uninteresting place 没趣的地方： What a hole that town is！ 那个小城真乏味！4［T1 often pass］ to make a hole in 凿洞；打洞；穿孔：The boat was holed by a large rock.小船被一块大岩石撞穿了一个窟窿．5［T1］ to put in ahole 置于穴中：The golfer［→K198］ holed the ball from a distance of ten feet.这位高尔夫球手从十英尺外将球打入洞中.

hollow /'hpləu/ [C] a wide shallow hole, esp in a surface 洼地；凹地；浅洞；浅坑：The hollow wasfull of trees but the higher ground was covered in grass.洼地长满了树木，高一点的地面上却长满了青草.There were hollows under her eyes；she had not been sleeping well.她眼窝深陷；她一直没睡好.

socket/'spkit/ [C] an opening, hollow place, or. machine part that forms a holder or into which something fits 窝；穴；承口；插座：His eyes nearly jumped from their sockets in surprise. 他惊讶得双目直瞪，眼球差点要从眼窝里跳出来.Fita candle／an electric light into a socket.把蜡烛插进烛台插座／把灯泡插进电源插座.

crack /kræk/[C] a narrow hole or opening; a line where something has broken but has not separated（much）裂缝；裂纹；缝隙：There were several cracks in the wall／rock.墙上／岩石上有儿道裂缝.

leak/li:k/1[C] a crack or hole which allows a liquid or gas to flow in or out when it should not 漏洞；漏缝；漏隙： There＇s a leak in the water pipe； water is getting out.水管上有漏缝；水正流出来．2 ［C］ liquid or gas flowing in or out in this way 漏（气、油、水等）；漏出；泄漏：There wasa gas leak and it caused a fire.煤气漏出，引起了一场火灾.（fig） There has been a leak of information．走漏了风声．3［IØ；T1］to（cause to） flow in or out through a leak 漏；（使）泄漏； （使）渗漏：The water leaked out／leaked from the pipe.水漏出来了／水从管子漏出来.The boatis leaking badly.船漏得很厉害.（fig）He leaked the news to his friends.他把消息透露给他的朋友.News of the changes has leaked out.关于变动的消息已泄漏出去了.

crevice /'krevis/ [C] a narrow hole, crack, or opening，esp in rock（尤指石的）罅隙；裂缝；石缝：He found a crevice in the rock and climbed down it.他在岩石上发现一道裂缝，就顺着裂缝爬下去.

crevasse /krə'væs/ [C] a deep open crack, esp in thick ice 裂隙；（尤指）冰隙；冰缝；冰川的裂隙：The man fell into a crevasse.那人掉进冰缝里去了.

fissure /'fifə/ [C] tech a deep and usu large crack in the ground， a mountain，etc（地面、山等的）深缝；大裂缝

cave／keiv／［C］a deep natural hollow place 洞穴a underground, usu with an opening to the surface 地下的天然洞穴 b in the side of a cliffor hill 山洞；岩洞

cavern／＇kævən／［C］ a large deep cave 深洞；大

洞穴；大山洞

grotto /'grotəu/ [C] 1 a natural cave, esp of

802

limestone, or an ornamental onemade in a garden and ornamented with shells（石灰岩等） 天然洞；（观赏用的）人工洞 2 a small cave-shaped shrine for religious worship 神龛

pothole /'ppthəul/ [C] 1 a deep round hole in the surface of rock by which water enters and flows underground often through a cave 锅穴； 壶穴2 the cave itself 洞穴

stalactite /'stæləktait/ [C] a sharp downward-pointing part of a cave roof formed over a long time by mineral-containing water drop-ping from the roof 钟乳石

stalagmite /'stæləgmait/ [C] an upward-point-ing part of a cave floor formed by drops from a stalactite and often joining it to form a solid pillar 石笋

L107 nouns 名词：valleys［C］山谷

valley/'væli/1 the land lying between two lines of hills or mountains often with a river running through it 谷；山谷；溪谷；河谷（常有河流通过）：In the winter， the cattle are brought down from the mountains to the shelter of the valley．冬天牛群从山上赶下来到山谷里避风雪．2[C9 usu sing] the land through which the stated river or a great river system flows 流域： the Thames valley 泰晤士河流域；the valley of the Ganges 恒河流域

glen /glen/ a narrow nountain valley,esp in Scotland or Ireland（苏格兰和爱尔兰等地的）狭谷；幽谷

gorge ／go：d3／also 又作 canyon／＇kænjən／a deep narrow steep-sided valley usu with a river flowing through 峡；峡谷

ravine /rə'vi:n/ a deep narrow valley with steep sides 深谷

gully /'gali/1 a small narrow valley cut esp into a hillside by heavy rain（山坡等地大雨造成的）冲沟；山沟；沟壑2 a deep ditch or other smallwaterway 集水沟；沟渠

defile /dr'fail/ a narrow passage, esp through mountains 隘路；峡道

gulch /galtf/ a narrow stony valley with steep sides formed by a rushing stream, esp in the western USA（尤指美国西部的）冲谷；急流峡谷

L108 nouns 名词：plains，deserts，etc 平原、沙漠等

plain／plein／［C］a large stretch of flat land 平原； 旷野：He is a farmer on the Great Plains of the USA.他是美国大平原上的一位农夫.

savanna(h)/sə'vænə/ [C;U] an open flat stretch of grassy land in a warm and some-times wet region 无树平原；（亚）热带大草原

prairie /'preəri/ [C; U] (esp in North America) a wide treeless grassy plain（特指北美等地的） 大草原

range /reind3/ [C;U] land, esp prairie, where esp cattle can move about and eat the grass

L110 GEOGRAPHY 地理

freely 草地；牧场

moor /muə/ [C] a wide, open, often raised area of land, covered with rough grass or low bushes that is not farmed because of its bad soil, and, in Britain, is often used as a place where birds are kept safely,to be shot for sport at a certain season of the year 荒原；荒野； （英国的）鸟类猎物保护地

scrub/skrab/[U](land covered with) low trees and bushes 丛林地；杂树丛

desert/'dezət/[C] a large area of land, esp if covered with sand, where no or few plants grow 沙漠；不毛之地：The northof Africa is mainly desert.非洲北部主要是沙漠.The Sahara Desert is in North Africa.撒哈拉沙漠位于北非.Mauretania is a desert country.毛里塔尼亚是个沙漠国家.

oasis /əu'eisis/ [C] an area in a desert which has water and where plants can grow（沙漠中的）绿洲；（不毛之地中的）沃洲

wilderness /'wildənis/ [U; C] land that has no signs of houses, roads,people, etc; a desert or other place far from where people usu live 荒地；荒野；荒原；荒无人烟的地方：They lived in thewilderness/in a wilderness of stones, sea, and sky.他们居住在荒无人烟的地方／只有乱石、大海和天空的荒凉地方.

L109 nouns 名词：marshes 沼泽

marsh/ma:f/ [C;U] (a piece of) land that is all or partly wet，because of its low position 沼泽； 湿地

swamp /swpmp/ [C;U] (an area of) soft wet land 低泽地；低湿地；沼泽；沼泽地：The land isno use for growing crops; it's mainly swamp. 这片土地不能用来种庄稼；这里主要是低湿地.

bog /bpg/ [C;U] esp IrE a swamp, esp one containing a great deal of decaying vegetable matter 泥沼；泥塘；沼泽：This path crosses five miles of bog／bogland.这条小道穿过五英里长的泥沼地.

morass/mə'ræs/1 [C] a stretch of low ground that is soft and wet to a great depth so that it is dangerous for walking 泥潭；泥淖；沼泽 2 ［S (of)](fig) a difficult position or an evil state of living, from which it is almost impossible to free oneself 困境；绝境：How can he ever get out of this morass of trouble？他怎样才能摆脱困境？

quagmire/'kwægmarə/ [C] esp emot & lit a swamp or morass 沼泽；泥潭

quicksand /'kwik,sænd/ [U] wet sand which pulls in any living things that try to cross it 流沙（区）

L110 nouns 名词：woods and forests 树林与森林

wood/wud/[C often pl] an area of land cov-ered with trees 树林；林地：They entered a wood.他们进入树林.The woods are beautiful

803

L111 GEOGRAPHY 地理

at that time of year.这片树林在那个季节非常美丽.

forest/'fo:rist/1 [C;U] (a large area of land thickly covered with) trees and bushes, either growing wild or planted for some purpose 森林：A large part of central Africa is made up of thick forest.非洲中部很大部分地区是茂密的森林.The forests of Canada produce wood for building.加拿大的森林盛产建筑木材.A forest.islarger than a wood．森林比树林大．2［C（of） usu sing] (fig) a large number of upright objects close together（似森林般的）一丛；大量： When the teacher asked the boys an easy question，a forest of hands shot up.老师问男孩子们一个容易的问题时，许多只手刷地举了起来．3[C sometimes cap as part of name] old use a piece of land, with or without trees, where deer and other animals were and sometimes still are kept or hunted 猎场；猎苑：There are no trees in the deer forests of Scotland.苏格兰的猎鹿场里并没有树木.Windsor Forest is inEngland.温瑟猎苑在英格兰.

rain forest [C] a tropical forest with tall trees growing thickly together and with a high rain-fall（热带）雨林

jungle /'d3Angəl/1 [C; U] a tropical forest too thick to walk through easily（热带的）丛林；莽林；密林：The jungle can be both beautiful and dangerous.丛林虽然美丽，但亦危险.He wasstudying jungle animals and birds.他研究热带丛林的兽类和鸟类.（fig） Without care， yourgarden will become a jungle.不精心管理，你的花园会荒芜的.（fig）the jungle ofbusiness of the big city 大城市的商业区2［C］（fig） a disorderly mass of things that is hard to understand 一堆凌乱而难以理解的东西：He could not under-stand the jungle of tax laws.他弄不懂错综复杂的税法.

L111 nouns 名词： small groups of trees， etc［C］树丛等

thicket /'θikit/ a thick growth of bushes and small trees 灌木丛；树丛：The fox hid in the thicket where the dogs could not reach it.狐狸藏在灌木丛深处，狗无法接近它.

copse／kpps／also 又作 coppice／＇kppis／ a wood of small trees or bushes 矮林；灌木林

glade /gleid/ an open space without trees in a wood or forest 林间空地

grove /grəuv/ 1 a group of trees, planted or natural,sometimes (esp of fruit trees) in a garden树丛；小树林；果林：an orange grove 橙树林 2 old use a group of trees forming a centre of worship（形成崇拜中心的）树丛

clump /kl^mp/ [(of)] a group of trees, bushes, plants，etc，growing together 树丛；灌木丛；植物丛：a clump of bushes 灌木丛

clearing /'klərin/ an area of land cleared of trees but surrounded by other trees 林中空地： We camped in a small clearing in the middle of the forest.我们在林中一小块空地上宿营.

L112 nouns 名词：general land terms

［C；U］一般陆地名称

[ALSO→L84]

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| lowland低地highland高地woodland林地；森林地区moorland（长满石南属植物的）荒原scrubland丛林地marshland沼泽地带swampland沼泽地带wetlands[P]湿地 | land orcountrythat is（mainly）土地或田野（主要）由···组成 | plains平原mountains高山woods树林；森林moors[→L108]荒野scrub[→L108]杂树丛marsh[■L109]沼泽swamp[■L109]沼泽wet湿地 |

L113 nouns 名词：sea level and eye level，etc 海平面与视平线等

sea level [R] the average height of the sea, used as a standard for measuring heights on land 海平面：Mount Qomolangma is 8,848 metres above sea level.珠穆朗玛峰高度为海拔八千八百四十八米.Death Valley，California is 280 feet below sea level．加利福尼亚的死谷比海平面低二百八十英尺.

waterline /'wo:tə,lain/ [C] naut the position which the water reaches along a ship's side （船的）吃水线

tidemark/'taid,ma:k/ [C] 1 the mark left by the tide ［→L89］ on a beach 潮标；涨潮线2（fig） anything like this（达到的）最高点

eye level [R] the height or level of one's eyes 视平线；齐眼睛的高度：It was above eye levelfrom where he was, so he had to look up at it. 那东西在他所在之处的视平线以上，所以他得抬头看.

horizon/hə'raızən/1 [(the) S] the limit of one's view across the surface of the earth,where the sky seems to meet the earth or sea 地平线； 海平线（海天相接之处）2［C］（fig） the limit ofone＇s thoughts 眼界；视野；见识（esp in the phr broaden one＇s horizons 开阔眼界）

landmark /'lænd,ma:k/ [C] 1 an easiy recog-nizable object, such as a tall tree or building, by which one can tell one＇s position 陆上明显标志；地面可辨标记；陆标2（fig）something thatmarks an important point or change, as in a person's life or the development of knowl-

804

edge（标志人生或知识发展的）里程碑3 some-thing marking the limits of a piece of land 界标

L114 adjectives，etc 形容词等：relating to land and sea［B］陆地的与海洋的

terrestrial /tə'restriəl/ [Wa5] 1 of or related to the earth (rather than the moon, space, etc) 地球（上）的：terrestrial life 地球上的生命2 of，being, related to, or living on land (rather than in water）陆地的；陆栖的；陆生的：the terres-trial parts of the earth＇s surface 地球表面的陆地部分-ly［adv］

continental / kontə'nentl/ 1 [Wa5] of or relat-ing to a continent［→L84］大陆的2［cap］ belonging to Europe without the British Isles 欧洲大陆的3［C］ a person living on a conti-nent，esp ［cap］ on the Continent of Europe 居住在大陆上的人（尤指欧洲大陆）

insular /'ınsjulə/ fml 1 [Wa5] of, concerning, or like an island 海岛的；岛屿的；似海岛的：Britainis an insular country．英国是岛国．2（fig）nar-row (in mind); concerned with the interests of a small group，country，etc 岛民心态的；心胸狭窄的；保守的；偏狭的：Because Britons have such different habits from other European countries some people say they are insular.由于英国人的习惯与其它欧洲国家颇不相同，于是就有人说他们具有岛民心态.

peninsular /pə'nınsjulə/ of, relating to,or like a peninsula［→L85］半岛的；似半岛的：Wellington defeated Napoleon's armies in the Peninsular War (= in the Iberian Peninsula). 惠灵顿在伊比利亚半岛战争中大败拿破仑的军队.

marine /mə'ri:n/ [Wa5] 1 of, near, living in, found in，or obtained from the sea 海里的；海生的；海边的；海产的：The rocks are covered by marine plants.岩石上布满了海生植物.Marineproducts come from sea animals and plants. 海产来自海生动植物．2 of ships and their goodsand trade at sea， esp concerning the navy 船舶的；海运的；海上贸易的；海事的；（尤指）海军的

maritime /'mærə,taim/ [Wa5] relating to or connected with the sea 海的；与海有关的：Britain is a maritime country because it is an island and depends on ships.英国是个海洋国家，因它是个海岛，十分依赖船只.Maritime tradeis important to Britain.海上贸易对英国甚为重要.

oceanic /,əufr'ænik/ [Wa5] of, concerning,or like an ocean［→L86］海洋的；与海洋有关的；似海洋的

coastal /'kəustl/ [Wa5] of or related to the coast 海岸的；沿海岸的：Ships should not enter shallow coastal waters.船只不要进入沿岸的浅水海域.

aquatic /ə'kwætik/ [Wa5] 1 living in or on water 水生的；水产的：aquatic plants／animals 水生植物／动物2 happening in or on water 水中／水上（进行）的：Aquatic sports including swimming and rowing.水上运动包括游泳和划船.

tidal /'taidl/ of, relating to, having, or like a tide

L115 GEOGRAPHY 地理

or tides［→＞L89］潮汐的；定时涨落的；似潮汐的amphibious /æm'fibrəs/ able to live or move both on land and in water 两栖的；水陆两用的

cavernous/'kævənəs/1 containing many caves or caverns 多洞穴的；多孔的：The cavernous soft rocks of this area attract many scientists. 该地的多孔松软岩石吸引了许多科学家．2 verylarge and deep; being or suggesting a cavern 大而深的；洞穴状的；深陷的3（of a sound）hollow-sounding（指声音）瓮声瓮气的

arboreal/a:'bo:rəl/[Wa5] tech of,concerned with，or living in trees 树木的；与树木有关的；树上生活的：Monkeys are mainly arboreal animals.猴子是主要生活在树上的动物.

