The Oxford Phrasal Academic Lexicon™
牛津学术短语词汇表
What is OPAL?
The English spoken by a professor in a lecture hall is different from the English written in an academic paper – and both are different from everyday conversation between friends, or the language used in popular fiction. If you are a student of English for Academic Purposes (EAP), it is important to become familiar with the vocabulary that you will come across when attending lectures and seminars, and that you will need for writing essays and reports.
The Oxford Phrasal Academic Lexicon, or OPAL for short, is a collection of four word lists that together provide an essential guide to the most important words to know in the field of EAP. The four lists cover both written and spoken academic English, with lists of written words, spoken words, written phrases and spoken phrases.
The words and phrases in OPAL are based on two main corpora, to give learners a true picture of academic English. The written words and phrases are based on the 71-million-word Oxford Corpus of Academic English (OCAE), a corpus composed of academic texts published by Oxford University Press across these four subject areas: physical sciences, life sciences, social sciences, and arts and humanities. The spoken words and phrases are based on the British Academic Spoken English (BASE) corpus*. This corpus was developed at the Universities of Warwick and Reading and contains nearly 1.2 million words of spoken academic English, recorded and transcribed from lectures and seminars across the same four subject areas.
OPAL was developed using a method called ‘keyword analysis’. By comparing the list of the most frequent words and phrases in each corpus with the list of the most frequent words and phrases in a contrasting reference corpus, we identified the words and phrases that are most important in an academic setting. For the written lists, we compared the OCAE with the fiction subcorpus of the Oxford English Corpus. For the spoken lists, we compared the BASE corpus with the spoken subcorpus of the British National Corpus, containing recordings of meetings and everyday conversation.
OPAL in the dictionary
Words that belong to the OPAL written and spoken word lists are indicated in the dictionary by these symbols: W indicates a word on the OPAL written word list, and S indicates a word on the OPAL spoken word list.
The written word list is divided into 12 sublists of 100 words each and the spoken word list is divided into 6 sublists of 100 words each. Sublist 1 of each list contains the most important academic words, with the next most important in Sublist 2, and so on.
It is often not the word itself that is ‘academic’, but the way it is used and combined with other words in an academic context. Therefore, besides the lists of single words, OPAL also includes a list of written phrases and a list of spoken phrases. The phrase lists are grouped into academic functions. The written phrase list covers 15 different functions, including ‘Explaining and defining’ and ‘Giving examples and presenting evidence’. The spoken phrase list covers 16 functions, including ‘Signposting and focusing in lectures/lessons’ and ‘Using vague language’.
It is important to realize that learning a word involves more than just knowing its basic meaning. Some words may have specific meanings in particular contexts: for example, the word environment (in Sublist 1 of the written list and Sublist 2 of the spoken list) may have a slightly different meaning, depending on whether the area of study is ecology, social science or computing. The dictionary entry will guide you on all the different meanings and also how to use them in context, with examples of use, frequent collocations and patterns with grammatical structures or prepositions.