alpine /'ælpam/ 1 of or cncerning any high mountain，esp the Alps 高山的；（尤指）阿尔卑斯山脉的2 very high 高耸的；极高的3（of plants）growing on parts of mountains that are too high for trees to grow on（指植物）高山生长的

L115 nouns 名词：natural disasters ［C］ 自然灾害

earthquake ／＇3：0kweik／ also 又作 infml quake /kweik/ a violent shaking of part of the earth 地震：Earthquakes are common in Turkey and Iran; they are part of an earthquake zone (= area）.在土耳其和伊朗，地震已司空见惯；这两个国家位于地震带.

volcano /vpl'keinəu/a hole in the surface of the earth out of which fire, smoke, and hot liquid rock (lava) come and which forms a mountain 火山：Mount Vesuvius in Italy is a volcano.意大利的维苏威山是座火山.volcanic［B］of，concerning， or like a volcano 火山的；火山似的： These hills were formed by volcanic action.这些小山是火山活动形成的．-ally［adv Wa4］

crater /'kreitə/1 the usu large round hole at the top of a volcano 火山口 2 a hole made by abomb, large shell, explosion or large object hitting a surface 弹坑；陨石坑：The surface of the moon is full of craters probably caused by falling meteorites［→L5］．月球表面布满了坑，很可能是陨石造成的.

avalanche /'ævəla:ntf/ 1 a large mass of snow and ice crashing down a mountainside 雪崩： The climbers were killed bylin an avalanche. 登山者在一场雪崩中丧生．2 ［usu sing］（fig）alarge quantity that has arrived suddenly（突如其来的）大量；一大批：She got an avalancheof letters.她收到雪片般飞来的大批信件.His owncomplaints started an avalanche of com-plaints from everybody in the hall.他的牢骚引起大厅里每个人滔滔不绝的牢骚话.

landslide /'lænd,slaid/ a fall of a great amount of rock and earth from the side of a moun-tain，etc 山崩；滑坡：The climbers were killed by a landslide.登山者被山崩压死了.（fig）The elec-tion was a landslide （victory） for our party. 我党取得压倒性的胜利.

landslip /'lænd,slip/ a (usu smaller) landslide （较轻微）滑坡；山泥倾泻；塌方

805

L130 TIME 时间

Time generally

时间（总称）

L130 nouns 名词：time and eternity 时间与永恒

time/taim/1 [U] a continuous measurable con-dition from the past through the present and into the future 时间：The universe existsin space and time．宇宙存在于空间和时间之中．2[U] the passing of the days, months, and years， taken as a whole 光阴的流逝；时光的消逝3 ［U9］ a system of measuring this 标准时间： British Summer Time 英国夏令时间；European Central Time 欧洲中部时间4［（the） R］ a par-ticular point in the day stated in hours, minutes，seconds，etc 时候；钟点；时刻：What＇s the time？现在几点了？What time is it？现在什么时候啦？What time is she coming？她什么时候来？5［U］an unlimited period in the future（将来的）时间：Time will heal your wounds.时间将会治愈你的创伤.In time you＇ll forget.到时候你会忘记的.Only time will tell if you＇re right.只有时间才能裁定你是否正确.

eternity/I't3:nəti/1 [U] time without end; the state of time after death, which is said to be for ever 永恒；不朽：Do you believe in eternity？ 你相信永恒吗？（fig）This bomb will blow us all to eternity（＝kill us）.这枚炸弹会把我们所有的人都送上西天. very long time which seems endless（似乎）无尽期的漫长时间：I was soanxious that every moment seemed an eter-nity.我很焦急；每一刻都好像无限长似的.

L131 nouns，etc 名词等：history 历史

[ALSO→N17]

history/'histəri/1[U] the study of events in the past, such as those of a nation, arranged in order from the earlier to the later, esp that of the rulers and government of a country, social and trade conditions 历史；历史学：He studied the history of Rome.他研究罗马史.She has a lot of history books．她有许多历史书．2［U］the study of the development of anything（任何事物发展的）历史：There have been many changes in the history of the English language.英语发展过程中有过许多变革．3［C］a a（written）account of history 历史记载；史话：He wrote a short history of the last war.他写了一本关于上次大战的简史.b old use a historical play 历史剧4［C］ a any set of interesting events 有趣的事件：The village has no known history.这个村庄没有什么为人所知的趣事奇闻.b a long story in-cluding details of many events（包括许多事件细节的）事迹；经历：She told me her life history. 她给我讲述了她一生的经历.make history to door be concerned in something which will be recorded and remembered 缔造历史；做出永垂

史册的事情：Great leaders make history.伟大的领袖缔造历史.

chronology /krə'npləd3i/ 1 [U] thescience which measures time and gives dates to events 编年学；年代学2［C］a list or table arranged according to the order of time 年表：The book is a chronology of man's history since the 10th Century．这本书是自十世纪以来人类历史年表．3[C] the arrangement of events according to the order of time（按时间顺序编排的）大事记：Do you agree with his chronology of events in the 13th century？你同意他编的十三世纪的史实年代次序吗？

genealogy /,d3i:nr'æləd3i/1 [U] (the study of) the history of members of a family from the past to the present 家谱学；家系学；宗谱学；家系；世系2［C］an account of this for one particular family, esp when shown in a drawing with lines and names spreading like the branches of a tree 家谱；谱牒；宗谱图3［U］ the studyofthe development of any form of life or subject which changes through time, such as language （动植物和语言等发展的）系统 genealogical[Wa5; B] of, connected with, or like genealogy 家系的；系谱的；宗谱的；（动植物）系统的-ally[adv Wa4]

family tree ［C］ not fml a genealogy （def2）谱系表；家谱图：He traced his family tree back to the 17th century．他将他的宗谱追溯到十七世纪．

timetable /'taim,teibəl/1 [C] a list showing the times of events, lessons, arrivals,departures, activities，etc 时间表；时刻表；课程表：Show me the class／railway timetable please.给我看看课程表／火车时刻表．2［T1］ to give a time in atimetable for 预定时间：The meeting is time-tabled for 3 pm．会议定于下午三点召开．

schedule/'fedju:1/1[C] esp AmE a timetable; list of events，activities，etc 时间表；时刻表；课程表；日程表；程序表；进程表；进度表：Has he madethe examination schedule yet？ 他排出考试时间表了吗？Everything went according to schedule （＝happened as planned）.一切均按预定时间进行．2［T1］ to put into a schedule 预定；把···列入时间表（程序表）；把···安排（在···时间）：The meet-ing is scheduled for 3 pm．会议定于下午三点召开.

anachronism /ə'nækrə,nızəm/1 [C; U] the act, by mistake or intentionally, of placing some-thing in the wrong period of time 与时代不合的错误：It was an anachronism to say that Julius Caesar looked at the clock.说凯撒看钟是个与时代不合的错误．2［C］a person or thing that isor appears to be in the wrong period of time 不合时宜的人或事物：Sailing boats are a pleas-ant anachronism in this age of fast travel.在这个快速旅行的时代，帆船是有趣却已落伍了的东西.anachronistic ［B］ not in the right or expected period of time 与时代不合的；落伍过时的：＇Sailing boats are anachronistic nowa-days，＇ he said. 他说：“如今帆船落伍了.”-ally[adv Wa4]

806

L132 nouns 名词：times，periods，and intervals 时间、阶段与间歇

time/taim/1 [S9; U] a limited period as be-tween two events, for the completion of an action，etc 一段时间：It will take you a long time to learn French properly. 要花很长时间才能学会法语.How much time will you need to think about my plan？你需要多长时间来考虑我的计划？Take more time and care over your work．你在工作上要多花点时间，多费点心思．2[U9] the point at which something is expected to happen（预期的）时间：He died before his time（＝ too early in life）.他死得太早了.The mother was nearing her time (= the time she is expected to give bith）.这位孕妇的产期临近了．3 ［U9］ the regular period of work of a worker 工作时间：I work full time， but my wife only works part time.我干的是全职工作，而我太太干的仅是兼职工作．4［U］ the rate of payreceived for an hour＇s work 计时工资：I get time and a half for working on Saturdays and double time on Sundays.我星期六的工资每小时是平时的一倍半，星期天是平时的两倍．5［U］freeor spare time 闲暇；空闲：I have no time to deal with the matter today；I＇m too busy.今天我没空处理这件事；我太忙了.I doubt if he everhas time to watch television.我怀疑他是否有时间看电视.

while／wail／ ［S］a time，esp a short one 一会儿； 一段短暂的时间：Just wait for a while and thenI＇ll help you.稍等一会儿，然后我会帮助你的.

period /'piərid/ [C] a stretch of time with a beginning and an end, but not always of mea-sured length 一段时间；时期；阶段：She worked for a period as a teacher.她当了一段时期的教师.There were long periods when we had no news of him.有好长时间我们没有听到他的音讯.

spell/spel/[C (of)] not usu fml a length of time 一段时间：He did a spell of work in Australia.他在澳大利亚工作了一段时期.Shelikes to work for short spells over a long pe-riod；she says she gets more done that way.从事长时间的工作时，她喜欢每次只工作很短一段时间，她说这样效率反而更高.

interval /'intəvəl/ [C] a stretch of time between two events 间隔；间歇：The interval between his visits was about a month. 他两次访问之间相隔大约一个月.He came at intervals of about a month.他大约每隔一个月来一次.

cycle/'sarkal/ [C] a set of events happening in a certain order again and again 周期；循环： Weather conditions often happen in cycles.天气状况往往是周期性的.There has been a cycleof too much work, then too little,then too much again.工作一度太多，一度太少，然后又太多，是周期性的.

L133 nouns 名词：duration and transition 延续与过渡

duration /dju'reifən/ [U] 1 continuance in time

L134 TIME 时间

（时间的）延续；持续：It was an illness of short duration．这种病的发病时间不长．2 the timeduring which something exists or lasts, usu something non-material 延续时间；期间：He will be in hospital for the duration of the school year.这学年他将在医院度过.for the durationfor as long as something lasts 在整个持续时间内：We＇re in this business together for the du-ration.这事没完，我们都脱不了身.

course /ko:s/ [S (of)] (esp of time) onward movement（时间的）进程；过程：In the course of time he became very famous.后来，他名气很大了.In the course of their talks they disagreed many times.在他们会谈过程中，他们多次发生分歧.

passage/'pæsid3/[S (of)] often fml(of time) passing（时间的）流逝；推移：With the passage of time／of the years he became very rich.随着时间的推移／岁月的流逝，他变得很有钱了.

transition /træn'zıfən/ [C;U](an example of) the act of changing or passing from one form, state, subject, or place to another over a period of time 过渡；变迁；转移；过渡时期：Ourparty supports a peaceful transition to rule by elected representatives of the people.我党赞成将政权和平移交给民选代表.The transition fromchildhood to manhood is often a difficult time for a young man.对一个年轻人来说，从童年到成年的过渡往往是一个困难的时期.They wereliving in a period of transition.他们正处在一个过渡阶段.

L134 nouns 名词： intervals and breaks 间隔与间歇

interval/'intəvəl/ [C] a stretch of time between two events esp in the middle of a play, con-cert，etc间隔时间；间歇；（戏剧、音乐会等的）幕间休息：I like to eat ice cream in the interval.在中间休息时我喜欢吃冰淇淋.There was an inter-val of 20 minutes between the two parts of the concert.音乐会有二十分钟的中场休息时间.atintervals (of) happening regularly after equal periods of time or appearing at equal dis-tances（of）每隔一段时间发生一次；每隔一段距离出现一次；间距：twenty minute intervals 每次间隔二十分钟；The seeds are planted at intervals of three inches／at three-inch intervals.种子播种间距为三英寸.

intermission /,ıntə'mıfən/1 [U] fmil the act of pausing 间断；中断；暂停：He worked 3 hours without intermission．他连续工作了三小时．2［C］ a pause before something re-starts, esp the time between two parts of a film 中间休息；中场休息；（尤指）电影中间的休息时间

interlude /'intə,lu:d/ [C] 1 a free period of time between activities 闲暇：Holidays are short interludes in a life of work.假期是人生劳碌中的小憩．2 a the time between parts of a play， concert，etc（戏剧、音乐会等的）幕间休息时间ba short play, talk, piece of music, etc, which are used to fill this time 幕间助兴节目

807

L135 TIME 时间

break/brerk/[C] not fml a pause for rest; pe-riod of time between activities 短暂休息；中间休息：There was a break in the concert.音乐会有中场休息.Let＇s have a coffee break.我们该喝杯咖啡休息一下.

L135 verbs 动词：pausing， hesitating， and lapsing［lø］停顿、迟疑与终止

pause/po:z/ to make a pause; stop for a short time 停顿；暂停：Why did you pause？ Go on.你为什么停顿下来？继续下去.He paused over theword as he did not know how to pronounce it. 他读到这个词停了下来，因为他不知道它怎样发音.

hesitate／＇hezəteit／1 ［also 又作 I3］ a to pause in or before an action 迟疑；犹豫；踌躇：Don＇t hesitate to go.不要裹足不前.He who hesitates is lost (= loses his chance; will never succeed). 犹豫不决会坐失良机.b to be slow in deciding 犹豫不决；优柔寡断：She hesitated over the choice between the two dresses.这两件衣服她不知该挑哪件.I＇m hesitating about whether to go.去还是不去，我犹豫不决．2（as a polite form）to beunwilling； find it unpleasant 不愿意；不乐意：I hesitate to ask you, but will you lend me some money？真不好意思开口，你能不能借我点钱？

lapse/læps/ 1 [(into)] to sink, pass, or fall, slowly or by degrees（慢慢或逐渐）陷入；进入；落入：He lapsed into silence．他渐渐沉默了．2 [(from)] to fail with regard to correct behav-iour，belief，duty，etc（行为）失检；背离（规范、信仰、责任等）3（of business agreements，titles， rights,etc) to come to an end, esp because of disuse， death， or failure to claim（指商务协议、头衔、权利等）终止；失效（尤指因当事人未予运用、死亡、或没有提出要求）

L136 nouns 名词：pausing，hesitating， and lapsing 停顿、迟疑与终止

pause /po:z/ [C (in)] a short but noticeable break（in activity or speech）停顿；暂停：There was a pause in the conversation.谈话暂停了一会儿.The speaker had to make a pause， as he had forgotten what he was going to say. 演讲人不得不停顿一下，因为他忘记该说什么了.Therewas a pause in the game while the players had a drink.比赛暂停了一会儿，让运动员喝点水.

hesitation /,hezə'terfən/1 [U] the act of hesitat-ing 迟疑；犹豫；踌躇：Without hesitation，I would say...我会毫不迟疑地说···；I have nohesitation in saying．．．我毫不迟疑地说···2［C］ an example of this 言语支吾；行动迟疑

lapse/læps/ [C] 1 a gradual passing away,esp of time（尤指时间的）流逝2 a short period oftime in the past（过去的）一段短暂时间3 lawthe ending of a title, right, etc, owing to dis-use， death， or failure to claim（头衔、权利等因当事人未予运用、死亡、或没提出要求所致的）终止；失效 4 a failure in correct behaviour， belief， duty，etc（行为）失检；（对信仰的）背离；（对责任的）疏忽 5 a small fault or mistake， as one of

memory，esp one that is quickly put right（尤指能迅速纠正的）小错；记错；失误；疏忽

L137 nouns 名词： moments and instants ［C］刹那与瞬间

moment/'məumənt/ a period of time so short that it may be considered as having no length; a point in time 片刻；刹那；瞬间；时刻：I had tothink for a moment before I remembered his name.我想了一想才记起他的名字.We had timefor only a few moments＇conversation.我们没有时间，只交谈了一会儿.Wait a moment！等一下！He said he＇s written the book at odd moments (= short periods of time when he had nothing else to do）.他说他利用零星时间写成了这本书.Eric＇s big moment in the play comes in the second act when he's alone and everyone＇s attention is fixed on him.埃里克的重头戏是在第二幕，当时舞台上只有他一个人，大家的注意力都集中在他身上.She told her boy，＇It＇svery late；go to bed this moment！＇她对儿子说， “很晚了；立刻去睡！”I＇ve only this moment（＝ just)remembered that I have to see the doctor this evening.我此刻才想起我今晚要去见医生.The nation's at war; this is not the moment to quarrel among ourselves.国家在打仗；现在不是我们争吵的时候.Choose your moment well if you wish to ask your employer for higher wages.如果你想要求雇主给你加薪，那么就得选准时机.at any moment very soon 很快；不久：The train should arrive at any moment.火车随时就会到达.at the last moment only just in time； just before an activity starts 刚好赶上某一项活动开始前一刹那：He is never late for schoolbut he often comes in to the classroom at the last moment.他上学从不迟到，但总是在上课前最后一分钟走进教室.not for a moment at no time；not at all 从来没有；一刻也没有：I wasn＇t for amoment deceived by his friendly words.我从来没有被他的花言巧语所欺骗.the moment（that）just as soon as; at exactly the time when-... 立即就···；正当···的刹那间：We had not met for20 years, but I recognized him the moment （that）I saw him.我们已经二十年没见面了，可是我一见到他就认出来了.She knew he wasn＇tEnglish the moment he began to speak.他一开口说话，她就知道他不是英国人.

instant /'instənt/1 a very short moment of time 片刻；刹那；瞬间：Not for an instant did Ibelieve he had lied．我从没有相信过他会撒谎．2（at） a point in time 时刻： The instant I saw him I knew he was my brother.我一见到他，就知道他是我的弟弟.

minute/'minit/infml a very short space of time 片刻；瞬间；刹那：I＇ll be ready in a minute （＝ very soon）.我马上就准备好.Are you ready yet？ -No, but I won't be a minute.(=I'll be ready very soon）.你准备好了吗？-还没有，但马上就行了.I＇ll wait a minute or two longer.我再等一会儿吧.

tick ／tik／ BrE infml a moment 瞬间；刹那：I＇ll be with you in a tick.过一会儿我就来.

808

L138 nouns 名词： times and occasions

时期与时机 [ALSO→N17]

time/taim/1 [C often pl] a period or moment and the particular experience connected with it 时期；时代：We had a good time at the party. 我们在聚会上玩得很高兴．The 1930s were hardtimes．二十世纪三十年代是艰难时世．2［U oftenin comb] a particular point in the year, day, etc; the moment for a particular activity or event 时候；时刻；时令：When it＇s time to go to bed I＇ll tell you.到就寝时间，我会告诉你的.It＇sbedtime now！现在该上床睡觉了！Springtime and summertime are very pleasant here.这里的春天和夏天十分宜人．3［C］ the right occasion时机：There is a time for everything.凡事皆有其时．4［R9］ the particular moment at which something happens（某事发生的特定）时间：What time＇s opening／closing time here？这里几点钟开门／关门？5［C］ the period in which an action is completed， esp a race（完成行动）所需时间；（尤指赛跑）所完成的时间：Her time wasjust under 4 minutes．她的时间刚好不到四分钟．

occasion /ə'ker3ən/ [C] often fml 1 a time when something happens（事情发生的）时刻；时候：On that occasion I was not at home.那时我不在家．2 a proper time for something to happen 适当的时候：A birthday is no occasion for tears．生日不是哭的时候．3 a special event orceremony（特殊）场合；场面：His wedding was a great occasion．他的婚礼是个盛大的场面．4 anevent that leads to other events; direct cause 直接原因；近因：The occasion of the party was her return home.举办晚会是为了欢迎她归来.have (no) occasion to to have (no) need or reason to（没）有必要；（没）有理由：Irarely have occasion to go there.我难得有事到那里去.onthe occasion of at the time of (a certain event）值此···之际 rise to the occasion to do well what has to be done at a given time 善于随机应变；应付裕如 sense of occasion 1 a feel-ing for what is the right social behaviour at any particular event 场合感（指能得体地应付任何场合）2 an ability to recognize the special qualities that make any particular event different from or better than another 时机感（指能择取有利的时机）

point/point/[C] not usu fml the moment when something happens 时刻；瞬间：At that point he got up and left the room.在那时刻，他起身离开了房间.

L139 adjectives 形容词：long and short 长久的与短促的

long／lpg／［Wal］1 ［B］ covering a great time 长久的（时间）：He＇s taking a long time to get here. 他要花很长时间才能到达这里．2［B；E］ coveringa certain time 占用一定时间的：How long is thespeech？＇ ＇It＇s an hour long.＇“演说要讲多久？”

L140 TIME 时间

“要讲一小时．”3［B］ which seems to last more than is wished 过长的；冗长的；漫长的：It was along day，waiting for the news.由于等待那个消息，那天显得特别长.They were the longest.two days ofmy life.那是我一生中最漫长的两天.

prolonged /prə'lond/ [B] continuing for a long time 持久的；延续的；长时间的：After prolongedargument they at last agreed what would be done.经过持久的辩论以后，他们终于一致同意该做什么.

(quite) some /(kwait) 'sam/ [determiner] a certain amount of （time）， usu quite long 相当长的（时间）：This work will take quite some time.这项工作将花相当长的时间.He＇s beenliving there for some time now.他已在那里住了相当一段时间了.

short／Jo：t／［Wal；B］ not long in time 短时间的； 短促的：He took a very short time to get here. 他只需花了很短的时间就来到这里了.Is it a longspeech or a short one？那个报告很长还是很短？-ness[U]

brief／bri：f／［Wal；B］fml short，esp in time 短的； 简短的；（尤指时间）短暂的：Life is brief.人生短暂.He had／took a brief look at the newspaper. 他很快浏览了一下报纸.She wrote him a briefletter of thanks.她给他写了一封短柬致谢.Hisletter was brief and to the point (= it expressed exactly what he wanted to say, and no more). 他的信简短而又一针见血.It＇s a long letter，butin brief， he says＇No＇.那封信很长，不过简单地说，他说“不行”.-ly ［adv］：He spoke briefly to them.他跟他们简短地说了几句.Briefly，he said＇No＇.简言之，他说“不”.brevity［U］ the state or condition of being brief 简短；短暂；短促：The brevity of his speech surprised us; it only lasted three minutes.他的演讲简短得使我们吃惊；一共只有三分钟.

L140 adjectives，etc 形容词等：early，late， and punctual 早的、迟的与准时的

early/'3:li/1 [Wal;B; E] arriving, developing, happening, etc, before the usual, arranged,or expected time（较平常、安排或预期）早的：Thetrain was ten minutes early.火车早到了十分钟. 2 [Wa5; B] happening towards the beginning of the day， life，a period of time，etc 清早的；早期的；开始时的：She returned in the early morn-ing．她清早回来．3［Wal；B］ happening in the near future 尽早的：I hope for an early answer to my questions．我希望问题尽早得到答复．4[adv] before the usual, arranged, or expected time（较平常、安排或预期）早；提早：The busarrived five minutes early.公共汽车早到了五分钟．5［adv］towards the beginning of a period 在早期；在初期：The bush was planted early in the season.这棵矮树是初春时节种的.

prior /'prarə/ [Wa5; B (to)] often fml earlier; before a particular time 在前的；在先的：I saw him prior to leaving.我在离开之前见到他.Shecan't see you at 11 o'clock; she has a prior engagement (= a meeting agreed with some-

809

L141 TIME 时间

one else before you suggested this meeting). 她不能在十一点钟见你；她已有约在先.

late /leit/ 1 [Wal; B; E] arriving, developing, happening, etc, after the usual, arranged, or expected time（较平常、安排或预期）迟的；晚到的；迟到的：The train was ten minutes late.火车晚了十分钟．2［Wa5；B］happening towards the end of the day，life，a period，etc（白天、生命、时期等）将尽的；接近末尾的；末期的；晚期的：Shereturned in the late afternoon．她傍晚才回来．3 ［Wa5；A］ happening a short time ago 不久之前的；刚才的；最近的：The late changes in thegovernment surprised us all.政府最近的变动使我们都感到惊讶．4［Wal；A］ just arriyed； new； fresh 刚到的；新来的；新鲜的：Some late news ofthe war has just come in.有关战争的一些最新消息刚刚收到．5［adv］ after the usual， arranged， or expected time（较平常、安排或预期）迟；过晚地；迟到地：The bus arrived five minutes late. 公共汽车晚到了五分钟．6［adv］ towards the endof a period 在晚期；在后期：The bush wasplanted late in the season.这矮树是季末才种的.7 ［adv］ until or at a late time of the night（直至）深夜：They stayed up late.他们一直到深夜才睡.

overdue /'əuvə'dju:/ [B; E] laterthan expected, arranged，etc 过期的；延误的；迟到的：Payment is overdue； we must be paid immediately.欠款已过期；必须马上付钱给我们.The train is tenminutes overdue.火车误点十分钟.

in (good) time before the time when some-thing happens or must happen 及时；来得及： He came in good time to see her leave.他及时赶来为她送行.Am I in time for the meeting？-Yes，you＇re in good time for it.我来开会没有迟到吧？-没有，你来得很及时.

punctual /'panktfuəl/ [B] not late; arriving, happening, doing something,etc, at the exact or agreed time 准时的；按时的：She＇s never punctual in answering letters; she's always late.她从不按时回信；总是拖迟.The cat makes apunctual appearance at mealtimes.每当开饭时，这猫就准时露面了.We have a long journeytomorrow,so we want to make a punctual start.明天我们要走远路，所以我们想要准时出发.un- [neg] -ly [adv]: The train arrived punctu-ally at ten o＇clock.火车在十点钟准时到达.punc-tuality [U] the state or condition of being punctual 准时；按时：Our director demands punctuality; anyone who is late loses his job. 我们的董事要求大家准时；谁迟到谁就丢饭碗.

on time at the right time；punctual 准时地：The train arrived on time, so we didn't have to wait.火车准时到达，所以我们不必等候.

prompt/prpmpt/1[Wal;B] (of an action) done or given quickly, at once, or at the right time （指行动）迅速的；立即的；即时的；适时的：Hewrote a prompt answer to my letter.他立即回我一封信.Prompt payment of bills helps the ac-counts in shops．即时付款有助于商店结算账目．2[Wa5; B] (of a person) acting quickly and willingly when something has to be done（指人）敏捷的；果断的：This worker is always prompt in his duties.这个工人做事一向于脆利落.

3［adv］ exactly（in regard to time）（时间）恰好； 正好：The performance will start at 1 o＇clock prompt.演出将在一点正开始.-ly［adv］-ness［U］ timely /'taimli/ [Wa2; B] esp emot happening at the right moment 在适当时间（发生）的；适时的；及时的：His arrival was timely.他及时赶到.His arrival couldn't have been more timely; he helped them all to agree.他来得最及时不过了；他帮助他们达成了协议.

L141 combining forms 复合形式：-time

···时间

-time／-taim／1 when （something） happens···间： nighttime （＝ when it is night）夜间 2 when one should have （something）···时：dinnertime （＝ the time for dinner） 就正餐时

day-／dei-／when the sun is in the sky 白日的；白天的：daytime 白天；daylight日光

night-／nait-／ when the sun is not in the sky 夜晚的；夜间的：nighttime 夜间；晚间；nightclothes睡衣

life-／laif-／when life goes on 一生的：lifetime （＝ the period of someone＇s life）一生；终生；life-long（＝lasting as long as one＇s life）毕生的；终生的

L142 nouns，etc 名词等：past，present， and future 过去、现在与将来

past/pa:st/ 1.[(the) S] the time earlier than now 过去；以往；先前：In the past I have hadmany jobs．过去我干过许多种工作．2［（the）S］what happened in time （long） before now 往事：If only one could change the past， how different things might be.人要是能改变往事的话，情况会多么地不同．3［S］a（of a country）history（国家的）历史：Our country has a glori-ous past. 我国具有光辉的历史.b（of a person）life,actions, etc, before the present time,esp when these contain wrong-doing of some kind （人的）历史；（尤指不光彩的）过去的生活：Storieswere told that.she was a woman with a past. 传言说她过去生活放荡．4［Wa5；A；E］（of time）earlier than the present（指时间）刚过去的；最近的；I＇ve not been feeling very well for the past few days．最近几天我一直感到不舒服．5［Wa5；B］finished；ended 结束的；完结的；过去的：Winter is past and spring has come．冬去春来．6［Wa5； A］ former 从前的：She talked about her past successes.她大谈其从前的成功.John Smith is apast president of our club.约翰·史密斯是我们俱乐部的前任主席.

present／＇prezənt／［（the） R］ time now 现在；目前：We learn from the past， experience the present, and hope for the best in (the) future. 我们从过去汲取教训，从现实体验生活，展望美好的将来.At present he is in Canada.目前他在加拿大.For the present I will do nothing， but next year things may be different.目前我什么也不想做，但是明年情况也许会不同.

810

future/'fju:tfə/1 [the R; A] the time after the present； time yet to come 将来；未来：The future is always unknown to us.我们对未来总是一无所知.You should save some money；it＇s wise to provide for the future.你应该积蓄点钱； 为未来预作准备是明智的.In future years，weshall remember this visit with pleasure.往后， 我们回忆起这次访问时一定很开心.Keep thisbook for future use (= to use at a later time). 把这本书留起来以备将来用.Many people believein a future life (= another form of life after death）．很多人相信有来世．2［C］ （expected， planned, arranged, etc, for) the life in front of a person; that which will happen to someone or something 远景；前途：I wish you a very happy future.我祝你日后幸福.The future of this business company is uncertain, as it has very little money.这家商业公司的前景难以预卜，因为它的资金太少.That young man has abright future before him as a painter (= will become successful and famous）.那位青年前程似锦，必能驰名画坛.This is my future wife（＝the woman whom I am going to marry）.这是我的未婚妻.We＇re leaving this town；our future home will be in London.我们就要离开本镇；未来的家在伦敦．3［U］infml likelihood of success 成功的可能性；指望：There＇s no future in trying to sell furs in a hot country.在炎热的国家卖皮货是不可能成功的.in future also 又作（becom-ing rare） for the future from now on 从今以后； 今后：In future， be more careful with your money.今后花钱要更加慎重.in the future intime yet to come 在将来；在未来：Who can tell what will happen in the future？谁能知道将来会发生什么事？in the distant future at a very much later time 在遥远的未来：Are you going to buy a house?-Not now; perhaps in the distant future.你打算买房子吗？-目前还不打算买；也许要在很久以后才会买.in the near futurefml soon 在不久的将来；很快 in the not toodistant future not next week, but quite soon 在不太久的将来

L143 nouns 名词：times，periods，and ages时代、阶段与时期

time /tarm/[C often pl with sing meaning] a particular length of time in history 时代；时期：In Queen Victoria＇s time there were no aeroplanes.在维多利亚女王时代没有飞机.Inancient times this place was a forest.古代这里是一片森林.He is writing about the life and times of Henry VIII.他正在著书阐述亨利八世生平及其所处时代.

days/deiz/ [P]esp emot & lit a particuar time, esp in someone＇s life 日子；年月：In his younger days he was a racing driver. 他年轻时是个赛车手.They had nothing like this in the old days. 他们过去没有这种东西.the olden days long ago很久以前：Robin Hood lived in the olden days in Sherwood Forest.很久以前，罗宾汉生活在舍伍德森林中.