*OPAL has been created with reference to the following corpora: the Oxford Corpus of Academic English (OCAE), the fiction subcorpus of the Oxford English Corpus (OEC), the spoken element of the British National Corpus (BNC) and a subset of the British Academic Spoken English (BASE) corpus, developed within the University of Warwick and for which relevant permissions have been obtained. BASE was developed at the Universities of Warwick and Reading under the directorship of Hilary Nesi and Paul Thompson. Corpus development of BASE was assisted by funding from BALEAP, EURALEX, the British Academy and the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
何谓“牛津学术短语词汇表”（OPAL）？
教授在讲堂上说的英语有别于学术论文中的书面英语，而两者均有别于朋友间的日常会话，亦有别于通俗小说中使用的语言。如果专修学术英语（EAP），就得熟悉听讲座和参加研讨会时会遇到的词汇，以及撰写论文和报告所需的词汇，这很重要。
“牛津学术短语词汇表”（简称 OPAL）包括四个词汇表，它们共同为学术英语领域需要了解的最重要词汇提供必要的指津。这四个词汇表涵盖了学术英语书面语和口语，包括书面语单词表、口语单词表、书面语短语表和口语短语表。
OPAL 中的单词和短语基于两大语料库，为学习者真实地描述学术英语。书面语单词和短语基于 7100 万词的“牛津学术英语语料库”（OCAE），该语料库由牛津大学出版社出版的学术文献构成，包括四大学科领域：物理科学、生命科学、社会科学、艺术与人文。口语单词和短语基于“英国学术英语口语”（BASE）语料库*，该语料库由华威大学和雷丁大学开发，包含近 120 万学术英语口语词汇，录制和转写自同样四大学科领域的讲座和研讨会。
OPAL 的研发采用了“关键词分析”方法。通过比较各语料库与参照语料库中频率最高的单词和短语词汇表，我们找出了学术语境中最重要的单词和短语。制定书面语词汇表时，我们比较了 OCAE 与“牛津英语语料库”的小说子语料库。制定口语词汇表时，我们比较了 BASE 语料库与“英国国家语料库”的口语子语料库，其中包括会议和日常会话录音。
词典中的牛津学术短语词汇
收入 OPAL 书面语和口语词汇表的单词在词典中以词目右边的符号标示： W 表示 OPAL 书面语词汇表中的单词，S 表示 OPAL 口语词汇表中的单词。
书面语单词表分为 12 个子表，每个子表有 100 个单词；口语单词表分为 6 个子表，每个子表有 100 个单词。每个单词表中的子表 1 收录最重要的学术单词，其次是子表 2，以此类推。
“学术性”往往不在于单词本身，而在于单词在学术语境中的使用，以及与其他单词的结合方式。因此，除了单词表，OPAL 还包括书面语短语表和口语短语表。短语词汇表按学术功能分组。书面短语词汇表涵盖 15 种功能，包括“解释与定义” “举例与提出证据”。口语短语表涵盖 16 种功能，包括“讲座／讲课时介绍要点与聚焦重点”“使用模糊语言”。
重要的是要认识到，单词学习所涉及的不仅停留于了解基本词义。有些单词在特定上下文中可能有特定含义：例如，视生态学、社会科学或计算机技术各研究领域的不同，environment 这个单词（见书面语单词子表 1 和口语单词子表 2）的词义会略有差别。词典中的条目会指导你了解所有不同的词义及其在上下文中的用法，包括用法示例、常用搭配、常用语法结构或介词结构范式。
*OPAL 的创建参考了以下语料库：牛津学术英语语料库（OCAE）、牛津英语语料库（OEC）的小说子语料库、英国国家语料库（BNC）的口语部分，以及英国学术英语口语（BASE）语料库的一个子集，由华威大学开发并已获得相关许可。BASE 由希拉里•内西（Hilary Nesi）和保罗•汤普森（Paul Thompson）牵头在华威大学和雷丁大学开发。BASE 语料库的开发得到了英国学术英语讲师协会（BALEAP）、欧洲辞书学会（EURALEX）、英国国家学术院、艺术与人文研究委员会的资助。
amob兄太用心啦，感谢
点击英文也可以临时显示单句中文，或者点击导航栏的白块，可临时显示全部中文
我的Goldendict也是一样的问题，并且例句没有发音图标，单词发音图标只能显示第一个，第二个不显示
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这个后面我看看怎么解决
试一下新版，看看有没有问题
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这次改的好，图片都能正常显示了，
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离线发音也正常了，赞！
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发现3个问题
1.在电脑版欧陆有蓝色和红色的喇叭的句子，点击喇叭都是发同一个单词的声音
2.GoldenDict字典，在有蓝色和红色的喇叭的句子，点击喇叭发音的同时，句子的中文翻译也会出现，再点击喇叭发音，句子的中文翻译消失。如此，不断循环。
3.图片的翻译开关已打开，图片还是没有中文翻译。
好的 我检查一下
目前喇叭是上下排列，即便不显示中文，喇叭也会占一行，建议改成左右并列，谢谢！
喇叭上下排列是因为英文句子占了两行，如果句子占一行，且有空间容纳两个喇叭，不会上下排列。
如果英文句子占两行，喇叭显示在第二行，不好看。还有一种情况，英文句子刚好占满一行，两个喇叭只能孤零零在第二行开头显示
第一个问题没有复现，我这边是正常的，你把js私我看看你的设置。
第二个问题，这个问题我在欧路上查看了，也会，后面修复
第三个问题，把配置项29是否使用在线图片设置为false就好了。现在图片是没有翻译的
喔，你说的这种情况，是不是因为把配置项20设置为1，和配置项21设置为false导致的。这不是预期效果，我再修复一下
@顺其自然 @rabb
用这个js试试，下载完把.txt改成.js
oaldpe.txt (58.1 KB)
请问这两个版本的例句音频文件，哪个版本的例句更多？还是两个版本是一样的，只是文件大小不同而已？
oaldpe.3.mdd_mp3版本1 → 例句音频文件，来源于牛津高阶双解(第9版)_V3.1.2版，采用.mp3音频，使用时需要把“_mp3版本1”删除。
oaldpe.3.mdd_mp3版本2 → 例句音频文件，来源于港版APP例句音频，.ogg转.mp3音频，体积更小，使用时需要把“_mp3版本2”删除。
这两个版本主要是大小区别，使用上效果一致。版本1可能会有少许用不到的音频
喔，不对，目前推荐版本2
喇叭问题解决，非常感谢！
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3月28日版 牛津高阶10词条数610981，之前才336616，增加了这么多？
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DictTango点击部分发音页面会跑，比如relay2的发音，页面会自动跑到最开始位置,其它词典没有这种现象。经测试，出问题的都是在线TTS发音。