L144 TIME 时间

period /'piəriəd/ [C] 1 a a particular stretch of time in the development of a person, a civ-ilization，the earth，an illness，etc 时期；时代；期间；阶段：The Victorian period of English history is the time when Victoria was queen. 英国史上的维多利亚时代是指维多利亚女王在位的时期.The timewhen Picasso painted pictures using a lot of blue colour is called his blue period.毕加索用大量蓝色作画的时期被人称为他的蓝色时期.The Carboniferous Period was about 270000000 years ago．石炭纪约在二亿七千万年以前.b the same stretch of time as stated or suggested before 同期；同代：Lords and ladies of ancient times dressed in clothes of the period．古代贵族和贵妇人穿的是当时的服饰．2acomplete and repeated stretch of time fixed by the forces of nature 周期；期：The period taken by the earth to move round the sun is a year.地球绕太阳一周的时间是一年.The rainyperiod in India is from June to September.印度的雨季是从六月至九月.

age /eid3/[C]1 [usu sing, often cap] a particu-lar period in history 时期；时代：The period in which man learned to make tools of iron is called the Iron Age.人类学会用铁制造工具的时代称为铁器时代.（infml）Oh，it happened ages ago（＝long ago）！哦，那是发生在很久以前的事了！2 all the people living at a particular time 某一年龄的人：This age doesn＇t know what it is to be really poor.现代人不知道真正的受穷是什么滋味.（pomp）We shall plan for the ages to come.我们要为后世制定规划.

era/'rərə/ [C] 1 a set of years which is counted from a particular point in time 纪元：The Christian era is counted from the birth of Christ．公元从耶稣诞生算起．2 a period of timein history named after an important event or development···时代；···时期：The era of space travel has begun.太空遨游的时代开始了.

epoch /'i:ppk/ [C] a period of historical time, or an age in the history of the Earth, during which events or developments of a stated kind happened 时代；（有特别事件或特殊发展的）时期；新纪元：The epoch of empires is past.帝国时代一去不复返了.The old queen＇s death seemed to end an epoch.这位年老女王之死似乎标志着一个时代的结束.

L144 adjectives 形容词：relating to time and history ［Wa5；B］与时间和历史有关的

temporal ／＇tempərəl／1 of or limited by time 时的；时间的：＇When＇ and ＇while＇ are temporal conjunctions．＇when＇和＇while＇是时间连词．2 of or related to worldly affairs as opposed to religious affairs 世俗的（与宗教的相对）：thetemporal power of the church 教会的世俗权力（与“教权”相对）

chronic /'kronik/ (esp of diseases or illnesses) lasting a long time（尤指疾病）慢性的；长期的：He suffers from chronic backache.他患慢性背

811

L145 TIME 时间

痛．-ally［adv Wa4］

historical /hr'stprikəl/ of or connected with his-tory［→L131］历史的：He writes historical plays． 他写历史剧.She is a member of the Historical Society．她是历史学会的会员．-ly［adv Wa4］

chronological /,krpnə'lpd3ikəl/ arranged ac-cording to the order of time 按时间顺序排列的；按年代先后的：The teacher gave the pupils a chronological list of events which in his opin-ion had caused the First World War.教师给了学生们一张大事编年表，他认为表上列举的事件是第一次世界大战的起因．-ly［adv Wa4］

L145 adjectives 形容词：relating to times， moments，etc 与时间、时刻等有关的

momentary /'məuməntəri/[Wa5] 1[B] lasting for a very short time 瞬息间的；顷刻的；短暂的：Her feeling of fear was momentary; it soon passed.她只是刹那间感到恐惧；很快就没事了.There was a momentary pause.短暂地停顿了一会儿．2［A］ fml and becoming rare at every moment 时时刻刻的；随时的：The escaped pris-oner spent his days in momentary fear of being caught and sent back to prison.逃犯整日提心吊胆，怕被抓住送回监狱.-rily［adv］

contemporaneous /kən,tempə'remiəs/ [Wa5; B] (of two people or things) living or happen-ing at the same time 同时代生活的；同时发生的：The two wars were contemporaneous, al-though they happened far away from each other.这两场战争是同时发生的，尽管它们发生的地点相距甚远.-ly［adv］

instantaneous /,ınstən'teınıəs/ [Wa5] happen-ing at once 即刻的；瞬间的：In an accident of this type death is instantaneous; there is no time to suffer.在这种意外中，瞬时即死；没有痛苦.-ly［adv］

instant/'Instənt/ [Wa5; B] 1 to be done at once 紧迫的；刻不容缓的：He wants an instant answerto all his questions！他要求即刻回答他的全部问题！We try to provide an instant service.我们尽力提供即时服务．2 ready to be used 立时可用的：They make instant coffee．他们生产速溶咖啡．3 emot ＆ emph instantaneous 即刻的；瞬时的： The accident caused their instant deaths.他们在意外中当场丧生.-ly［adv］

sudden /'sAdņ/ [B] happening,done, etc,un-expectedly 突然的；忽然的；意外的：Her suddendeath upset everybody. 她突然死去使大家很难过.-ly ［adv］ all of a sudden infml suddenly 突然地；忽然地

immediate／r＇mi：diət／［B］ done at once立即的；即时的：I want an immediate reply.我要求立即答复.-ly［adv］ immediacy ［U］ the nearness or urgent presence of something, which means it must be noticed and taken care of immedi-ately 直接性；紧迫性；刻不容缓：The immediacyof the problem meant he had to drop every-thing and solve it.这个问题的紧迫性迫使他放下一切事情来解决它.Television brings a new im-mediacy to world problems.电视前所未有地将

世界的问题带到人的眼前.

urgent/'3:d3ənt/[B] needing to be done,seen, etc at once 紧急的；紧迫的；急迫的：This matteris urgent； we must do it now.这件事情很紧急；我们必须现在就去做.-ly［adv］-ency［U］fml紧急；紧迫；急迫；迫切：It is a matter of greaturgency！这件事十分紧急！

L146 adjectives 形容词：periodic and regular，etc 周期性的与规律性的等

periodic(al) / prəri'pdık(əl)/ [Wa5; B] happen-ing repeatedly， usu at regular times 周期的；定期的；间发性的：The periodic movement of the moon round the earth take 28 days．月球周期性地围绕地球运行一圈需二十八天.He sufferedfrom periodic attacks of fever.他间歇性地发烧．-（al）ly［adv Wa4］

regular /'regjulə/[B] 1 happening often with the same length of time between the occasions 有规则的；有规律的：He heard the，regular noise （tick） of the clock.他听见钟有规律的滴答声．2 happening，coming， doing some-thing, again and again at the same times each day，week，etc 常例的；经常的；定期的：She hasregular habits.她有固定的习惯.Regular bowel movements are important to health.定时大便对身体健康很重要.She is a regular customer inthis shop.她是这家商店的老主顾.He hasregular working hours．他的工作时间固定不变．3happening every time 每次都有的；每次必到的：Regular attendance at church on Sundays is important for Christians.每个礼拜天都上教堂对基督徒来说相当重要．4 not varying 不变的；固定的；恒定的：The chairs were placed at regular distances.那些椅子是按固定距离摆放的.Hedrove at a regular speed．他以稳定的速度开车．5proper； according to rule or custom 正式的；正规的；合乎规定的：He knows a lot about the lawbut he＇s not a regular lawyer.他通晓法律，但他不是正式律师.Sign here，just to make things regular．为了合乎手续，请在这儿签名．6 apprecevenly shaped 匀称的；整齐的：Her nose is very regular.她的鼻子长得很匀称.ir-［neg］-ly［adv］ -ity[U]

frequent/'fri:kwənt/[B] found or happening often；repeated many times； common 频繁的；经常发生的；屡次的；常见的：Sudden rain-storms are frequent on the coast.沿海地区常有突如其来的暴风雨.The sick woman spokeslowly，with frequent pauses for breath.女病人讲话很慢，常常停下来喘气.It is a frequent prac-tice of his to go there.他常到那里去.in-［neg］ -ly [adv]-ncy[U]

occasional /ə'ker3ənəl/ [Wa5] 1 [A;(B)] happening from time to time；not regular 偶尔的；偶然的；非经常的：I do take occasionalholidays but most of the time I work.我的确偶尔也休假，但大多数时候我都在工作.We get theoccasional visitor here.我们这里偶尔有客人.-ly [adv]2 [A]fml or tech written or intended for a special event， purpose，etc 特殊场合的；应时的；应景的：occasional poetry应时的诗歌

812

intermittent /,intə'mitənt/ [B] happening from time to time， with pauses in between 间歇的； 断断续续的：There was intermittent rain yester-day.昨天断断续续地下雨.-ly［adv］

L147 adjectives 形容词：historic，etc ［B］ 历史性的等

historic /hr'stprik/1 [Wa5] of the times whose history has been recorded 载入史册的：They are arguing as to whether King Arthur was a real historic figure (= person) or whether he never existed at all.他们正在辩论：亚瑟王是确有其人的历史人物呢，还是完全虚构出来的．2 impor-tant in history 历史性的；具有历史意义的：Thischange in government is a historic event of our times.政府这次更迭是我们时代的历史性事件．-ally ［adv Wa4］

epochal /'epokal/fml & pomp very historic; re-lating to a new epoch ［→L143］划时代的；开创新纪元的：These are epochal events！这些是开创新纪元的大事！

epoch-making /'i:pok,meikir/ esp emot & pomp (esp of an event) very important; being or beginning an epoch 划时代的；开创新纪元的：The machinegun was an epoch-making inven-tion.机关枪是一项划时代的发明.

L148 verbs 动词：spending and passing time［T1］花时间与消磨时间

spend／spend／to use（time）（时间）花费；利用；度过：How does he spend his time now that the work is finished？工作既已结束，他怎样利用他的时间呀？She spent quite a lot of time doing that.她花了许多时间做那件事.

pass /pa:s/ to use (time), esp so that it should not seem so long 消磨（时间）；度过（时间）；消遣：She passed the time by picking flowers.她借采摘鲜花消磨时间.

while away ［v adv］ to pass （time） lazily 闲混（时间）；打发；消磨：He whiled away the time playing （on）the piano.他靠弹钢琴来打发时间.

L149 verbs 动词：time passing 时间流逝

go by also 又作 go on ［v adv IØ］ （of time） to be used，move on（时间）过去；流逝；推移：As time went by she became more and more worried that something had happened to him.随着时间的逝去，她越来越担心他发生了什么事.

pass ／pa：s／ ［IØ］ to go by； bespent（时间）度过； 过去：A year has passed since we last met.自从我们上次见面，至今已一年了.

continue /kən'tmnju:/ 1 [IØ; T1, 3, 4] to (cause to） go on happening（使）继续；（使）持续；（使） 延续：The fighting continued for a week before the enemy were defeated.战斗继续了一个星期，敌人才被击溃.The government will continue to

L149 TIME 时间

keep prices down.政府将继续抑制物价.Thepriest continued praying．这位牧师继续祈祷．2 ［IØ； T1］ to （cause to） last or go forward （使）延长；（使）延伸：The road continues in a straight line for 5 miles．这条马路笔直地延伸出去，有五英里长.The builders hope to continue the road right up to the border.筑路工人希望把这条路一直修到边界．3［IØ；T1,3,4］to（cause to）start again after an interruption（中断后）重新开始； （使）继续：We stayed in Paris for a day and then continued south.我们在巴黎逗留了一天，接着继续向南走.After a short break the play con-tinued.短暂休息以后，话剧继续演下去.Will.youcontinue gardening after dinner？饭后你会继续整理花园吗？4［L9］to remain；stay 维持原状；保留；逗留：This animal can continue in this state for a month.这种动物能维持这种状态达一个月.We continued in Cairo while he was in Alexandria. 他在亚历山大港时，我们仍然留在开罗．5 ［X9 often pass； L9］ to （cause to） stay in a particular job or office 挽留任职；留任：The king decided to continue Pitt as chief minis-ter.国王决定挽留皮特继续担任首相.

last/la:st/1 [L9] to measure in length of time; go on；continue 持续；继续；延续： Nothing lasts for ever．没有任何事物会永存不朽．2［IØ］ to re-main of use, in good condition, or unweak-ened 继续可用；耐久；耐用；经久不衰：Her angerwon＇t last．她的气很快就会消的．3［D1 no pass；L1］ to be enough for 够用；维持：This food will last（them）（for）three days.这种食物足够（使他们）维持三天.

endure／in＇djuə／［IØ］fml 1 to last 持久；耐久：He is a great writer and his books will endure for ever．他是个伟大的作家，他的书将永垂不朽．2toremain alive and unweakened 努力支撑；继续生存；支持：They had spent three days in the desert without water and could not endure much longer.他们在沙漠里已三天没有喝水，再也支持不了多久了.

persevere / pa:sr'viə/ [IØ (at, in, with)] usu apprec to continue steadily and with determi-nation in spite of difficulties 坚持不懈；锲而不舍；不屈不挠：If you persevere（with the work）， you＇ll succeed in the end.如果你锲而不舍（贯彻工作），最后一定会成功.a persevering student 坚持不懈的学生

persist/pə'sist/1 [IØ (with)] to continue firmly in spite of opposition or warning 坚持；固执： He persisted with his work．他坚持工作．2［IØ］ to continue to exist 持续：The bad weather will persist all over the country. 全国天气将持续恶劣.

persist in [v prep T4] to continue (doing some-thing，esp that annoys someone else）坚持（要做某事，尤指使别人受到困扰的）；固执；偏要：Shepersisted in singing although I asked her not to.我叫她不要唱歌，可是她坚持要唱.

prevail /pri'veil/ [IØ (among, in)] to (continue to） exist or be common 流行；盛行；继续存在：Misty weather prevails in this part of the country.该国这一部分地区继续多雾.A belief inmagic still prevails among many people.巫术在许多人当中仍然盛行.

813

L150 TIME 时间

proceed/prə'si:d/1 [IØ (with), 3] to begin and continue（some course of action）开始；着手进行：Now that our plans are settled let us pro-ceed.现在计划已经订好，我们着手干吧.Tell usyour name and then proceed with your story. 把名字告诉我们，然后讲述你的事情吧.As soonas he came in he proceeded to tell us all his troubles.他一进来就开始向我们讲述他所有的烦恼．2［IØ（with）］often fml to continue （after stopping）（中断后）继续；接着做：You needn＇t stop speaking when someone enters the court-room； please proceed.有人进审判室时，你不必停；请继续讲.Don＇t let me stop you；proceed with your work.不要因为我而停下来，请继续做你的工作．3［IØ］fml to advance；move forward or move along a course 前进；行进：After the ceremony at the railway station the minister and his guests proceeded to the palace.在火车站举行的仪式完毕后，大臣和来宾便动身去王宫.Donot proceed across a main road without first looking to the right and the left.横越交通要道之前，先要看清左右情况.

L150 adjectives 形容词：passing quickly ［Wa5］短暂的

passing／＇pa：sij／ ［A］ 1 not lasting very long 短暂的；一时的：She did not give the matter even a passing thought． 她对这件事连想也没想．2quick；not thorough 仓促的；粗略的；一掠而过的：He had a passing look at thepolitical news, then turned to the sports page.他朝政治新闻扫了一眼之后，就翻到体育版.in passing in thecourse of a statement (esp a statement about a different matter） 顺便；附带地：He was talking about his holiday in Spain, and. he mentioned in passing that you were thinking of going there next year.他谈到在西班牙度假的情况时，顺便提到你正打算明年也去那里.

fleeting /'fli:tin/ [B] esp lit passing very quickly 瞬间的；短暂的；转瞬即逝的：There was a fleetinglook of surprise on his face when he heard the news.当他听到这个消息时，脸上掠过一丝惊异的神色.the fleeting moments of happiness in life 生活中转瞬之间的快乐-ly ［adv］

transient／＇trænziənt／［B］1 also 又作 transitory lasting for only a short time 短暂的；瞬息的；昙花一现的：Worldly wealth is transient； heav-enly wealth lasts for ever，＇said the priest.牧师说，“世俗的富有是短暂的；天国的富有才是长存的.”Everything in life is transitory.人生事事皆短促. 2 (of a person) staying only for a short time （指人）短暂停留的：She is a transient guest at the hotel.她是在旅馆短暂停留的客人.

L151 adjectives，etc 形容词等：temporary， etc 暂时的等

temporary /'temparəri/ [Wa5; B] lasting only

for a limited time 暂时的；临时的：Many stu-

dents find temporary jobs during their summer holidays.许多学生在暑假去做临时工.-rily［adv］：I was temporarily delayed. 我耽搁了一会儿. -riness [U]

short-term/'Jo:t't3:m/ [Wa2; B] happening in, dealing with, or concerning a short period of time；in or for the near future 短期的；近期的； 眼前的：Our difficulties are only short-term，we hope.我们希望我们的困难只是暂时的.

interim/'intərim/1 [Wa5; A] (done) as a less complete part of something to be given in full later 中期的；临时的：an interim measure 临时措施；the interim report of the society 学会的中期报告2［C］the time between two events 中间时间；间歇时间：In the interim they did nothing at all.在中间这段时间，他们什么事也没有做.

provisional /prə'vı3ənəl/ [Wa5; B] for the pres-ent time only with the strong probability of being changed 临时的；暂时的；暂定的：After thewar a provisional government was formed to control the country until they could hold elections.战后该国成立了一个临时政府，在他们能举行大选之前控制这个国家.-ly［adv］

transitional /træn'zıfənəl/ [Wa5; B] happening as one thing changes to another 过渡的：This trouble is purely transitional; it will stop when we have gone over completely to the new system.这种麻烦纯粹是过渡性的；等新制度完全实行后就会停止.-ly［adv］

L152 adjectives 形容词：continuing，etc 继续的等

continuing ／kən＇tinjom／ ［Wa5； A］ going on 继续的；连续的；持续的：We must have a continu-ing discussion on these matters till we form a plan of action.我们必须继续讨论这些问题，直到我们制定出一套行动计划为止.

continual /kən'tinjuəl/ [B] often deprec hap-pening all the time 不断的；延续不断的；无休止的：I hate these continual arguments；why can＇t you people agree sometimes？我讨厌这些无休止的辩论；难道你们这些人就不能有时也取得一些一致意见吗？-ly［adv］

continuous /kən'tınjuəs/ [B] continuing with-out interruption；unbroken 继续不停的；连续不断的：The brain needs a continuous supply of blood.大脑需要不断的供血.Life is more than acontinuous game，you know.你知道，人生并不只是一场连续不断的竞赛.There is a continuouslevel plain between Ruritania and Flatland.拉利塔尼亚和弗拉脱兰德之间有一片连绵不断的平原.The sign 'continuous performance' means that there is only a short pause between the end of one showing of the film and the begin-ning of the next.“连续放映”的告示表示第一场电影与第二场电影之间只有短暂的停顿.-ly［adv］

constant/'konstənt/ [B] happening, present, or in use all the time 不断的；经常的：We haveconstant hot water in the house.我们家里随时都有热水.Her constant happiness is a constant surprise to me.她老是那么快乐，而我老是为此而

814

感到诧异.-ly ［adv］：She is constantly saying that；I wish she wouldn＇t！她总是不停地说那件事；我希望她不要再说了！

steady /'stedi/ [Wal; B] not stopping, changing or becoming irregular 不停的；不变的；稳定的：He is a very steady worker.他是个非常踏实的工人.She has a steady job at the factory.她在工厂里有固定工作.-ily［adv］

ongoing ／＇on，gəun／［B］ not likely to stop 不断前进的；不断发展的：This is an ongoing business；I will be working on it for many years to come. 这企业的业务蒸蒸日上，我会在这里工作许多年.

nonstop /,npn'stpp/ [B; adv] 1 not fml without a pause or interruption 不停的（地）；不间断的（地）：The music played nonstop all night.音乐彻夜不停地演奏.They had nonstop music all night．他们彻夜不停地听音乐．2（of a trip）with-out stopping before the end（指旅程）中途不停的；中途不停地；直达的；直达地：He flew nonstopfrom Delhi to New York.他从德里直飞纽约.

persistent /pə'sistənt/ [B] 1 continuing; not stopping， esp although expected to stop 持续的；不断的（尤指希望它停止的）：There was a per-sistent sound of running water, although he had turned all the taps off.虽然他已把所有的水龙头关上，还是有不停的流水声．2（of a person）intending to continue with something（指人） 固执的；坚持的：She is a very persistent person and she'll get what she wants; she won't stop until she does.她是个很固执的人，她想得到的东西一定要得到；不达目的她是不罢休的.-ly［adv］persistence [U] the state of being persistent 持续；坚持

L153 adjectives 形容词：permanent，etc 持久的等

[ALSO→L180,A12]

permanent /'p3:mənənt/ [B] lasting or intended to last for a long time or for ever 经久的；长久的；永久的：The coat gives permanent protection against heavy rain.这件防雨外套经久耐用.The dead artist＇s paintings are a permanent reminder of his great ability.这位已故画家的作品会永远使人记得他的卓越才能.im-[neg]-ly [adv]-nce [U]

long-term/'lon,t3:m/[Wa2;B] happening in, dealing with or concerning a long period of time 远期的；长期的；长远的：I hope that thesedifficulties won＇t be long-term ones.我希望这些困难不是长期的.

lasting /'la:strn/ [B] esp emot continuing for a long time 持久的；长久的：We want a lasting peace.我们希望有持久和平.

enduring ／m＇djuərn／［B］ lasting 长久的；持久的： He has enduring memories of her kindness to him.他对她的善意久久难忘.

eternal /r't3:nəl/ [Wa5; B] going on for ever; without beginning or end 永恒的；无穷的；永久的；不朽的：Rome has been called the Eternal City.罗马一向被称为“永恒之城”.His religionpromised him eternal life.他的宗教赋予他永生的希望.（infml）I＇m tired of your eternal com-

plaints！我讨厌你那没完没了的牢骚！-ly［adv］

everlasting /,evə'la:stig/ [Wa5; B] emot eternal 永久的；不朽的；无穷尽的：His religion prom-ises everlasting life.他的宗教给人以永生的希望.(infml) I'm tired of your everlasting com-plaints！我听够了你那没完没了的牢骚！

perpetual /pə'petfuəl/ [Wa5; B] 1 lasting for ever or for a long time 恒久的；长久的；永久的：the perpetual snows of the mountaintops 山顶上的长年积雪2 often deprec a uninterrupted 不间断的：the perpetual noise of the machine 机器连续不断的噪音b happening often 不断的；经常重复的：I＇m tired of your perpetual com-plaints！你无休止的牢骚令我烦透了！-ly［adv］

L154 nouns 名词：fate，etc 命运等

[ALSO→N35]

fate/feit/1 [R often cap] the (imaginary) cause beyond human control that decides events 命运；天命：He expected to spend his life in Italy but fate had decided otherwise.他原本希望在意大利生活，但是命运却不这样安排．2［C］an end orresult，esp death 结局；结果；（尤指）死亡：They met with a terrible fate/with various strange fates.他们遭遇到可怕的下场／各种各样的奇怪结局.as sure as fate quite unavoidably 不可避免地： Whenever I'm late as sure as fate I meet the President on the stairs！每次我迟到，总会在楼梯上遇见校长！one＇s fate one＇s future， consid-ered to be already decided and outside one's control 某人的命运（指操纵在别人手中的前途）：Iwonder whether the examiners have decided our fate yet？我不知道考官们是否已经决定了我们的命运？

destiny/'destəni/1[C] fate; that which must or has to happen 定数；命运：It was the great man's destiny to leadhis country to freedom. 伟人命中注定要领导国家走向自由.The twomen＇s destinies were very different.这两个人的命运截然不同．2［R often cap］ that which seems to decide man's fate, thought of as a person or a force 天命；命运的力量：Destiny is some-times cruel.命运之神有时很无情.

predestination /pri,destə'nerfən/ [U] 1 the belief that God has decided everything that will happen and that no human effort can change things 宿命论；命定论（认为世间一切事物均由神预定，人无法改变）2 the belief that byGod's wish some souls will be saved and go to heaven and others lost and go to hell [ C325］命运神定说（认为灵魂得救与否由神预定）

chance/tfa:ns/[U] the force that makes things happen seemingly without reason or cause 运气；偶然性：I met him purely by chance.我碰到他完全是偶然的.She didn＇t mean to go there； itwas just chance.她本没打算去那里；这全属偶然.They had a chance meeting.他们偶然相遇.

doom/du:m/ [U] esp poet what must happen, usu seen as bad 厄运；毁灭；死亡：He met hisdoom in the battle. 他在战斗中殒命.Thesepeople always talk about doom and disaster. 这些人总是谈论劫数与灾祸.

L154 TIME 时间

815

L155 TIME 时间

L155 adjectives 形容词：fate，etc［Wa5］命运的等

fated／＇feitrd／［F3,5c］ caused or fixed by fate 命运引起的；命中注定的：You and I were fated tomeet.你和我命中注定要相遇.It was fated thatwe should meet.命运决定我们要相遇.

destined /'destind/[B (by,for)] intended for some special purpose； fated； willed by God 预定的；天意决定的；上帝安排的：He was destinedby his parents for life in the army.他父母安排他一辈子过部队生活.His work was destinednever to succeed.他的工作注定要失败.I neverthought I would marry her, but I suppose it was destined.我从未想过娶她为妻，我想这是命中注定的.When the destined meeting finally happened, everyone was surprised at the re-sults.这次注定要开的会终于召开时，人人都对其结果感到惊奇.

predestined /pri:'destind/ [B (to),B3] fixed as if by fate 命运决定的；命中注定的：He thoughtthat whatever happened was predestined and nothing he did would change the result.不论发生什么事，他都认为是命中注定的，不论做什么也不会改变其结果.She felt that she was predes-tined to lead her country to freedom.她感到自已命中注定要领导她的国家走向自由.Such a foolish plan was predestined to failure.这么愚蠢的计划注定要失败.

foredoomed/fo:'du:md/ [B (to)] esp poet & emot intended by (a bad) fate to reach a (usu bad） state or condition 命中注定（倒霉）的：The business was foredoomed to failure.这事注定要失败.

L156 verbs 动词：fate，etc 命运等

predetermine /,pri:dr't3:min/ 1 [T1; V3;usu pass] to fix unchangeably from the beginning 预定；预先决定：The colour of a person＇s eyes and hair is predetermined by that of his par-ents．一个人眼睛和头发的颜色是双亲遗传的．2[T1] to calculate (the amount or cost of some-thing not yet produced）预测；预算：Owing to the possibility of rises in prices and wages, it's not easy to predetermine the cost of producing this article in our factory.由于物价和工资可能上涨，我们工厂不容易计算生产这种产品的成本．3［X9；V3］ to influence in advance 事先影响：Her voice, first heard over the telephone, predeter-mined me to like her.最初我在电话里听到她的声音时，就注定我喜欢她了.

foreordain /,fo:ro:'dem/[Wv5;T1(to),5;V3:usu pass] fml to arrange or decide from the very beginning that or how something will happen or be done 预先决定；注定：He was foreordained to succeed／to success.他是早就注定会成功的.

doom/du:m/[Wv5; T1 (to); V3] emot to cause to experience or suffer something unavoid-able and unpleasant, such as death or destruc-tion 注定失败；使难逃劫数：From the start theplan was doomed （to failure／to fail）.这个计划

从一开始就注定要失败.The prisoner is doomed（to die）.这囚犯已判了死刑.

condemn /kən'dem/ [Wv5; T1 (to); V3] emot to doom 注定；命定：The plan was condemned to failure and he was condemned to die.这计划注定要失败，他也注定要死．［ALSO■G106］

L157 adjectives 形容词：inevitable ［Wa5； B］不可避免的

inevitable /I'nevətəbəl/1 which cannot be pre-vented from happening 不可避免的；必然发生的：An argument was inevitable; they always argued．一场辩论是不可避免的；他们一直在争论．2infml which always happens, or is present with someone or something else 必有的；老一套的；照例总有的：She was wearing her inevitable large hat. 她戴着照例必有的大帽子.-bly ［advWa3]-bility [U]

inexorable /m'eksərəbəl/ whose actions or ef-fects cannot be changed or prevented by one's efforts 不可改变的；不可避免的；坚决的：Theseare the inexorable facts.这些是不可改变的事实.He was inexorable on that point.他在那一点上是不会动摇的．-bly［adv Wa3］-bility［U］

inescapable /inis'keipəbəl/ which cannot be escaped from or avoided 不可逃避的；无法避免的：This is an inescapable fact.这是必然的事实. The result is inescapable.这一结果是无法避免的．-bly［adv Wa3］

ineluctable /,ınr'laktəbəl/ which cannot be es-caped from 必然发生的；不可逃避的（esp in thephr an ineluctable fate 无法逃避的命运）-bly [adv Wa3]

unavoidable /λnə'voidəbəl/ which cannot be avoided 不可避免的：I＇m afraid it＇s unavoid-able；you must go／do it.恐怕这是不可避免的；你必须去／做这件事．-bly［adv Wa3］：He was un-avoidably late for the meeting.他开会迟到了，这是无可避免的.

L158 verbs 动词：foretelling things 预言

foretell /fo:'tel/[T1, 5, 6a; IØ] to tell (what will happen in the future） 预言：The magician foretold the man＇s death.那巫师预言这个人会死.He foretold that the man would die.他预言这个人会死.Who can foretell （what will hap-pen）？谁能预言（将要发生什么事）？

tell the future to foretell things 算命：Can she tell the future from cards or tea leaves？她会用纸牌或茶叶算命吗？

foresee/fo:'si:/ [T1, 5,6a] to form an idea or judgement about (what is going to happen in the future）；expect 预见；预知：He foresaw that his train would be delayed by bad weather.他预知他乘的火车会受恶劣天气的影响而误点.It＇simpossible to foresee whether she'll be well enough to come home from hospital next month. 无法预见她是否下个月能康复出院.Weshould have foreseen this trouble months ago. 我们几个月前就早应预料到会有这样的麻烦.

816

see／si：／ ［T1］ esp poet to foretell or foresee 预言； 预见：He saw the future in a dream.他在梦中预见到未来.

forecast /'fo:ka:st/ [T1,5,6a] to say,esp with the help of some kind of knowledge (what is going to happen at some future time）预测；预报；预示：He is ableto forecast the future.他能预测未来．The teacher forecast that 15 of his pupils would pass the examination.教师预计他有十五名学生考试能合格.Trying to forecast theweather is not easy.预报天气是不容易的.

predict/pri'dikt/[T1, 5, 6a] to foretell (a future happening) as a result of knowledge, experi-ence，reason，etc 预料；预测；预言：The weather scientists predicted a fine summer.气象学家们预测今年夏天天气晴朗.She predicted that Iwould marry a doctor and Í did/but I didn't. 她预言我会跟医生结婚，而我真的与医生结了婚／可我没跟医生结婚.

prophesy/'profəsai/[T1, 5,6a;IØ] to give (a warning or statement about some future event, etc) esp as a result of an experience relating to God or a god 预言；预示（尤指与神有关的事）：He prophesied the end of the world. 他预言世界末日的来临.

divine /də'vam/ [T1, 6a, b; IØ] to discover or guess (something unknown) by or as if by magic 预言；占卜

envisage ／In＇vizid3／， AmE also 又作 envision /in'vı3ən/ [T1, 4, 5, 6] to see in the mind as a future possibility （events， actions，etc）预见；设想：Ford envisaged an important future for the motor car.福特预见到汽车会有光明的前景.

visualize, -ise /'vı3uəlaız/[T1(as),4,6;V4]to form a picture of (something or someone) in the mind； to imagine 想象；假想；设想：Though he described the place carefully, I couldn't visualize it because it was so different from anything I＇d known.那个地方他描述得很详细，可我还是想象不出它是什么样子，因为它与我以往所见过的地方大不相同.Try to visualize sailingthrough the sky on a cloud.请想象一下乘浮云飘过天空的情景.Can you visualize how helooked after we'd pulled him out of the river? 你能否想象我们把他从河里拖出来后他是个什么样子？Can you visualize what he looked like？ 你能想象他当时的样子吗？I can＇t visualize him aschairman of the committee;I can't visualize him controlling a meeting.我想象不出他当委员会主席是个什么样子；我无法想象他怎样主持会议.-zation,-sation[U]

herald /'herəld/ [T1 (in)] esp poet to be a sign of something coming 预示···的来临：The sing-ing of the birds heralded （in） the new day.鸟儿鸣叫，迎来新的一天.

L159 general nouns 一般名词：foretelling things 预言

fortune-telling/'fo:tfən,teln/ [U] the activities of a person, usu a woman, who is said to be able to tell people's fortunes(= their future

good or bad luck） 算命 tell one＇s fortune／ fortunes to do fortune telling 给人算命：Does she tell fortunes?-Yes;ask her to tell your fortune for you.她会算命吗？-会；请她给你算一算命吧.fortune-teller ［C］ a person who does fortune-telling/tells fortunes,esp for money算命人；相士［ALSO■N35］

second sight [U] the supposed ability to see future or faraway things 预见力；千里眼（能预知未来或遥知远方所发生事情的特异功能）

forecasting /'fo:ka:stin/ [U] the activity of forecasting things 预测：I＇m not good at forecasting.我没有先见之明.

prophecy/'profəsi/[U] the power of foreseeing and foretelling future events 预见力；预知能力： The old man had the gift of prophecy.这位老人有预知未来的能力.

prediction /prr'drkfən/[U] the act of predicting 预言；预报；预测：Some people claim to have natural powers of prediction.有些人自称天生有预测力.

precognition /,pri:kpg'nıfən/ [U;C]fml knowl-edge of something that will happen in the future; esp as received in the form of a direct unexplainable message to the mind 未卜先知；预见

divination /,drvə'neıfən/[U] the act or skill of telling the unknown or the future 预测（术）；占卜（术）

clairvoyance /kleə'vorəns/ [U] fml & tech second sight；precognition 预见力；洞察先机的能力 clairvoyant ［C； B］ （a person who is） able to foresee things，etc 有预见的（人）；能洞察先机的（人）

foresight/'fo:sait/ [U] usu apprec the ability to imagine what will probably happen, allow-ing one to act to help or prevent matters; care or wise planning for the future 预见；先见之明； 深谋远虑：With admirable foresight，she bought her house just before prices began to rise.她真有先见之明，正好在房价开始上涨之前买了房子.

L160 particular nouns 特殊名词：foretelling things［C，C5］预言

forecast/'fo:ka:st/ a statement of future events, based on some kind of knowledge or judge-ment 预测；预报：The weather forecast on the radio tonight tells of coming storms.今晚收音机的天气预报说将有暴风雨.The newspaper madea forecast that the government would only last for six months.报纸预测说政府仅能维持六个月.

prophecy /'profəsi/ a statement telling some-thing that is to happen in the future 预言： Writers of the later parts of the Bible often speak of the prophecies of Isaiah.《圣经》后半部的撰写者常常谈到以赛亚的预言.He made aprophecy that the boy would become a great national leader.他预言这个男孩将会成为伟大的民族领袖. prophet a person who can make prophecies 预言家；先知

prediction /pri'drkfən/ something that is pre-dicted 被预言的事物：Scientists＇predictions

L160 TIME 时间

817

L170 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

about the weather have often been proved wrong.科学家的天气预报经常被证明是错误的.

foreboding／fo：＇bəudm／ ［also 又作 U］ a feeling of coming evil 凶兆；不祥的预感：She thought of a lonely future with foreboding.她预感到未来会孤苦伶仃.She had a foreboding that she＇d never see him again.她有个不祥的预感，觉得再也见不到他了.I am glad my forebodings were wrong.我很高兴我的不祥预感都是错的.

omen /'əumən/ [(of)] a sign that something is going to happen in the future 预兆；征兆；兆头： a good／bad omen 吉／凶兆

Beginning and ending

开始与结束

L170 verbs 动词：beginning things 开始

[ALSO→L179]

begin/br'gmn/ [T1, 3, 4; IØ] to start; take the first step 开始：Are you sitting comfortably？ Then P＇ll begin...你（们）坐好了没有？我要开始了···；He began by dancing/with a story/on another book／at the beginning.他以舞蹈开始／他以讲故事开始／他开始写一本新书／他从头开始.She beganthe book／to write／writing.她开始写书／写作.He began life as a poor man， but died rich.他最初是个穷人，但死时已成富翁.to begin with asthe first reason 首先；第一；第一个理由是：Wecan't go. To begin with, it's too cold. Besides, we＇ve no money.我们不能去.第一，因为天太冷.此外，我们没有钱.

start/sta:t/1 [IØ; T1, 3; (off, out, for);L7] to begin （a course， journey， etc）； set out （on）出发；动身；起程；起始：It＇s a long trip；we＇ll have to start out/off early and start back for home in the afternoon.旅程很长；我们必须一早出发，下午就动身回来.He started poor but quicklybe-came rich. 他开始时很穷，但不久就富了.Shestarted for the door before I could stop her.我还没来得及阻止她，她已朝门口走去.We＇re start-ing our trip next week. 我们下星期启程去旅行.He started out to write an article, but it ended up as a book.他开始只是想写一篇文章，可是结果写成一本书．2［IØ；T1；（up）］ to（cause to） come into being；begin 引起；兴起；（使）产生：How did the trouble start？这麻烦是怎么引起的？It takesdry materials to start a fire.生火需用干燥的材料. I＇m no good at starting up conversations. 我不善于引起话题.The man who invented thecar certainly started something！发明汽车的人确是开创了先河！3［IØ；T1,3,4；V4；（with）］ to (cause to) go into (motion or activity); begin 开动；起动；发动；开始：We start work at 8.30every morning. 我们每天八点半开始工作.It＇sstarted to rain／started raining.开始下雨了.You should start saving money now.你现在就应该开始储蓄了.Give it a push to start it going.推它一下，让它起动.How shall we start the meet-ing？我们该怎样开始这个会议呢？Let＇s start with

business from last time.让我们从上次的议题谈起.The clock keeps starting and stopping； what＇s wrong with it？这钟老是走走停停；出了什么毛病？I can＇t start the car／The car won＇t start. I think it＇s out of petrol.我发动不了这汽车／这汽车发动不起来.我想是没油了.His father＇smoney started him in business.他用他父亲的钱开创事业.We＇ll take turns，starting with you.我们轮流来，从你开始.What did you start to say？你一开头说了什么？Where shall we start？我们从哪儿开始？What＇s a good starting point？什么才是良好的起点？4［IØ（in，on）］ to begin doing a job or piece of work 动手；着手；开始工作：You＇re hired；when can you start？你已被录用了；你什么时候能开始工作？Will I have to start＇（in）on digging the garden tonight？我今晚要给花园翻土吗？5［L9，esp at，from］ to go from a particular poit; have a beginning or lower limit 起始；以···为起点：Prices start at £5．售价自五英镑起.The railway line starts from the coastal city.铁路线以这个沿海城市为起点.Thishistory book starts at 1066．这本历史书从 1066年写起．6［T1］to begin using 开始使用：We＇ve finished this bottle of wine; shall we start a new one？我们已喝光了这瓶酒；要不要再开一瓶新的？Start each page on the second line.每一页都从第二行开始写.start（all）over （again） begin again as before or as at the first 重新开始 to start with also 又作 for a start （used before the first in a list of facts, reasons,etc) 首先；第一（用于一系列事实、理由等之前）：Itwon't work: to start with, it's a bad idea, and secondly it＇ll cost too much.这件事行不通：首先，这个设想不行，其次，那样开销太大.startsomething infml to make trouble; start a fight 制造麻烦；捣乱；打架：Are you trying tostart something，friend？朋友你打算找麻烦，是吗？

commence/kə'mens/ [IØ; T1, 3, 4] fml or tech to begin； start 开始：The battle commenced.战斗开始了.Shouldn＇t we commence the attack？ 我们是不是应该开始进攻？After the election thenew government commenced to nationalize/ nationalizing the banks.大选后新政府开始对银行实行国有化.

resume /ri'zju:m/ fml 1 [IØ; T1, 4] to begin again (something, or doing something) after a pause 重新开始；（中断后）继续：We resumed ourjourney after a short rest.短暂休息后，我们又踏上旅途.We＇ll stop now and resume.（working） at two o＇clock.我们现在休息，两点钟再继续（工作）．2［T1］ to take again 重新占用；恢复：Heresumed his seat.他坐到原位上.When he got better he resumed his position as head of the firm.他身体好转后，又复任公司经理.

dawn／do：n／［IØ］ to（begin to） get light（开始）发亮：Day dawned.天亮了.（fig）A new age began to dawn.一个新时代开始出现了.

L171 formal verbs 正式的动词：beginning things 开始

launch /lo:nty [T1] 1 to send (a boat, esp one

818

that has just been built） into the water 使（尤指新船）下水 2 to send（a modern weapon or instrument) into the sky or space by means of scientific explosive apparatus（向空中或太空） 发射（火箭、飞弹、太空船等）3．［（at）］to throwwith great force 猛投；猛击；猛射：He launched his spear at the lion＇s head.他把长矛向狮子的头部掷去．4 to cause （an activity， plan， way of life，etc） to begin 使（活动、计划、生活方式等）开始；发动；发出；发起；开办

initiate /I'nifi,eit/ [T1] to start (something) working 发动；发起：He initiated a movement for a change in the law.他发动了一场争取修改法律的运动.

inaugurate /r'no:gjoreit/ [T1 usu pass] 1 to introduce (someone) into a new place or job by holding a special ceremony 为···举行就职典礼 2 to start （a public affair） by a ceremony 为···举行开幕／落成／通车仪式：The new townplan was inaugurated by the Mayor at a special ceremony.市长在一个特别仪式上为新的城市建设计划揭幕．3 to be the beginning of（espan important period of time） 开始；开创：The introduction of free milk inaugurated a period of better health for children.免费供应儿童牛奶， 开创了增进儿童健康的新阶段.

institute /'instə,tju:t/ [T1] to set up for the first time（a society，rules，action，etc）创办；开创；创立（社团、学会）；制定（规则）；着手（行动）：toinstitute the office of chairman 设立主席办公室；to institute a criminal action 提出刑事诉讼

instigate /'instə,geit/ [T1] to start by one's ac-tion 提出；挑起； 煽动： He instigated the five-year political plan.他提出这个五年政治计划.

introduce/ intrə'dju:s/[T1] 1 to bring in for the first time 提出；引进；引入：They introduced the idea that children could learn to read as babies.他们提出在婴儿期即可教小孩认字.Hesays we have only £2 left, which introduces another difficulty.他说我们仅剩下两英镑，这又是一个难题．2［（to）］ to make known for the first time to each other or someone else, esp by telling two people each other＇s names 介绍：I introduced them myself.我亲自为他们作介绍.I introduced John to Mary, two years before they were married.我把约翰介绍给玛丽，两年后他们结了婚.They introduced themselves.他们作了自我介绍．3 to produce the first part esp to suggest to explain something 作引子；引出：The first few notes introduce a new type of music. 最初那几个音符便引出一种新风格的音乐.

L172 informal verbs 非正式动词：beginning things 开始

start up [v adv IØ;T1] to begin or start, esp in the very first stages 发动；发起；兴办：The engine started up easily. 引擎很容易发动.He has just started up a new business.他刚开办了一家新企业.

start off [v adv IØ; T1] to begin or start esp in movement，along a way，etc 开始；开头：He

L172 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

started off happily but soon got tired.他兴冲冲地开了头，但很快就累了.She started off （hertalk） by telling them about life in India.她给他们讲印度的生活情况作为开始.

set up [v adv T1] 1 to establish (an organiza-tion，business，etc）建立（组织、企业等）；设立； 成立：Set up a committee to deal with the matter.成立一个委员会来处理这件事情.A newgovernment was set up after the war.战后成立了一个新政府.He set up a school for youngchildren／set up a bookshop.他为儿童开办了一所学校／他开办了一家书店．2 to prepare （aninstrument， machine， etc） for use 安装；装配： This difficult electrical wiring will take a day to set up.这样难安装的电线线路要花一天时间才能完工：3 to produce；cause 产生；引起；造成：The decayed tooth has set up an infection in the jaw.这颗蛀齿已经引起颚部发炎.The highwinds set up some dangerous driving con-ditions.大风造成驾驶危险.

set out [v adv]1 [I3] to begin a course of action 开始（一项行动）：He set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part.他开始时想油漆整个房子，可是结果只油漆了前面一部分.2 ［T1］ also 又作 set forth to explain （facts， reasons，etc） in order，esp in writing（尤指在写作中）阐明；陈述：The reasons for my decision are set out in my report.我作出这决定的理由已在我的报告里阐明.

set off ［v adv］1［IØ］ also 又作 set forth， set out to begin a trip 出发；动身：set off in search of the lost child 出发寻找失踪的孩子；set off on atrip across Europe 动身踏上横贯欧洲的旅途 2［T1］ tocause （sudden activity）引起；挑起；掀起： The border attack set offa terrible war.这次边界袭击挑起了一场可怕的战争.The discovery ofgold in California set off a rush to get there. 加利福尼亚发现金矿后，人群立即蜂拥而至.

set in [v adv IØ] (of natural forces, illnesses, etc） to start.（自然力量和疾病等的）开始；发作：Winter set in early.冬天来得早.Decay has set in； there is nothing we can do to stop it.已经开始腐烂；我们无能为力.

bring in ［v adv］1［T1］ to introduce 引入；引进；提出：to bring in a bill （in Parliament）（在议会） 提出法案；to bring in a new fashion 提出或引进一种新式样2［T1；V3］to ask to come to one＇s help 请人帮助：We must bring in experienced people to advise.我们必须请经验丰富的人来当顾问．3 ［T1； D1］ to produce as profit or earnings 获利；赚钱；挣钱：The sale brought us in over £200．这笔生意我们赚了二百多英镑．The boysare bringing in £40 a week．这些男孩子一周挣四十英镑.

trigger off·[v adv T1] esp emot to cause to start 激起；引起：His words triggered off an argu-ment.他的话激起一场争论.The fighting wastriggered off by the attempt to murder the prince.这场战斗是由企图谋害王子而引起的.

break out [v adv IØ] (esp of diseases, trouble, etc） to start（尤指疫病、苦恼或不幸的事等）爆发；突然传开；突然发生：Cholera［→B143］hasbroken out in the old part of the city.霍乱在这个城市的旧区突然蔓延开来.Her face broke out

819

L173 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

in a mass of spots.她的脸上突然生出许多斑点.outbreak [C] an act, occasion, or result of something breaking out 爆发；突然发生：an outbreak of cholera 霍乱的突然蔓延；a cholera outbreak 霍乱的突然蔓延；the outbreak of war 战争的爆发

burst into [v prep T1] infml, emph & emot to start， esp suddenly or quickly 突然开始：She burst into song (= She started singing) be-cause she was so happy.她开心得忽然唱起歌来.When spring comes in that part of the world the trees just burst into life.春天降临那片大地， 树木立即获得了生机.

L173 verbs 动词：ending things 结束

[ALSO→L181]

end /end/ [IØ; T1] to (cause to) stop happening, being done，etc 结束；（使）完结；（使）终止：The party ended at midnight.晚会午夜结束.The war ended in 1945．战争于1945年结束．Heended his letter with good wishes to the family.他在信末向全家人祝好.

stop /stpp/1 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) end, esp sud-denly，definitely，etc（使）停止；（使）结束；终止： The rain stopped. 雨停了.We stopped the fight．我们停止了打斗．2［IØ］to pause 停顿；停下；停住：I stopped at the first word I didn＇t recognize．我读到第一个生字时停了一下．3［T1,4；Iø] to (cause to) cease moving or continuing an activity 拦住；截住；中止：He put his hand out as a signal to the bus to stop.他伸出手示意让公共汽车停下.He put his hand out to stopthe bus.他伸出手去让公共汽车停下.We stoppedworking at teatime.在喝茶休息时间我们停止工作．4［T1（from）；V4］to prevent 防止；阻止；阻拦；阻挡：I＇m going；you can＇t stop me.我要走了，你拦不住我.You must stop her telling them. 你必须阻止她告诉他们.She must be stoppedfrom telling them．必须阻止她告诉他们．5［IØ］infml to stay， esp for a visit 停留；逗留；暂住： Are you stopping to tea?-I'm not stopping. 你留下喝杯茶好吗？-我不想多留了．6［T1（up）］to block 阻塞；堵塞；堵住：There＇s something inside stopping（up） the pipe.水管里面有东西塞住了．The pipe＇s stopped up．水管塞住了．7［T1］ to hold back (the flow of blood) or the blood inside（a blood vessel）止（血）；截住（血管流血）： Can＇t you stop the blood？你止不住血吗？Stop the wound with this material.用这种材料包住伤口.

halt／ho：lt／［T1；IØ］ fml to（cause to） stop 停住； 挡住；（使）停止：Halt at the traffic lights.在红灯前停住.The train was halted by work on the line ahead.火车因前面铁路线施工而停驶.

stall/sto:l/1 [IØ] (esp of an engine) to stop run-ning（尤指发动机）停止运转：The engine stalled and the aeroplane crashed.发动机停止运转，飞机坠毁了．2［T1］to cause（an engine）to stop 使（发动机等）停止运转：Don＇t stall the engine！不要关掉发动机！

finish/'finif/1 [IØ; T1, 4] to reach or bring to an end；cause the end of （an activity）结束；完成：

What time does the concert finish？音乐会何时结束？When do you finish your college course？ 你何时修完大学课程？I haven＇t finished readingthat book yet．我尚未读完那本书．2［Wv4；T1(off)] to put the last touches or polish to （something that one has made）完工；做完；做好：I must finish（off） this dress I＇m making. 我必须把我正在做的这件衣服缝完.I＇m just givingit the last finishing touches.我正在做最后的润饰.This wood has not been finished； it is still rough．这木头还没有磨光；它仍然粗糙．3［T1（up，off）］ to eat or drink the rest of 吃完； 喝完：The cat will finish（up）the fish.猫会把鱼吃完.Let＇s finish （off）the wine． 让我们喝完这瓶酒吧．4[L9 (up)] to arrive or end (in the statèd place or way）完毕；收场；结尾；告终：We finished（up） in Paris.我们在巴黎结束了行程.The partyfinished with a song.晚会以高歌一曲结束.Let＇shave a last drink to finish up with.让我们喝最后一杯酒来结束吧！5［T1］infml to take all thepowers， hopes of success，etc， of （someone）使（某人）累坏；使···完蛋；使···失去希望：That racefinished me.那场赛跑要了我的命.His wife＇sdeath has finished him.他妻子一死，他就万念俱灰.

come to an end ［IØ］ to end，esp slowly（尤指慢慢地）结束：The meeting came to an end at midnight.会议开到半夜结束.

bring to an end ［T1］ to end，esp slowly（尤指慢慢地）使结束：Let＇s bring the meeting to an end soon； I want to go home.我们快些结束会议吧；我想回家了.

put an end to ［T1］ to end，esp with force（尤指武断地）结束；终结；制止：You can＇t put an endto such an important matter in this way！你不能这样就了结这么重大的事情呀！He put an endto all further argument by telling them to be quiet.他叫他们住口，就此结束了所有的辩论.

shut /fAt/ 1 [T1; IØ] to move into a covered, blocked， or folded-together position 关上；合上；闭上：Shut the gate so that the dog can＇t get out.关上大门，别让狗跑出去.He shut his eyesand tried to sleep. 他闭上眼睛，设法入睡.Thewood has swollen and the door won＇t shut.因木头膨胀，门关不上.He shut the book and put itaway．他把书合起来，搁到一边．2 ［X9］ to keep orhold by closing 封闭；禁闭；关闭：He shut himself in his room to think.他把自己关在屋子里思索问题.Shut out all wicked thoughts from your mind.摒除你心中一切邪念.She shut herskirt in the door and tore the edge.她的裙子被夹在门缝里，撕破了裙边．3［T1；IØ］ to stopoperating 关门；打烊；停业；倒闭：In the evening the shops shut.晚上商店都关门了.The factory was shut in 1931．这家工厂是1931年倒闭的．

shut up [v adv]1 [IØ; T1] to make (a place) safe before leaving, as a shop at the end of a busi-ness day 关门；打烊：Business was slow so he shut up （the shop） early for the day.生意清淡， 所以他很早就关了店门．2［T1］to keep enclosed关住；关闭；封闭：He shut himself up in his room．他把自己关在屋子里．3［T1］infml tomake （someone） stop talking 使···闭上嘴： Can＇t you shut your friend up？你不能叫你的朋

820

友闭嘴吗？4［IØ often imper］ sl to stop talking； be quiet 闭嘴；住口：Shut up！住口！Ì＇m trying to think. Will you please shut up！我在动脑筋， 请你别说话！

shut down [v adv] 1 [IØ] (as of a business or factory) to stop operating, esp for a long time or forever（企业、工厂等）关闭（尤指长时期或永久）；停产；停业；倒闭：The whole company shuts down for three weeks＇ summer holiday.全公司暑假歇业三个星期.Since television was in-vented many cinemas have shut down.自从发明电视后，许多电影院都倒闭了．2［T1］to cause todo this 使停产；使停业；使倒闭：A strike has shutdown several car factories.罢工已使数家汽车厂停了产.

close ／kləuz／1 ［T1； IØ］ to （cause to） shut 关上； 闭上；合上：Close the windows and keep out the cold air.把窗子关好，别让冷空气进来.Thedoor closed noiselessly．门无声地关上了．2［T1； IØ］ to （cause to） be not open to the public 封闭；封锁；关门：The street was closed to traffic on Saturdays.这条街道在星期六不准车辆通行.When does the shop close？ 商店何时关门？3［T1； IØ］ to （cause to）stop operating（使）停业； 倒闭；关闭：The firm has decided to close its London branch．公司已决定关闭伦敦的分公司．4［T1］ to bring to an end 结束；结尾；收尾；终止：Close my account please.请取消我的账户.She closed her speech with a funny joke.她以一个有趣的笑话结束了演说．5［IØ；（T1）］to（cause to）come together（使）靠拢；合拢；并拢：His arms closed tightly round her.他用双臂紧紧地抱着她.6 [T1; IØ] to (cause to) come together by making less space between （使）闭合：The nurse closed the wound with stitches.护士用针缝合伤口.The difference between rich and poor can never be closed.贫富之间的差别永远不会消除.Close the crack with mud.用泥填补这条裂缝.

close up [v adv IØ; T1] to close completely, but not necessarily for ever 关闭；结束；闭合：He closed up the shop and went home.他关上店门回家去了.Let＇s close up now.让我们结束吧.The wound has completely closed up.伤口已完全愈合.

close down [v adv] 1 [T1; IØ] (of a business) to close forever（指企业）倒闭；停业：The shop closed down.这家商店倒闭了.We must close the factory down，I＇m afraid.恐怕我们得关闭工厂了．2 ［I0］ （of a radio or television station） to stop broadcasting for the night（电台或电视台） 夜间停播

cancel /'kænsəl/1 [T1] to give up or call off (a planned activity，idea etc）取消；撤销；放弃；终止：She cancelled her trip to New York as she felt ill.她因病取消了纽约之行.I hope the Queendoesn't cancel her visit to Australia this year. 我希望女王不会取消今年到澳大利亚的访问．2［T1；(IØ)] todeclare that (something) is to be with-out effect 宣布无效：She cancelled her order for a new car．她取消了新车的订购．3［T1（out）］to balance；equal 平衡；抵消；相等：The increase in strength of their navy is cancelled by that in our army.对方海军实力的增长被我们陆军实力的

L174 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

增长所抵消．4［T1］ to cross out（writing） by drawing a line through it 划去；删去

cease/si:s/ [IØ; T1, 3, 4] often fml to (cause to) stop 停止；中止；（使）结束：She cried for hours without ceasing.她不停地哭了几个小时.Whenwill this quarrelling cease？这场争吵什么时候才能停止？The army ceased action.军队停止了战斗.Cease firing！ 停火！The old man ceased breathing／to breathe.老人停止了呼吸.

desist/dr'zist/[IØ (from)] fml to do something no longer；cease 停止；不再做：I told him not to do it any more，and he desisted.我叫他别做下去，他就停止了.You must desist from any further efforts to help him/from helping him. 你不要再帮助他了.（law）So many people wereagainst his activities that thejudge ordered him to cease and desist.由于有那么多人反对他的活动，法官只得下令他停止.

expire /ik'sparə/ [IØ] to come to an end, usu after a particular length of time 到期；满期；（期限）终止：Our contract［→J137］has expired；we must agree to new conditions of work.我们的合同期满了；我们必须接受新的工作条件.expiry[U] the end of something which has expired 满期；（期限）终止：What is the expiry date of your agreement？你们的契约何时到期？

L174 informal verbs 非正式的动词：ending things［v adv］结束

peter out ［IØ］ to come gradually to an end 逐渐结束；逐渐终结：The coal in the mine finally petered out and they closed the mine.这个矿的煤已采完，他们把它关闭了.The money peteredout.钱花完了.

fizzle out [IØ] to come gradually to an end,esp in a sad or silly way（尤指糟糕地）逐渐完结；逐渐失败：His plans fizzled out； nobody thought they were any good anyway.他的计划结果失败；没有人认为这些计划有什么用处.

dry up ［Iø］ to stop coming 来源已断；枯竭：He used to get money from his family but the monthly payments have dried up.他过去一向从家里拿钱，但现在每月的接济已断绝了.

run out [IØ] (of supplies, etc) to come to an end （供给等）用尽；耗尽：His money ran out and hehad to get work.他把钱花光了，只得找工作做.

give up [IØ; T1, 4] (of people) to stop (doing something）放弃；停止（做某事）：He has given up smoking. 他戒了烟.I give up；I can＇t succeed！我放弃了；我不可能成功！

pack up 1 ［IØ；T4］to finish（work）停止工作；结束工作；收工：When we＇ve finished this pile of papers， let＇s pack up and go home.待我们处理完这一大堆文件，就结束工作回家.He packed upworking and went home．他下班回家了．2［IØ］ esp BrE （of a machine） to stop working（指机器）停止运转；出故障：It packed up on us yester-day.昨天这机器坏了，弄得我们很不方便.

wear off [T1] to stop happening; disappear slowly 逐渐消失；不再发生：The pain slowlywore off.疼痛渐渐消失了.The paint has worn

821

L175 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

off；you＇ll need to paint the walls again.油漆已经脱落；你需要重新把墙壁油漆一遍.The effectsof the drug began to wear off.药的效力开始消失.

wear out [IØ; T1] to (cause to) come to an end by long use 用坏；用旧；耗损：His clothes have worn out.他的衣服已经破旧.He has worn outhis clothes.他把衣服穿破了.

break down [v adv IØ] to stop working, 'hap-pening，behaving，etc，properly 不能运转；出故障；坏掉；毁掉；破裂：The car broke down andhe had to telephone for help.车子抛锚了，他不得不打电话求援.The talks between the twocountries broke down and there was a danger of war.两个国家的会谈破裂了，有爆发战争的危险.She suddenly broke down and started to cry. 她忽然再也忍不住了，放声大哭起来.breakdown[C] an act, occasion, or result of something breaking down 损坏；故障；垮台；破裂：Thebreakdown occurred on an empty road.在一条空荡荡的马路上抛了锚.There has been a break-down in the talks.会谈破裂过一次.

L175 formal verbs 正式的动词：ending things 结束

terminate /'t3:məneit/ [T1; L9] to (cause to) come to an end, esp officially, definitely, sud-denly，etc 终止；结束；（使）终结：They have terminated the contract.他们已终止了合同.The council meeting terminated at 2 o＇clock．理事会在两点钟结束.The railway line terminates here．这里是铁路线的终点．termination1［C；U］ （an example of） the act of terminating 终结； 终止；结束；结局2［C］ tech the last part orletter of a word 词的末尾部分或末一字母；词尾

conclude /kən'klu:d/[T1; IØ] to bring or come esp officially to an end（尤指正式）结束：He con-cluded （the meeting） by thanking everyone.他结束（会议）时感谢大家.

finalize, -ise /'fainəlaiz/ [T1] to finish (plans, arrangements，etc）（计划或安排）作最后决定；定稿；定案：Everything has been finalized.一切均已安排妥帖.

abort /ə'bo:t/ [IØ; T1] tech & often emot to (cause to) come to an end early, violenty,or wrongly（使）流产；夭折；（使）失败：The doctor aborted her baby.医生给她堕胎.The plan was aborted before we could decide whether it would work or not.我们还未决定这个计划是否可行，它就夭折了.

culminate in /'kAlmə,neit mn/ [v prep T1,(4); V4b] to reach the highest point, degree, or development in 达到顶点；达最高潮；以···告终：All his efforts culminated in failure.他的努力以失败告终.His many crimes culminated in him／his being sent to prison.他罪行累累，终被投入监狱.The army＇s brave fighting cul-minated in total victory.军队英勇作战，终于大获全胜.

complete /kəm'pli:t/ [T1] to make complete; finish in the fullest possible form 完成；使完满： Have you completed the work yet？你完成这项

工作了吗？completion ［U］ 1 the act of com-pleting 完成；结束 2 the state of being completed 完整；完善；完满；完全

perfect／pə＇fekt／［T1］ to make perfect 使完美；使完善：He slowly perfected the new apparatus until it did its work smoothly. 他慢慢调校新仪器，直到它能顺利运作为止．perfection 1［U］theact of making perfect 完成；改善2［U］ the state of being perfect 尽善尽美；完美3［C］a perfect thing 完美之事：He has been talking about her perfections all week.他整个星期都在谈论她如何十全十美.

L176 verbs 动词：coming to an end 终止

end up [v adv L1, 4, 7, 9] to finish in a particu-lar place or way 终止；终结；完结：She ended up (by) dancing on the table (= in the end she was dancing on the table）.最后她在桌子上跳起舞来.He ended up（as）head of the firm.最后他当了公司老板.They ended up drunk.最后他们喝醉了.We may end up in China if we keep going.如果我们继续走下去，会一直走到中国.

land up [v adv L9] esp infml to end up in a usu bad situation 以···告终；终于落到某种（常指不幸的）处境：He landed up in hospital with a broken leg after the fight.打完架，他拖着一条断腿被送往医院.

finish up [v adv L9] to arrive or end in the stated place or way 到达；结束；终止：We finished up in China.我们最终到了中国.Theparty finished up with a fight／song.聚会以打架／ 唱歌告终.Let＇s have a drink to finish up with. 让我们痛饮一杯就此结束吧！

prove /pru:v/ [L (to be) 1, 7; X (tobe) 1, 7] to show (oneself or itself) afterwards, in the course of time or experience, etc, to be of the quality stated 证明是；表明是；结果是：Onthe long journey he proved himself to be an amusing companion.在漫长的旅途中，大家都认为他是个有趣的旅伴.As it happened， my adviceproved to be wrong.结果，我的意见证明是错的.Perhaps this book will prove of some use to you in your study.这本书或许会对你的学习有用.turn out [v adv L (to be) 1,7, 9] not fml to happen to be in the end 结果是；到头来是：Heturned out to be a prince.他原来是王子.How did everything turn out in the end?-Oh, it all turned out well.一切最终结果如何？-啊，结果尽如人意.

transpire /'træn'sparə/ [it I5] (of an event, secret，etc） to become gradually known （事件和秘密等）泄露；披露；逐渐显露：It later tran-spired that the minister had tried to call an early election.后来传闻说这位部长曾试图要求提前大选.

L177 verbs 动词： putting off， delaying， and postponing 推迟；推延与延缓

put off [v adv] 1 [T1 (till, until)] to move to a" later date 延期；推延；推迟：Ifit rains the match

822

must be put off. 如果下雨，比赛就得延期.Themeeting has been put off until next week.会议已延期到下周举行.We＇ve invited them todinner, but we shall have to put it off because the baby＇s ill.我们已邀请他们来吃饭，可是因为孩子病了，我们只得改天再请他们．2［T1］ to makeexcuses to (someone) in order to avoid a duty 推搪；推诿（责任）；敷衍塞责：I＇ll pay you nextweek.-I won't be put off with a promise that you don＇t intend to keep.我下星期付钱给你.-你跟我推三推四没有用，你说话根本不算数．3［T1］to arrange a meeting with (someone) again at a later time 推迟与···的约会：We＇ve invited them to dinner, but we shall have to put them off because the baby＇s ill.我们已邀请他们来吃饭，但我们不得不改期，因为小孩病了．4［T1］（fig）a to discourage（someone）使沮丧；使扫兴；使泄气：The speaker was trying to make a serious point, but people kept putting him off by shouting.发言者一本正经想提出他的观点，但听众一再大声叫嚷，使他泄了气.b to cause dislike使厌恶；使不喜欢：Those smelly animals put me off.这些有臭味的动物使我恶心.His bad man-ners put me（right）off.他的粗鲁举止使我大为反感.

delay／dr＇lei／1 ［T1， 4］ to put off until later 使延期；推迟；延缓；推延：We decided to delay （going on） our holiday until next month. 我们决定延至下个月才（去）度假．2［T1］to stop for a time；cause to be late 耽误；耽搁：What delayed you so long？什么事耽搁你这么久？3［IØ］to moveoract slowly， esp on purpose（尤指故意地）拖延： They＇re trying to delay until help arrives.他在设法拖延，以等待救兵来临.Don＇t delay；acttoday！别拖延；今天就行动！

postpone/pəust'pəun/[T1 (until, to)] often fml to delay； move to some later time 延期；延缓； 延迟；展缓：We＇re postponing our holiday until August.我们把假期延缓至八月份.

suspend /sə'spend/ [Wv5; T1] 1 to put off for a period of time (esp the fulfilment of a deci-sion）暂停；中止；暂缓（尤指执行某项决定）：Theysuspended the lawlhis punishment.他们暂缓执行那条法律／暂缓对他的惩罚.He was given asuspended sentence (= the punishment was not given unless there was more trouble）.他得到缓刑处理.Work was suspended （on the ship （＝on making the ship））.（造船的）工作暂停.His father suspended his money.他的父亲中断了对他的接济．2［T1］ to prevent from playing in a team, belonging to a group, etc for a time, usu because of bad behaviour or breaking rules 暂停比赛资格；暂停会员资格；暂停学籍；使停职（常因恶行或犯规）：He has been suspended from school.他已被学校停学.

be off ［v adv IØ］ to have been put off 被推迟；被延期：The meeting is off（till next week）.会议延期（到下周）.

hold back [v adv IØ; T1] to (cause to) delay in doing something 阻止；（使）踌躇；犹豫；拖延：Heheld back from doing it. 他对此事迟疑不决.Don't hold him back if he wants to go/to do it.要是他想去／想干，不要阻止他.

hold up ［v adv T1 often pass］ to delay 耽误；耽

L178 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

搁：The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather.这条新路的修筑工程因天气恶劣而耽搁了.

stall /sto:l/ [IØ] to avoid or delay giving a deci-sion，answer，etc 拖延；迟迟不作出决定；迟迟不答复：They are stalling（for time）； they won＇t say ＇yyes＇or＇no＇.他们一味拖延（时间）；不肯答复“是”或“否”.

retard /rr'ta:d/ [T1] esp fml & tech to make (someone or something) slow; delay; hold back 妨碍；延迟；放慢；耽误；阻止：If you stop themoney，you will greatly retard our work.如果你扣住此款，就会大大地耽误我们的工作.

L178 nouns 名词：delaying and postponing 推迟或延期

delay/dr'lei/ 1 [U] the act of delaying or the state of being delayed 延误；延迟；耽误：Do it without（any）delay！马上做，不得延误！2［C］an example of being delayed 中断；耽搁：There will be some delays on all roads because of heavy traffic this morning.今早交通拥挤，每条路上都会有阻塞．3［C］ the time during whichsomething or someone is delayed 误点；误期： Delays of up to two hours were reported on all roads this morning.据报今晨所有道路上的交通都阻塞达两小时.

postponement /pəust'pəunmənt/1 [U] the act of postponing 延迟；推延：There must be no postponement of the meeting！这次会议决不能推延！2 ［C］ an example of this 延期；展缓：I＇mtired of all these postponements.老是延期，我厌烦透了.

suspension /sə'senfən/ 1 [U] the act of sus-pending 中止；暂停；延缓；暂缓：The suspension of the law angered many people.这项法律的暂缓执行激怒了许多人．2［C］an act of suspendingor an occasion of being suspended 暂停学籍；暂停会员资格；停学；停职；暂时取消资格：There havebeen several suspensions lately at school for bad behaviour.最近学校里有几名学生因品行恶劣而被停学.

put-off /'put,of/ [C] infml 1 an act of delaying something till later 延缓；延期：After several put-offs the match will be played today.比赛几经延期后，将于今日举行．2 a pretended reasonfor not doing something； excuse 借口；推搪；敷衍：He says he＇s too busy to see you. That＇s just a put-off. 他说他太忙不能见你.那只是个借口.

holdup／＇həuld，Ap／ ［C］ a delay， as of traffic （交通等）阻塞；中断：There have been a lot ofholdups lately.近来交通频频阻塞.

traffic jam [C] a situation in which there is so much traffic on a road that it moves only very slowly （or not at all）交通阻塞：Their car was stuck in a traffic jam for hours.他们的车子因交通阻塞而被耽搁了好几小时.

retardation /,ri:ta:'derfən/ [U] the act of retard-ing or being retarded 延迟；阻止；妨碍

823

L179 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

L179 nouns 名词：beginnings 开端

[ALSO→L170,1]

beginning /br'gını/ [C] a start; starting point; origin 开端；开始；起源：She knows that subject from beginning to end.那个专题她了如指掌.

start/sta:t/ [C] a beginning of activity or devel-opment; a condition, act, or place of starting 开头；开端；起点：The runners lined up at the start.赛跑选手在起跑线排好队.The start ofthefilm was quite exciting.这个电影的开头部分相当精彩.It was love from the very start.这就是一见钟情.Our plan is off to a good／poor start.我们的计划一开始就很好／不好.

commencement /kə'mensmənt/ [U; C usu sing］ fml the act of commencing 开始；发轫： When is the commencement of the perform-ance？什么时候开始表演？

inception／In＇sepfən／［C］fml beginning 肇始；肇端；开端

origin /'prəd3in/ [C; U] the state, condition, thing,etc,from which other things have come, developed，changed，etc 起源；起因；发源：What are the origins of life on earth？地球上生命的起源是什么？He is of French origin but he is now an American.他是法裔美国人.

source /soxs/ [C] 1 [(of)] a place from which something comes; a producing place or force 发源地；源泉；来源；根源：We＇ll have to find anew source of income.我们必须寻找新的收入来源.Religious faith can be a source of strength. 宗教信念能够成为力量的源泉.I＇ll try to find thesource of the engine trouble.我会尽力找出引擎故障的原因．2 ［usu pl］ a person or thing that supplies information 消息来源；提供消息的人士：The reporter refused to name his sources.记者拒绝透露消息来源.Sources close to the presi-dent say that...接近总统的人士说···；The history book was written after careful study of the original sources(= esp writings of the time）.这本历史书是经过仔细研究了原始资料之后写成的.

resumption/rI'zampfən/[C;U] usu fml an/the act of resuming 恢复；重新开始；中断后继续：Theresumption of business after the holiday was not easy.假期后重新营业颇不容易.

launching/'brntfin/ [C] fml the act of launching（火箭等）发射；（船）下水；发动（运动）

initiation /I,nifr'erfən/ [U;C] the/an act of initiating or being initiated 发起；开始；创始

inauguration /rno:gju'reıfən/ [U; C] the/an act of inaugurating or being inaugurated 就职仪式； 开幕典礼：They all went to the inauguration of the new President.他们都去参加新总统就职典礼.

institution/,ınstə'tju:fən/ [U] the act of insti-tution or being instituted 建立；设立；制定：The institution of the new law was welcomed.新法律的制定受到欢迎.

instigation /,mnstə'geifən/ [U] the act of insti-gating or being instigated 鼓动；煽动；教唆 at someone's instigation by someone's act or request for action 在···鼓吹（煽动）下：The plan has been changed at Mr Brown's instigation.

在布朗先生的鼓吹下，计划作了修订.

introduction /intrə'dakfən/ 1 [U] the act of introducing or being introduced 引进；引入；采用2［C］ the beginning part of anything， as of a piece of music 前奏；序曲 3 ［C］ a written or spoken explanation at the beginning of a book or speech序言；序论；导言；引言4 ［C often pl］an occasion of telling people each other's names 介绍：First let＇s make the introductions. 首先让我们介绍一下.

L180 adjectives 形容词：having no end ［Wa5；B］无穷的

[ALSO→L153,A12]

endless ／＇endlis／1 never having an end 无尽头的；无穷的；无止境的；没完没了的：The journeryseemed endless.旅程仿佛没有尽头.I＇m tired of her endless complaints！我讨厌她那没完没了的抱怨！-ly［adv］-ness ［U］ 2 tech （of a belt，a chain，etc） circular； with the ends joined（皮带、链条等）两端连接的；环状的：The machinedrives an endless belt.机器带动一条环状皮带.

unending ／An＇endin／ emot endless 无终止的；不停的：I＇m tired of these unending problems！这些没完没了的难题使我感到厌烦！

incessant／m＇sesənt／never stopping 永不休止的； 持续不断的：He is an incessant talker.他说起话来滔滔不绝.-ly［adv］：He talks incessantly.他口若悬河.

ceaseless／＇si：slis／also 又作 unceasing／An＇sirs-I／ emot ＆ poet incessant 不停的；不断的；不绝的-ly［adv］

infinite／＇ınfənt／1 without limits or ends 无穷的； 无尽的；无限的：God＇s love is said to be infinite. 上帝之爱据说是无限的.He has an infinite love.他的爱无穷无尽．2 not fml very large； as muchas there is 极大的；极多的；无数的：We have aninfinite amount of time. 我们有的是时间.-ly [adv] infinity [U] 1 the state of being infinite 无穷；无限2 an infinite number or amount 大量；无数

L181 nouns 名词：ends终止 [ALSO→L173-6]

end/end/[C] 1 the point(s) where something stops， or beyond which it does not exist 终点； 终端；末端；顶端；末梢：We talk about the endsof a rope/of a stick/of a box; the end of the road／of the railway.我们可以说绳子的末端／棍棒的末端／盒子的末端；马路的尽头／铁路的终点.Welive at this end of the village and the post office is at the other end.我们住在村子的这一头，邮局在村子的另一头．2 the furthest pointfrom here 最远处；天涯海角；尽头：They trav-elled to the ends of the earth (= the furthest part，most difficult to reach）.他们到了天涯海角. He＇s down at the end of the garden.他在花园的那边尽头．3 the latest point in time or in order（时间或顺序的）最后部分；末尾；结尾；结束：

824

the end of theyear／of his life 年底／他生命的最后时刻4（fig）euph death 死亡：His end was peaceful.他安详地死去.come／draw to an end (of something which goes on for some time) to finish 告终；完结；结束：The year was drawing to an end.一年快结束了.in the end at last 最后；终于：He tried many times to pass the ex-amination and in the end he succeeded.他多次努力要考及格，最后终于成功了.make an endof fml to finish (esp something one is doing oneself）终止（尤指自己正在做的事）；把···结束：Let us make an end of this foolish quarrel！让我们结束这无谓的争吵吧！on end 1（of time）continuously（指时间）连续地；持续地：He sat there for hours on end.他连续几小时坐在那里.2 upright 竖起；直立：We had to stand the table on end to get it through the door.我们得把桌子竖起来，才能搬进门.put an end to to stop fromhappening any more 结束；终止：They suc-ceeded at last in putting an end to the war.他们终于结束了这场战争.

stop/stpp/[C] 1 the act of stopping or state of being stopped 停止；终止；中止；停住：We madea stop on the way． 我们在途中停了一下．2aplace on a road where buses or other public vehicles stop for passengers 停车站：a bus stop 公共汽车站3 a point or sign at which to stop 停止地点或标志：There＇s a stop ahead.前面有停车标志.

stoppage /'stppid3/ [C] 1 a blocked state which stops movement, as in a waste pipe or a pipe in the body（管道的）堵塞；阻塞2 the state ofbeing held back 阻挡；阻拦；阻止；阻碍：A stop-page of air is necessary to make certain con-sonant sounds.发某些辅音时，气流必须受到阻碍.halt／ho：lt／［C］1 a stop or pause 停顿；停住；暂停； 中止（esp in the phr come to a halt 停止）： The car came to a halt just in time to prevent an accident．汽车及时停下来，避免了一场车祸．2a small railway station（铁路）小站：a country halt 铁路线上的乡村小站

finish／＇fmnif［C］ the last part （of something）结尾；最后部分：He was there at the finish， but not at the start.他结束时在场，开始时并不在场.

close /kləuz/ [C] often lit the end,esp of an activity or of a period of time 终场；完毕；结束； 终结：At the close of the party there were few guests who weren＇t drunk.宴会结束时，宾客不醉的寥寥无几.She always prays at the close of the day.每天睡觉前她总要祈祷.

closedown /'kləuz'daun/ [C] 1 esp BrE (of radio and television) the end of a period of broadcasting（电台和电视台）播放结束2（of afactory, business, etc) a general stopping of work（工厂和商店）关闭；停业：A completeclosedown over the holiday period would mean a great reduction in profits.假期内完全停业，意味着利润大大减少.

terminus /'tз:mənəs/ [C] the last stop on a bus line or the station at the end of a railway line （铁路、公共汽车）终点站

terminal /'tз:mənəl/ [C] 1 a point at which con-nections can be made, where one thing stops and another starts 连接点；交接点；终点站；集散

L182 BEGINNING ＆ ENDING 开始与结束

地2 the bus station in the centre of a town for passengers going to or coming from an airport 市中心载送旅客往返机场的公共汽车总站

termination /,t3xmə'neıfən/ [U;C] the act of terminating or ending 结束；终止：When is the termination date of the agreement？这项协议何时到期？

conclusion /kən'klu:3ən/[C] an act of conclud-ing 完毕；结束；终结：The conclusion of the work is in two months time.这项工作于两个月后结束.

abortion /ə'bo:fən/ [C] often deprec a plan or arrangement which breaks down before it can develop properly（计划、安排的）流产；夭折；失败

culmination /,kalmə'nerfən/ [C] the highest point 顶点；最高点：The culmination of the doctor's life's work was his discovery of a cure for the common cold.这位医生毕生的最高成就是发现了治愈感冒的方法.

cancellation /,kænsə'lerfən/ 1 [U] the act of cancelling or of having been cancelled 取消；作废：The cancellation of the order for planes led to the closure of the factory.飞机定单的取消导致了这家工厂倒闭．2［C］an example of this取消定货；取消订位：Because there have beentwo cancellations you can now come on the trip.因有两人取消订位，你们现在可以动身去了.

L182 adjectives，etc 形容词等：first，etc ［Wa5］最初的，等

first/f3:st/[determiner] being at the beginning 第一的；最先的；最初的：He was the first personto land on the moon.他是第一个登上月球的人.-ly [adv][ALSO=J5,6]

initial/r'nijəl/ [A] fml being (at) the beginning of a set 最初的；开始的：The initial talks helped the later agreement.最初的会谈有助于后来达成协议.-ly［adv］

prime /praim/[A] first in time, rank, or impor-tance 最先的；首位的；最重要的：This is a matterof prime importance.这是头等大事.He is Prime Minister of the country.他是该国总理（首相）.

primal /'pramal/ fml 1[B] first in importance 最重要的；首要的：a primal necessity 基本需要2belonging to, or as if belonging to, the earliest time in the world；original 早期的；原始的：Its primal glories will never return.它的光辉历史一去不复返了.

inaugural /r'no:gjorəl/ [A] fml 1 concerning an inauguration 就职的 2 serving to start some-thing开始的；开幕的

introductory /,ıntrə'daktəri/[B] which serves to introduce 介绍的；引导的：This is only an intro-ductory meeting; we cannot really begin the work today.这仅是个介绍性的会议；今天我们还不能真正开始工作.

incipient /in'sipiənt/ [B] fml & med beginning 早期的；开始的：incipient disease 早期疾病

original ／ə＇rıd3ənəl／ ［A］ first； earliest 最初的；最

825